WO2011142465A1 - 新規なタンパク質およびその利用 - Google Patents
新規なタンパク質およびその利用 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011142465A1 WO2011142465A1 PCT/JP2011/061104 JP2011061104W WO2011142465A1 WO 2011142465 A1 WO2011142465 A1 WO 2011142465A1 JP 2011061104 W JP2011061104 W JP 2011061104W WO 2011142465 A1 WO2011142465 A1 WO 2011142465A1
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- protein
- nni
- cholesterol
- polynucleotide
- mixture
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Classifications
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/37—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from fungi
- C07K14/375—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from fungi from Basidiomycetes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
- A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
- A61P31/16—Antivirals for RNA viruses for influenza or rhinoviruses
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/14—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from fungi, algea or lichens
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/92—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving lipids, e.g. cholesterol, lipoproteins, or their receptors
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- G01N2405/00—Assays, e.g. immunoassays or enzyme assays, involving lipids
- G01N2405/08—Sphingolipids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel protein having a specific binding activity to a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol and use thereof.
- Lipid raft is a domain on a cell membrane having a diameter of several tens to 100 nm, mainly composed of sphingolipid and cholesterol. Lipid rafts are thought to be involved in various physiological reactions in the cell membrane, such as important reactions such as signal transduction across the membrane, infection by bacteria or viruses, and intracellular traffic.
- Patent Document 1 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety includes a specific amino acid sequence of lysenin, which is a toxin protein secreted by the earthworm Have been described.
- Patent Document 2 which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference describes a protein in which the N-terminal and / or C-terminal of earthworm toxin lysenin 1 or earthworm toxin lysenin 3 is deleted.
- Patent Document 3 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes a method for detecting sphingomyelin in which lipids in a test sample are immobilized on a solid phase and lysenin bound to the solid phase is detected. ing.
- Patent Document 4 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as a substance that specifically recognizes cholesterol, describes polyethylene glycol cholesteryl ether, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 5 describes polyethylene glycol 2-aminoethylcholesteryl ether. In addition, these documents describe cholesterol detection reagents containing these substances.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a novel protein that makes it possible to specifically detect lipid rafts.
- the present inventors have found a novel protein derived from maitake that specifically binds to a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol, and completed the present invention.
- the protein according to the present invention is the following protein (A), (B) or (C).
- A a protein represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1
- B a protein represented by an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted or added in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, and specific for a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol A protein having an excellent binding activity
- C A protein represented by an amino acid sequence having 70% or more identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, and having a specific binding activity to a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol.
- the polynucleotide according to the present invention is characterized by encoding the above protein.
- polynucleotide according to the present invention is preferably the following polynucleotide (A), (B), (C) or (D).
- A a polynucleotide represented by the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2
- B A polynucleotide represented by a base sequence in which one or more bases are substituted, deleted, inserted or added in the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and specific for a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol
- C a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and has a specific binding activity to a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol
- D a polynucleotide represented by a nucleotide sequence having 70% or more identity with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, which encodes a protein having a specific binding activity to a mixture of sphingo
- the vector according to the present invention is characterized by containing the above-mentioned polynucleotide.
- the transformant according to the present invention is characterized in that the polynucleotide is introduced.
- the transformant according to the present invention is characterized in that the vector is introduced.
- the antibody according to the present invention is characterized by binding to the protein.
- the method for detecting a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol according to the present invention is characterized by using the above protein.
- the lipid raft detection kit according to the present invention includes at least one selected from the group consisting of the protein, the polynucleotide, the vector, the transformant, and the antibody.
- the protein according to the present invention is characterized by being a homologue of the protein represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the virus infection inhibitor according to the present invention is characterized by containing the above protein.
- the protein according to the present invention has a specific binding activity to a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol, lipid rafts can be specifically detected.
- . 3 is a graph showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to a mixture of lipid and cholesterol.
- 2 is a graph showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to a mixture of sphingomyelin (S) and cholesterol (C). 2 is a graph showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to various sphingomyelin and cholesterol mixtures.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to a mixture of sphingomyelin and various sterols. It is a thermal analysis result showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to various artificial membranes. It is a figure showing the microscope image which shows the coupling
- the protein according to the present invention is the following (A) or (B).
- protein is used interchangeably with “peptide” or “polypeptide”.
- the protein according to the present invention is not limited to this as long as it is a polypeptide in which amino acids are peptide-bonded, and may be a complex polypeptide containing a structure other than a polypeptide.
- structures other than the polypeptide include sugar chains and isoprenoid groups, but are not particularly limited.
- the protein represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 has a specific binding activity for a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol, as shown in Examples described later. Therefore, the protein according to the present invention can specifically recognize the mixture.
- the “mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol” may be a mixture containing at least sphingolipid and cholesterol.
- “Mixture” refers to a mixture of two or more, and is used interchangeably with “mixture”.
- the “mixture” is a concept including a complex, and the mixture is preferably a complex of sphingolipid and cholesterol. More preferably, the mixture is a lipid raft or the same composition.
- Examples of sphingolipids include sphingomyelin. Since the protein according to the present invention can specifically recognize a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol, it can specifically detect a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol, preferably lipid raft.
- Having specific binding activity to a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol means having a binding activity to the mixture but not having a binding activity to each of the sphingolipid alone and cholesterol alone. “Having binding activity” means that the binding activity is higher than the binding activity to a substance other than the binding target. Further, “having no binding activity to each of sphingolipid alone and cholesterol alone” means that the binding activity is lower than the binding activity to a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol.
- a method for examining the binding activity a method well known in the art can be used.
- an ELISA method Kiniyokawa et al. Biochemistry 43, 9766 (2004), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, can be used.
- the protein according to the present invention has a specific binding activity to a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol, the mixture, preferably a lipid raft can be specifically recognized. Therefore, if the protein according to the present invention is used, it can be detected by a method such as visualization of lipid rafts.
- the protein according to the present invention has binding activity regardless of whether the mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol takes an ordered liquid phase or a disordered liquid phase, as shown in the examples described later. is there.
- the protein according to the present invention is a known ostreolysin (Sepcic K, Berne S, Rebolj K, Batista U, Plemenitas A, Sentjurc, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. M, Macek P. (2004) Ostreolysin, a pore-forming protein from the oyster mushroom, interacts specifically with membrane cholesterol-rich lipid domains. FEBS Lett. 575, 81-5.) Instead, it recognizes the structure and combines it. Therefore, the mixture can be recognized more specifically by using the protein according to the present invention.
- mutant protein A protein thus substituted, deleted, inserted or added is also referred to as “mutant protein” or “mutant”.
- the mutant protein may be a protein into which mutation has been artificially introduced, or may be a product obtained by isolating and purifying a naturally occurring mutant protein.
- any base of a polynucleotide encoding a protein can be mutated.
- a deletion mutant or an addition mutant can be prepared by designing a primer corresponding to an arbitrary site of a polynucleotide encoding a protein.
- variant retains the specific function of the protein of interest, that is, the ability to have specific binding activity for a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol. Protein is intended.
- the protein according to the present invention is represented by an amino acid sequence having 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, and further preferably 95% or more identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. It may be.
