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Definitions

• This present technology relates to vitamin D compounds, and more particularly to diastereomers of 2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and derivatives thereof, and to pharmaceutical formulations that include this compound.
• the present technology also relates to the use of these compounds in the treatment of various diseases and in the preparation of medicaments for use in treating various diseases.
• the natural hormone, l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 also referred to as l ,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcitriol
• its analog in the ergosterol series i.e., la,25- dihydroxyvitamin D 2
• l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 also referred to as l ,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcitriol
• osteodystrophy vitamin D-resistant rickets, osteoporosis, psoriasis, and certain malignancies.
• the structure of la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the numbering system used to denote the carbon atoms in this compound are shown below.
• the present technology provides diastereomers of 2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl- l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, including, for example, (20S, 22R)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl- l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, (20S, 22S)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , (20R, 22R)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , (20R, 22S)-2- methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and related compounds,
• compositions that include a diastereomer of 2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl- l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , methods of treating various disease states using these compounds, and the use of these compounds in the preparation of medicaments for treating various disease states.
• the present technology provides a compound having the formula I shown below
• X X and X J may be the same or different and are independently selected from H or hydroxy-protecting groups.
• the carbon at position 20 has the S configuration and the carbon at position 22 has the R configuration as shown in the compound of formula IA.
• the carbon at position 20 has the S configuration and the carbon at position 22 has the S configuration as shown in the compound IB.
• the carbon at position 20 has the R configuration and the carbon at position 22 has the S configuration as shown in the compound IC. In other embodiments the carbon at position 20 has the R configuration and the carbon at position 22 has the R configuration as shown in the compound ID.
• X , X , and X are hydroxy protecting groups such as silyl
• X and X are both t-butyldimethylsilyl groups and X is a
• X , X , and X are H such that the compound has the formula II:
• the compound is (20S, 22R)-2 -methylene- 19-nor-22- methyl-l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and has the formula IIA as shown below, (20S, 22S)-2- methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and has the formula IIB as shown below, (20R, 22S)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and has the formula IIC as shown below, or (20R, 22R)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-l ,25- dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and has the formula IID as shown below:
• the compound of formula IIA is a compound of formula HE (also known as AGS-1).
• the compound of formula IIB is a compound of formula IIF (also known as AGS-2).
• the compound of formula IIC is a compound of formula IIG (also known as SAG-1).
• the compound of formula IID is a compound of formula IIH (also known as SAG-2).
• the structures of formula HE, IIF, IIG, and IIH are shown below:
• Compounds of the present technology show a highly advantageous pattern of biological activity, including strong binding to the vitamin D receptor and induction of 24- hydroxylase activity.
• the present compounds may be used in methods of treating a subject suffering from certain biological conditions.
• the methods include administering an effective amount of a compound of the present technology to the subject, wherein the biological condition is selected from psoriasis; leukemia; colon cancer; breast cancer; prostate cancer; multiple sclerosis; lupus; diabetes mellitus; host versus graft reaction; rejection of organ transplants; an inflammatory disease selected from rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, or inflammatory bowel diseases; a skin condition selected from wrinkles, lack of adequate skin firmness, lack of adequate dermal hydration, or insufficient sebum secretion; renal osteodystrophy; or
• a compound of the present technology may be present in a composition to treat the above -noted diseases and disorders in an effective amount and optionally including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the amount of compound includes from about 0.01 ⁇ g per gram of composition to about 1 mg per gram of the composition, preferably from about 0.1 ⁇ g per gram to about 500 ⁇ g per gram of the composition, and may be administered topically, transdermally, orally, or parenterally in dosages of from about 0.01 ⁇ g per day to about 1 mg per day, preferably from about 0.1 ⁇ g per day to about 500 ⁇ g per day.
• Figures 1-4 illustrate various biological activities of (20S, 22R)-2-methylene-19- nor-22-methyl-l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (referred to as "AGS-1" in the Figures), compared with those of the native hormone, l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (referred to as "l,25(OH)2D 3 " in the Figures).
