WO2011134521A1 - Convertisseur - Google Patents

Convertisseur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011134521A1
WO2011134521A1 PCT/EP2010/055842 EP2010055842W WO2011134521A1 WO 2011134521 A1 WO2011134521 A1 WO 2011134521A1 EP 2010055842 W EP2010055842 W EP 2010055842W WO 2011134521 A1 WO2011134521 A1 WO 2011134521A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
converter
power electronic
voltage
limb
electronic converter
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2010/055842
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Carl David Barker
David Trainer
Original Assignee
Areva T&D Uk Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Areva T&D Uk Limited filed Critical Areva T&D Uk Limited
Priority to PCT/EP2010/055842 priority Critical patent/WO2011134521A1/fr
Priority to EP10715563A priority patent/EP2564496A1/fr
Publication of WO2011134521A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011134521A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/12—Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/01—Arrangements for reducing harmonics or ripples
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • H02J3/1807—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using series compensators
    • H02J3/1814—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using series compensators wherein al least one reactive element is actively controlled by a bridge converter, e.g. unified power flow controllers [UPFC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • H02M1/15—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output using active elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/4835—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels comprising two or more cells, each including a switchable capacitor, the capacitors having a nominal charge voltage which corresponds to a given fraction of the input voltage, and the capacitors being selectively connected in series to determine the instantaneous output voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/66—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/68—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/72—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/75—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means
    • H02M7/757—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M7/7575—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only for high voltage direct transmission link
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0095—Hybrid converter topologies, e.g. NPC mixed with flying capacitor, thyristor converter mixed with MMC or charge pump mixed with buck
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/10—Flexible AC transmission systems [FACTS]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/40—Arrangements for reducing harmonics
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/60—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between AC networks or generators via a high voltage DC link [HVCD]

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a power electronic converter for use in high voltage direct current power transmission and reactive power compensation .
  • alternating current (AC) power is typically converted to direct current (DC) power for transmission via overhead lines and/or undersea cables.
  • DC direct current
  • This conversion removes the need to compensate for the AC capacitive load effects imposed by the transmission line or cable, and thereby reduces the cost per kilometer of the lines and/or cables. Conversion from AC to DC thus becomes cost- effective when power needs to be transmitted over a long distance.
  • the conversion of AC to DC power is also utilized in power transmission networks where it is necessary to interconnect the AC networks operating at different frequencies.
  • converters are required at each interface between AC and DC power to effect the required conversion, and one such form of converter is a current source converter (CSC) .
  • CSC current source converter
  • One form of known current source converter is based on the arrangement of large line commutated converter (LCC) thyristors configured in one or more bridges to form six, twelve (or higher) pulse structures that achieve the conversion between AC and DC power.
  • LCC large line commutated converter
  • thyristors configured in one or more bridges to form six, twelve (or higher) pulse structures that achieve the conversion between AC and DC power.
  • LCC large line commutated converter
  • These converters are capable of continuous operation at 3000 to 4000 Amperes and are suitable for plant installations capable of processing several gigawatts of electrical power.
  • a power electronic converter for use in high voltage direct current power transmission and reactive power compensation, the power electronic converter comprising at least one converter limb including first and second DC terminals for connection in use to a DC network, and an AC terminal for connection in use to an AC network, the or each converter limb defining first and second limb portions, each limb portion including one or more primary switching elements connected between a respective one of the first and second DC terminals and the AC terminal, the or each primary switching element being operable to switch the respective limb portion in and out of circuit to facilitate the AC to DC conversion process; and at least one transformer including mutually coupled first and second windings, the or each first winding being operably associated with a respective converter limb and the or each second winding being operably associated with an auxiliary converter, wherein the or each auxiliary converter is operable to modify the voltage and/or current waveforms at the AC and/or DC terminals of the respective converter limb.
  • At least one transformer allows a power electronic converter to incorporate components with different current ratings which would otherwise be incompatible with each other. This is because the voltage step-up/step-down capability of the transformer allows components with different current ratings to be installed and operated on different sides of the transformer.
  • self-commutated switches such as transistors provide excellent control and flexibility over the generation of a voltage waveform and therefore can be used to minimise harmonic distortion in converter current.
  • the low current ratings of transistors means that conventional converters based on transistors tend to have a lower plant rating than conventional twelve-pulse LCC converters.
  • the inclusion of the transformer however allows these transistors to be associated with a power electronic converter which includes components with high current ratings, such as thyristors, for power conversion. This allows the associated power plant to maintain a high power plant rating while minimising the issue of harmonic distortion associated with conventional twelve-pulse thyristor-based power electronic converters.