- the protein according to the present invention may be a fusion protein to which an additional polypeptide is added.
- the additional polypeptide include a labeled polypeptide.
- the labeled polypeptide refers to a polypeptide for labeling a protein by a known method such as epitope labeling or fluorescent labeling.
- Examples of the labeled polypeptide include epitope-labeled peptides such as His, Myc, and Flag, and fluorescent proteins such as GFP.
- Additional polypeptides may be added to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the protein according to the present invention. Further, the additional polypeptide is more preferably added to the N-terminus from the viewpoint of maintaining sufficient binding activity for the mixture.
- the protein according to the present invention may be one in which an additional polypeptide has been removed after being recombinantly expressed and purified as such a fusion protein.
- the protein according to the present invention may be isolated from a natural source, chemically synthesized, or a recombinant protein produced by a gene recombination technique.
- a method for obtaining these proteins a method well known in the art can be used.
- isolated protein is intended to be a protein that has been removed from its natural environment.
- a protein in a recombinantly produced state in a host cell is considered isolated, as is a natural or recombinant protein that has been substantially purified by any suitable technique.
- Recombinant protein refers to the product produced from the host by recombinant technology.
- the protein according to the invention may be glycosylated or non-glycosylated.
- the proteins according to the invention may also contain an initiating modified methionine residue in some cases as a result of a host-mediated process.
- a recombinant production procedure for example, a method performed using a vector and cells described later may be used.
- the protein according to the present invention may be in the form of a reagent for detecting lipid raft (reagent for detecting lipid raft) containing the protein. Since the protein according to the present invention can specifically recognize lipid rafts as described above, it is useful as a reagent for detecting lipid rafts.
- the specific configuration of the lipid raft detection reagent is not particularly limited, and various additives, buffers, and the like may be added depending on the application and purpose.
- the protein according to the present invention may be a protein homolog represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the homologue include a protein derived from Hypsizygus marmoreus (for example, SEQ ID NO: 13), a protein of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (EDP07110), a protein of Hordeum vulgare (BAF03218), Camelliasacmins3 AC603, and Camelliassminsacmins3 AC60 (CAF) Protein (EER97936), Ze mays protein (ACG38107), Oryza sativa protein (EAY93540), and the like.
- the protein homologue represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is represented by an amino acid sequence in which one or several amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted or added in the amino acid sequence of the homolog as described above. Protein is also included.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an alignment of amino acid sequences of the protein represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and its homologue. The abbreviations shown in FIG.
- GF Grifola frontosa
- HM Hypsizygus marmoreus
- CR Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (EDP07110)
- HV Hordeum vulgaris (BAF03C3Bs: BAF03C3S) Sorghum bicolor (EER97936)
- ZM Zea Mays (ACG38107)
- OS Oryza sativa (EAY93540).
- the amino acid sequence masked in black shows a degree of coincidence of 50% or more
- gray indicates a part where the degree of coincidence by similar amino acids is 50% or more.
- the results are shown in the bottom row as consensus.
- the upper case alphabet indicates 100% match.
- polynucleotide The polynucleotide which concerns on this invention should just encode the protein which concerns on this invention mentioned above.
- examples of the polynucleotide according to the present invention include the following polynucleotide (A), (B) or (C).
- A a polynucleotide represented by the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2
- B a polynucleotide represented by a base sequence in which 1 to 30 bases are substituted, deleted, inserted or added in the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and specific for a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol
- C a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and has a specific binding activity to a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol
- the polynucleotide represented by the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 encodes the protein represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
- nucleic acid sequence As used herein, the term “polynucleotide” is used interchangeably with “gene”, “DNA”, “RNA”, “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid molecule”.
- base sequence is used interchangeably with “nucleic acid sequence” or “nucleotide sequence” and refers to deoxyribonucleotides (abbreviated A, G, C, and T) or ribonucleic acid. Expressed as a sequence of nucleotides (abbreviated A, G, C and U).
- polynucleotide according to the present invention can be easily designed by those skilled in the art from the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein.
- “One or more bases are substituted, deleted, inserted or added” means that substitution, deletion, insertion or addition can be performed by a known mutant polynucleotide production method such as site-directed mutagenesis. Of 1 to 30, preferably 1 to 21, more preferably 1 to 15 and even more preferably 1 to 5 bases are substituted, deleted, inserted or added. Polynucleotides thus substituted, deleted, inserted or added are also referred to as “mutant polynucleotides” or “mutants”.
- the mutant polynucleotide may be a polynucleotide into which a mutation is artificially introduced, or may be a product obtained by isolating and purifying a naturally occurring mutant polynucleotide.
- any base of the polynucleotide can be mutated.
- a deletion mutant or an addition mutant can be prepared by designing a primer corresponding to an arbitrary site of the polynucleotide.
- the term “variant” retains the specific function of the protein of interest, that is, the ability to have a specific binding activity for a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol.
- a polynucleotide encoding the selected protein is contemplated.
- the polynucleotide according to the present invention is a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and is a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol. It may be a protein having specific binding activity.
- Hybridization is described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d Ed., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1989).
- the appropriate hybridization temperature varies depending on the base sequence and the length of the base sequence. For example, when a DNA fragment consisting of 18 bases encoding 6 amino acids is used as a probe, a temperature of 50 ° C. or lower is preferable.
- stringent conditions refers to hybridization solutions (50% formamide, 5 ⁇ SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7). .6) Incubate overnight at 42 ° C. in 5 ⁇ Denhart solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 ⁇ g / ml denatured sheared salmon sperm DNA, then in 0.1 ⁇ SSC at about 65 ° C. It is intended to wash the filter with.
- the polynucleotide according to the present invention is represented by a base sequence having the identity of 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, and still more preferably 95% or more with the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. It may be a thing.
- the polynucleotide according to the present invention includes not only double-stranded DNA but also single-stranded DNA and RNA such as sense strand and antisense strand constituting the same.
- the antisense strand can be utilized as a probe or as an antisense agent.
- the DNA includes, for example, cDNA and genomic DNA obtained by cloning, chemical synthesis techniques, or a combination thereof.
- the polynucleotide according to the present invention may include sequences such as untranslated region (UTR) sequences and vector sequences (including expression vector sequences).
- Examples of a method for obtaining the polynucleotide according to the present invention include a method for isolating and cloning a DNA fragment containing the polynucleotide according to the present invention by a known technique.
- a probe that specifically hybridizes with a part of the base sequence of the polynucleotide in the present invention may be prepared, and a genomic DNA library, cDNA library, etc. may be screened.
- Such a probe may be of any sequence and / or length as long as it specifically hybridizes to at least part of the base sequence of the polynucleotide of the present invention or its complementary sequence. Good.
- examples of a method for obtaining the polynucleotide according to the present invention include a method using amplification means such as PCR.
- amplification means such as PCR.
- primers are prepared from 5 ′ and 3 ′ sequences (or their complementary sequences), and genomic DNA, cDNA, etc. are used as templates using these primers.
- PCR PCR or the like and amplifying the DNA region sandwiched between both primers, a large amount of DNA fragments containing the polynucleotide according to the present invention can be obtained.
- the polynucleotide according to the present invention is preferably obtained from basidiomycetes, and more preferably obtained from the genus Grifola.