• Figures 5-8 illustrate various biological activities of (20S, 22S)-2-methylene-19- nor-22-methyl-l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (referred to as "AGS-2" in the Figures) compared with those of the native hormone.
• Figures 9-12 illustrate various biological activities of (20R, 22S)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (referred to as "SAG-1" in the Figures), compared with those of the native hormone.
• Figures 13-16 illustrate various biological activities of (20R, 22R)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (referred to as "SAG-2" in the Figures), compared with those of the native hormone.
• FIG. 1 shows a graph of competitive binding to the nuclear vitamin D hormone receptor between AGS-1 and the native hormone, l,25(OH) 2 D 3 .
• AGS-1 binds to the nuclear vitamin D receptor with the same affinity as l,25(OH) 2 D 3 .
• Fig. 2 is a graph comparing the percent HL-60 cell differentiation as a function of the concentration of AGS-1 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D 3 .
• AGS-1 is 300 times more potent as the native hormone in causing the differentiation of HL-60 cells into monocytes.
• Fig. 3 is a graph comparing the in vitro transcription activity of AGS-1 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D 3 .
• AGS-1 is nearly 40 times more potent than l,25(OH) 2 D 3 in increasing transcription of the 24-hydroxylase gene.
• Fig. 4 A and Fig. 4B are bar graphs comparing the bone calcium mobilization activity of AGS-1 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D 3 in rat. AGS-1 is both more efficacious and about 10 to 50 times more potent than the native hormone in releasing bone calcium stores.
• Fig. 4C is a bar graph comparing the intestinal calcium transport activity of AGS-1 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D 3 . AGS-1 exhibits higher potency in promoting intestinal calcium transport than the native hormone.
• Fig. 5 shows a graph of competitive binding to the nuclear vitamin D hormone receptor between AGS-2 and the native hormone, l,25(OH) 2 D 3 .
• AGS-2 binds to the nuclear vitamin D receptor with lower affinity than l,25(OH) 2 D 3 .
• Fig. 6 is a graph comparing the percent HL-60 cell differentiation as a function of the concentration of AGS-2 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D3.
• AGS-2 is approximately 10 times less potent than the native hormone in causing the differentiation of HL-60 cells into monocytes.
• Fig. 7 is a graph comparing the in vitro transcription activity of AGS-2 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D3, in rat osteosarcoma cells.
• AGS-2 is about 10 times less potent than
• Fig. 8 A is a bar graph comparing the bone calcium mobilization activity of AGS-2 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D3 in rat. AGS-2 is approximately 50 times less potent than the native hormone in releasing bone calcium stores.
• Fig. 8B is a bar graph comparing the intestinal calcium transport activity of AGS-1 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D3. The calcemic activity of AGS-2 in the intestine is similar or greater than the native hormone.
• Fig. 9 shows a graph of competitive binding to the nuclear vitamin D hormone receptor between SAG-1 and the native hormone, l,25(OH) 2 D3.
• SAG-1 binds to the nuclear vitamin D receptor with similar or slightly less affinity than l,25(OH) 2 D3.
• Fig. 10 is a graph comparing the percent HL-60 cell differentiation as a function of the concentration of SAG-1 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D3. SAG-1 is more than 3 times more potent than the native hormone in causing the differentiation of HL-60 cells into monocytes.
• Fig. 11 is a graph comparing the in vitro transcription activity of SAG-1 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D3.
• SAG-1 is approximately equal in potency to l,25(OH) 2 D3 in increasing transcription of the 24-hydroxylase gene.
• Fig. 12A and Fig. 12B are bar graphs comparing the bone calcium mobilization activity of SAG-1 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D3 in rat. SAG-1 is less potent than the native hormone in releasing bone calcium stores.
• Fig. 12C and Fig. 12D are bar graphs comparing the intestinal calcium transport activity of SAG-1 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D3. SAG-1 exhibits similar potency to the native hormone in transporting calcium across the intestinal epithelium.
• Fig. 13 shows a graph of competitive binding to the nuclear vitamin D hormone receptor between SAG-2 and the native hormone, l,25(OH) 2 D3.
