WO2011120246A1 - 可调谐激光器 - Google Patents

可调谐激光器 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011120246A1
WO2011120246A1 PCT/CN2010/072608 CN2010072608W WO2011120246A1 WO 2011120246 A1 WO2011120246 A1 WO 2011120246A1 CN 2010072608 W CN2010072608 W CN 2010072608W WO 2011120246 A1 WO2011120246 A1 WO 2011120246A1
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Prior art keywords
laser
acousto
tunable
optical
wavelength
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PCT/CN2010/072608
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
高培良
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天津奇谱光电技术有限公司
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Publication of WO2011120246A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011120246A1/zh
Priority to US13/631,846 priority Critical patent/US8831050B2/en

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01SDEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/106Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating by controlling devices placed within the cavity
    • H01S3/1068Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating by controlling devices placed within the cavity using an acousto-optical device
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01SDEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/13Stabilisation of laser output parameters, e.g. frequency or amplitude
    • H01S3/136Stabilisation of laser output parameters, e.g. frequency or amplitude by controlling devices placed within the cavity
    • H01S3/137Stabilisation of laser output parameters, e.g. frequency or amplitude by controlling devices placed within the cavity for stabilising of frequency
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01SDEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/08Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof
    • H01S3/081Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof comprising three or more reflectors
    • H01S3/0813Configuration of resonator
    • H01S3/0815Configuration of resonator having 3 reflectors, e.g. V-shaped resonators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01SDEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/105Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating by controlling the mutual position or the reflecting properties of the reflectors of the cavity, e.g. by controlling the cavity length
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01SDEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/106Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating by controlling devices placed within the cavity
    • H01S3/107Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating by controlling devices placed within the cavity using electro-optic devices, e.g. exhibiting Pockels or Kerr effect
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01SDEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/13Stabilisation of laser output parameters, e.g. frequency or amplitude
    • H01S3/1305Feedback control systems

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of fiber optic communications, and more particularly, a tunable laser that can achieve fast tuning, stable wavelength and power output performance. Background technique
  • Fiber optic networks offer unprecedented capacity and installation flexibility to support a growing range of broadband applications.
  • Broadband tunable lasers can help maximize the use of existing fiber network resources. By dynamically providing bandwidth, traffic can be moved from a crowded channel to an unused channel to meet the needs of the Internet.
  • Tunable lasers are also an important prerequisite for implementing fiber networks that are based entirely on cross-overs, making it easy to quickly establish or change optical paths.
  • Tunable lasers, especially tunable lasers with small size, large tuning range and high power output, are used in a wide range of applications in the fields of biology, medical devices and fiber optic sensor networks.
  • An ideal tunable laser for this application should include the following features: Wide tunable range, coverage C and/or L-band (approximately 1530 nm to 1610 nm); small size; any two International Telecommunications Union (ITU) frequencies Fast switching between spaced grids (less than 1 millisecond); long-term performance stability (over 25 years of operation); high reliability under extreme operating conditions; low power consumption and low cost production.
  • Wide tunable range, coverage C and/or L-band approximately 1530 nm to 1610 nm
  • small size any two International Telecommunications Union (ITU) frequencies Fast switching between spaced grids (less than 1 millisecond); long-term performance stability (over 25 years of operation); high reliability under extreme operating conditions; low power consumption and low cost production.
  • ITU International Telecommunications Union
  • tunable lasers can be classified into three categories: (1) Systems using mechanically movable components such as diffraction gratings, prisms, etalon or MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) as wavelength adjustment units, which have problems: Techniques for adjusting the wavelength by mechanically adjusting the grating or prism angle are very poorly resistant to mechanical shock and vibration, causing short-term and long-term performance instability, so tunable lasers with moving parts are not suitable for fiber-optic communication. in. (2) A system that selects a wavelength by adjusting the temperature, heating or cooling the component; the problem is that: The temperature tuning is slow due to its inherent characteristics, so the applicable range is small.
  • MEMS Micro Electro Mechanical Systems
  • a tunable laser comprising a laser cavity comprised of two total reflection mirrors in the laser spectral range
  • An acousto-optic tunable filter is disposed in the laser cavity, and the beam output from the laser gain medium is calibrated into parallel light by the intracavity collimating lens and then input to the acousto-optic tunable filter;
  • Apparatus for exciting acoustic waves in an acousto-optic crystal comprising an acoustic transducer soldered to a selected crystal surface, said acousto-optic tunable filter, said two reflecting mirrors and said wavelength-adjustable laser gain medium The position is such that only the light beam passing through the diffracted portion of the acousto-optic tunable filter forms laser oscillation in the laser cavity; an RF signal source supplies RF energy to the transducer, and the oscillation wavelength of the laser cavity is adjusted by changing the RF frequency;
  • a phase modulator is placed between the collimating lens in the cavity and the acousto-optic crystal;
  • An optical etalon is placed between the phase modulator and the laser gain medium;
  • a wavelength locker is placed in the zero-order diffracted optical path of the light in the cavity
  • a collimator with fiber pigtails couples the laser output light to the fiber
  • the acousto-optic tunable filter is placed at a Bragg angle with the laser beam, and the laser beams of different wavelengths are maintained at a Bragg angle.