- the polynucleotide represented by the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 can be obtained from the genomic DNA, cDNA, etc. of Grifola frontosa using the method described above.
- the vector according to the present invention may be any vector as long as it contains the above-described polynucleotide, and may be, for example, an expression vector for expressing the protein according to the present invention.
- the vector according to the present invention may be a vector used for in vitro translation or a vector used for recombinant expression.
- Examples of the vector according to the present invention include a recombinant expression vector into which a polynucleotide cDNA encoding the protein according to the present invention has been inserted.
- a method for producing a recombinant expression vector includes, but is not limited to, a method using a plasmid, phage, cosmid or the like. A known method can also be used as a method for producing the vector.
- the specific type of vector is not particularly limited, and the type of vector that can be expressed in the host cell may be appropriately selected. That is, according to the type of host cell, the type of vector may be selected in order to reliably express the polynucleotide according to the present invention, and a vector incorporating the polynucleotide according to the present invention may be used as an expression vector.
- the vector according to the present invention preferably contains a promoter sequence for expressing a protein encoded by a polynucleotide contained in the vector. The promoter sequence is preferably selected as appropriate according to the type of host cell.
- the vector according to the present invention may be a vector in which the polynucleotide according to the present invention and an appropriately selected promoter sequence are incorporated into various plasmids.
- the host cell is not particularly limited, and various conventionally known cells can be suitably used.
- it may be a prokaryotic host or a eukaryotic host, and specifically, a bacterial cell such as Escherichia coli, a yeast cell such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Higher plant cells, insect cells, mammalian cells and the like.
- the method of introducing the vector into the host cell ie, the transformation method is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known method such as an electroporation method, a calcium phosphate method, a liposome method, or a DEAE dextran method can be suitably used.
- the transformant according to the present invention is a transformant into which the polynucleotide encoding the protein according to the present invention described above is introduced.
- the “transformant” is a concept including not only cells, tissues or organs but also individual organisms.
- the transformant according to the present invention is preferably one in which the polynucleotide according to the present invention is introduced into a host cell so that it can be expressed.
- Examples of the method for producing the transformant according to the present invention include a method for introducing the above-described vector according to the present invention into a host cell.
- the host cell those described above can be used.
- the transformant according to the present invention can be cultured or grown according to a conventionally known method.
- the protein according to the present invention can be produced in the transformant, so that the protein can be easily prepared in large quantities.
- the antibody according to the present invention is an antibody obtained as a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody by a known method using the above-described protein according to the present invention or a partial peptide thereof as an antigen.
- Known methods include, for example, the literature (Harlow et al., “Antibodies: A laboratory manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1988)), Iwasaki et al.,“ Monoclonal antibody hybridoma and ELISA, Kodansha (1991) ””. These documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and the antibodies thus produced are useful for the detection of the proteins of the invention.
- the protein according to the present invention can be suitably used in a method for detecting a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol.
- the method for detecting a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol according to the present invention uses the above-described protein according to the present invention.
- a method for detecting the mixture in the test object a method having the following steps may be mentioned.
- the mixture may be lipid raft. 1) A step of providing a protein according to the present invention to a test object; 2) detecting the presence or absence of specific binding with the protein according to the present invention; 3) A step of determining that a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol is present in the test object when there is specific binding.
- a conventionally known method can be used.
- a method for detecting the presence or absence of specific binding in the step 2) a method for detecting the protein remaining after removing the protein according to the present invention that did not specifically bind in the step 1).
- the method for detecting a protein include conventionally known methods such as a method for visualizing a protein by adding a fluorescent protein or the like to cause color development or light emission, and a method for detecting the protein by an ELISA method. The visualized protein can be observed with a fluorescence microscope or the like.
- the present invention is useful for studies on the dynamics and functions of lipid rafts.
- the present invention can be used for detailed analysis and diagnosis of diseases involving lipid rafts.
- diseases involving lipid rafts include dyslipidemia.
- dyslipidemia include Niemann-Pick disease.
- examining the localization of the protein according to the present invention it is possible to analyze the localization of lipid rafts in the above-mentioned diseased cells, diagnose whether or not the disease is the above-mentioned disease, and the like.
- the protein according to the present invention can specifically bind to a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol, it can be suitably used in a method for purifying the mixture, preferably a method for purifying lipid rafts.
- a method for purifying the mixture various conventionally known purification methods utilizing specific binding between substances can be applied.
- the protein according to the present invention can specifically bind to lipid rafts, it can be suitably used as a medicine for various diseases involving lipid rafts.
- One of the diseases related to lipid rafts is viral infection.
- AIDS virus is known to be covered with lipid rafts.
- the protein which concerns on this invention can inhibit the viral infection with respect to a cell, especially the infection by influenza virus. Therefore, the protein according to the present invention can be used as a medicine for suppressing viral infection.
- the target virus capable of suppressing infection using the present invention is not limited to the above-described AIDS virus and influenza virus, but may be any virus targeting lipid rafts, such as hepatitis C virus. Etc.
- viral infection can be treated by administering the protein according to the present invention to a subject.
- the present invention also provides a method for treating a viral infection comprising administering to a subject a protein according to the present invention.
- the protein according to the present invention can inhibit virus infection of cells as described above, it can be used as a virus infection inhibitor.
- the virus infection inhibitor according to the present invention only needs to contain the protein according to the present invention. Examples of viruses include influenza viruses.
- the protein according to the present invention has extremely low toxicity, it can be suitably used for the above-mentioned medicines and the like.
- the lipid raft detection kit according to the present invention includes at least one selected from the group consisting of the above-described protein, polynucleotide, vector, transformant, and antibody.
- kit includes at least one selected from the group consisting of the above-described protein, polynucleotide, vector, transformant, and antibody.
- a kit for detecting lipid rafts includes at least one selected from the group consisting of the above-described protein, polynucleotide, vector, transformant, and antibody.
- the kit according to the present invention can detect a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol, particularly a lipid raft, by using the protein by including the above-described protein.
- the protein is preferably one to which a labeled polypeptide is added.
- the polynucleotide, the vector and the transformant described above can be used for obtaining the protein described above.
- the above-described antibody is useful for detecting the above-described protein.
- the kit according to the present invention can be used for, for example, the above-described method for detecting a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol, and is therefore suitable for investigating the presence or absence of lipid rafts in a biological sample, localization, etc. Available.
- the kit according to the present invention preferably further contains a substance having a specific binding activity to sphingomyelin.
- the substance include lysenin, lysenin-derived protein, and the like.
- lysenin and lysenin-derived proteins include Patent Documents 1 and 2 (for Patent Documents 1 and 2, the corresponding US Patent Application Publication Nos. 10/138634, 11 incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, respectively. / 2232394) can be suitably used. This makes it possible to compare the localization of sphingomyelin and cholesterol, for example, lipid rafts with the localization of sphingomyelin, so that the localization and dynamics of lipid rafts can be examined more accurately. become.
- the kit according to the present invention includes a polynucleotide encoding lysenin or a lysenin-derived protein, a vector containing the polynucleotide, a transformant into which the polynucleotide or the vector is introduced, an antibody against lysenin or a lysenin-derived protein. Etc. may be further included.