• SAG-2 binds to the nuclear vitamin D receptor with approximately 4 times less affinity than l,25(OH) 2 D3.
• Fig. 14 is a graph comparing the percent HL-60 cell differentiation as a function of the concentration of SAG-2 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D3.
• SAG-2 is approximately 3 times less potent than the native hormone in causing the differentiation of HL-60 cells into monocytes.
• Fig. 15 is a graph comparing the in vitro transcription activity of SAG-2 with that of l,25(OH) 2 D3, in rat osteosarcoma cells. SAG-2 is about 20 times less potent than
• Fig. 16A and Fig. 16B are bar graphs comparing the bone calcium mobilization activity of SAG-2 with that of 1 ,25(OH) 2 D3 in rat. SAG-2 has very little to no activity in mobilizing calcium from bone stores.
• Fig. 16C and Fig. 16D are bar graphs comparing the intestinal calcium transport activity of SAG-2 with that of 1,25(0 H) 2 D3. SAG-2 exhibits less potency compared to the native hormone in transporting calcium across the intestinal epithelium.
• the compound of formula IIA is a compound of formula HE
• the compound of formula IIB is a compound of formula IIF and have the structures shown below:
• the compound of formula IIC is a compound of formula IIG
• the compound of formula IID is a compound of formula IIH and have the structures shown below:
• Hydraindanones of structure IIIA, IIIB, IIIC, or HID can prepared by slight modification known methods as will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art and described herein. Specific examples of some important bicyclic ketones used to synthesize vitamin D analogs are those described in Mincione et ah, Synth. Commun 19, 723, (1989); and Peterson et ah, J. Org. Chem. 51, 1948, (1986). An overall process for synthesizing 2-alkylidene-19-nor- vitamin D compounds is illustrated and described in U.S. Patent No. 5,843,928, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. Details of preparing hydraindanones IIIA, IIIB, IIIC, and HID are found in the Examples herein.
• Yi and Y 2 are hydroxy-protecting groups such as silyl protecting groups.
• the t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) group is an example of a particularly useful hydroxy-protecting group.
• Phosphine oxide IV is a convenient reagent that may be prepared according to the procedures described by Sicinski et al, J. Med. Chem., 41, 4662 (1998), DeLuca et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,843,928; Perlman et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 32, 7663 (1991); and DeLuca et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,086,191.
• Scheme 1 shows the general procedure for synthesizing phosphine oxide IV as outlined in U.S. Patent No. 5,843,928 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein.
• hydroxy-protecting group signifies any group commonly used for the temporary protection of the hydroxy (-OH) functional group, such as, but not limited to, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsilyl or alkylarylsilyl groups (hereinafter referred to simply as “silyl” groups), and alkoxyalkyl groups.
• Alkoxycarbonyl protecting groups are alkyl- O-CO- groups such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, isobutoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or
• acyl signifies an alkanoyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, in all of its isomeric forms, or a carboxyalkanoyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, such as an oxalyl, malonyl, succinyl, glutaryl group, or an aromatic acyl group such as benzoyl, or a halo, nitro or alkyl substituted benzoyl group.
• Alkoxyalkyl protecting groups are groups such as methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, or tetrahydrofuranyl and tetrahydropyranyl.
• Preferred silyl-protecting groups are trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, dibutylmethylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, phenyldimethylsilyl, diphenyl-t-butylsilyl and analogous alkylated silyl radicals.
• aryl specifies a phenyl-, or an alkyl-, nitro- or halo-substituted phenyl group.
• An extensive list of protecting groups for the hydroxy functionality may be found in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Greene, T.W.; Wuts, P. G. M., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, (3rd Edition, 1999), which can be added or removed using the procedures set forth therein, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.
• a "protected hydroxy” group is a hydroxy group derivatized or protected by any of the above groups commonly used for the temporary or permanent protection of hydroxy functional groups, e.g., the silyl, alkoxyalkyl, acyl or alkoxycarbonyl groups, as previously defined.
• AGS-1, AGS-2, SAG-1, and SAG-2 all bind the vitamin D receptor.
