WO2011120393A1 - 起重机的防二次起升下滑系统以及防二次起升下滑方法 - Google Patents
起重机的防二次起升下滑系统以及防二次起升下滑方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011120393A1 WO2011120393A1 PCT/CN2011/072049 CN2011072049W WO2011120393A1 WO 2011120393 A1 WO2011120393 A1 WO 2011120393A1 CN 2011072049 W CN2011072049 W CN 2011072049W WO 2011120393 A1 WO2011120393 A1 WO 2011120393A1
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- Prior art keywords
- crane
- sensor
- driving
- hydraulic
- lifting
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66D—CAPSTANS; WINCHES; TACKLES, e.g. PULLEY BLOCKS; HOISTS
- B66D5/00—Braking or detent devices characterised by application to lifting or hoisting gear, e.g. for controlling the lowering of loads
- B66D5/02—Crane, lift hoist, or winch brakes operating on drums, barrels, or ropes
- B66D5/24—Operating devices
- B66D5/26—Operating devices pneumatic or hydraulic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66D—CAPSTANS; WINCHES; TACKLES, e.g. PULLEY BLOCKS; HOISTS
- B66D1/00—Rope, cable, or chain winding mechanisms; Capstans
- B66D1/28—Other constructional details
- B66D1/40—Control devices
- B66D1/42—Control devices non-automatic
- B66D1/44—Control devices non-automatic pneumatic of hydraulic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66D—CAPSTANS; WINCHES; TACKLES, e.g. PULLEY BLOCKS; HOISTS
- B66D1/00—Rope, cable, or chain winding mechanisms; Capstans
- B66D1/54—Safety gear
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a secondary hoisting and lowering prevention system for a crane, and more particularly to a system for preventing a secondary hoisting down of a crane by controlling the operation of the brake. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for preventing a secondary lifting and lowering of a crane. Background technique
- a crane is a mechanical device used to transfer an object from one spatial location to another.
- the most common problem during lifting operations of a crane is the "secondary rise and fall" of the crane.
- the so-called “secondary rise and fall” of the crane means that when the heavy object hovering in the air is lifted for the second time (or the third time, etc.), the heavy object tends to fall by a certain distance before it can rise normally. .
- This "secondary rise and fall” may cause major safety accidents. For example, when the distance from the ground is low, the down phenomenon may cause heavy objects to reach pedestrians or operators, especially the lifting force of the crane. This downturn may be exacerbated when the speed is slower.
- secondary lifting is a general term in the technical field, and the “secondary” is not limited to the “second time”, but refers to the "first lifting” of the crane. The subsequent lifting operation, therefore, the person skilled in the art also refers to “secondary lifting” as “re-uplifting” or “subsequent lifting” and the like.
- a special hydraulic component ie, a pressure memory system consisting of an accumulator and a check valve, see Chinese utility model patent CN2040896U, CN2708022Y
- this special hydraulic component can only be applied to open hydraulic systems, but not to closed hydraulic systems. (Since the closed hydraulic system itself forms a closed drive hydraulic circuit, the amount of drive fluid in the hydraulic circuit is basically fixed.
- the method is mainly applicable to a closed hydraulic system (the working pressure in the hydraulic circuit of the closed hydraulic system is relatively stable, so the detection is relatively easy), but in the conventional technical solution, the pressure stored in the memory is not accurate, which is Since the hoisting mechanism impacts the hydraulic fluid during the previous braking, thereby causing pressure fluctuations, the pressure value stored in the memory may be The peak pressure value or the valley pressure value. If the memory stores the peak pressure value, the instantaneous impact is caused by the excessive lifting force at the beginning of the secondary lifting, which will damage the crane's wire rope and related components.
- the prior art is substantially only It is to compare the working pressure of the hydraulic fluid at the time of the second lifting with the working pressure stored at the end of the previous lifting, rather than the pressure (weight) of the load, so that it is easy to deviate from the actual load weight. And caused a serious secondary ups and downs.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an anti-secondary lifting and lowering system for a crane which is capable of effectively preventing a secondary lifting of the crane when the crane is subjected to secondary lifting.
- the present invention also provides a method for preventing secondary lifting and lowering of a crane.
- an anti-secondary lifting and lowering system for a crane comprises a load gravity sensor, a driving variable sensor, an electronic control unit and a brake driving device, wherein the load gravity sensor detects a load gravity of the crane and transmits a load gravity signal to the electronic control a driving variable sensor that detects a driving variable signal related to a lifting driving force of the crane, and transmits the driving variable signal to the electronic control unit, wherein the electronic control unit calculates the driving variable signal according to the driving variable signal Determining a value of the rising driving force, and comparing the value of the lifting driving force with the load gravity signal, wherein the electronic control unit controls the brake when the load gravity is equal to the lifting driving force
- the driving device is such that the brake of the crane is released from the braking state.
- the driving variable sensor is a hydraulic sensor
- the hydraulic sensor The hydraulic pressure of the driving liquid is detected when the crane performs the secondary lifting, and the hydraulic pressure signal is transmitted to the electronic control unit, and the electronic control unit calculates the lifting driving force by the following formula:
- F is the hoisting driving force
- V g is the displacement of the hydraulic motor of the crane
- ⁇ is the hydraulic pressure of the driving fluid detected by the hydraulic sensor
- m is the magnification of the pulley block of the hoisting mechanism of the crane
- Ti is the total mechanical and hydraulic efficiency of the hydraulic drive system of the crane
- Is the diameter of the reel of the hoisting mechanism
- ⁇ is the number of layers of the steel cable wound on the reel of the hoisting mechanism
- d is the diameter of the steel cable
- n s is the single pulley of the pulley block Mechanical efficiency.
- the present invention also provides a method for preventing secondary lifting and lowering of a crane, wherein the method for preventing secondary lifting and lowering includes the following steps: detecting a load gravity and a lifting driving variable of the crane, and according to the lifting The driving variable calculates a lifting driving force; comparing the lifting driving force with the load gravity; and controlling the brake of the crane to release the braking state when the lifting driving force is equal to the load gravity.
- the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system and method of the present invention calculates the lifting force by detecting the load gravity in real time and continuously through the driving variable detected in real time, by comparing the lifting driving force and the load gravity, only in the two At this time, the braking state of the brake is released.
- the present invention can automatically perform matching control according to different loads and different working conditions, so that the load smoothly performs secondary lifting, effectively preventing the weight from falling, and making the crane
- the phenomenon of secondary lifting and falling down is completely eliminated, the possibility of accidents caused by human error is greatly reduced, the lifting operation is simple and reliable, and the safety is effectively improved.
- the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system and method of the present invention can be applied not only to hydraulic systems of the open hydraulic system and closed hydraulic system type, but also to cranes of various drive types, which have universal applicability.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a connection structure of a secondary hoisting and lowering prevention system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a view showing an example of a brake employed in the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system of the present invention. Description of the reference signs:
- the effective way to solve the problem of the secondary lifting and lowering of the crane is to establish a real-time detection of the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system, which can dynamically move the crane during the secondary lifting.
- the load gravity G and the hoisting driving force F are detected, and the increasing hoisting driving force F is compared with the load gravity G, and the braking of the brake 3 is released only when the hoisting driving force F is equal to the load gravity G.
- the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system includes a load gravity sensor 23, a drive variable sensor, an electronic control unit (or controller) 25, and a brake drive.