- the kit according to the present invention preferably further contains a substance having specific binding activity for cholesterol.
- a substance having specific binding activity for cholesterol examples include polyethylene glycol cholesteryl ether, polyethylene glycol 2-aminoethyl cholesteryl ether, and the like.
- the substance may be in the form of a cholesterol detection reagent.
- the substance and a cholesterol detection reagent containing the substance include Patent Document 3 and Patent Application 4 (for Patent Application 4, the corresponding US Patent Application Publication No. 10/516072, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Can be suitably used. This makes it possible to compare the localization of sphingomyelin and cholesterol, for example, lipid rafts and cholesterol, so that the localization and dynamics of lipid rafts can be examined more accurately. Become.
- the kit according to the present invention contains both the above-mentioned substance having specific binding activity to sphingomyelin and the substance having specific binding activity to cholesterol. This makes it possible to compare the mixture of sphingomyelin and cholesterol, for example, lipid raft localization, sphingomyelin localization, and cholesterol localization. It becomes possible to investigate in detail.
- the labeled polypeptide is added to the protein which concerns on this invention.
- the lipid raft detection kit according to the present invention preferably further includes at least one of a substance having specific binding activity for sphingomyelin and a substance having specific binding activity for cholesterol.
- Example 1 Identification of novel proteins and genes
- the present inventors identified a novel protein GF-Nni (SEQ ID NO: 1) that specifically binds to a mixture of sphingolipid and cholesterol from Maitake mushroom (Grifola frontosa).
- sphingomyelin obtained from Avanti
- cholesterol obtained from Sigma
- the protein that binds to the liposomes was purified from the maitake protein crude juice, and the partial sequence of amino acids (MLYGVEIDEQYLRVMEEYKDKEVITQADMAKVALQRKNVYQDQAEKRQAELKAEYGVGT, XHLLRK , TTAYVEYVYSR).
- the base sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) of the gene encoding protein GF-Nni was identified. Specifically, tblastn analysis was performed using the Maitake cDNA database owned by Yukiguni Maitake based on the obtained partial sequence. As a result, a 373 bp DNA sequence was found in the registered sequence. Based on this sequence, two primers for RACE (5′-RACE-GF (SEQ ID NO: 3) and 3′-RACE-GF (SEQ ID NO: 4)) were designed, and SMARTer TM RACE cDNA Amplification Kit (Takara). The upstream sequence and downstream sequence of the gene encoding GF-Nni were determined by the RACE-PCR method using BIO INC.
- the gene represented by the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 was cloned from Maitake (Grifola frontosa). Specifically, a forward primer Nni-F (SEQ ID NO: 5) and reverse primer Nni-R (SEQ ID NO: 6) for cloning are designed from the determined GF-Nni sequence, and the full length gene of GF-Nni is obtained by PCR. Was cloned. The full length of GF-Nni was inserted into Invitrogen's pENTR / SD / D-TOPO vector.
- the protein GF-Nni was expressed and purified by gene recombination technology. Specifically, the GF-Nni gene was introduced into the pET-28b vector, expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), and purified using a nickel column.
- Example 2 Using the protein GF-Nni purified from Maitake, the binding to liposomes (artificial membranes) composed of various lipids and cholesterol (1: 1) was examined.
- As the lipid of the artificial membrane sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) were used. These lipids were purchased from Avanti. Cholesterol was purchased from Sigma.
- GF-Nni and liposomes were mixed, and then separated by centrifugation into a supernatant (S) and a precipitate (P) containing liposomes.
- S supernatant
- P precipitate
- the supernatant (S) and the precipitate (P) were each electrophoresed, and the protein was stained by a known method. Thereby, it was examined which fraction contained GF-Nni.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of detection of GF-Nni by electrophoresis after mixing the protein GF-Nni and various liposomes in one example of the present invention and then separating into supernatant (S) and precipitate (P).
- S supernatant
- P precipitate
- FIG. 1 As shown in FIG. 1, GF-Nni was detected in the precipitate fraction only when liposomes composed of sphingomyelin and cholesterol were used. From this result, it was suggested that the protein according to the present invention specifically binds to a mixture of sphingomyelin and cholesterol.
- Example 3 The purified protein GF-Nni was then used to further examine the binding activity against a mixture of various lipids and cholesterol (1: 1).
- galactosylceramide (GalCer) (obtained from Avanti), glucosylceramide (GlcCer) (obtained from Matreya), lactosylceramide (LacCer) (obtained from Avanti), sphingo Silphosphorylcholine (SPC) (obtained from BioMol), ganglioside (GM1) (obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries), and ceramide (Cer) (obtained from Avanti) were used.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to a mixture of lipid and cholesterol. As shown in FIG. 2, GF-Nni showed a high binding activity only to a mixture of sphingomyelin and cholesterol. From this result, it was shown that the protein according to the present invention selectively binds to a mixture of sphingomyelin and cholesterol.
- Example 4 Using the purified protein GF-Nni, the binding activity to mixtures having different ratios of sphingomyelin and cholesterol was examined by the above-described ELISA method.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to a mixture of sphingomyelin (S) and cholesterol (C). As shown in FIG. 3, the binding activity of GF-Nni to the mixture of sphingomyelin and cholesterol was dependent on the ratio (S / C) of sphingomyelin and cholesterol contained in the mixture.
- the protein according to the present invention specifically binds to a mixture of sphingomyelin and cholesterol. It was also suggested that the protein according to the present invention has a high binding activity to a mixture having at least a sphingomyelin / cholesterol ratio of 6/4 to 1/9.
- Example 5 Using the protein GF-Nni expressed and purified in the same manner as in Example 1, the binding activity to various sphingomyelin and cholesterol (1: 1) mixtures was examined by the ELISA method described above.
- Synthetic sphingomyelin (PalSM) (obtained from Avanti) having porcine brain-derived sphingomyelin (brainSM) (obtained from Avanti), egg yolk-derived sphingomyelin (EggSM) (obtained from Avanti), and palmitic acid (C16: 0) as sphingomyelin ),
- Synthetic sphingomyelin (OleSM) with oleic acid (C18: 1) (obtained from Sigma)
- synthetic sphingomyelin (SteSM) with stearic acid (C18: 0) (obtained from Matreya), carbon numbers 20, 22, Synthetic sphingomyelin (C20SM, C22SM, C24SM
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to various sphingomyelin and cholesterol mixtures. As shown in FIG. 4, GF-Nni showed high binding activity to both porcine brain-derived sphingomyelin and egg yolk-derived sphingomyelin. In addition, GF-Nni bound to sphingomyelin having a fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms, regardless of whether it has a saturated fatty acid or an unsaturated fatty acid.
- the mixture of sphingomyelin and cholesterol takes an ordered liquid phase when the fatty acid of sphingomyelin is a saturated fatty acid, and takes a disordered liquid phase when it is an unsaturated fatty acid.
- the ordered liquid phase refers to a state in which the alignment of fatty acid (hydrocarbon chain) of sphingomyelin is aligned
- the disordered liquid phase refers to a state in which the alignment of the fatty acid is disturbed.
- the protein according to the present invention has binding activity regardless of whether the mixture to be bound takes an ordered liquid phase or a disordered liquid phase. That is, it was shown that the protein according to the present invention recognizes and binds not the physical properties of the mixture but the structure.