• both AGS-1, AGS-2, and SAG-1 exhibit relatively high cell differentiation activity and AGS-1 and AGS-2 exhibit relatively high 24-hydroxylase transcription activity.
• the 24-hydroxylase transcription activity of SAG-II was unexpectedly low in comparison to the native hormone, l,25(OH) 2 D3 (Fig. 15).
• the calcemic activity profiles of the four compounds differ.
• AGS-1 displays significantly higher bone calcium mobilization activity and intestinal calcium transport activity than 1,25( ⁇ ) 2 ⁇ 3 (See Figs. 4A-4C).
• AGS-2 shows essentially no ability to mobilize bone calcium except at extremely high concentrations, but comparable or slightly higher intestinal calcium transport compared to l,25(OH) 2 D 3 (See Figs. 8 A and 8B).
• SAG-1 shows little or no ability to mobilize bone calcium except at extremely high doses (See Figs. 12A and 12B).
• intestinal calcium transport SAG-1 shows comparable or reduced potency in comparison to l,25(OH) 2 D 3 at lower concentrations but increased potency in comparison to l,25(OH) 2 D 3 at high concentrations (See Figs. 12C and 12D).
• SAG-2 shows little or no ability to mobilize bone calcium, even at extremely high
• compounds of the present technology may be used for treatment and prophylaxis of human disorders which are characterized by an imbalance in the immune system, e.g., in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes mellitus, host versus graft reaction, and rejection of organ transplants; and additionally for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases such as celiac disease, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Acne, alopecia and hypertension are other conditions which may be treated with the compounds of the present technology.
• autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes mellitus, host versus graft reaction, and rejection of organ transplants
• inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases such as celiac disease, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
• Acne, alopecia and hypertension are other conditions which may be treated with the compounds of the
• the present compounds may also be used in the treatment of psoriasis, or as anti-cancer agents, especially against leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer.
• these compounds provide a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various skin conditions including wrinkles, lack of adequate dermal hydration, i.e., dry skin, lack of adequate skin firmness, i.e., slack skin, and insufficient sebum secretion. Use of these compounds thus not only results in moisturizing of skin but also improves the barrier function of skin.
• AGS-1 is especially suited for the treatment of diseases such as psoriasis, osteoporosis, rickets, and renal osteodystrophy.
• AGS-2 and SAG-1 are especially suited for treatment of intestinal diseases such as IBD, including celiac disease and Crohn's disease.
• intestinal diseases such as IBD, including celiac disease and Crohn's disease.
• SAG-1 and SAG-2 these compounds reduced or no calcemic activity generally. Accordingly, SAG-1 and SAG-2 are especially useful in treating diseases where elevation of calcium is undesirable.
• the compounds of the present technology may be used to prepare pharmaceutical formulations or medicaments that include a compound of the present technology in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments may be used to treat various biological disorders such as those described herein. Methods for treating such disorders typically include administering an effective amount of the compound or an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutical formulation or a medicament that includes the compound to a subject suffering from the biological disorder.
• the subject is a mammal.
• the mammal is selected from a rodent, a primate, a bovine, an equine, a canine, a feline, an ursine, a porcine, a rabbit, or a guinea pig.
• the mammal is a rat or is a mouse.
• the subject is a primate such as, in some embodiments, a human.
• IID, HE, IIF, IIG, and IIH may be formulated for pharmaceutical applications as a solution in innocuous solvents, or as an emulsion, suspension or dispersion in suitable solvents or carriers, or as pills, tablets or capsules, together with solid carriers, according to conventional methods known in the art. Any such formulations may also contain other pharmaceutically acceptable and non-toxic excipients such as stabilizers, anti-oxidants, binders, coloring agents or emulsifying or taste -modifying agents. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and carriers are generally known to those skilled in the art and are thus included in the present technology. Such excipients and carriers are described, for example, in "Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Pub. Co., New Jersey (1991), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.