- the device wherein the load gravity sensor 23 detects the load gravity, and transmits the load gravity signal to the electronic control unit 25, for example, the load gravity signal transmission line 27 can be used for transmission of the load gravity signal by a wired or wireless form, the drive variable sensor detecting a drive variable signal associated with the hoisting driving force of the crane, and transmitting the drive variable signal to the electronic control unit 25, for example, by wire or wireless
- the drive variable signal transmission line 26 performs transmission of a drive variable signal
- the electronic control unit 25 receives the load gravity signal and the drive variable signal, and calculates a value of the lift drive force based on the drive variable signal
- the electronic control unit 25 Comparing the value of the hoisting driving force with the received load gravity signal, the electronic control unit 25 operating the brake drive, for example, via the brake control line 30 when the hoisting driving force is equal to the load gravity
- the device is such that the brake 3 of the crane is released from the braking state.
- the load gravity sensor 23 generally employs a pressure sensor, that is, a detection circuit composed of strain gauges to detect the load weight. Since the load gravity is constant in the process of lifting the same object in the case where the working state of the crane does not occur, the detection of the load gravity is relatively easy.
- the strain gauge can be placed on a hook or the like of the crane to accurately detect the load gravity G.
- the load gravity sensor 23 is not limited to the form of a pressure sensor, and a tension sensor, a load cell, or the like may be used.
- the load gravity signal can be transmitted to the electronic control unit 25 via the load gravity signal transmission line 27.
- the transmitted load gravitational signal directly represents the magnitude of the load gauze G, which does not require the electronic control unit 25 to perform the conversion calculation.
- the hoisting driving force F In terms of the hoisting driving force F at the time of the second lifting of the crane, since the crane generally drives the hoisting mechanism 1 to rotate by the driving source to lift the heavy object, the hoisting driving force F cannot be directly detected by the relevant sensor. Instead, the relevant drive variable needs to be detected by the drive variable sensor, and the value of the lift drive force is calculated by the electronic control unit 25 based on the drive variable.
- the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system shown in Figures 1 and 2 is suitable for the most widely used hydraulic cranes, and the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system uses a unique method to accurately calculate the lifting driving force based on the driving variables. method.
- the basic structure of a hydraulic crane is basically similar to that of a conventional hydraulic crane, which includes a hoisting mechanism 1 for winding or releasing a steel cable 6, which passes at the lower end of the steel cable 6.
- the hook lifts the weight 11.
- the hoisting mechanism 1 is driven by a hydraulic motor 4, and in Fig. 1, the hydraulic circuit system that drives the hydraulic motor 4 constitutes an open hydraulic system in which the hydraulic pump 10 draws a driving fluid (e.g., hydraulic oil) from a driving fluid tank 22 (e.g., a fuel tank).
- a driving fluid e.g., hydraulic oil
- the driving fluid is driven by the driving fluid line 28 and driven by the main switching valve 8 and the balancing valve 7 to drive the hydraulic motor 4, and the driving liquid discharged from the hydraulic motor 4 is re-introduced into the driving liquid tank 22 via the hydraulic motor discharging line 29.
- the 1 further includes a brake 3 and a safety valve 9, which is mainly used to stop the hoisting mechanism 1 from rotating, and during the lifting of the weight 11 by the crane, when the weight 11 is required to temporarily stay in the space
- the brake 3 is also used to fix the hoisting mechanism 1 to prevent the hoisting mechanism 1 from rotating under the weight of the weight 11
- the safety valve 9 is mainly used to return a small amount of driving liquid to the driving liquid tank 22 when the hydraulic pressure is too high.
- the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is applied to the hydraulic crane.
- the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system of the preferred embodiment includes a load gravity sensor 23, which employs a pressure sensor in FIG. 1 and is disposed at a hook portion at the lower end of the steel cable 6 to Check the load gravity (ie the load weight).
- the load gravity sensor 23 can be coupled to the electronic control unit 25 via a load gravity signal transmission line 27 to enable transmission of the load gravity signal to the electronic control unit 25.
- the torque limiter 24 is known as a computer-controlled safety operating system, which can automatically detect the crane loading The quality and angle of the boom.
- a pressure sensor for detecting the load gravity is included in the constituent members of the torque limiter 24, and therefore, in a preferred manner, the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system of the present invention does not need to provide a dedicated pressure sensor, which is completely compatible with
- the torque limiter shares a pressure sensor 23, in which case the electronic control unit 25 can be directly connected to the main body of the torque limiter 24, for example by means of a load gravity signal transmission line 27, so that it can be read directly from the main body of the torque limiter.
- Load gravity signal is included in the constituent members of the torque limiter 24, and therefore, in a preferred manner, the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system of the present invention does not need to provide a dedicated pressure sensor, which is completely compatible with
- the torque limiter shares a pressure sensor 23, in which case the electronic control unit 25 can be directly connected to the main body of the torque limiter 24, for example by means of a load gravity signal transmission line 27, so that it can be read directly from the main body of the torque limiter.
- Load gravity signal
- the anti-secondary lift-down system further includes a drive variable sensor to detect a drive variable associated with the secondary lift drive force.
- the drive variable sensor uses a hydraulic sensor 5, which It is one of the key technologies in the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the hydraulic pressure of the driving fluid is directly related to the lifting driving force, and the detection is relatively easy.
- the increasing hydraulic pressure can most intuitively reflect the secondary lifting driving force.
- the size, and relative to other detection methods (described below), can detect the magnitude of the lifting drive force more accurately and in a timely manner.
- the problem is that only the hydraulic pressure of the driving liquid is detected by the hydraulic pressure sensor 5, and how to convert such hydraulic pressure calculation into the driving force for the secondary lifting is a technical problem that is difficult.
- the inventors of the present application have obtained a large amount of data summary, derivation, and calculation, and obtained the following formula (1) for the hydraulic pressure of the driving liquid and the lifting driving force at the second lifting:
- v g is the displacement of the hydraulic motor.
- the displacements of different types of hydraulic motors each have a fixed value
- p is the hydraulic pressure of the driving fluid (i.e., the hydraulic pressure value detected by the hydraulic sensor 5);
- m is the magnification of the pulley block of the hoisting mechanism.
- the magnification of the pulley block refers to the multiple of the power saving of the pulley block, that is, the multiple of the deceleration, and the number of the cable branches is assumed to be n.
- ⁇ ⁇ is the total mechanical and hydraulic efficiency of the hydraulic drive system of the crane.
- the hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and hoisting mechanism will have corresponding hydraulic losses (such as volume loss) and mechanical losses, so the hydraulic pressure
- the total work done by the drive system ie, the total energy consumed
- the ratio of the useful work to the total work is the total mechanical hydraulic efficiency
- d is the diameter of the steel cable
- n s is the mechanical efficiency of a single pulley.
- the unit of ⁇ adopts Pa (ie, N/m2), and accordingly other
- the diameter parameter should also be converted to participate in the calculation in units of m.
- the matching conversion of such a unit is conceivable to those skilled in the art, and in addition to the hydraulic pressure of the driving liquid, the values of other parameters can be input into the electrons in advance.
- the control unit 25, may input a plurality of values corresponding to different liquid temperatures for the electronic control unit 25 to perform ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ selection at the corresponding temperature. Of course, the ti value fluctuations at different liquid temperatures are compared. Minor, even if this selection is not made, an average value of ti is input in advance, which does not affect the reliability of the system of the present invention.
- a hydraulic pressure sensor 5 is disposed on a driving fluid line of the hydraulic motor 4 (i.e., disposed on a line between an output end of the hydraulic pump 10 and an input end of the hydraulic motor 4), and is connected by a drive variable signal transmission line 26.
- the hydraulic pressure signal of the driving liquid can be transmitted to the electronic control unit (or controller) 25.