  • an auxiliary converter allows the injection of a controlled voltage waveform via the transformer into the AC side and/or DC side of the power electronic converter.
  • the injected voltage waveform can be used to modify the shape of the AC and/or DC side voltage and current to control the flow of real power and reactive power and thereby improve the performance of the power electronic converter.
  • the or each first winding has a lower number of turns than the corresponding mutually coupled second winding.
  • the step-down in voltage from the second winding to the first winding means that any voltage waveform generated by the auxiliary converter will result in an injected voltage waveform with smaller voltage steps at the first winding of the transformer.
  • the decrease in voltage step size of the injected waveform leads to a smoother waveform shape.
  • each limb portion may include a first winding connected in series between the one or more primary switching elements and the respective DC terminal.
  • a first winding may be connected in series between the AC network and the AC terminal of the respective converter lim .
  • the transformer may be inserted into the power electronic converter on the AC side and/or DC side of the power electronic converter. This flexibility in transformer location is advantageous in the design of layouts for complex power electronic converter arrangements.
  • the or each auxiliary converter may be operable to modify the voltage waveform at the respective AC terminal to cancel harmonics in the voltage or current waveform.
  • the provision of the auxiliary converter allows for the generation of an AC waveform with less harmonic distortion.
  • the current drawn from the AC voltage contains large low order harmonics which is undesirable at high power levels.
  • the cancellation of harmonics in the voltage or current waveform however means that there is a reduced requirement for harmonic filters on the AC side of the power electronic converter to control power quality.
  • the or each auxiliary converter may be operable to modify the magnitude of the fundamental frequency voltage waveform at the respective AC terminal.
  • the or each auxiliary converter may be operable to modify the operating power factor of the power electronic converter .
  • Operation of the or each auxiliary manner in this manner provides additional control over the AC to DC power conversion process so as to improve the efficiency of the power electronic converter.
  • the or each auxiliary converter may be operable to compensate for inherent regulation effects caused, in use, by finite impedance in the AC network and the associated transformer .
  • each auxiliary converter also provides a means of compensating for the inherent regulation effects associated with the operation of converter equipment with finite impedance and can minimise or eliminate the need for transformer tap changing equipment normally required to maintain optimal operation.
  • the auxiliary converter can be used to inject fundamental and harmonic waveforms and can provide both real and reactive power as required.
  • the or each auxiliary converter may be operable to generate a voltage in the respective first winding to oppose the flow of current created by a fault, in use, in the AC or DC networks.
  • the auxiliary converter may be used to inject a voltage so that the associated first winding provides the opposing voltage required to limit or extinguish the fault current and thereby prevent damage to the power electronic converter components.
  • the use of the auxiliary converter components to carry out both voltage conversion and extinguishment of fault currents may eliminate the need for the installation of separate protective circuit equipment, such as a circuit breaker. This leads to savings in terms of hardware size, weight and costs.
  • the or each auxiliary converter may be operable to modify the voltage waveform at the respective AC terminal to minimise the voltage across the respective limb portion before the limb portion is switched into or out of circuit .
  • This feature is advantageous in that it allows the switching elements of the limb portion to switch at near zero voltage and thereby minimise switching losses and electromagnetic interference.
  • each primary switching element includes a semiconductor device.
  • each semiconductor device may be a thyristor, a gate turn-off thyristor or a diode.
  • semiconductor devices are advantageous because such devices are small in size and weight and have relatively low power dissipation, which minimises the need for cooling equipment. It therefore leads to significant reductions in power converter cost, size and weight.
  • the high power capability of thyristor- based and diode-based line commutated converters enables the associated power plant to achieve a high power rating.
  • the or each auxiliary converter preferably includes one or more secondary switching elements.
  • the or each secondary switching element includes a semiconductor device.
  • the or each semiconductor device may be an insulated gate bipolar transistor, a field effect transistor, a transistor, a gate-turn-off thyristor, an integrated gate-commutated transistor, an insulated gate commutated thyristor or an injection enhancement gate transistor.
  • IGBTs insulated gate bipolar transistors
  • the or each auxiliary converter includes a chain-link converter including a chain of modules connected in series, each module including at least one pair of secondary switching elements connected in parallel with an energy storage device, the secondary switching elements being controllable in use so that the chain of modules defines a stepped variable voltage source.
  • the or each second winding may be connected in series with a chain-link converter.