• the compounds may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, or
• the compounds are advantageously administered by injection or by intravenous infusion or suitable sterile solutions, or in the form of liquid or solid doses via the alimentary canal, or in the form of creams, ointments, patches, or similar vehicles suitable for transdermal applications.
• doses of from 0.001 ⁇ g to about 1 mg per day of the compound are appropriate for treatment purposes.
• an appropriate and effective dose may range from 0.01 ⁇ g to 1 mg per day of the compound.
• an appropriate and effective dose may range from 0.1 ⁇ g to 500 ⁇ g per day of the compound.
• Such doses will be adjusted according to the type of disease or condition to be treated, the severity of the disease or condition, and the response of the subject as is well understood in the art.
• the compound may be suitably administered alone, or together with another active vitamin D compound.
• compositions for use in the present technology include an effective amount of compound I, II, IIA, IIB, IIC, IID, HE, IIF, IIG, or IIH as the active ingredient, and a suitable carrier.
• An effective amount of the compound for use in accordance with some embodiments of the present technology will generally be a dosage amount such as those described herein, and may be administered topically, transdermally, orally, nasally, rectally, or parenterally.
• the compound of formula I, II, IIA, IIB, IIC, IID, HE, IIF, IIG, and IIH may be advantageously administered in amounts sufficient to effect the differentiation of promyelocytes to normal macrophages. Dosages as described above are suitable, it being understood that the amounts given are to be adjusted in accordance with the severity of the disease, and the condition and response of the subject as is well understood in the art.
• the compound may be formulated as creams, lotions, ointments, aerosols, suppositories, topical patches, pills, capsules or tablets, or in liquid form as solutions, emulsions, dispersions, or suspensions in pharmaceutically innocuous and acceptable solvent or oils, and such preparations may contain, in addition, other pharmaceutically innocuous or beneficial components, such as stabilizers, antioxidants, emulsifiers, coloring agents, binders or taste- modifying agents.
• other pharmaceutically innocuous or beneficial components such as stabilizers, antioxidants, emulsifiers, coloring agents, binders or taste- modifying agents.
• the formulations of the present technology comprise an active ingredient in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, optionally, other therapeutic ingredients.
• the carrier must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulations and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
• Formulations of the present technology suitable for oral administration may be in the form of discrete units as capsules, sachets, tablets or lozenges, each containing a
• the active ingredient in the form of a powder or granules; in the form of a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or non-aqueous liquid; or in the form of an oil- in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion.
• Formulations for rectal administration may be in the form of a suppository incorporating the active ingredient and carrier such as cocoa butter, or in the form of an enema.
• Formulations suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile oily or aqueous preparation of the active ingredient which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient.
• Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, applicants, oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions such as creams, ointments or pastes; or solutions or suspensions such as drops; or as sprays.
• a nebulizer or an atomizer can be used for nasal administration, inhalation of powder, self-propelling or spray formulations.
• the formulations when dispensed, preferably have a particle size in the range of 10 to 100 microns.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in dosage unit form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
• dosage unit is meant a unitary, i.e., a single dose which is capable of being administered to a patient as a physically and chemically stable unit dose comprising either the active ingredient as such or a mixture of it with solid or liquid pharmaceutical diluents or carriers.
• Example 1A Synthesis of (20S, 22S)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-la,25- dihydroxyvitamin and (20S, 22R)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-la,25- dihydroxyvitamin
• Compound 4 was treated with sodium bicarbonate in DMSO to oxidize the tosyl protected alcohol group to an aldehyde compound 5.
• Compound 5 was racemized at position 20 by treatment with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and the resulting compound 6 was reduced with sodium borohydride to give pure isomer 7 along with a mixture of both isomers 7 and 8.
• the isolated isomer 7 was then protected with tosyl chloride in pyridine and the tosyl protected alcohol 9 was converted to cyanide 10 by reacting it with sodium cyanide in DMSO.
• the cyano compound 10 was then treated with 4-bromo-2-methyl-l-triethylsilyloxy butane (11), in presence of a mixture of n-butyllithium and diisopropylamine, to provide compound 12.