  • the laser cavity is composed of any type of reflecting mirrors of a plane mirror, a convex mirror and a concave mirror.
  • the optical etalon has a free spectral range of 25 GHz, or 50 GHz or 100 GHz.
  • the phase modulator is an optoelectronic phase modulator or other form of phase modulator based on physical optical effects.
  • the wavelength locker comprises: a beam splitter placed on the zero-order diffracted optical path of the light in the cavity and at an angle of 45 degrees; the first photodetector is configured to receive the reflected light of the beam splitter; An optical filter having a transmittance varying with wavelength is located between the beam splitter and the second photodetector; and a second photodetector receives the optical signal output by the optical filter having a transmittance as a function of wavelength.
  • the collimator with fiber pigtail includes a single mode polarization maintaining fiber and a gradient index lens, or a single mode fiber and a gradient index lens.
  • the acousto-optic tunable filter comprises an anisotropic birefringent acousto-optic crystal having an optical spectral characteristic that meets the requirements of the laser spectrum.
  • the signal control processing circuit includes a microprocessor; a first digital to analog conversion device is coupled to the microprocessor to control the laser pump source; and a second digital to analog conversion device is coupled to the microprocessor to control phase modulation a third digital-to-analog conversion device is coupled to the microprocessor to control the RF power source; a first analog-to-digital conversion device is coupled to the first photodetector to detect laser power and input the signal to the microprocessor; A second analog to digital conversion device is coupled to the second photodetector to detect an optical signal output by the adjustable transmission rate optical filter and to feed back the signal back to the microprocessor for laser wavelength control.
  • the beam splitter has a reflectance/transmission ratio of 50%.
  • the optical filter whose transmittance varies with wavelength is a multilayer dielectric thin film filter or an optical etalon.
  • the optical characteristics of the first photodetector and the second photodetector match the laser spectrum.
  • the tunable laser includes an acousto-optic tunable filter, a single RF transducer, a phase modulator, and a microprocessor-based signal control processing circuit.
  • the accuracy and power stability of the output wavelength are determined by the wavelength locker.
  • the power monitoring and feedback control system determines that the use of different laser gain media, acoustic drive frequencies, and acousto-optic crystals meets the requirements for sub-millisecond tuning speeds, small size, and high reliability in extreme operating environments in fiber optic communications. High performance and high reliability, fast tuning capability, stable wavelength and power output.
  • the tunable laser uses a low-cost acousto-optic filter and a single transducer to reduce system cost and make it more suitable for mass production.
  • the design structure is easy to assemble and low in mass production cost.
  • Figure 1 shows a specific implementation of a tunable filter, including an acousto-optic crystal with a single transducer And an RF power source;
  • Figure 2 is a wave vector diagram showing a beam of incident light entering the acousto-optic Bragg grating filter
  • Figure 3 is a schematic plan view of a tunable laser
  • Figure 4 is a schematic plan view of a tunable laser including power monitoring and wavelength locker
  • Figure 5 shows the power transfer and wavelength between the low sharpness etalon or multilayer dielectric thin film filter for locking wavelengths Linear or approximately linear relationship
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the signal control processing circuit. detailed description
  • the acousto-optic tunable filter 100 includes an RF power source 8, an acousto-optic transducer 10, and an acousto-optic medium 12.
  • the non-collinear type includes an isotropic Bragg diffraction type and a non-paraxial anisotropic Bragg diffraction type.
  • the non-paraxial anisotropic Bragg diffraction type as discussed in several other US patents, has a practical application value because of its narrow diffraction bandwidth.
  • the acousto-optic medium 12 is an anisotropic birefringent crystal that is also required for narrow bandwidth tuning.
  • One substance that satisfies these characteristics is cerium oxide (Te0 2 ), which, when operating in shear mode, has high optical uniformity, low light absorption, and is capable of supporting strong optical power. These advantages make Te0 2 similar. Widely used in applications.
  • lithium niobate LiNb0 3
  • calcium molybdate CaMo0 4
  • lead molybdate PbMo0 4
  • acousto-optic devices There are many factors that influence the selection of a particular crystal. The following are just a few examples, such as: the type of acousto-optic device, the availability of high-quality crystals, and the type and requirements of applications such as diffraction efficiency, power loss, incident and diffracted light. Separation angle and overall device size, etc.
  • the tunable filter 100 uses a non-collinear, non-paraxial Anisotropic Bragg diffraction type.
  • the non-paraxial anisotropic Bragg diffraction exceeds a certain frequency, the Bragg angle of the incident angle suddenly increases, and the filtering bandwidth also becomes narrower, which is also mentioned in some other US patents. Over.
  • cerium oxide has a very low acoustic velocity and other suitable properties such as acoustic anisotropy and optical birefringence. . This has been discussed in some US patents and books.
  • Substances commonly used to make acousto-optic tunable filters (A0TF) include lithium niobate (LiNb0 3 ), calcium molybdate (CaMo0 4 ), and cerium oxide (Te0 2 ).