  • the structure of the chain-link converter allows the build-up of a combined voltage, which is higher than the voltage provided by an individual module, via the insertion of multiple modules, each providing a voltage, into the chain-link converter. By varying the value of the combined voltage, the chain- link converter may be operated to generate a voltage waveform of variable amplitude and phase angle.
  • the or each module may include two pairs of secondary switching elements connected in parallel with the respective energy storage device in a full-bridge arrangement to define a 4-quadrant bipolar module that can provide positive, zero or negative voltage and can conduct current in both directions.
  • the ability of a 4-quadrant bipolar module to provide positive or negative voltages means that the voltage across the or each chain-link converter may be built up from a combination of modules providing positive or negative voltages.
  • the energy levels in the individual energy storage devices may be maintained therefore at optimal levels by controlling the modules to alternate between positive or negative voltage.
  • full-bridge 4-quadrant bipolar modules in any transformer connected on the AC side of the power electronic converter means that each of the modules is capable of conducting alternating current such that the chain-link converter is able to modify the voltage waveform at the AC terminal for presentation to the AC network.
  • the or each energy storage device may include a capacitor, fuel cell, a battery or an auxiliary AC generator with an associated rectifier.
  • the energy storage device of each module on an offshore wind farm may be provided in the form of an auxiliary AC generator connected to a wind turbine.
  • the power electronic converter preferably further comprises a plurality of converter limbs, each converter limb including an AC terminal for connection in use to a multiphase AC network.
  • each converter limb and the transformer operably associated with the respective converter limb operates independently of that of the other converter limbs and therefore only directly affects the phase connected to the respective AC terminal, and has limited influence on the phases connected to the AC terminals of the other converter limbs .
  • Figure 1 shows, in schematic form, a power electronic converter according to a first embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 2 shows, in schematic form, a chain- link converter coupled to a second winding of a transformer
  • Figure 3 shows a full-bridge chain-link module in the form of a 4-quadrant bipolar module
  • Figure 4 shows a synthesis of a 50 Hz sinusoidal waveform by a chain-link converter
  • Figure 5 shows, in schematic form, a power electronic converter according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • a power electronic converter 10 according to a first embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 1.
  • the power electronic converter 10 comprises three converter limbs 12, each converter limb 12 including first and second DC terminals 14,16, and an AC terminal 18.
  • the first DC terminal 14 is connected to a positive terminal 20 of a DC network 22 which carries a voltage of +V DC /2, where V DC is the DC voltage range of the DC network 22.
  • the second DC terminal 16 is connected to a negative terminal 24 of a DC network 22 which carries a voltage of -V DC /2.
  • first and second DC terminals 14,16 may be respectively connected in use to a positive terminal 20 carrying a voltage of +V DC and a negative terminal 24 carrying a voltage of zero.
  • the voltages at the positive and negative terminals 20,24 of the DC network 22 may vary in magnitude and/or the first and second DC terminals 14,16 may be connected in use to a DC network 22 of reverse polarity such that the first and second DC terminals 14,16 are respectively connected to the negative and positive terminals 24,20 of the DC network 22.
  • each AC terminal 18 is connected to a respective phase of a three-phase AC network 26 via an inductor 28, which may be the AC system impedance. In other embodiments each AC terminal 18 may be connected to the AC network 26 via one or more transformers and/or one or more additional inductors 28.
  • a DC link capacitor 30 is connected in series between the first and second DC terminals 14,16.
  • Each converter limb 12 includes first and second limb portions 32,34, each limb portion 32,34 includes a plurality of thyristors 36 connected in series between a respective one of the first and second DC terminals 14,16 and the AC terminal 18.
  • the thyristors 36 of the first and second limb portions 32,34 are operable to switch the respective limb portions 32,34 into and out of circuit to facilitate the AC to DC conversion process.
  • thyristors 36 allow a power plant using thyristor- based converters to achieve a high power plant rating. It is envisaged that the thyristors 36 may be replaced by other semiconductor devices with high power capabilities such as diodes and gate turn-off thyristors.
  • the power electronic converter 10 also includes a first winding 38 connected in series between the AC network 26 and the AC terminal 18 of the respective converter limb 12. Each first winding 38 is mutually coupled with a second winding 40 to define a transformer 42. Each second winding 40 is operably associated with an auxiliary converter 44.
  • At least one transformer 42 allows a hybrid power electronic converter 10 to incorporate components with different current ratings which would otherwise be incompatible with each other. This is because the voltage step-up/step-down capability of the transformer 42 allows components with different current ratings to be installed and operated on different sides of the transformer 42.