- the electronic control unit 25 calculates the hoisting driving force F at the time of the secondary hoist according to the hydraulic pressure of the received driving liquid and other parameters input in advance according to the above formula (1), and the value of the hoisting driving force F is The received load gravitation G signal is compared. It should be noted that during the secondary lifting of the hydraulic crane, the hydraulic pressure of the driving fluid is gradually increased, for which the hydraulic pressure sensor 5 continuously detects the hydraulic pressure of the driving liquid in real time, and the electronic control unit 25 continuously calculates the respective hydraulic pressures. The corresponding lifting driving force F is compared, and each lifting driving force F is compared with the load pressure G one by one. When the value F of the lifting driving force is equal to the load gravity G, the electronic control unit 25 can pass the brake control line, for example.
- the brake drive unit employs a solenoid valve 2, and the brake 3 is a hydraulically controlled brake.
- the brake In the case where the load weight 11 temporarily stays in the air, the brake is in a braking state in order to prevent the load weight 11 from slipping.
- the solenoid valve 2 is controlled by the electronic control unit 25 to turn on the brake driving line 13 once the lifting driving force F is equal to the load gravity G.
- the brake fluid e.g., hydraulic oil
- the driving fluid pushes the piston 17 to the left, thereby driving the outer friction plate 18 and the inner friction plate 19 (the inner friction plate 19 is fixedly connected directly or indirectly to the drive shaft 20 of the hydraulic motor) to release the brake 3.
- the braking state allows the crane to smoothly achieve a secondary lift without falling.
- the seal ring 16 is mainly used to prevent leakage of the driving liquid.
- the specific type of the brake 3 is not limited to that shown in Fig. 2, and various known drive shaft brakes of the crane can be employed.
- the overall working process of the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is as follows: After the initial lifting operation of the crane, the load weight 11 is hovering in the air, and the brake 3 is in the braking state.
- the hydraulic pump 10 supplies liquid to the hydraulic circuit, such as hydraulic oil, and the hydraulic oil passes through the main reversing valve 8 and the balancing valve 7 to the input end of the hydraulic motor 4, the hydraulic motor driving liquid
- the oil pressure in the line 28 is gradually established from zero, and the driving force of the hydraulic motor 7 to the hoisting mechanism 1 is gradually increased from zero, during which the hydraulic pressure sensor 5 transmits the hydraulic pressure value detected in real time to the electronic control unit 25 (ie, control)
- the device sends a signal to open the solenoid valve 2 to release the brake 3, achieving a second smooth lifting of the crane.
- the present invention is applicable to a hydraulic crane (a hydraulic crane is most commonly used in the field of engineering), but the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system of the present invention is not limited to the above-described preferred embodiment, and It has a basic implementation that is universally applicable to various cranes, such as a crane using an electric motor as a power source.
- the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system includes a load gravity sensor 23, a driving variable sensor, an electronic control unit (or controller) 25, and a brake driving device, wherein the load gravity sensor 23 detects Load gravity, and for example, the load gravity signal can be transmitted to the electronic control unit 25 via the load gravity signal transmission line 27, the drive variable sensor detecting a drive variable signal associated with the lifting drive force of the crane, and for example by driving
- the variable signal transmission line 26 transmits the drive variable signal to the electronic control unit 25, the electronic control unit 25 receives the load gravity signal and the drive variable signal, and calculates a value of the lift drive force based on the drive variable signal, the electron
- the control unit 25 compares the value of the hoisting driving force with the received load gravity signal, and when the load gravity G is equal to the hoisting driving force F, the electronic control unit 25 can be controlled by, for example, a brake Line 30 operating brake drive 3 so that the crane brake braking state is released.
- the load gravity sensor 23 can be of various types, such as a pressure sensor, a tension sensor, a load cell, and the like. More preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, since the existing crane is generally provided with a torque limiter 24, the torque limiter 24 is known as a safety control system automatically controlled, which can automatically detect the crane being loaded. The quality and angle of the boom. That is to say, the pressure sensor for detecting the load gravity is included in the constituent members of the torque limiter 24, and therefore, in the preferred manner, the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system of the present invention does not need to be provided with a dedicated pressure sensor, which is completely compatible with the torque.
- the limiter shares a pressure sensor 23, in which case the electronic control unit 25 can be directly connected to the main body of the torque limiter 24, for example, via the load gravity signal transmission line 27, so that it can be read directly from the main body of the torque limiter 24.
- Load gravity signal Load gravity signal.
- the drive variable sensor is not limited to the hydraulic sensing in the case of the above hydraulic crane More preferably, the drive variable sensor can employ a torque sensor (not shown in the drawings).
- a torque sensor In the case of using a torque sensor, the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system of the present invention can be applied to various types of cranes (such as cranes using electric motors as power sources, pneumatic cranes, etc.), and of course, hydraulic cranes.
- the hydraulic pressure sensor 5 should be used to detect the hydraulic pressure of the drive liquid and pass the above formula (1).
- the strain gauge of the torque sensor may be disposed on a portion where the brake 3 is in contact with the drive shaft 20 of the drive spool (e.g., the outer friction plate 18).
- the reel is the reel of the hoisting mechanism 1
- the drive shaft 20 of the drive reel refers to the drive shaft of the power source (such as an electric motor, a hydraulic motor), and the drive shaft 20 generally passes through a reducer (not Display) After deceleration, connect to the reel to reduce and increase the twist.
- the arrangement position of the strain gauge is not limited thereto, and the strain gauge may be directly disposed on the drive shaft 20, but in this case, the connection contact between the strain gauge and the signal transmission line should be a movable contact (ie, Separate depending on the situation and engage when testing the torque. If a conventional fixed connection contact is used, it will interfere with the signal transmission line when the drive shaft rotates.
- the torque signal measured by the torque sensor is input to the electronic control unit 25 through the drive variable signal transmission line 26, and the lift control force F is calculated by the electronic control unit 25 by the following formula (2):
- Q is the torque on the drive shaft 20 measured by the torque sensor
- n is the number of layers of the steel cable wound on the reel of the hoisting mechanism
- d is the diameter of the steel cable
- i is a reduction ratio of a speed reducer connected between the reel and the drive shaft 20;
- the method of calculating the lifting force by the torque is used, which only considers the laminated thickness of the (n-1) layer cable, which is mainly considering the torque detected by the torque sensor. It is smaller than the actual value, so it is necessary to adjust the corresponding coefficient on the denominator.
- the above formula (2) has proved that it can effectively solve the problem of secondary lifting of the crane through a large number of measured calculations.
- the drive variable sensor may also employ other types of sensors to detect the drive variable associated with the lift drive force F.
- a piezoelectric sensor may also be employed. By driving the piezoelectric sheet into contact with the drive shaft 20, the drive shaft 20 is driven. During the process of increasing torque, the corresponding distortion occurs, and the piezoelectric piece is squeezed. Therefore, the piezoelectric sensor generates different currents of different strengths, and the value of the current corresponds to different magnitudes of the lifting driving force F (electronic control unit) In 25, a correspondence table between the current value and the lifting driving force can be stored.
- a photoelectric sensor can be used to detect the elastic distortion displacement of the drive shaft 20, thereby measuring the lift driving force F corresponding to the degree of the displacement displacement.
- the electronic control unit 25 receives the signal of the load gravity G and compares the hoisting driving force F with the load gravity G. When the load gravity G is equal to the hoisting driving force F, the electronic control unit 25 drives the brake through the brake control line 30. The device transmits a control signal to cause the brake driving device to operate the brake 3, thereby releasing the braking state of the brake 3 to smoothly achieve the secondary lifting of the crane.