  • the propagation velocity of the acoustic wave in the nonlinear mode is 0.6 X 105 cm/sec.
  • the acoustic wave propagation velocity in the collinear mode is 6.57 X 105 cm/sec.
  • the propagation velocity of the acoustic wave in the collinear mode is 6. 0 X 105 cm / sec.
  • the transducer 10 is connected to the acousto-optic crystal.
  • the transducer 10 is soldered to the crystal, and the side of the bevel of the crystal is generally opposite the side of the welding transducer 10. This avoids the interference of the reflected sound waves on the forward sound waves, thereby improving the stability of the performance.
  • the RF signal source 8 propagates the acoustic wave 14 through the transducer 10 into the acousto-optic medium 12.
  • Many common applications use frequencies ranging from tens of megahertz to hundreds of megahertz.
  • ⁇ i ⁇ ⁇ , ie the angle of incidence is equal to the Bragg angle.
  • the acoustic wave 14 generated by the transducer diffracts the light 2 into a first-order diffracted ray 6 whose output angle is ⁇ ⁇ and a zero-order diffracted ray 4 which is in the same direction as the incident ray 2. This allows the wavelength of the output to be selected by the frequency of the power source 8 applied to the acousto-optic crystal.
  • the tunable laser 200 uses an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) 100 as a tunable filter.
  • AOTF acousto-optic tunable filter
  • the laser cavity includes two total reflection (i.e., 100% reflectivity) mirrors 16 and 28.
  • Laser mirrors typically have different reflectivities for different wavelengths or colors of light, and the reflectivity referred to herein corresponds to the wavelength bandwidth at which the laser operates.
  • the purpose of the mirror is to provide so-called "positive feedback" to the laser cavity.
  • Optically reflective multilayer dielectric films can be plated directly onto laser gain media, especially in semiconductor gain media.
  • the other two laser resonators include an unstable cavity and a stable cavity.
  • Unsteady laser resonators typically use a convex mirror or a combination of a convex mirror and a flat mirror.
  • Stabilized laser resonators typically use a concave mirror or a combination of a concave mirror and a flat mirror. In In practical applications, the design and use conditions of different laser resonators can be used to meet different requirements for output power and laser mode.
  • the laser gain medium 18, as shown in Figure 3 is located between the two-sided mirrors. Positive feedback is provided to the light emitted from the laser gain medium and further amplified.
  • the optical gain medium can be any optical gain medium that is capable of amplifying the laser oscillations within the laser cavity.
  • the optical gain medium uses a semiconductor gain medium that operates on the recombination of photoexcited PN junction holes and free electrons.
  • Light emitted from the semiconductor gain medium can be described by a finite distribution of photon energy centered on the forbidden band width of the semiconductor amplifier active region material.
  • An intracavity collimating lens 20 converts the scattered light emitted by the laser gain medium into parallel rays 2. It is extremely important to reduce the divergence of the incident light because the divergence of the diffracted light of the filter is directly affected by the divergence of the incident light and is critical to the operational performance of the laser.
  • the acousto-optic tunable filter 100 is placed between the intracavity collimating lens 20 and the reflecting mirror 28.
  • Laser mode phase matching is performed for different wavelengths by varying the radio frequency (RF) frequency and phase modulator 22.
  • RF radio frequency
  • phase modulator 22 is an optoelectronic modulator.
  • the phase modulator 22 can be placed anywhere within the laser cavity as long as space permits. For best performance, the phase modulator 22 should be placed in the laser cavity with the least divergence of light. In the laser system 200 shown in Fig. 3, the phase modulator 22 is placed between the intracavity collimating lens 20 and the acousto-optic crystal 12.
  • Light rays 4 and 26 are zero-order diffracted rays corresponding to the intracavity rays 2 and 6, which "leak” out of the laser cavity during laser oscillation. Both of these "leak” lights can be used as a laser output. In practice, only one beam is coupled for use as a laser output, and the other beam is typically used as a laser cavity loss or can be used for laser power monitoring and wavelength locking. How to use this "leak” light for laser power monitoring and wavelength locking is detailed below.
  • an optical etalon is required to establish an optical frequency adjustment interval between 25 GHz or 50 GHz or 100 GHz.
  • an optical etalon 24 having a 25 GHz or 50 GHz or 100 GHz free spectral range is placed between the phase modulator 22 and the acousto-optic medium 12.
  • the tunable laser 300 has a wavelength locker and a collimator with fiber pigtails.
  • a collimator 38 with fiber pigtails is typically used as a polarization maintaining (PM) fiber.
  • PM polarization maintaining
  • the wavelength locker is placed along the ray 26 to avoid "inserting" any excess optical components in the laser cavity, including a beam splitter 30, photodetectors 34 and 36, and an optical filter that varies with wavelength according to transmission rate. 32.
  • the ray 26 is a zero-order diffracted ray of light formed by the diffracted ray 6 reflected by the reflecting mirror 28.