- the protein according to the present invention has binding activity to a mixture containing sphingomyelin having at least a long fatty acid having 7 or more carbon atoms, particularly a fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms. Moreover, it was shown that it can couple
- Example 6 Using the protein GF-Nni expressed and purified in the same manner as in Example 1, the binding activity to a mixture of sphingomyelin and various sterols (1: 1) was examined by the ELISA method described above.
- sterol cholesterol (cholesterol), ergosterol (ergosterol), lanosterol (lanosterol), coprostane, cholesteryl acetate (chol acetate), 5 ⁇ -chol (5a chol), 5 ⁇ -chol-3 ⁇ -one (5a-one) chol-3b-one), 5 ⁇ -chol-7-en-3b-ol (5a-chol-7-en-3b-ol), 5 ⁇ -chol-3 ⁇ -ol (5a-chol-3b-ol), and 5 ⁇ -chol-3a-ol (5b-chol-3a-ol) was used.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to a mixture of sphingomyelin and various sterols. As shown in FIG. 5, GF-Nni was shown to distinguish the difference in sterol structure.
- Example 7 For the protein GF-Nni expressed and purified in the same manner as in Example 1, a differential thermal analyzer (Ishitsuka R, Yamaji-Hasegawa A, Makino A, Hirabayashi Y, Kobayashi T. (incorporated in its entirety by reference) 2004) A lipid-specific toxin reveals heterogeneity of sphingomyelin-containing membranes. Biophys. J. 86, 296-307.) was used for thermal analysis to examine the binding activity to various artificial membranes.
- Artificial membranes include sphingomyelin (obtained from Matreya) and cholesterol (obtained from Sigma) (SM / chol) (1: 1), DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine) Artificial membrane (obtained from Avanti) and cholesterol (DOPC / chol) (1: 1), and DPPC (obtained from Avanti) and artificial membrane of cholesterol (DPPC / chol) (1: 1) was used.
- FIG. 6 shows the results of thermal analysis showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to various artificial membranes.
- GF-Nni bound to SM / chol, but did not bind to DOPC / chol and DPPC / chol. Since GF-Nni did not bind to DPPC / chol taking an ordered liquid phase, it was shown that GF-Nni recognizes the structure rather than the physical properties of the binding target.
- Example 8 The ability of the purified protein GF-Nni to bind to the cell surface was examined.
- lysenin that recognizes sphingomyelin (lysenin) and the cholesterol-binding domain (D4) of ⁇ -toxin that recognizes cholesterol are similarly bound to the HeLa cells described above, and then a fluorescent antibody is used. These were visualized.
- FIG. 7 is a view showing a microscopic image showing the binding of GF-Nni to the HeLa cell surface.
- GF-Nni bound to the surface of untreated HeLa cells, but did not bind to cells treated with SMase and cells excluding cholesterol.
- Example 9 The ability of GFP-labeled GF-Nni to bind to cells in the presence of various artificial membranes was examined.
- a gene (SEQ ID NO: 8) encoding a protein GFP-GF-Nni (SEQ ID NO: 7) in which GFP is fused to the N terminus of GF-Nni was prepared, and GFP-labeled by this gene recombination technique.
- GF-Nni was expressed and purified. Specifically, a gene encoding EGFP and a gene encoding GF-Nni were introduced into the pET-28b vector, and GFP-GF-Nni was expressed using Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) into which this was introduced, Purified using a nickel column.
- the ability of the purified protein to bind to the surface of HeLa cells is controlled under the condition that no artificial membrane coexists (control), in the presence of sphingomyelin / cholesterol (1: 1) artificial membrane (SM / Chol), and phosphatidylcholine / cholesterol (1 1) in the presence of an artificial membrane (PC / Chol).
- FIG. 8 is a view showing a microscopic image showing the binding of GF-Nni to the HeLa cell surface.
- GF-Nni bound to the HeLa cell surface under conditions where no artificial membrane was present. This binding was inhibited in the presence of SM / Chol but not in the presence of PC / Chol. This result supported that GF-Nni bound to the cell surface via a mixture of sphingomyelin and cholesterol.
- Example 10 The localization of GF-Nni and lysenin in HeLa cells was examined. Specifically, after fixing the cells, the membrane is made permeable by freezing and thawing, adding GF-Nni and lysenin, and using the antibodies against the respective proteins, the intracellular sites of GF-Nni and lysenin are added. The presence was visualized.
- FIG. 9 is a view showing a microscopic image showing the localization of GF-Nni and lysenin in HeLa cells. Specifically, FIG. 9 shows an image showing the localization of GF-Nni (GF-Nni), an image showing the localization of lysenin (Lysenin), and an image obtained by superimposing these (Lysenin + GF-Nni).
- GF-Nni GF-Nni
- Lysenin lysenin
- the localization of a mixture (lipid raft) of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in cells can be easily detected.
- the protein according to the present invention is used in combination with lysenin, the localization, dynamics, and the like of lipid rafts and sphingomyelin that does not form lipid rafts can be compared.
- Example 11 The localization of GF-Nni and late endosomal marker BMP in HeLa cells was examined. Specifically, after fixing the cells, the membrane is made permeable by freeze-thawing, and GF-Nni and an antibody against BMP, which is an endosome-specific lipid, are added, and each is visualized by the fluorescent antibody method. The presence was examined by microscopic observation.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a microscopic image showing the localization of GF-Nni and BMP in HeLa cells. Specifically, FIG. 10 shows an image showing the localization of GF-Nni (GF-Nni), an image showing the localization of BMP (BMP), and an image obtained by superimposing these (BMP + GF-Nni). FIG. FIG. 10 reveals that the localization of the mixture of sphingomyelin and cholesterol to which GF-Nni binds and the late endosome are partially in agreement.
- the localization of a mixture of sphingomyelin and cholesterol (lipid raft) in a cell can be compared with the localization of other intracellular organs. It is possible to predict the dynamics and function of rafts in cells.
- the present invention is useful for examining the localization, dynamics, function, etc. of lipid rafts in cells.
- Example 12 As an example of the present invention, a gene encoding the homologous protein HM-Nni of Hypzygus marmoreus having homology with the protein GF-Nni was found using the following method. That is, tblastn analysis was performed on the Bunashimeji cDNA database owned by Yukiguni Maitake based on the amino acid sequence of GF-Nni to obtain a DNA fragment 228 bp having 36% homology in amino acids.
- Example 13 Using the protein GF-Nni expressed and purified in the same manner as in Example 1, the binding between GF-Nni and liposomes was examined in the same manner as in Example 2. As the liposome, sphingomyelin / phosphatidylcholine / cholesterol liposomes (1: 0: 1, 1: 0.2: 1, 1: 0.5: 1, 1: 1: 1) were used.
- FIG. 12 shows the results of detecting GF-Nni by electrophoresis after mixing the protein GF-Nni and various liposomes in one example of the present invention and separating the mixture into a supernatant (S) and a precipitate (P).
- S supernatant
- P precipitate
- Example 14 Using the protein GF-Nni expressed and purified by the same method as in Example 1, the binding activity to various sterol and sphingomyelin mixtures (1: 1) was examined by the ELISA method (solid phase method) described above.