• the cyano group of compound 12 was converted to the corresponding aldehyde 13 by treating it with
• Scheme 3 illustrates the conversion of compounds 19A or 19B to the title compounds IIA or IIB.
• a Wittig-Horner condensation of the protected Grundmann's Ketone (Compound 19A or 19B) with the phosphine oxide (Compound 20) in the presence of phenyllithium was performed as shown is Scheme 3.
• the Ring-A phosphine oxide compound 20 was synthesized as shown in Scheme 1 and as previously described.
• the target compound (Compound IIA or IIB) was generated by deprotection of hydroxy groups in compounds 21 A or 21B in the presence of hydrofluoric acid.
• Ozone was passed through a solution of vitamin D 2 1 (5 g, 12.6 mmol) and pyridine (5 mL, 4.89 g, 62 mmol) in methanol (400 mL) at -78 °C.
• methanol 400 mL
• NaBH 4 1.5 g, 40 mmol
• the reaction mixture turned deep blue it was flushed with oxygen for 15 min to remove the residual ozone and then it was treated with NaBH 4 (1.5 g, 40 mmol). After 15 min the second portion of NaBH 4 (1.5 g, 40 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The third portion of NaBH 4 (1.5 g, 40 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 18 hours.
• Triethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.6 mL, 0.70 g, 2.65 mmol) was added to a solution of the tosylate 3 (0.65 g, 1.78 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.3 mL, 0.28 g, 2.58 mmol) in dichloromethane (6 mL) at 0 °C.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min and it was diluted with dichloromethane.
• the organic phase was washed with water, dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated.
• the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give the product 4 (0.84 g, 99% yield) as a light yellow oil.
• Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (40 wt. % solution in water, 4 mL, 3.98 g, 0.015 mol) was added to a solution of aldehyde 5 (0.97 g, 2.99 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature and it was diluted with dichloromethane. The organic phase was washed with water, dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (3%, then 5% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give a mixture of isomers 6 (0.69 g, 71% yield).
• n-Butyllithium (1.6 M in hexane, 1.2 mL, 0.123 g, 1.92 mmol) was added to a solution of diisopropylamine (0.26 mL, 0.186 g, 1.84 mmol) in THF (4 mL) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min, then it was cooled to -78 °C and a solution of cyanide 10 (0.239 g, 0.713 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min and a solution of bromide 11 (0.41 g, 1.46 mmol) was added.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 1 h and then at 0 °C for 1 h. It was quenched with a saturated aqueous NH 4 C1 solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. Combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1%, then 10% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give a mixture of cyanides 12 (0.298 g, 79% yield).
• LiAlH 4 (0.2 g, 5.26 mmol) was added to a solution of tosylates 15 (0.17 g, 0.24 mmol) in dry diethyl ether (5 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at +4 °C for 20 h. The excess of LiAlH 4 was decomposed with water. The reaction mixture was diluted with diethyl ether and then it was filtered through Celite. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (3%, then 5% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give a mixture of products 16 (96 mg, 75% yield).
• Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1.0 M in THF, 1 mL, 1 mmol) was added to a solution of compounds 16 (96.4 mg, 0.184 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at 0 °C.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at +4 °C for 20 h, then it was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Combined organic extracts were dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (30% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give a mixture of diols 17 and 18 (55 mg, 99% yield) in 2: 1 ratio, respectively (based on 1H NMR).
• Triethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate 60 ⁇ , 70 mg, 0.265 mmol was added dropwise to a solution of the ketone (15 mg, 0.051 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (110 ⁇ , 0.101 g, 0.94 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) at -40 °C.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at -40 °C for 15 min, then it was diluted with dichloromethane and washed with water.
• the organic layer was dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated. The residue was applied to a Waters silica Sep-Pak cartridge (5 g).