  • the beam splitter 30 has a reflectivity/transmittance of 50%/50% for reflecting a portion of the light 26 to the photodetector 34.
  • the optical filter 32 is placed between the beam splitter 30 and the photodetector 36. Photodetector 36 is used to monitor the change in power caused by changes in the wavelength of the laser.
  • the laser output light 4 is coupled to the fiber through a collimator 38 with fiber pigtails. If you need to maintain the polarization state of the output laser, you can use polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber, otherwise you can use ordinary single-mode fiber.
  • PM polarization-maintaining
  • Multilayer dielectric thin film filters and low sharpness etalon are often used as optical filters.
  • optical filter 32 employs a multilayer dielectric thin film filter.
  • optical filter 32 employs a low sharpness etalon.
  • Thin film filters and low sharpness etalons can be designed and produced at low cost, depending on the required transmission rate versus wavelength.
  • Figure 5 shows the relationship between the wavelength of the optical filter 32 and the transmission rate (T).
  • can be designed for different application conditions, adjustable wavelength range, and wavelength locking accuracy.
  • the laser wavelength can be "pulled back" to a specified wavelength by changing the signal frequency of the radio frequency (RF) source 8, and/or by changing the phase of the laser cavity through a phase modulator.
  • RF radio frequency
  • the laser power can be accurately monitored by the photodetector 34. This information can be used to monitor and maintain a stable laser power output in a closed loop feedback control loop.
  • the signal control processing circuit of the tunable laser in the signal control processing circuit 300, is a microprocessor 66 with an embedded software program.
  • A/D analog to digital conversion
  • the microprocessor 66 can receive signals from the photodetectors 76 and 80, including signals of laser output power and wavelength offset. This information is processed by a program embedded within microprocessor 66.
  • the microprocessor signals through digital to analog conversion (D/A) devices 74, 64 and 54 to control radio frequency (RF) signal source 72 to adjust acousto-optic filter 70, and to control phase modulator driver 62 to adjust phase modulator 60.