  • the auxiliary converter 44 may therefore include components with lower current ratings, such as transistors, without affecting the achievable power rating of the embodiment in Figure 1.
  • the thyristors 36 of each converter limb 12 and the auxiliary converter 44 operably associated with the respective converter limb 12 operates independently of that of the other converter limbs 12 and therefore only directly affects the phase connected to the respective AC terminal 18, and has limited influence on the phases connected to the AC terminals 18 of the other converter limbs 12.
  • Each auxiliary converter 44 is operable to modify voltage and/or current waveforms at the AC and/or DC terminals 14,16,18 of the respective converter limb 12.
  • the auxiliary converter 44 preferably includes a chain-link converter 46, as shown in Figure 2.
  • a chain-link converter 46 is connected in series with a second winding 40 of a transformer 42.
  • the chain-link converter 46 includes a chain of modules 48 connected in series, each module 48 including two pairs of secondary switching elements 52 connected in parallel with a capacitor 50 in a full- bridge arrangement to form a 4-quadrant bipolar module 48, as shown in Figure 3, that can provide positive, zero or negative voltage, and can conduct current in both directions.
  • each chain-link converter 46 may be built up from a combination of modules 48 providing positive or negative voltages.
  • the energy levels in the individual capacitors 50 may be maintained therefore at optimal levels by controlling the modules 48 to alternate between providing positive or negative voltage .
  • the secondary switching elements 52 are operable so that the chain of modules 48 provides a stepped variable voltage source, and are switched at near to the fundamental frequency of the AC network.
  • each secondary switching element 52 includes an insulated gate bipolar transistor 54 accompanied by a reverse- parallel connected diode 56.
  • insulated gate bipolar transistors 54 allow the or each auxiliary converter 44 to synthesize complex waveforms for injection into the respective first winding 38, and thereby provide excellent control and flexibility over the generation of a voltage waveform.
  • each secondary switching element 52 may include a different semiconductor device, such as a field effect transistor, a transistor, a gate-turn-off thyristor, an integrated gate-commutated transistor, an insulated gate commutated thyristor, an injection enhancement gate transistor or other forced commutated or self commutated semiconductor switches, accompanied by a reverse-parallel connected diode 56.
  • a field effect transistor such as a field effect transistor, a transistor, a gate-turn-off thyristor, an integrated gate-commutated transistor, an insulated gate commutated thyristor, an injection enhancement gate transistor or other forced commutated or self commutated semiconductor switches, accompanied by a reverse-parallel connected diode 56.
  • the capacitor 50 of each of the modules 48 may be replaced by a different energy storage device such as a fuel cell, a battery or an auxiliary AC generator with an associated rectifier.
  • each module 48 may be bypassed or inserted into the chain-link converter 46 by changing the state of the secondary switching elements 52.
  • a capacitor 50 of a module 48 is bypassed when a pair of secondary switching elements 52 is configured to form a short circuit in the module 48, causing the current in the power electronic converter 10 to pass through the short circuit and bypass the capacitor 50.
  • a capacitor 50 of a module 48 is inserted into the chain-link converter 46 when the pair of secondary switching elements 52 is configured to allow the converter current to flow into and out of the capacitor 50, which is then able to charge or to discharge its stored energy and provide a voltage.
  • the change of voltage in the second winding 40 causes a change in magnetic flux which in turn induces a voltage waveform in the mutually coupled first winding 38.
  • the voltage waveforms in the first and second windings 38,40 are similar in shape except for their respective amplitudes .
  • the amplitude of the induced voltage waveform relative to the generated voltage waveform is dependent on the ratio between the number of turns in each of the first and second mutually coupled windings 38, 40. For example, if the number of turns in the first winding 38 is equal to half of the number of turns in the second winding 40, the amplitude of the induced voltage waveform will be equal to half of the amplitude of the generated voltage waveform.
  • the provision of the first winding 38 having less turns than the second winding 40 is advantageous in that the induced voltage waveform will have smaller voltage steps 58 and therefore a smoother waveform shape. This enables the induced voltage waveform to form a nearer approximation of preferred waveforms such as sinusoidal waveforms.
  • the chain-link converter 46 is therefore controllable to inject a voltage waveform of variable amplitude and phase angle into the respective first winding 38.
  • Each auxiliary converter 44 in Figure 1 including a chain-link converter may be controlled in this manner so as to modify the voltage waveform at the AC terminal 18 of the respective converter limb 12.
  • the injected waveform may be used to minimise harmonic distortion by cancelling harmonics present in the respective phase.