- the brake driving device is not limited to the solenoid valve 2 according to the above preferred embodiment, and may be, for example, an electric retractor having a telescopic shaft, and the telescopic shaft can be energized when energized. It is telescopic to directly drive the piston 17 of the brake 3 (for example, FIG. 2). Further, the brake driving device can also be a relay switch valve or the like.
- the brake 3 is only an operation object of the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system of the present invention, which belongs to a conventional component of the crane, it is not limited to the specific structural form shown in FIG. 2, but may be generally employed on a crane.
- the brake 3 can also be pneumatic pneumatics, shoe brakes, and the like.
- the method for preventing secondary lifting and lowering includes the following steps: detecting a load gravity G and a secondary lifting driving variable of the crane, and calculating a lifting driving force F according to the secondary lifting driving variable; F is compared with the load gravity G, and when the hoisting driving force F is equal to the load gravity G, the brake 3 of the control crane is released from the braking state.
- the hydraulic pressure ⁇ of the driving liquid is detected by the hydraulic pressure sensor 5, and the lifting driving force F is calculated according to the above formula (1):
- the driving torque Q of the crane is detected by the torque sensor, and according to the above-mentioned / input type (
- the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system and method of the present invention can detect the load gravity G in real time, and continuously calculate the lifting driving force F by the driving variable detected in real time, by comparing the lifting drive.
- Force F and load gravity G only when the two are equal, the brake state of the brake 3 is released, so that the matching control can be automatically performed according to different loads and different working conditions, so that the hoisting mechanism 1 completely eliminates the secondary lifting.
- the downturn phenomenon greatly reduces the possibility of accidents caused by human error, makes the lifting operation simple and reliable, and effectively improves the safety. Fullness.
- the anti-secondary lifting and lowering system and method of the present invention can be applied not only to hydraulic systems of the open hydraulic system and closed hydraulic system type, but also to cranes of various drive types, which have universal applicability.
- the specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the specific structures described in the above drawings and descriptions.
- Various modifications, such as electronic control units, are possible within the scope of the technical idea of the present invention.
- the (ECU) may include a programmable control module or the like, and these obvious modifications are all within the scope of the present invention, and the scope of protection of the present invention is defined by the claims.
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Description
起重机的防二次起升下滑系统以及防二次起升下滑方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种起重机的防二次起升下滑系统, 更具体地, 涉及一种 通过控制制动器的操作来防止起重机出现二次起升下滑的系统。 此外, 本 发明还涉及一种起重机的防二次起升下滑方法。 背景技术
起重机是用于将物体从一个空间位置转移到另一个空间位置的机械设 备, 在起重机的起升操作过程中, 最常出现的问题是起重机的 "二次起升 下滑" 问题。