  • D/A digital to analog conversion
  • RF radio frequency

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)

Description

可调谐激光器 技术领域
本发明属于光纤通信领域, 尤其是一种可以实现快速调谐、 稳定的波长和功率输 出性能的可调谐激光器。 背景技术
目前, 大多数现代电信系统均采用光纤通信。 光纤网络提供了前所未有的大容量 和安装的灵活性, 可以支持不断发展的各种宽带应用。 宽带可调谐激光器可以帮助最 大限度的利用现有的光纤网络资源。 通过动态提供带宽可以将流量从拥挤通道转移到 未使用的通道, 从而满足互联网的需求。 可调谐激光器也是实现完全基于互交的光纤 网络的重要先决条件, 可以快速简单地建立或改变光路。 可调谐激光器, 特别是尺寸 小、 调谐范围大和高功率输出的可调谐激光器, 在生物、 医疗器械和光纤传感器网络 等领域中有着广泛的应用。
针对这种应用的理想的可调谐激光器应该包括以下特性: 宽可调谐范围, 覆盖 C 和(或) L波段(大约 1530纳米至 1610纳米); 尺寸小; 任何两个国际电信联盟(ITU ) 频率间隔栅格之间的切换速度快 (小于 1毫秒); 长期的性能稳定性好 (超过 25年的 运行时间); 极端工作条件下的高可靠度; 低耗电量和进行低成本生产。
现有的可调谐激光器可以分成三类: (1 ) 使用机械可移动部件, 如衍射光栅、 棱 镜、标准具或 MEMS (微电子机械系统)等作为波长调节单元的系统, 其存在的问题是: 通过机械调节光栅或棱镜角度来调节波长的技术对机械冲击和震动的抗千扰性非常 差, 会引起短期和长期的性能不稳定, 所以带有移动部件的可调谐激光器不适合应用 在光纤通信中。 (2 ) 通过调节温度, 加热或冷却部件来选定波长的系统; 其存在的问 题是: 通过温度调谐因其固有的特性, 调谐速度慢, 所以可应用的范围很小。 (3 ) 使 用腔内不可移动的光学器件进行调节的系统, 包括使用磁光器件、 声光器件、 电光器 件或通过注入电流来以物理学方式选择波长, 其存在的问题是: 声光技术因为其不需 要可移动部件通过电控制方式即可调谐、 快速调谐速度、 可调范围宽以及结构相对简 单, 作为调谐器件, 是满足上述光纤通信系统应用严格要求的一种可行方案。 发明内容 替换页 (细则第 26条) 本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足, 提供一种调谐速度快、 低腔内损耗和高 功率输出的可调谐激光器。
本发明解决现有的技术问题是采取以下技术方案实现的:
一种可调谐激光器, 包括在激光光谱范围内的两个全反射腔镜组成的激光谐振 腔;
一个腔内准直透镜;
一个声光可调谐滤波器安放在上述激光谐振腔内, 从上述激光增益介质输出的光 束通过腔内准直透镜校准为平行光后输入至声光可调谐滤波器;
在声光晶体中激发声波的设备, 包括一个焊接在选定的晶体表面的声波换能器, 上述声光可调谐滤波器、 上述两个反射腔镜和上述波长可调的激光增益介质安放的位 置使得在激光谐振腔中只有经过声光可调谐滤波器衍射部分的光束形成激光振荡; 一个射频信号源给上述换能器提供射频能量, 通过改变射频频率来调节激光谐振 腔的振荡波长;
一个相位调制器安放在腔内准直透镜与声光晶体之间;
一个光学标准具安放在相位调制器和激光增益介质之间;
一个波长锁定器安放在腔内光线的零阶衍射光路;
一个带光纤尾纤的准直器将激光输出光线耦合到光纤上;
激发上述激光增益介质的泵浦设备;
驱动上述相位调制器的设备; 以及
信号控制处理电路。
而且, 所述的声光可调谐滤波器安放在与激光束成布拉格角的位置, 并对不同波 长的激光束均保持在布拉格角。
而且,所述的激光谐振腔由平面镜、凸面镜和凹面镜中任意类型的反射腔镜构成。 而且, 所述的光学标准具的自由频谱范围为 25 GHz , 或 50 GHz或 100 GHz。 而且, 所述的相位调制器是一个光电相位调制器或基于物理光学效应的其他形式 的相位调制器。
而且, 所述的波长锁定器包括: 安放在腔内光线的零阶衍射光路上并与之成 45 度角的一个分束器; 第一个光电探测器用来接收分束器的反射光; 一个透射率随波长 变化的光学滤波器位于分束器和第二个光电探测器之间; 第二个光电探测器接收上述 的透射率随波长变化的光学滤波器输出的光信号。 而且, 所述的带光纤尾纤的准直器包括一个单模保偏光纤和一个梯度折射率透 镜, 或者一个单模光纤和一个梯度折射率透镜。
而且, 所述的声光可调谐滤波器包括一个光学频谱特性符合激光频谱要求的各向 异性的双折射声光晶体。
而且, 所述的信号控制处理电路包括一个微处理器; 第一个数模转换设备连接到 微处理器来控制激光泵浦源; 第二个数模转换设备连接到微处理器来控制相位调制器 驱动器; 第三个数模转换设备连接到微处理器来控制射频功率源; 第一个模数转换设 备连接到上述第一个光电探测器来检测激光功率并将信号输入至微处理器; 第二个模 数转换设备连接到上述第二个光电探测器来检测可调传输率光学滤波器输出的光信 号, 并将信号反馈回微处理器进行激光波长控制。
而且, 所述的分束器的反射率 /传输率比为 50%。
而且, 所述的透射率随波长变化的光学滤波器是一个多层电介质薄膜滤波器或是 一个光学标准具。
而且, 所述的第一个光电探测器和第二个光电探测器的光学特性与激光频谱相匹 配。
本发明的优点和积极效果是:
1、 本可调谐激光器包括了一个声光可调谐滤波器、 单一射频换能器、 一个相位 调制器和基于微处理器的信号控制处理电路, 输出波长的精度和功率稳定性由波长锁 定器、 功率监测和反馈控制系统决定, 通过使用不同的激光增益介质、 声波驱动频率 和声光晶体, 满足了光纤通信中对于亚毫秒级调谐速度、 小尺寸和在极端工作环境下 高可靠度的要求, 保证了高性能和高可靠性, 具有快速调谐能力、 波长与功率输出稳 定的特点。
2、 本可调谐激光器使用低成本的声光滤波器和单一换能器来减少系统成本使之 更适合批量生产, 设计结构上有着易于组装、 批量生产成本低的特点。
3、 本发明设计合理, 保证了光纤通信中对于亚毫秒级调谐速度、 小尺寸和在极 端工作环境下高可靠度的要求,具有调谐速度快、低腔内损耗和高功率输出的特点, 实 现了低成本、 易于生产和高性能的可调谐激光器在光纤通信网络中的广泛应用。 附图说明
图 1 显示了一种可调谐滤波器的具体实施,包括一个带有单一换能器的声光晶体 和一个射频功率源;
图 2是一个波矢图, 显示了一束入射光线进入声光布拉格光栅滤波器情形的; 图 3是一种可调谐激光器的概略平面图;
图 4是一种可调谐激光器的概略平面图, 包括功率监测和波长锁定器; 图 5显示了通过用于锁定波长的低锐度标准具或多层电介质薄膜滤波器后功率传 输和波长之间的线性或近似线性关系;
图 6是信号控制处理电路的原理框图。 具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明实施例做进一步详述。
下面详细描述可调谐激光器的优选具体实施例。
声光可调谐滤波器, 如图 1所示。 该声光可调谐滤波器 100包括一个射频功率源 8, 一个声光换能器 10和一个声光介质 12。
声光可调谐滤波器有两种类型: 共线型与非共线型。 其中非共线型包括各向同性 布拉格衍射型和非近轴各向异性布拉格衍射型。 其中非近轴各向异性布拉格衍射型, 正如在其他几个美国专利中探讨过的, 因为其衍射带宽窄, 因此更有实际应用价值。
在一种具体实施中, 该声光介质 12 为各向异性的双折射晶体, 也正是窄带宽调 谐所需要的。 满足这些特性的一种物质是二氧化碲 (Te02), 当工作在剪切模式时, 光 学均匀度高、 光吸收度低而且能够支持较强的光功率, 这些优点使得 Te02在类似的应 用中得到广泛的使用。
其他的物质例如铌酸锂 (LiNb03)、 钼酸钙 (CaMo04) 或钼酸铅 (PbMo04) 也经常 用做声光设备的组件。 影响选择特定晶体的因素有很多, 下面仅列出几种, 如: 声光 设备的类型、 高质量晶体是否容易获得以及应用的类型和需求, 例如衍射效率、 功率 损耗、 入射光与衍射光的分离角度和整体设备的大小等。
在 C和 L波段 (波长范围大约为 1530纳米至 1610纳米) 的 100 GHz或 50 GHz 密集波分复用 (而 DM) 光纤通信中, 可调谐滤波器 100采用了非共线型、 非近轴各向 异性布拉格衍射型。 在一种具体实施中, 非近轴各向异性布拉格衍射在超过某一频率 时, 入射角的布拉格角突然增大, 滤波带宽也变得更窄, 这在其他一些美国专利中也 被提及过。
这种布拉格衍射经常用于窄带的滤波器应用当中。 选用二氧化碲 (Te02 ) 作为晶 体的材料仅仅是出于以下考虑, 并不限制其他晶体的使用: 二氧化碲具有极低的声波 速度, 同时还有其他合适的特性, 例如声学上的各向异性和光学上的双折射特性。 这 在一些美国的专利和书中已有讨论。 常用来制作声光可调谐滤波器 (A0TF) 的物质包 括铌酸锂 (LiNb03)、 钼酸钙 (CaMo04) 和二氧化碲 (Te02)。 在 Te02 中, 非线性模式 下声波的传播速度为 0. 6 X 105厘米 /秒。在 LiNb03中, 共线性模式下声波的传播速度 为 6. 57 X 105厘米 /秒。 在 CaMo04中, 共线性模式下声波的传播速度为 6. 0 X 105厘米 /秒。
换能器 10连接到声光晶体上。 在一种具体实施中, 换能器 10被焊接到晶体上, 晶体有斜面的一侧通常是与焊接换能器 10的一侧相对。这就避免了反射声波对前行声 波的干扰, 从而提高了性能的稳定度。
射频信号源 8通过换能器 10将声波 14传播到声光介质 12中。 很多常见应用使 用的频率范围从几十兆赫到几百兆赫不等。
在实际操作中, 光线 2以布拉格角进入到声光介质 12 (声光晶体)中, © i = Θ Β, 即入射角等于布拉格角。 布拉格角可以用下列公式计算: sin © B = λ Ο/ (2η Λ ), 其中 λ θ是入射光的波长, η是声光介质的平均折射率, Λ 是声波波长。 换能器产生的声 波 14使光线 2衍射为输出角度为 © Β的一级衍射光线 6, 以及与入射光线 2同向的零 级衍射光线 4。 这样可以通过加在声光晶体的功率源 8的频率来选择输出的波长。
图 2显示了一束入射光线进入声光布拉格光栅滤波器情形, 一束入射光 2 ( κ 2 )、 衍射光 6 ( κ 6 ) 和声波 14 ( κ s ) 的波矢关系, κ 2 + κ s = κ 6, 声波使衍射光的频 率发生向上偏移。
一种可调谐激光器的具体实施方式
如图 3所示, 可调谐激光器 200使用了声光可调谐滤波器 (A0TF) 100作为可调 谐滤波器。 激光谐振腔包括两个全反射 (即 100%反射率) 的反射腔镜 16和 28。
激光镜通常对不同波长或颜色光的反射率不同, 这里所指的反射率是与激光器运 行的波长带宽相对应的。 反射腔镜的目的是为激光谐振腔提供所谓的 "正反馈"。