  • the cancellation of harmonics in the voltage or current waveform means that there is a reduced requirement for large passive harmonic filters on the AC side of the power electronic converter 10 to control power quality. This leads to a reduction in converter size, weight and cost.
  • auxiliary converter 44 may be used to inject a fundamental frequency voltage with variable magnitude and phase angle in order to control the real and reactive power flowing between the AC network 26 and the power electronic converter 10.
  • insulated gate bipolar transistors or other similar devices is advantageous in that the fast switching capabilities of such devices allow the generation of complex waveforms and therefore improve control over the or each voltage waveform presented to the AC and DC networks 26,22.
  • the auxiliary converter 44 may be operable to modify the magnitude of the fundamental frequency voltage waveform at the respective AC terminal 18 and/or to modify the operating power factor of the power electronic converter 10, so as to provide additional control over the AC to DC power conversion process so as to improve the efficiency of the power electronic converter 10.
  • auxiliary converter 44 also provides a means of compensating for the inherent regulation effects associated with the operation of converter equipment with finite impedance and can minimise or eliminate the need for transformer tap changing equipment normally required to maintain optimal operation.
  • the auxiliary converter 44 can be used to inject fundamental and harmonic waveforms and can provide both real and reactive power as required.
  • each auxiliary converter Preferably the or each auxiliary converter
  • each auxiliary converter 44 is operable to generate a voltage in the respective first winding 38 to oppose the flow of current created by a fault, in use, in the AC or DC networks 22, 26.
  • the modules of each chain-link converter may be switched into circuit to inject the opposing voltage into the respective first winding 38 to limit or extinguish the fault current and thereby prevent damage to the power electronic converter components.
  • the secondary switching elements of each module of one or more chain-link converters may be operated to insert the full-bridge modules to inject a voltage in the respective first winding 38 which opposes the driving voltage of the non-faulty AC network 26 and thereby reduces the fault current in the power electronic converter 10.
  • a short circuit occurring across the DC link capacitor 30 connected to the DC network 22 results in both voltages at the positive and negative terminals 20,24 dropping to zero volts.
  • a high fault current can flow from the AC network 26 through the first limb portion 32 of a converter limb 12, and return to the AC network 26 through the short circuit and the second limb portion 34 of another converter limb 12.
  • the low impedance of the short circuit means that the fault current flowing in the power electronic converter 10 may exceed the current rating of the power electronic converter 10.
  • the fault current may be minimized by opposing the driving voltage from the AC network 26. This is carried out by configuring the secondary switching elements of each chain-link module such that the modules are inserted into the respective AC side chain-link converter to provide a voltage which opposes and thereby reduces the driving voltage.
  • auxiliary converter components may eliminate the need for the installation of separate protective circuit equipment, such as a circuit breaker. This leads to savings in terms of hardware size, weight and costs.
  • fast switching capabilities of insulator gate bipolar transistors allow the chain-link converter to respond quickly to the development of faults or other abnormal operating conditions in the AC or DC networks 22,26 and provide the opposing voltage to limit or extinguish the fault current.
  • the voltage waveform at the respective AC terminal 18 may be modified using the injected voltage waveform to minimise the voltage at the respective AC terminal 18 when the respective limb portion 32,34 is switched into or out of circuit.
  • This feature is advantageous in that it allows the thyristors 36 of the limb portion to switch at near zero voltage and thereby minimise switching losses and electromagnetic interference. Since the use of near zero voltage switching also reduces voltage sharing errors and the rate of change of voltage seen by the switching elements, it becomes possible to simplify the design of converter hardware and associated snubber components.
  • a power electronic converter 60 according to a second embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 5.
  • the structure of this embodiment of the invention and its operation is similar to the embodiment in Figure 1 except for the locations of the first windings 38 in the respective power electronic converters 10,60.
  • each limb portion 32,34 includes a first winding 38 connected in series between the one or more thyristors 36 and the respective DC terminal 20,24. Operation of each auxiliary converter 44 results in the injection of a voltage waveform into the respective first winding 38, and therefore into the associated DC voltage, so as to modify the voltage waveform at the AC terminal 18.
  • Each auxiliary converter 44 of each first winding 38 operably associated with the respective converter limb 12 operates independently of that of the other converter limbs 12 and therefore only affects the phase connected to the respective AC terminal 18, and has no influence on the phases connected to the AC terminals 18 of the other converter limbs 12.