- sterol cholesterol (cholesterol), ergosterol (ergosterol), lanosterol (lanosterol), coprostane, cholesteryl acetate (chol acetate), 5 ⁇ -cholestane, 5 ⁇ -cholestane-3-one (5a -cholestan-3-one), lasosterol (lathosterol, same as 5a-chol-7-en-3b-ol described above), dihydrocholesterol (same as 5a-chol-3b-ol described above), epicopros Tanol (epicoprostanol, same as 5b-chol-3a-ol described above), 6-ketocholestanol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, 5 ⁇ -cholest-8 (14) -en-3 ⁇ -Ol-15-one (5a-cholest-8 (14) -en-3b-ol-15-one), campesterol, stigmasterol, ⁇ -cytos Terol (b-sitosterol), desmosterol, epicholesterol, stigmaste
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to mixtures of various sterols and sphingomyelin.
- the vertical axis represents the relative value when the cholesterol value is 100. As shown in FIG. 13, it was found that the 3 ⁇ -hydroxyl group of sterol is important for the binding of GF-Nni.
- Example 15 The binding site of GF-Nni on the cell surface was examined by immunoelectron microscopic analysis. Specifically, protein GF-Nni expressed and purified by the method shown in Example 1 was bound to the surface of fixed HeLa cells. Thereafter, after treatment with an anti-GF-Nni antibody, a colloidal gold-labeled anti-rabbit antibody was added and observed with an electronic microscope.
- FIG. 14 is a view showing a microscopic image showing a binding site of GF-Nni on the HeLa cell surface. As shown in FIG. 14, GF-Nni formed a cluster on the cell membrane.
- Example 16 The distribution of GF-Nni, lysenin, H-ras and K-ras in the cell membrane was examined with an ultrahigh resolution fluorescence microscope. Specifically, Dronpa and Alexa647-labeled GF-Nni, lysenin, H-ras and K-ras were prepared, the cell surface was labeled, and then observed with a PALM (photoactivation localization microscope).
- PALM photoactivation localization microscope
- FIG. 15 is a view showing a microscopic image showing the distribution of GF-Nni, lysenin, and H-ras in the cell membrane.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a microscopic image showing the distribution of GF-Nni, lysenin, and K-ras in the cell membrane.
- the GF-Nni binding domain in the cell membrane exists in a part of the lysenin binding domain. Further, GF-Nni distributed in the outer layer of the cell membrane was in good agreement with H-ras in the inner layer of the cell membrane, but was not in agreement with K-ras. Conventionally, H-ras was expected to exist in lipid rafts. In this example, the distribution of H-ras coincided with the distribution of GF-Nni, indicating that H-ras is actually present behind the sphingomyelin / cholesterol domain.
- Example 17 The binding activity of GF-Nni to intracellular organelles in HeLa cells was examined. Specifically, after fixing the cells, the membrane was made permeable by freeze-thawing, and double labeling with various organelle markers and GF-Nni was performed.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a microscopic image showing the binding activity of GF-Nni to intracellular organelles. As shown in FIG. 17, the localization of GF-Nni coincided only with BMP and did not coincide with EEA1 and GM130. From this result, it was shown that the late endosome is a place for accumulation of sphingomyelin / cholesterol because GF-Nni binds to the late endosome in HeLa cells.
- Example 18 The binding site of GF-Nni in the cells was analyzed by immunoelectron microscopic analysis. Specifically, Hela cell sections were prepared, GF-Nni was bound, and then treated with anti-GF-Nni antibody and colloidal gold-labeled anti-rabbit antibody.
- FIG. 18 is a view showing a microscopic image showing a binding site of GF-Nni in a cell. This result indicates that GF-Nni binds to a multilamellar structure characteristic of late endosomes.
- Example 19 Niemann-Pick disease is a congenital dyslipidemia, and types A and C are known.
- Type A is deficient in acid sphingomyelinase
- type C is deficient in a Neimanpic C protein, a protein involved in the intracellular transport of cholesterol.
- Type A cells accumulate sphingomyelin in the cell, and type C accumulates cholesterol. Both have been suggested to have abnormal lipid raft functions, but the distribution of lipid rafts themselves in the cell and on the cell surface was not known.
- lipid distribution in the cell surface and cell surface of Niemann-Pick disease cells was examined using GF-Nni, lysenin and D4 which are lipid binding proteins.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a microscopic image showing lipid distribution in cells of Niemann-Pick disease cells.
- both types A and C of Niemann-Pick disease significant accumulation of GF-Nni in the cells was shown compared to control cells. Therefore, by using GF-Nni, it was possible to show that lipid rafts were accumulated in cells of Niemann-Pick disease.
- GF-Nni was visualized using an anti-GF-Nni antibody and an Alexa544-labeled anti-rabbit antibody.
- lysenin and D4 were visualized using fluorescent antibodies.
- FIG. 20 is a view showing a microscopic image showing lipid distribution on the cell surface of Niemann-Pick disease cells. It was found that lipid rafts (sphingomyelin / cholesterol complex) stained with GF-Nni existed in a cluster on the cell surface in Niemann-Pick disease type C.
- Example 20 Lipid rafts are thought to play an important role in viral infections, including influenza viruses. Therefore, the effect of GF-Nni on influenza virus infection was examined.
- FIG. 21 is a graph showing the effect of GF-Nni on influenza virus infection of cultured cells (MDCK).
- FIG. 21 shows the results 24 hours after infection.
- the vertical axis represents the percentage (%) of the control (MDCK without GF-Nni added) to the virus infection. As shown in FIG. 21, it was shown that when GF-Nni was added 1 hour before infection and when GF-Nni was added 4 hours after infection, viral infection was inhibited more than control. .
- FIG. 22 is a graph showing the effect of GF-Nni on influenza virus infection of cultured cells (MDCK).
- FIG. 22 shows the results 8 hours after infection.
- the vertical axis represents the percentage (%) of the control (MDCK without GF-Nni added) to the virus infection.
- GF-Nni can be suitably used for the purpose of inhibiting viral infection of cells, for example, a virus infection inhibitor.
- the present invention can specifically detect lipid rafts, it can be suitably used for research reagents and kits related to lipid rafts, and also suitable for drugs for diseases involving lipid rafts, viral infection inhibitors, and the like. Available.