所谓起重机的 "二次起升下滑", 是指当悬停在空中的重物第二次 (或 第三次等) 被起吊时, 重物往往会因自身重量先下滑一段距离才能正常起 升。 这种 "二次起升下滑"严重时可能会引发重大安全事故, 如在距离地 面较低时, 该下滑现象可能会导致重物砸到行人或作业人员, 尤其是起重 机的起升驱动力增大速度较慢时, 这种下滑状态可能会加剧。 此外, 在此 需要说明的是, 上述 "二次起升"为本技术领域的通用术语, 其中的 "二 次"并不限于 "第二次", 而是指起重机 "初次起升"后进行的后续起升操 作, 因此本领域技术人员也将 "二次起升"称作 "再起升"或 "后续起升" 等。
随着起重机、 尤其是液压起重机的应用日趋广泛、 起吊重量越来越大, 起重机的安全性能也越来越受到重视。 相应地, 由于起重机的 "二次起升 下滑" 问题严重影响到起重机的安全性, 因此也日益受到人们的密切关注。 也就是说, 人们在购买起重机时, 已经将起重机的防二次起升下滑的能力 作为衡量起重机性能的一个重要指标。
为解决起重机的 "二次起升下滑" 问题, 现有技术主要采用以下两种 技术方案:
其一, 采用专用液压元件(即由蓄能器和单向阀组成的压力记忆系统, 参见中国实用新型专利 CN2040896U、 CN2708022Y)对起吊的负载重力进 行记忆, 当进行二次起吊作业时, 只有起升驱动力达到或大于上次负载重 力时才解除制动器的制动状态, 从而实现防止二次起升下滑的功能。 但是, 这种专用液压元件只能适用于开式液压系统, 而无法适用于闭式液压系统 (由于闭式液压系统自身形成封闭的驱动液压回路, 其液压回路中的驱动 液的量基本是固定的, 因此并无富余的驱动液来保持专用液压元件的压力, 从而无法设置专用液压元件来记忆所述负载重力)。 此外, 这种技术方案更 严重的缺陷在于, 在起重机负载的重物较长时间停留后, 由于液压元件不 可避免地存在泄漏, 因此专用液压元件记载的负载重力会逐渐减小, 相应 地, 当起重机进行二次起升时, 如果仍然按照该专用液压元件记载的负载 重力施加驱动力, 则起重机负载的重物必然会出现明显的下滑现象, 严重 时甚至会引发重大安全事故。 如上所述, 由于所述专用液压元件存在泄漏, 并且这种传统技术方案本身并不存在相应的实时检测系统, 因此液压元件 记载的负载重力误差较大, 并不能有效地防止起重机二次起升下滑的问题。
其二, 随着机电一体化控制技术的发展, 本领域的技术人员开始通过 液压传感器来检测液压泵的压力, 并采用控制器存储液压起重机上次起升 时液压流体的工作压力, 当起重机进行二次起吊作业时, 只有液压流体达 到上次存储的工作压力时才会通过开关电磁阀解除制动器, 从而能够防止 起重机的二次起升下滑, 例如中国实用新型专利 CN200946070Y所公开的 技术方案。 该方法主要适用于闭式液压系统 (闭式液压系统的液压回路中 的工作压力比较稳定, 因此检测相对容易), 但是在该传统技术方案中, 该 存储器所存储的压力并不准确, 这是因为卷扬机构在前次制动时会对液压 流体形成冲击, 从而造成压力波动, 因此所述存储器存储的压力值可能是
波峰压力值或波谷压力值, 如果存储器存储的是波峰压力值, 则在二次起 升开始时由于起升驱动力过大会造成瞬间的冲击, 这会对起重机的钢丝绳 及相关的构件破坏较大; 如果存储器存储的是波谷压力值, 则在二次起升 开始时由于起升驱动力过小, 仍然会出现二次起升下滑问题, 并且更严重 的缺陷是, 该现有技术实质上仅是将二次起升时的液压流体的工作压力与 前次起升结束时存储的工作压力进行比较, 而不是与负载重物的压力 (重 量) 进行比较, 这样很容易偏离实际的负载重量, 而引发严重的二次起升 下滑现象。
由上述现有技术可以看出, 现有起重机的二次起升下滑问题多数是依 靠液压元件的压力记忆或者存储器存储的工作压力来解决的, 这种现有技 术由于不能进行实时检测以动态地进行起升驱动力和负载重力的比较, 并 且由于液压元件、 存储器等存储或记忆的参考压力值并不准确, 因此不仅 可靠性较差, 无法有效地解决二次起升下滑的问题, 而且这些现有技术一 般只能适用于开式液压系统或者闭式液压系统中的一种, 通用性较差。 就 目前的发展状况而言, 国内外的起重机、 尤其是液压起重机还未形成一种 普遍适用的防二次起升下滑的解决方案。
因此, 需要一种能够有效解决起重机二次起升下滑问题的系统, 该系 统不仅应当具有普遍的适用性, 而且能够有效地解决起重机的二次起升下 滑的现象。 发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种起重机的防二次起升下滑系统, 该系统能够 在所述起重机进行二次起升时, 有效地防止所述起重机的二次起升下滑现 象。
此外, 本发明还提供一种起重机的防二次起升下滑方法。
根据本发明的一个方面, 提供一种起重机的防二次起升下滑系统, 该
防二次起升下滑系统包括负载重力传感器、 驱动变量传感器、 电子控制单 元以及制动器驱动装置, 其中, 所述负载重力传感器检测所述起重机的负 载重力, 并将负载重力信号传输到所述电子控制单元, 所述驱动变量传感 器检测与所述起重机的起升驱动力相关的驱动变量信号, 并将所述驱动变 量信号传输到所述电子控制单元, 所述电子控制单元根据驱动变量信号计 算出所述起升驱动力的值, 并将所述起升驱动力的值与所述负载重力信号 进行比较, 当所述负载重力等于所述起升驱动力时, 所述电子控制单元控 制所述制动器驱动装置, 以使得所述起重机的制动器解除制动状态。
为更精确地实时检测所述起升驱动力的大小, 以更有效地解决二次起 升下滑问题, 在所述起重机为液压起重机的情形下, 所述驱动变量传感器 为液压传感器, 该液压传感器在所述起重机进行二次起升时检测驱动液的 液压, 并将液压信号传输到所述电子控制单元, 所述电子控制单元通过如 下公式计算出所述起升驱动力:
其中, F为所述起升驱动力; Vg为所述起重机的液压马达的排量; Δρ 为所述液压传感器检测的驱动液的液压; m为所述起重机的卷扬机构的滑 轮组的倍率; ti 为所述起重机的液压驱动系统的机械液压总效率; 0。为 所述卷扬机构的卷筒的直径; η为所述卷扬机构的卷筒上所卷绕的钢缆的层 数; d为所述钢缆的直径; n s为所述滑轮组中单个滑轮的机械效率。
此外, 本发明还提供一种起重机的防二次起升下滑方法, 其中, 该防 二次起升下滑方法包括如下步骤: 检测所述起重机的负载重力和起升驱动 变量, 并根据该起升驱动变量计算出起升驱动力; 将所述起升驱动力与所 述负载重力进行比较; 当所述起升驱动力等于所述负载重力时, 控制所述 起重机的制动器解除制动状态。
本发明的防二次起升下滑系统和方法通过实时地检测负载重力, 并连 续地通过实时检测的驱动变量计算出起升驱动力, 通过比较起升驱动力和 负载重力, 只有在两者相等时, 才解除制动器的制动状态, 因此, 本发明 能够精确的根据不同负载、 不同工况自动进行匹配控制, 使得负载平稳地 进行二次起升, 有效地防止了重物的下滑, 使起重机完全消除了二次起升 下滑现象, 大大降低了人为误操作所引发事故的可能性, 使吊装作业变的 简单可靠, 有效地提高了安全性。 同时, 本发明的防二次起升下滑系统和 方法不仅能够适用于开式液压系统与闭式液压系统类型的液压起重机, 而 且能够适用于各种驱动类型的起重机, 其具有普遍的适用性。 附图说明
下面结合附图详细描述本发明的优选实施方式, 在附图中:
图 1是本发明优选实施方式的防二次起升下滑系统的连接结构示意图; 以及
图 2是本发明的防二次起升下滑系统所采用的制动器的示例图。 附图标记说明:
1 卷扬机构 2 电磁阀
3 制动器 4 液压马达
5 液压传感器 6 钢缆
7 平衡阀 8 主换向阀
9 安全阀 10 液压泵
11 负载重物 12 制动器排液管路
13 制动器驱动管路 14 制动器进液口
15 制动器进液管道 16 密封圈
17 活塞 18 外摩擦片
19 内摩擦片 20 驱动轴
21 制动器壳体 22 驱动液箱
23 负载重力传感器 24 力矩限制器
25 电子控制单元 (或控制器) 26 驱动变量信号传输线路
27 负载重力信号传输线路 28 液压马达驱动液管路
29 液压马达排液管路 30 制动器控制线路