光学反射多层介质膜可以直接镀在激光增益介质上, 在半导体增益介质中尤为常 见。 带有平镜的法布里-珀罗腔或平行平面腔, 也叫 "临界稳定激光谐振腔", 产生一 个 "之" 字形光路, 这种谐振腔对机械振动的干扰和离轴光线非常敏感。
另外两种激光谐振腔包括非稳腔和稳定腔。 非稳激光谐振腔一般使用凸面镜或凸 面镜与平面镜的组合。 稳定激光谐振腔一般使用凹面镜或凹面镜与平面镜的组合。 在 实际应用中, 不同激光谐振腔的设计和使用条件可以用来满足对输出功率和激光模式 的不同要求。
一般情况下, 激光增益介质 18, 如图 3所示那样, 位于两面反射腔镜之间。 对从 激光增益介质中发出的光提供正反馈并进一步放大。 光学增益介质可以选用能够在激 光谐振腔内放大激光振荡的任何光学增益介质。
在所示的为光纤通信应用设计的具体实施中, 光学增益介质使用了半导体增益介 质, 其工作原理是由光激发的 PN结空穴和自由电子的重新组合。从半导体增益介质发 射出的光可以用以半导体放大器有源区物质的禁带宽度为中心的光子能量的有限分布 来描述。
一个腔内准直透镜 20将激光增益介质发射出的散射光变为平行光线 2。将入射光 发散度的减小极为重要, 因为滤波器衍射光线的发散度直接受入射光发散度影响, 对 激光器的运行性能至关重要。
声光可调滤波器 100安放在腔内准直透镜 20和反射腔镜 28之间。 通过改变射频 ( RF )频率和相位调制器 22来为不同波长进行激光模式相位匹配。 值得一提的是, 与 一级衍射光线传播方向垂直的反射腔镜 28也可以通过锆钛酸铅 (PZT ) 用电压来进行 相位匹配。 在一种具体实施中, 相位调制器 22是一个光电调制器。 理论上, 只要空间 允许, 相位调制器 22可以放在激光谐振腔内任意位置。 为了得到最佳性能, 相位调制 器 22应该安放在激光谐振腔内光线发散度最小的位置。在图 3所示的激光器系统 200 中, 相位调制器 22安放在腔内准直透镜 20与声光晶体 12之间。
光线 4和 26是相应于腔内光线 2和 6的零级衍射光线, 在激光振荡的过程中从 激光谐振腔中 "泄漏" 出来。 这两个 "泄漏"光线都可以用作激光输出。 在实际中只 有一束光线经耦合后用作激光输出, 另一束光线则一般作为激光谐振腔的损耗, 或者 可以用作激光功率监测和波长锁定。 在下文中会详细介绍怎样利用这个 "泄漏" 的光 线来进行激光功率监测和波长锁定。
在 DWDM 光纤通信网络的应用中, 需要采用一个光学标准具来建立光学频率调节 间隔, 两个通道之间的间隔为 25 GHz或 50 GHz或 100 GHz。 在图示的具体实施中, 具有 25 GHz或 50 GHz或 100 GHz 自由频谱范围的光学标准具 24被安放在相位调制器 22和声光介质 12之间。
一种可调谐激光器的具体实施方式
如图 4所示, 该可调谐激光器 300带有一个波长锁定器和一个带光纤尾纤的准直 器来将激光输出功率耦合到光纤中。在这种应用中, 带光纤尾纤的准直器 38—般选用 保偏 (PM ) 光纤。 如果不需要保持输出激光的偏振态, 也可采用其他类型的光纤, 如 普通单模光纤。
波长锁定器沿着光线 26 安放, 可以避免在激光谐振腔中 "插入" 任何多余的光 学成分, 包括一个分束器 30、 光电探测器 34和 36以及一个根据传输率随波长可变的 光学滤波器 32。光线 26是衍射光线 6经过反射腔镜 28反射后形成的光线的零级衍射 光线。 分束器 30的反射率 /透过率为 50%/50%, 用来将光线 26的一部分反射到光电探 测器 34。 光学滤波器 32被安放在分束器 30和光电探测器 36之间。 光电探测器 36用 来监测激光波长改变而引起的功率变化。
激光输出光线 4通过带光纤尾纤的准直器 38耦合到光纤上。 如果需要保持输出 激光的偏振状态时, 可以采用保偏 (PM) 光纤, 否则可以采用普通的单模光纤。
多层电介质薄膜滤波器和低锐度标准具经常被用做光学滤波器。 在一种具体实施 中, 光学滤波器 32采用一种多层电介质薄膜滤波器。 在另一种具体实施中, 光学滤波 器 32采用一种低锐度标准具。根据所需要的传输率与波长的关系, 薄膜滤波器和低锐 度标准具都可以以低成本进行设计和生产。
图 5显示了光学滤波器 32的波长与传输率 (T ) 的关系。 光学滤波器 32的波长 与传输率的关系可以用下面的公式来表达: λ = α Τ + β, 其中 α 和 β 是由插入损耗 和波长进行线性拟合后产生的斜率决定的。 α 的数值可以根据不同的应用条件、 可调 节波长范围和波长锁定的精度来设计。
由于接收到的功率与传输率 Τ直接成正比, 波长 λ 和接收到的功率 Ρ的关系可 以表达为: λ = α Ρ + β, 更可进一步表达为: Δ λ = α Δ Ρ。 假设激光谐振腔的功 率保持不变, 那么光电探测器 32 所检测到的功率变化 ( Δ Ρ ) 就完全是由波长变化 ( Δ λ ) 引起的。
这个功率变化反馈到闭环反馈回路后, 通过改变射频(RF)信号源 8的信号频率, 和 /或通过相位调制器改变激光谐振腔相位, 可以将激光波长 "拉回"到指定波长。 在 可调谐激光器 300正常的运行中, 激光功率可以由光电探测器 34准确监测, 这个信息 可以用在一个闭环反馈控制回路中监测并保持稳定的激光功率输出。
信号控制处理电路