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Abstract
Description
(B)配列番号1のアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは複数個のアミノ酸が置換、欠失、挿入もしくは付加されているアミノ酸配列によって示されるタンパク質であって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有する、タンパク質;
(C)配列番号1のアミノ酸配列と70%以上の同一性を有するアミノ酸配列によって示されるタンパク質であって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有する、タンパク質。
(B)配列番号2の塩基配列において、1若しくは複数個の塩基が置換、欠失、挿入もしくは付加されている塩基配列によって示されるポリヌクレオチドであって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有するタンパク質をコードする、ポリヌクレオチド;
(C)配列番号2の塩基配列と相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドと、ストリンジェントな条件下でハイブリダイズするポリヌクレオチドであって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有するタンパク質をコードする、ポリヌクレオチド;
(D)配列番号2の塩基配列と70%以上の同一性を有する塩基配列によって示されるポリヌクレオチドであって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有するタンパク質をコードする、ポリヌクレオチド。
本発明に係るタンパク質は、下記(A)または(B)である。
(A)配列番号1のアミノ酸配列によって示されるタンパク質;
(B)配列番号1のアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは複数個のアミノ酸が置換、欠失、挿入もしくは付加されているアミノ酸配列によって示されるタンパク質であって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有するタンパク質。
本発明に係るポリヌクレオチドは、上述した本発明に係るタンパク質をコードするものであればよい。本発明に係るポリヌクレオチドとしては、例えば、下記(A)、(B)または(C)のポリヌクレオチドが挙げられる。
(A)配列番号2の塩基配列によって示される、ポリヌクレオチド;
(B)配列番号2の塩基配列において、1~30個の塩基が置換、欠失、挿入もしくは付加されている塩基配列によって示されるポリヌクレオチドであって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有するタンパク質をコードする、ポリヌクレオチド;
(C)配列番号2の塩基配列と相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドと、ストリンジェントな条件下でハイブリダイズするポリヌクレオチドであって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有するタンパク質をコードする、ポリヌクレオチド。
本発明に係るベクターは、上述したポリヌクレオチドを含むものであればよく、例えば本発明に係るタンパク質を発現させるための発現ベクター等であってもよい。本発明に係るベクターは、インビトロ翻訳に用いるベクターであっても組換え発現に用いるベクターであってもよい。
本発明に係る形質転換体は、上述した本発明に係るタンパク質をコードするポリヌクレオチドが導入された形質転換体である。ここで「形質転換体」とは、細胞、組織または器官だけでなく、生物個体をも含む概念である。
本発明に係る抗体は、上述した本発明に係るタンパク質、またはその部分ペプチドを抗原として、公知の方法によりポリクローナル抗体またはモノクローナル抗体として得られる抗体である。公知の方法としては、例えば、文献(Harlowらの「Antibodies : A laboratory manual(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York(1988))、岩崎らの「単クローン抗体 ハイブリドーマとELISA,講談社(1991)」」に記載の方法が挙げられる。これらの文献は、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。こうして作製した抗体は、本発明のタンパク質の検出に有効である。
本発明に係るタンパク質は、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体を検出する方法に好適に利用することができる。
1)検査対象物に対して、本発明に係るタンパク質を供する工程;
2)本発明に係るタンパク質との特異的結合の有無を検出する工程;
3)特異的結合がある場合に、検査対象物中にスフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体が存在すると判定する工程。
本発明に係る脂質ラフト検出用キット(以下、単に「キット」ともいう。)は、上述したタンパク質、ポリヌクレオチド、ベクター、形質転換体、および抗体からなる群より選択される少なくともいずれか1つを含む、脂質ラフトを検出するためのキットである。
なお、本発明に係るタンパク質には、標識ポリペプチドが付加されていることが好ましい。
以下の方法により、本発明者らは、マイタケ(Grifola frondosa)から、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に特異的に結合する新規なタンパク質GF-Nni(配列番号1)を同定した。具体的には、スフィンゴミエリン(Avantiより入手)/コレステロール(Sigmaより入手)(1:1)リポソームに結合するタンパク質をマイタケタンパク質粗汁液より精製し、アミノ酸の部分配列(MLYGVEIDEQYLRVMEEYKDKEVITQADMAKVALQRKNVYQDQAEKRQAELKAEYGVGV, XHLLRVYATX, HGQTGNETTAVEY, SFRGHFGAHTREK, TTAYVEYVYSR)を得た。
マイタケより精製したタンパク質GF-Nniを用いて、種々の脂質およびコレステロール(1:1)からなるリポソーム(人工膜)との結合を調べた。人工膜の脂質としては、スフィンゴミエリン(SM)、ホスファチジルコリン(PC)、ホスファチジルエタノールアミン(PE)、ホスファチジルセリン(PS)、ホスファチジルイノシトール(PI)、およびホスファチジルグリセロール(PG)を用いた。これらの脂質はAvanti社より購入した。コレステロールはSigma社より購入した。
次に、精製したタンパク質GF-Nniを用いて、種々の脂質およびコレステロール(1:1)の混合物に対する結合活性をさらに調べた。脂質としては、実施例2にて用いたものの他に、ガラクトシルセラミド(GalCer)(Avantiより入手)、グルコシルセラミド(GlcCer)(Matreyaより入手)、ラクトシルセラミド(LacCer)(Avantiより入手)、スフィンゴシルホスホリルコリン(SPC)(BioMolより入手)、ガングリオシド(GM1)(和光純薬より入手)、およびセラミド(Cer)(Avantiより入手)を用いた。
精製したタンパク質GF-Nniを用いて、上述したELISA法によって、スフィンゴミエリンとコレステロールとの比率が異なる混合物に対する結合活性を調べた。
実施例1と同じ方法で発現精製したタンパク質GF-Nniを用いて、上述したELISA法によって、種々のスフィンゴミエリンおよびコレステロール(1:1)の混合物に対する結合活性を調べた。スフィンゴミエリンとして、ブタ脳由来スフィンゴミエリン(brainSM)(Avantiより入手)、卵黄由来スフィンゴミエリン(EggSM)(Avantiより入手)、パルミチン酸(C16:0)を有する合成スフィンゴミエリン(PalSM)(Avantiより入手)、オレイン酸(C18:1)を有する合成スフィンゴミエリン(OleSM)(Sigmaより入手)、ステアリン酸(C18:0)を有する合成スフィンゴミエリン(SteSM)(Matreyaより入手)、炭素数20、22、24、6、2の飽和脂肪酸をそれぞれ有する合成スフィンゴミエリン(C20SM、C22SM、C24SM、C6SM、C2SM)(Matreyaより入手)を用いた。
実施例1と同じ方法で発現精製したタンパク質GF-Nniを用いて、上述したELISA法によって、スフィンゴミエリンおよび種々のステロール(1:1)の混合物に対する結合活性を調べた。ステロールとしては、コレステロール(cholesterol)、エルゴステロール(ergosterol)、ラノステロール(lanosterol)、コプロスタン(coprostane)、コレステリルアセテート(chol acetate)、5α-chol(5a chol)、5α-chol-3β-one(5a-chol-3b-one)、5α-chol-7-en-3b-ol(5a-chol-7-en-3b-ol)、5α-chol-3β-ol(5a-chol-3b-ol)、および5β-chol-3a-ol(5b-chol-3a-ol)を用いた。