F 起升驱动力 G 负载重力 具体实施方式
以下参照附图重点描述本发明的优选实施方式。 在此需要说明的是, 图 1和图 2所示的防二次起升下滑系统为本发明的优选实施方式, 但本发 明并不限于附图中显示的优选实施方式。 因此, 在描述本发明的优选实施 方式之前, 有必要首先说明本发明的基本技术方案。
从起重机二次起升的工作状态而言, 解决起重机二次起升下滑问题的 有效途径在于建立一种实时检测的防二次起升下滑系统, 该系统能够在起 重机进行二次起升时动态地检测负载重力 G和起升驱动力 F, 并将不断增 大的起升驱动力 F与负载重力 G进行比较, 只有在起升驱动力 F等于负载 重力 G时才解除制动器 3的制动, 从而有效地解决起重机的二次起升下滑 问题。
鉴于上述考虑, 本发明的防二次起升下滑系统的基本技术方案为: 该 防二次起升下滑系统包括负载重力传感器 23、 驱动变量传感器、 电子控制 单元(或控制器) 25以及制动器驱动装置, 其中负载重力传感器 23检测负 载重力, 并将负载重力信号传输到电子控制单元 25, 例如可以通过有线或 者无线形式的负载重力信号传输线路 27进行负载重力信号的传输, 所述驱 动变量传感器检测与所述起重机的起升驱动力相关的驱动变量信号, 并将 所述驱动变量信号传输到电子控制单元 25, 例如可以通过有线或者无线形
式的驱动变量信号传输线路 26进行驱动变量信号的传输, 所述电子控制单 元 25接收负载重力信号和驱动变量信号, 并根据驱动变量信号计算出起升 驱动力的值, 所述电子控制单元 25将所述起升驱动力的值与接收的所述负 载重力信号进行比较, 当所述起升驱动力等于所述负载重力时, 所述电子 控制单元 25例如通过制动器控制线路 30来操作制动器驱动装置, 以使得 起重机的制动器 3解除制动状态。
在上述基本技术方案中, 负载重力传感器 23—般采用压力传感器, 即 通过应变片组成的检测电路来检测负载重量。 由于在起重机的工作状态不 发生冲击的情况下, 该负载重力在吊运同一物体的过程中是一定的, 因此 负载重力的检测相对容易。 在采用压力传感器的情形下, 可以将应变片设 置在起重机的吊钩等部位上, 以能够准确地检测负载重力 G。 当然, 负载 重力传感器 23并不限于采用压力传感器的形式, 也可以采用拉力传感器、 称重传感器等。负载重力传感器 23检测到负载重力 G后, 可以通过负载重 力信号传输线路 27将负载重力信号传输到电子控制单元 25。一般而言, 该 传输的负载重力信号直接表示负载重力 G的大小, 其并不需要电子控制单 元 25进行转换计算。
就起重机二次起升时的起升驱动力 F而言, 由于起重机一般是通过驱 动源驱动卷扬机构 1旋转以吊升重物, 因此起升驱动力 F并不能够通过相 关的传感器进行直接检测, 而是需要通过驱动变量传感器检测相关的驱动 变量, 并由电子控制单元 25根据该驱动变量计算出起升驱动力的值。
为帮助理解本发明的上述基本技术方案, 下面参照图 1和图 2描述本 发明防二次起升下滑系统的一种优选实施方式。 图 1和图 2中显示的防二 次起升下滑系统适用于目前应用最广泛的液压起重机, 并且该防二次起升 下滑系统采用了一种根据驱动变量精确地计算起升驱动力的独特方法。
在图 1 中, 液压起重机的基本组成与常规的液压起重机基本类似, 其 包括卷扬机构 1, 卷扬机构 1用于缠绕或释放钢缆 6, 在钢缆 6的下端通过
吊钩吊运重物 11。 卷扬机构 1由液压马达 4驱动, 在图 1中, 驱动液压马 达 4的液压回路系统构成开式液压系统, 其中液压泵 10从驱动液箱 22 (例 如油箱) 中抽吸驱动液 (例如液压油), 驱动液通过驱动液管路 28 并经由 主换向阀 8、平衡阀 7驱动液压马达 4运转, 从液压马达 4中排出的驱动液 经由液压马达排液管路 29重新流入驱动液箱 22。此外, 图 1所示的液压起 重机还包括制动器 3和安全阀 9,制动器 3主要用于使得卷扬机构 1停止旋 转, 在起重机起升重物 11过程中, 当需要使得重物 11临时在空间停留时, 该制动器 3也用于固定卷扬机构 1, 防止卷扬机构 1在重物 11的重力作用 下发生旋转; 安全阀 9主要用于液压过高时使得少量的驱动液返回驱动液 箱 22。
本发明优选实施方式的防二次起升下滑系统即应用于该液压起重机 上。 如图 1 所示, 该优选实施方式的防二次起升下滑系统包括负载重力传 感器 23, 该负载重力传感器 23在图 1中采用压力传感器, 其设置在钢缆 6 下端的吊钩部位, 以检测负载重力 (即负载重量)。 负载重力传感器 23 可 以通过负载重力信号传输线路 27连接于电子控制单元 25,从而能够将负载 重力信号传输到电子控制单元 25。 如图 1所示, 更优选地, 由于现有的起 重机上一般设置有力矩限制器 24,力矩限制器 24公知地为一种由计算机控 制的安全操作系统, 其能自动检测出起重机所吊载的质量及起重臂所处的 角度。 也就是说, 在力矩限制器 24的组成构件中包括用于检测负载重力的 压力传感器, 因此在优选方式下, 本发明的防二次起升下滑系统无需设置 专用的压力传感器, 其完全可以与力矩限制器共用一个压力传感器 23, 在 此情形下, 电子控制单元 25例如可以通过负载重力信号传输线路 27直接 连接到力矩限制器 24的主机上, 从而能够从力矩限制器的主机中直接读取 负载重力信号。
该防二次起升下滑系统还包括驱动变量传感器, 以检测与二次起升驱 动力相关的驱动变量。在图 1中, 该驱动变量传感器采用液压传感器 5, 这
是本发明优选实施方式下的关键技术之一。 在液压起重机中, 驱动液的液 压与起升驱动力是直接相关的, 并且检测相对容易, 在起重机二次起升过 程中, 不断增大的液压能够最直观地反映出二次起升驱动力的大小, 并且 相对于其它检测方法 (详见下文说明) 能够更精确、 更及时地检测起升驱 动力的大小。 但是, 问题在于, 通过液压传感器 5检测的只是驱动液的液 压, 如何将这种液压计算转换成二次起升的驱动力则是比较困难的技术问 题。 为此, 本申请的发明人通过大量的数据总结、 推导和计算, 得到驱动 液的液压与二次起升时起升驱动力存在如下公式 (1 ):
( -ΐ) χ ^] χ (I - r|s:)
其中, F为起升驱动力;
vg为液压马达的排量, 一般而言, 不同型号的液压马达的排量各自有 其固定值;
p为驱动液的液压 (即液压传感器 5检测的液压值);
m为卷扬机构的滑轮组的倍率, 在起重机的卷扬机构中, 一般存在相 应地单联或双联滑轮组, 滑轮组的倍率是指滑轮组省力的倍数, 即减速的 倍数, 假设钢缆分支数 =n。 在不考虑摩擦的状态下, m值可按下式确定: 单联滑轮组的倍率等于钢丝绳分支数, 即 m=n; 双联滑轮组的倍率等于钢 丝绳分支数的一半, 即 m=n/2;
Π πΛ为起重机的液压驱动系统的机械液压总效率, 即在起重机的液压 驱动系统中, 液压泵、 液压马达以及卷扬机构等构件会存在相应的液压损 失 (如容积损失) 和机械损失, 因此液压驱动系统所作的总功 (即消耗的 总能量) 与起升重物所作的有用功之间存在相应的差异, 该有用功与总功 的比值即为机械液压总效率;
Do为卷扬机构的卷筒的直径;
n为卷扬机构的卷筒上所卷绕的钢缆的层数,该卷绕的钢缆的层数能够 根据卷筒先前旋转的转数自动获得, 在起重机二次起升并且制动器尚未解 除制动状态的情形下, 该卷绕的钢缆层数是确定的;
d为钢缆的直径;
n s为单个滑轮的机械效率。
此外, 在应用上述公式计算时, 还需要注意各个参数的单位的匹配问 题, 例如在液压马达的排量单位采用每转 m3时, Δρ 的单位采用帕 (即 N/m2), 相应地其它的直径参数也应转化为以 m作为单位参与计算, 这种 单位的匹配换算对于本领域技术人员而言是能够想到的, 并且除了驱动液 的液压之外, 其它参数的值都可以预先输入电子控制单元 25, 例如, 优选 地, 可以输入不同液温下所对应的多个 的值, 以供电子控制单元 25进 行相应温度下的 η οΛ选择, 当然, 在不同液温下 ti 的值波动比较微小, 即使不进行这种选择, 而是预先输入一个 ti 的平均值, 其也并不影响本 发明系统的可靠性。