可调谐激光器的信号控制处理电路,如图 6所示,在该信号控制处理电路 300中, 中央控制单元是一个带有嵌入式软件程序的微处理器 66。 通过模数转换 (A/D ) 设备 78和 82, 微处理器 66可以接收光电探测器 76和 80的信号, 信号包括激光输出功率 和波长偏移的信息。这些信息由嵌在微处理器 66内的程序处理。微处理器通过数模转 换 (D/A) 设备 74、 64和 54发出信号, 分别控制射频 (RF ) 信号源 72来调节声光滤 波器 70, 控制相位调制器驱动器 62来调节相位调制器 60, 和控制泵浦源 52来调节增 益介质 50的增益大小,从而达到调节射频频率、激光相位匹配条件和泵浦功率的目的。 这样当发生频率偏移、 波长偏移或者两者同时发生时, 或者当接收到改变激光波长或 功率的外部指令时, 可以实现激光器的功率和波长的稳定输出。
上述说明仅起演示和描述的作用, 并不是一个详细无遗漏的说明, 也没有意图将 本发明限制在所描述的具体形式上。 经过上面的描述, 对本发明的许多改动和变化都 可能出现。 所选择的具体实施仅仅是为了更好的解释本发明的原理和实际中的应用。 这个说明能够使熟悉此领域的人可以更好的利用本发明, 根据实际需要设计不同的具 体实施和进行相应的改动。

Claims

权利要求书
1、 一种可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 包括在激光光谱范围内的两个全反射腔镜 组成的激光谐振腔;
一个激光增益介质安放在激光谐振腔内并在指定激光波长范围进行激光振荡; 一个腔内准直透镜;
一个声光可调谐滤波器安放在上述激光谐振腔内, 从上述激光增益介质输出的光 束通过腔内准直透镜校准为平行光后输入至声光可调谐滤波器;
在声光晶体中激发声波的设备, 包括一个焊接在选定的晶体表面的声波换能器, 上述声光可调谐滤波器、 上述两个反射腔镜和上述波长可调的激光增益介质安放的位 置使得在激光谐振腔中只有经过声光可调谐滤波器衍射部分的光束形成激光振荡; 一个射频信号源给上述换能器提供射频能量, 通过改变射频频率来调节激光谐振 腔的振荡波长;
一个相位调制器安放在腔内准直透镜与声光晶体之间;
一个光学标准具安放在相位调制器和激光增益介质之间;
一个波长锁定器安放在腔内光线的零阶衍射光路;
一个带光纤尾纤的准直器将激光输出光线耦合到光纤上;
激发上述激光增益介质的泵浦设备;
驱动上述相位调制器的设备; 以及
信号控制处理电路。
2、 根据权利要求 1 所述的可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 所述的声光可调谐滤波 器安放在与激光束成布拉格角的位置, 并对不同波长的激光束均保持在布拉格角。
3、 根据权利要求 1 所述的可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 所述的激光谐振腔由平 面镜、 凸面镜和凹面镜中任意类型的反射腔镜构成。
4、 根据权利要求 1 所述的可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 所述的光学标准具的自 由频谱范围为 25 GHz、 或 50 GHz或 100 GHz。
5、 根据权利要求 1 所述的可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 所述的相位调制器是一 个光电相位调制器或基于物理光学效应的其他形式的相位调制器。
6、 根据权利要求 1所述的可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 所述的波长锁定器包括: 安放在腔内光线的零阶衍射光路上并与之成 45度角的一个分束器;第一个光电探测器 用来接收分束器的反射光; 一个透射率随波长变化的光学滤波器位于分束器和第二个 光电探测器之间; 第二个光电探测器接收上述的透射率随波长变化的光学滤波器输出 的光信号。
7、 根据权利要求 1 所述的可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 所述的带光纤尾纤的准 直器包括一个单模保偏光纤和一个梯度折射率透镜, 或者一个单模光纤和一个梯度折 射率透镜。
8、 根据权利要求 1 所述的可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 所述的声光可调谐滤波 器包括一个光学频谱特性符合激光频谱要求的各向异性的双折射声光晶体。
9、 根据权利要求 1 所述的可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 所述的信号控制处理电 路包括一个微处理器; 第一个数模转换设备连接到微处理器来控制激光泵浦源; 第二 个数模转换设备连接到微处理器来控制相位调制器驱动器; 第三个数模转换设备连接 到微处理器来控制射频功率源; 第一个模数转换设备连接到上述第一个光电探测器来 检测激光功率并将信号输入至微处理器; 第二个模数转换设备连接到上述第二个光电 探测器来检测可调传输率光学滤波器输出的光信号, 并将信号反馈回微处理器进行激 光波长控制。
10、 根据权利要求 6所述的可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 所述的分束器的反射率
/传输率比为 50%。
11、 根据权利要求 6所述的可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 所述的透射率随波长变 化的光学滤波器是一个多层电介质薄膜滤波器或是一个光学标准具。
12、 根据权利要求 6所述的可调谐激光器, 其特征在于: 所述的第一个光电探测 器和第二个光电探测器的光学特性与激光频谱相匹配。
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