• Phenyllithium (1.8 M in di-n-butyl ether, 45
• the protected vitamin 21A (23.89 mg, 30.9 ⁇ ) was dissolved in THF (4 mL) and acetonitrile (3 mL). A solution of aqueous 48% HF in acetonitrile (1 :9 ratio, 4 mL) was added at 0 °C and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 solution was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with
• Phenyllithium (1.83 M in di-n-butyl ether, 50 L, 7.7 mg, 0.091 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of the phosphine oxide 20 (55 mg, 86 ⁇ ) in anhydrous THF (400 ⁇ ) at - 30 °C. After 30 min the mixture was cooled to -78 °C and a precooled solution of the ketone 19B (14.4 mg, 35 ⁇ ) in anhydrous THF (300 + 200 ⁇ ) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred under argon at -78 °C for 4 hours and then at +4 °C for 19 h.
• Example IB Synthesis of (20R, 22S)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-lo 25- dihydroxyvitamin and (20R, 22R)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-la,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3
• Each ketone was further independently treated with triethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate and 2,6- lutidine in dichloromethane to provide the triethylsilyl protected ketone 22S compound 30 A or 22R compound 3 OB.
• Scheme 5 illustrates the conversion of compounds 30A or 30B to compounds IIC or IID.
• a Wittig-Horner condensation of the protected Grundmann's Ketone (compound 30A or 30B) with the phosphine oxide (compound 20) in the presence of phenyllithium was performed as shown is Scheme 5.
• the target compound (compound IIC or IID) was generated by deprotection of hydroxy groups in compounds 31 A or 31 B in the presence of hydrofluoric acid.
• n-Butyllithium (1.6 M in hexane, 2.7 mL, 0.28 g, 4.32 mmol) was added to a solution of diisopropylamine (0.6 mL, 0.43 g, 4.25 mmol) in THF (4 mL) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min, then it was cooled to -78 °C and a solution of cyanide 22 (0.57 g, 1.70 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min and a solution of bromide 11 (0.96 g, 3.42 mmol) was added.
• reaction mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 1 h and then at 0 °C for 1 h. It was quenched with a saturated aqueous NH 4 CI solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. Combined organic phases were washed with brine and dried
• Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1.0 M in THF, 3.4 mL, 3.4 mmol) was added to a solution of compounds 27 (0.31 g, 0.59 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at +4 °C for 20 h, then it was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate.
• Pure crystals (44.6 mg) of the other isomer 29 were obtained from the filtrate after first crystallization and the 22R absolute configuration of the diol 29 was established.
• a second batch of pure crystals (16 mg) of the diol 28 was obtained from the filtrate after second crystallization.
• Triethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (20 ⁇ , 23 mg, 88 ⁇ ) was added dropwise to a solution of the ketone (14.4 mg, 49 ⁇ ) and 2,6-lutidine (20 ⁇ , 18 mg, 0.17 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) at -40 °C.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at -40 °C for 15 min, then it was diluted with dichloromethane and washed with water.
• the organic layer was dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated. The residue was applied to a Waters silica Sep-Pak cartridge (5 g). Elution with ethyl acetate/hexane (1 :99, then 2:98) gave the protected ketone 30B (19 mg, 95% yield).
• Phenyllithium (1.8 M in di-n-butyl ether, 50 ⁇ , 7.56 mg, 90 ⁇ ) was added to a stirred solution of the phosphine oxide 20 (51 mg, 88 ⁇ ) in anhydrous THF (500 ⁇ ) at -30 °C. After 30 min the mixture was cooled to -78 °C and a precooled solution of the ketone 30A (17.9 mg, 44 ⁇ ) in anhydrous THF (300 + 200 ⁇ ) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred under argon at -78 °C for 4 hours and then at +4 °C for 19 h.
• the protected vitamin 31A (30.66 mg, 39.7 ⁇ ) was dissolved in THF (4 mL) and acetonitrile (3 mL). A solution of aqueous 48% HF in acetonitrile (1 :9 ratio, 4 mL) was added at 0 °C and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.5 h. Saturated aqueous NaHCC>3 solution was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with
• Phenyllithium (1.8 M in di-n-butyl ether, 60 ⁇ , 9.08 mg, 108 ⁇ ) was added to a stirred solution of the phosphine oxide 20 (54 mg, 93 ⁇ ) in anhydrous THF (500 ⁇ ) at -30 °C. After 30 min the mixture was cooled to -78 °C and a precooled solution of the ketone 30B (19 mg, 47 ⁇ ) in anhydrous THF (300 + 200 ⁇ ) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred under argon at -78 °C for 4 hours and then at +4 °C for 19 h.