  • the power electronic converter may further comprise a plurality of converter limbs 12, each converter limb 12 including an AC terminal 18 for connection in use to a multiphase AC network 26.
  • the power electronic converter may include first windings 38 at both AC and DC sides of the power electronic converter.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un convertisseur électronique (10) d'énergie destiné à être utilisé dans la transmission de courant électrique continu à haute tension et dans la compensation de la puissance réactive, comprenant : au moins une branche de conversion (12) possédant une première et une seconde borne de courant continu (14, 16) connectées en service à un réseau électrique continu (22) et une borne de courant alternatif (18) connectée en service à un réseau alternatif (26), ladite ou lesdites branches de conversion (12) définissant une première et une seconde partie de branche (32, 34), chaque partie de branche (32, 34) comprenant un ou plusieurs éléments commutateurs primaires (36) connectés entre l'une des première et seconde bornes de courant continu (14, 16) et la borne de courant alternatif (18), le ou les éléments commutateurs primaires (36) pouvant commuter la partie de branche (32, 34) respective en et hors circuit afin de faciliter le processus de conversion alternatif-continu ; et au moins un transformateur (42) comprenant des premier et second enroulements (38, 40) couplés l'un à l'autre, le ou les premiers enroulements (38) étant associés en service avec une branche de conversion (12) respective et le ou les seconds enroulements (40) étant associés en service avec un convertisseur auxiliaire (44), le ou les convertisseurs auxiliaires (44) pouvant modifier la forme d'onde de tension et/ou de courant sur les bornes de courant alternatif et/ou continu (14, 16, 18) de la branche de conversion (12) correspondante.
PCT/EP2010/055842 2010-04-29 2010-04-29 Convertisseur WO2011134521A1 (fr)

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EP10715563A EP2564496A1 (fr) 2010-04-29 2010-04-29 Convertisseur

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JP2015091210A (ja) * 2013-11-07 2015-05-11 株式会社日立製作所 電力変換装置
US9099936B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2015-08-04 General Electric Company High voltage direct current (HVDC) converter system and method of operating the same
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US9515565B2 (en) 2014-03-07 2016-12-06 General Electric Company Hybrid high voltage direct current converter systems
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CN106611461A (zh) * 2016-12-26 2017-05-03 国网福建省电力有限公司 一种含vsc‑hvdc电力系统静态电压稳定极限的快速计算方法
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EP3378150A4 (fr) * 2015-11-18 2019-07-31 ABB Schweiz AG Topologie de filtre actif pour onduleurs en cascade
WO2020043304A1 (fr) * 2018-08-31 2020-03-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé destiné à faire fonctionner un convertisseur

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10014791B2 (en) 2012-08-24 2018-07-03 Abb Schweiz Ag Distribution transformer
US9356536B2 (en) 2013-01-11 2016-05-31 ABBI Research Ltd. Bidirectional power conversion with fault-handling capability
US9099936B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2015-08-04 General Electric Company High voltage direct current (HVDC) converter system and method of operating the same
EP2871764A3 (fr) * 2013-11-07 2015-08-19 Hitachi Ltd. Dispositif de conversion d'alimentation
JP2015091210A (ja) * 2013-11-07 2015-05-11 株式会社日立製作所 電力変換装置
US9515565B2 (en) 2014-03-07 2016-12-06 General Electric Company Hybrid high voltage direct current converter systems
US9602021B2 (en) 2014-03-07 2017-03-21 General Electric Company Hybrid high voltage direct current converter system and method of operating the same
EP3378150A4 (fr) * 2015-11-18 2019-07-31 ABB Schweiz AG Topologie de filtre actif pour onduleurs en cascade
US10418917B2 (en) 2015-11-18 2019-09-17 Abb Schweiz Ag Active filter topology for cascaded inverters
CN106611461A (zh) * 2016-12-26 2017-05-03 国网福建省电力有限公司 一种含vsc‑hvdc电力系统静态电压稳定极限的快速计算方法
RU175768U1 (ru) * 2017-05-24 2017-12-19 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Государственный научно-исследовательский институт авиационных систем" (ФГУП "ГосНИИАС") Многофункциональный импульсный преобразователь
RU177680U1 (ru) * 2017-09-15 2018-03-06 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Государственный научно-исследовательский институт авиационных систем" (ФГУП "ГосНИИАС") Многофункциональный импульсный преобразователь
WO2020043304A1 (fr) * 2018-08-31 2020-03-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé destiné à faire fonctionner un convertisseur
US11677335B2 (en) 2018-08-31 2023-06-13 Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG Method for operating a power converter

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