実施例1と同じ方法で発現精製したタンパク質GF-Nniについて、示差熱分析装置(参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれるIshitsuka R, Yamaji-Hasegawa A, Makino A, Hirabayashi Y, Kobayashi T. (2004) A lipid-specific toxin reveals heterogeneity of sphingomyelin-containing membranes. Biophys. J. 86, 296-307.)を用いて熱分析を行ない、種々の人工膜に対する結合活性を調べた。人工膜としては、スフィンゴミエリン(Matreyaより入手)とコレステロール(Sigmaより入手)との人工膜(SM/chol)(1:1)、DOPC(1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine)(Avantiより入手)とコレステロールとの人工膜(DOPC/chol)(1:1)、およびDPPC(dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline)(Avantiより入手)とコレステロールとの人工膜(DPPC/chol)(1:1)を用いた。
精製したタンパク質GF-Nniの細胞表面に対する結合能を調べた。
種々の人工膜を共存させた条件下における、GFP標識したGF-Nniの細胞への結合能を調べた。
HeLa細胞内におけるGF-Nniおよびライセニンの局在を調べた。具体的には、細胞を固定した後、凍結融解を行なうことによって膜を透過性にし、GF-Nniとライセニンとを添加し、それぞれのタンパク質に対する抗体を用いてGF-Nniとライセニンの細胞内局在を可視化した。
HeLa細胞内におけるGF-Nniおよび後期エンドソームマーカーBMPの局在を調べた。具体的には、細胞を固定した後、凍結融解することによって膜を透過性にし、GF-Nniとエンドソーム特異的脂質であるBMPに対する抗体とを添加し、それぞれを蛍光抗体法により可視化し、局在を顕微鏡観察によって調べた。
本発明の一実施例として、タンパク質GF-Nniと相同性を有する、ブナシメジ(Hypsizygus marmoreus)のホモログタンパク質HM-Nniをコードする遺伝子を、下記の方法を用いて見出した。すなわちGF-Nniのアミノ酸配列をもとに雪国まいたけ社が保有するブナシメジcDNAデータベース対してtblastn解析を実施し、アミノ酸で36%のホモロジーを有するDNA断片228bpを得た。この配列をもとに、RACE用のプライマー2つ(5’-RACE-HM(配列番号9)及び3’-RACE-HM(配列番号10))を設計し、SMARTerTM RACE cDNA Amplification Kit (タカラバイオ株式会社)を用いてRACE-PCR法によって未知上流配列並びに下流配列を決定した(配列番号14)。決定したHM-Nni配列より、クローニング用のフォワードプライマーHM-F(配列番号11)及びリバースプライマーHM-R(配列番号12)を設計し、PCRによってHM-Nniの全長遺伝子をクローニングした。この遺伝子を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法によってタンパク質HM-Nni(配列番号13)を発現精製した。
実施例1と同じ方法で発現精製したタンパク質GF-Nniを用いて、実施例2と同様の方法により、GF-Nniとリポソームとの結合を調べた。リポソームとしては、スフィンゴミエリン/ホスファチジルコリン/コレステロールリポソーム(1:0:1,1:0.2:1,1:0.5:1,1:1:1)を用いた。
実施例1と同じ方法で発現精製したタンパク質GF-Nniを用いて、上述したELISA法(固相法)によって、種々のステロールとスフィンゴミエリンとの混合物(1:1)に対する結合活性を調べた。
免疫電子顕微鏡解析により、細胞表面におけるGF-Nniの結合部位を調べた。具体的には、固定したHeLa細胞の表面に、実施例1に示す方法で発現精製したタンパク質GF-Nniを結合させた。その後、抗GF-Nni抗体で処理した後、金コロイド標識抗ウサギ抗体を加え、電子件微鏡で観察した。
超高解像能蛍光顕微鏡により、GF-Nni、ライセニン、H-ras及びK-rasの細胞膜中での分布を調べた。具体的にはDronpaおよびAlexa647標識したGF-Nni、ライセニン、H-ras及びK-rasを調製し、細胞表面を標識した後、PALM(photoactivation localization microscope)により観察した。
HeLa細胞における細胞内オルガネラへのGF-Nniの結合活性を調べた。具体的には細胞を固定化した後、凍結融解によって膜を透過性にし、種々のオルガネラマーカーとGF-Nniとの二重標識を行った。
免疫電子顕微鏡解析により、細胞内におけるGF-Nniの結合部位を解析した。具体的にはHela細胞の切片を調製し、GF-Nniを結合させた後、抗GF-Nni抗体、金コロイド標識抗ウサギ抗体で処理を行った。
ニーマンピック病は、先天性の脂質代謝異常症であり、A型、C型などが知られている。A型は、酸性スフィンゴミエリナーゼの欠損であり、C型は、ニーマンピックCタンパク質というコレステロールの細胞内輸送にかかわるタンパク質を欠損している。A型の細胞は細胞内にスフィンゴミエリンを蓄積し、C型はコレステロールを蓄積する。どちらも脂質ラフトの機能に異常があることが示唆されているが、脂質ラフトそのものの細胞内および細胞表面での分布はわかっていなかった。
脂質ラフトは、インフルエンザウイルスをはじめとするウイルス感染において重要な役割を果たすと考えられている。そこで、インフルエンザウイルス感染に対するGF-Nniの効果を調べた。
Claims (13)
- 下記(A)、(B)または(C)のタンパク質:
(A)配列番号1のアミノ酸配列によって示される、タンパク質;
(B)配列番号1のアミノ酸配列において、1若しくは複数個のアミノ酸が置換、欠失、挿入もしくは付加されているアミノ酸配列によって示されるタンパク質であって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有する、タンパク質;
(C)配列番号1のアミノ酸配列と70%以上の同一性を有するアミノ酸配列によって示されるタンパク質であって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有する、タンパク質。 - 標識ポリペプチドが付加されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のタンパク質。
- 請求項1または2に記載のタンパク質をコードすることを特徴とするポリヌクレオチド。
- 下記(A)、(B)、(C)または(D)のポリヌクレオチド:
(A)配列番号2の塩基配列によって示される、ポリヌクレオチド;
(B)配列番号2の塩基配列において、1若しくは複数個の塩基が置換、欠失、挿入もしくは付加されている塩基配列によって示されるポリヌクレオチドであって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有するタンパク質をコードする、ポリヌクレオチド;
(C)配列番号2の塩基配列と相補的な塩基配列からなるポリヌクレオチドと、ストリンジェントな条件下でハイブリダイズするポリヌクレオチドであって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有するタンパク質をコードする、ポリヌクレオチド;
(D)配列番号2の塩基配列と70%以上の同一性を有する塩基配列によって示されるポリヌクレオチドであって、スフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体に対する特異的な結合活性を有するタンパク質をコードする、ポリヌクレオチド。 - 請求項3または4に記載のポリヌクレオチドを含むことを特徴とするベクター。
- 請求項3または4に記載のポリヌクレオチドが導入されていることを特徴とする形質転換体。
- 請求項5に記載のベクターが導入されていることを特徴とする形質転換体。
- 請求項1または2に記載のタンパク質と結合することを特徴とする抗体。
- 請求項1または2に記載のタンパク質を用いることを特徴とするスフィンゴ脂質とコレステロールとの混合体を検出する方法。
- 請求項1または2に記載のタンパク質、請求項3または4に記載のポリヌクレオチド、請求項5に記載のベクター、請求項6または7に記載の形質転換体、および請求項8に記載の抗体からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを含むことを特徴とする脂質ラフト検出用キット。
- スフィンゴミエリンに対する特異的な結合活性を有する物質およびコレステロールに対する特異的な結合活性を有する物質の少なくとも一方をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の脂質ラフト検出用キット。
- 配列番号1のアミノ酸配列によって示されるタンパク質のホモログであることを特徴とする、タンパク質。
- 請求項1、2又は12に記載のタンパク質を含むことを特徴とするウイルス感染阻害剤。
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JP2004354284A (ja) * | 2003-05-30 | 2004-12-16 | Institute Of Physical & Chemical Research | コレステロール検出試薬 |
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