参见图 1, 液压传感器 5设置在液压马达 4的驱动液管路上(即设置在 液压泵 10的输出端与液压马达 4的输入端之间的管路上), 并通过驱动变 量信号传输线路 26连接于电子控制单元 25,从而能够将驱动液的液压信号 传输到电子控制单元 (或称控制器) 25上。
电子控制单元 25按照上述公式(1 ), 根据接收的驱动液的液压以及预 先输入的其它参数,计算得到二次起升时的起升驱动力 F, 并将该起升驱动 力 F的值与接收的负载重力 G的信号进行比较。 需要注意的是, 在液压起 重机的二次起升过程中, 驱动液的液压是逐渐增大的, 为此液压传感器 5 连续地实时检测驱动液的液压, 并且电子控制单元 25连续地计算各个液压 下所对应的起升驱动力 F, 并将各个起升驱动力 F与负载压 G逐一进行比 较, 当起升驱动力的值 F等于负载重力 G时, 电子控制单元 25例如可以通 过制动器控制线路 30向制动器驱动装置发出信号, 从而制动器驱动装置操
作制动器 3, 以使得制动器 3解除制动状态。在此情形下, 由于二次起升时 的起升驱动力 F等于负载重力 G, 因此即使制动器 3解除制动状态, 负载 重物 11也不会出现二次起升下滑现象。
在图 1所示的优选实施方式中, 制动器驱动装置采用电磁阀 2, 制动器 3为液控式制动器。 在负载重物 11暂时停留在空中的情形下, 为防止负载 重物 11下滑, 制动器处于制动状态。 在液压起重机进行二次起升时, 一旦 起升驱动力 F等于负载重力 G时,电磁阀 2被电子控制单元 25控制为接通 制动器驱动管路 13。 参见图 2, 制动器的驱动液 (例如液压油) 通过制动 器进液口 14进入制动器壳体 21中的制动器进液管道 15, 并进入活塞腔。 在图 2中, 驱动液向左推动活塞 17, 从而带动外摩擦片 18与内摩擦片 19 (该内摩擦片 19与液压马达的驱动轴 20直接或间接地固定连接) 分离, 以解除制动器 3 的制动状态, 使得起重机顺利地实现二次起升而不会出现 下滑现象。 此外, 在图 2中密封圈 16主要用于防止驱动液渗漏。 制动器 3 的具体类型并不限于图 2所示, 其可以采用起重机的各种公知的驱动轴制 动器。
由上描述可知, 本发明优选实施方式的防二次起升下滑系统的总体工 作过程为: 在起重机进行完初次起吊作业后, 负载重物 11悬停在空中, 制 动器 3处于制动状态, 当起重机进行二次 (或多次) 起升时, 液压泵 10给 液压回路供液, 例如液压油, 液压油经过主换向阀 8及平衡阀 7到达液压 马达 4的输入端, 液压马达驱动液管路 28中的油压从零逐渐建立, 液压马 达 7对卷扬机构 1的驱动力从零逐渐增加, 在此过程中液压传感器 5将实 时检测到的液压值传递到电子控制单元 25 (即控制器) 并计算出卷扬机构 能够达到的驱动力 F, 同时力矩限制器将负载重力信号 G也传递到电子控 制单元 25, F与 G在电子控制单元 25内进行比较, 当 F=G时, 控制器发 出信号, 从而开启电磁阀 2, 以使得制动器 3松开, 实现起重机的二次平稳 起升。
以上描述了本发明适用于液压起重机 (液压起重机在现有工程领域中 应用最普遍) 的优选实施方式, 但是本发明的防二次起升下滑系统并不限 于上述优选的实施方式, 其还可以具有普遍适用各种起重机 (例如起重机 采用电动机作为动力源) 的基本实施方式。
如上所述, 本发明基本技术方案为: 所述防二次起升下滑系统包括负 载重力传感器 23、 驱动变量传感器、 电子控制单元 (或控制器) 25以及制 动器驱动装置, 其中负载重力传感器 23检测负载重力, 并例如可以通过负 载重力信号传输线路 27将负载重力信号传输到电子控制单元 25,所述驱动 变量传感器检测与所述起重机的起升驱动力相关的驱动变量信号, 并例如 可以通过驱动变量信号传输线路 26将所述驱动变量信号传输到电子控制单 元 25,所述电子控制单元 25接收负载重力信号和驱动变量信号, 并根据驱 动变量信号计算出起升驱动力的值, 所述电子控制单元 25将所述起升驱动 力的值与接收的所述负载重力信号进行比较, 当所述负载重力 G等于所述 起升驱动力 F时, 所述电子控制单元 25例如可以通过制动器控制线路 30 操作制动器驱动装置, 以使得起重机的制动器 3解除制动状态。
其中, 负载重力传感器 23可以采用多种类型, 例如压力传感器、 拉力 传感器、 称重传感器等。 更优选地, 如图 1 所示, 由于现有的起重机上一 般设置有力矩限制器 24,力矩限制器 24公知地为一种由自动控制的安全操 作系统, 其能自动检测出起重机所吊载的质量及起重臂所处的角度。 也就 是说, 在力矩限制器 24的组成构件中包括有用于检测负载重力的压力传感 器, 因此优选方式下, 本发明的防二次起升下滑系统无需设置专用的压力 传感器, 其完全可以与力矩限制器共用一个压力传感器 23, 在此情形下, 电子控制单元 25例如可以通过负载重力信号传输线路 27直接连接到力矩 限制器 24的主机上, 从而能够从力矩限制器 24的主机中直接读取负载重 力信号。
所述驱动变量传感器并不限于采用上述液压起重机情形下的液压传感
器 5, 更普遍适用地, 该驱动变量传感器可以采用扭矩传感器(附图中未显 示)。 在采用扭矩传感器的情形下, 本发明的防二次起升下滑系统可以用于 各种类型的起重机(如采用电动机作为动力源的起重机、气动式起重机等), 当然也包括液压起重机。 但是, 需要说明的是, 由于采用扭矩传感器作为 驱动变量传感器涉及到应变片的布置, 并且通过应变片的变形来感测扭矩 大小并不如上述液压传感器 5 感测的液压直接准确, 因此, 在液压起重机 的情形下, 虽然采用扭矩传感器作为驱动变量传感器能够满足本发明的二 次起升下滑系统的应用要求, 但是更优选地, 应当采用液压传感器 5检测 驱动液的液压并通过上述公式 (1 ) 来计算起升驱动力 F, 这在液压起重机 的情形下能够更准确地获得起升驱动力 F的值, 从而更准确地比较起升驱 动力 F和负载重力 G, 使得起重机二次起升下滑的问题更精确地得到解决。
在采用扭矩传感器作为驱动变量传感器的情形下, 扭矩传感器的应变 片可以布置在制动器 3与驱动卷筒的驱动轴 20相接触的部位(例如外摩擦 片 18 ) 上。 在此需要说明的是, 所述卷筒即卷扬机构 1的卷筒, 驱动卷筒 的驱动轴 20指动力源 (例如电动机、 液压马达) 的驱动轴, 该驱动轴 20 一般通过减速器 (未显示) 减速后再连接到卷筒上, 从而起到减速增扭的 目的。 当然, 应变片的布置位置并不局限于此, 也可以将应变片直接布置 在驱动轴 20上, 但是在此情形下, 应变片与信号传输线路的连接触点应当 是活动触点 (即可以根据情形分离, 并在测试扭矩时接合), 如果采用常规 的固定连接触点, 则在驱动轴进行旋转时会与信号传输线路发生干涉。 在 采用扭矩传感器时, 扭矩传感器测得的扭矩信号通过驱动变量信号传输线 路 26输入电子控制单元 25, 并由电子控制单元 25通过下述公式(2)计算 得到起升驱动力 F:
r Q ·
L 2 < j
其中, F为起升驱动力;
Q为所述扭矩传感器所测量的驱动轴 20上的扭矩;
Do为卷扬机构的卷筒的直径;
n为卷扬机构的卷筒上所卷绕的钢缆的层数;
d为钢缆的直径;
i为连接于所述卷筒与驱动轴 20之间的减速器的减速比;
在该公式 (2) 中, 采用的是通过扭矩计算起升驱动力的方法, 其仅考 虑了 (n-1 ) 层钢缆的层积厚度, 这主要是考虑到通过扭矩传感器检测的扭 矩往往比实际值偏小, 因此需要在分母上进行相应地系数调整。 上述公式 (2)通过大量的实测计算, 证明是能够有效解决起重机的二次起升下滑问 题的。
此外, 驱动变量传感器还可以采用其它类型的传感器, 以检测与起升 驱动力 F相关的驱动变量, 例如还可以采用压电传感器, 通过使得压电片 与驱动轴 20接触, 驱动轴 20在驱动扭矩不断增大的过程中会发生相应的 扭曲变形, 从而挤压压电片, 因此压电传感器会产生强度不同的电流, 该 电流的值对应于不同大小的起升驱动力 F (电子控制单元 25中可以存储电 流值与起升驱动力之间的对应关系数据表)。 再如, 还可以采用光电传感器 来检测驱动轴 20的弹性扭曲变形位移, 从而测算出与该变形位移程度相对 应的起升驱动力 F。
电子控制单元 25接收负载重力 G的信号,并将起升驱动力 F与负载重 力 G进行比较, 当负载重力 G与起升驱动力 F相等时, 电子控制单元 25 通过制动器控制线路 30向制动器驱动装置发送控制信号, 以使得制动器驱 动装置操作制动器 3, 从而解除制动器 3的制动状态, 以平稳地实现起重机 的二次起升。
所述制动器驱动装置并不限于采用上述优选实施方式下的电磁阀 2,例 如其还可以是电动伸缩器, 该电动伸缩器具有伸缩轴, 在通电时伸缩轴能
够伸缩, 以直接驱动制动器 3的活塞 17 (例如图 2), 此外, 该制动器驱动 装置还可以继电式开关阀等。
此外, 制动器 3虽然仅是本发明防二次起升下滑系统的操作对象, 其 属于起重机的常规部件, 但其并不限于图 2 中显示的具体结构形式, 而是 可以采用起重机上通常采用的各种类型的制动器, 例如, 制动器 3还可以 采用气动式气动器、 蹄式制动器等。
以下描述本发明的起重机的防二次起升下滑方法。
所述防二次起升下滑的方法包括如下步骤: 检测起重机的负载重力 G 和二次起升驱动变量, 并根据该二次起升驱动变量计算出起升驱动力 F; 将 起升驱动力 F与负载重力 G进行比较,当起升驱动力 F等于负载重力 G时, 控制起重机的制动器 3解除制动状态。
通过上面的描述可以看出, 本发明的防二次起升下滑系统和方法通过 实时地检测负载重力 G, 并连续地通过实时检测的驱动变量计算出起升驱 动力 F, 通过比较起升驱动力 F和负载重力 G, 只有在两者相等时, 才解除 制动器 3 的制动状态, 从而能够精确的根据不同负载、 不同工况自动进行 匹配控制, 使卷扬机构 1 完全消除了二次起升下滑现象, 大大降低了人为 误操作所引发事故的可能性, 使吊装作业变的简单可靠, 有效地提高了安
全性。 同时, 本发明的防二次起升下滑系统和方法不仅能够适用于开式液 压系统与闭式液压系统类型的液压起重机, 而且能够适用于各种驱动类型 的起重机, 其具有普遍的适用性。
以上参照附图描述了本发明的具体实施方式, 但是本发明并不限于上 述附图和说明中描述的具体结构, 在本发明的技术构思范围内, 还可以进 行各种变型, 例如电子控制单元 (ECU) 可以包括可编程序控制模块等, 这些明显变型方式均属于本发明的保护范围, 本发明的保护范围由权利要 求限定。
Claims
1. 一种起重机的防二次起升下滑系统, 包括负载重力传感器(23 )、 驱 动变量传感器、 电子控制单元 (25 ) 以及制动器驱动装置, 其中, 所述负载 重力传感器(23 )检测所述起重机的负载重力 (G), 并将负载重力信号传输 到所述电子控制单元 (25 ), 所述驱动变量传感器检测与所述起重机的起升 驱动力 (F) 相关的驱动变量信号, 并将所述驱动变量信号传输到所述电子 控制单元 (25 ), 所述电子控制单元 (25 ) 根据驱动变量信号计算出所述起 升驱动力 (F) 的值, 并将所述起升驱动力 (F) 的值与所述负载重力 (G) 信号进行比较, 当所述起升驱动力 (F)等于所述负载重力 (G) 时, 所述电 子控制单元(25 )控制所述制动器驱动装置, 以使得所述起重机的制动器(3 ) 解除制动状态。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的起重机的防二次起升下滑系统, 其中, 所述 起重机为液压起重机, 所述驱动变量传感器为液压传感器(5 ), 该液压传感 器 (5 ) 在所述起重机进行二次起升时检测驱动液的液压, 并将液压信号传 输到所述电子控制单元 (25 ), 所述电子控制单元 (25 ) 通过如下公式计算 所述起升驱动力:
其中, F为所述起升驱动力; Vg为所述起重机的液压马达的排量; Δρ 为所述液压传感器检测的驱动液的液压; m为所述起重机的卷扬机构的滑轮 组的倍率; i] mh为所述起重机的液压驱动系统的机械液压总效率; DQ为所述 卷扬机构的卷筒的直径; n为所述卷扬机构的卷筒上所卷绕的钢缆的层数; d 为所述钢缆的直径; n s为所述滑轮组中的单个滑轮的机械效率。
3. 根据权利要求 1所述的起重机的防二次起升下滑系统, 其中, 所述 驱动变量传感器为扭矩传感器, 该扭矩传感器在所述起重机进行二次起升时 检测用于驱动卷筒的驱动轴 (20) 的扭矩, 并将扭矩信号传输到所述电子控 制单元 (25 ), 所述电子控制单元 (25 )通过如下公式计算所述起升驱动力:
F = ^ Q x i
f n 、 入 丄
[ u + (a - 1 J x { ] 其中, F为所述起升驱动力; Q为所述扭矩传感器所测量的所述驱动轴 上的扭矩; DQ为所述起重机的卷扬机构的卷筒的直径; n为所述卷扬机构的 卷筒上所卷绕的钢缆的层数; d为所述钢缆的直径; i为连接于所述卷筒与所 述驱动轴之间的减速器的减速比。
4. 根据权利要求 1所述的起重机的防二次起升下滑系统, 其中, 所述 驱动变量传感器为压电传感器,该压电传感器的压电片与卷筒的驱动轴(20) 接触, 所述驱动轴 (20)在所述起重机二次起升过程中因驱动扭矩不断增大 而发生弹性扭曲变形并挤压所述压电片, 从而使得所述压电传感器产生强度 不同的电流, 该电流的值对应于相应的所述起升驱动力的值。
5. 根据权利要求 1所述的起重机的防二次起升下滑系统, 其中, 所述 制动器驱动装置为电磁阀 (2) 或继电式开关阀。
6.根据权利要求 1至 5中任一项所述的起重机的防二次起升下滑系统, 其中, 所述负载重力传感器(23 )为压力传感器、拉力传感器或称重传感器。
7.根据权利要求 1至 5中任一项所述的起重机的防二次起升下滑系统, 其中, 所述负载重力传感器 (23 ) 为所述起重机的力矩限制器 (24) 中的压 力传感器, 所述电子控制单元 (25 ) 从所述力矩限制器 (24) 的主机中读取 所述负载重力信号。
8. 一种起重机的防二次起升下滑方法, 其中, 该防二次起升下滑方法 包括如下步骤:
检测所述起重机的负载重力和起升驱动变量,并根据该起升驱动变量计 算出起升驱动力;
将所述起升驱动力与所述负载重力进行比较;
当所述起升驱动力等于所述负载重力时, 控制所述起重机的制动器(3 ) 解除制动状态。
其中, F为所述起升驱动力; Vg为所述起重机的液压马达的排量; Δρ 为所述液压传感器检测的驱动液的液压; m为所述起重机的卷扬机构的滑轮 组的倍率; i] mh为所述起重机的液压驱动系统的机械液压总效率; DQ为所述 卷扬机构的卷筒的直径; n为所述卷扬机构的卷筒上所卷绕的钢缆的层数; d 为所述钢缆的直径; η s为所述滑轮组的单个滑轮的机械效率。
10. 根据权利要求 8所述的起重机的防二次起升下滑方法, 其中, 通过 扭矩传感器检测出用于驱动卷筒的驱动轴 (20) 的扭矩, 并按照如下公式计 算所述起升驱动力:
F =
其中, F为所述起升驱动力; Q为所述扭矩传感器所测量的所述驱动轴 上的扭矩; DQ为所述起重机的卷扬机构的卷筒的直径; n为所述卷扬机构的 卷筒上所卷绕的钢缆的层数; d为所述钢缆的直径; i为连接于所述卷筒与所 述驱动轴之间的减速器的减速比。
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| WO2013053105A1 (zh) * | 2011-10-11 | 2013-04-18 | 中联重科股份有限公司 | 起重机卷扬二次起升的控制方法和控制装置 |
| CN102616694A (zh) * | 2012-03-29 | 2012-08-01 | 中联重科股份有限公司 | 卷扬机构的液压控制回路 |
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