• the first system was a nickel affinity resin that utilizes the C-terminal histidine tag on this protein.
• the protein that was eluted from this resin was further purified using ion exchange chromatography (S-Sepharose Fast Flow). Aliquots of the purified protein were quick frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until use.
• the protein was diluted in TEDKso (50 mM Tris, 1.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4, 5 mM DTT, 150 mM KC1) with 0.1% Chaps detergent.
• the receptor protein and ligand concentration was optimized such that no more than 20%) of the added radiolabeled ligand was bound to the receptor.
• Radiolabeled and unlabeled ligands were added to 100 mcl of the diluted protein at a final ethanol concentration of ⁇ 10%, mixed and incubated overnight on ice to reach binding equilibrium. The following day, 100 mcl of hydroxylapatite slurry (50%>) was added to each tube and mixed at 10-minute intervals for 30 minutes. The hydroxylapaptite was collected by centrifugation and then washed three times with Tris-EDTA buffer (50 mM Tris, 1.5 mM EDTA, H 7.4) containing 0.5% Titron X-100.
• Tris-EDTA buffer 50 mM Tris, 1.5 mM EDTA, H 7.4
• the pellets were transferred to scintillation vials containing 4 ml of Biosafe II scintillation cocktail, mixed and placed in a scintillation counter. Total binding was determined from the tubes containing only radiolabeled ligand.
• HL60 Human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were incubated at 37°C in the presence of 5% C0 2 .
• HL60 cells were plated at 1.2 x 10 5 cells/ml. Eighteen hours after plating, cells in duplicate were treated with drug. Four days later, the cells were harvested and a nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assay was performed (Collins et al., 1979; J. Exp. Med. 149:969-974). The percentage of differentiated cells was determined by counting a total of 200 cells and recording the number that contained intracellular black-blue formazan deposits. Verification of differentiation to monocytic cells was determined by measuring phagocytic activity (data not shown).
• AEK oil for one week followed by Diet 11 (0.02% Ca) + AEK oil for 3 weeks.
• the rats were then switched to a diet containing 0.47% Ca for one week followed by two weeks on a diet containing 0.02% Ca.
• Dose administration began during the last week on 0.02% calcium diet.
• Four consecutive intraperitoneal doses were given approximately 24 hours apart.
• Twenty-four hours after the last dose blood was collected from the severed neck and the concentration of serum calcium determined as a measure of bone calcium mobilization.
• the first 10 cm of the intestine was also collected for intestinal calcium transport analysis using the everted gut sac method.
• (20S, 22R)-2-Methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 is approximately equally effective as l,25-(OH) 2 D 3 in binding to the recombinant vitamin D receptor as shown in Fig. 1. However, it is substantially more potent (-300 times) than 1,25- (OH) 2 D 3 in causing the differentiation of HL-60 cells in culture (Fig. 2). Likewise, it is nearly 40 times more active than l,25-(OH) 2 D 3 in increasing transcription of the 24-hydroxylase gene (Fig. 3). In vivo testing demonstrated that this compound is more potent than l,25-(OH) 2 D 3 in promoting both bone calcium mobilization (Figs.
• AGS-1 is dramatically more potent than the native hormone in causing cellular differentiation and has a unique ability to stimulate bone calcium mobilization to a greater level than the native hormone, it may serve as a useful therapy for various bone diseases.
• (20S, 22S)-2-methylene-19-nor-22-methyl-la,25- dihydroxyvitamin D 3 showed lower affinity relative to l,25-(OH) 2 D 3 in binding to the recombinant vitamin D receptor as shown in Fig. 5. Nonetheless, it possesses significant cell differentiation and transcription activity. It is only about 10 times less active than l,25-(OH) 2 D 3 in causing the differentiation of HL-60 cells in culture (Fig. 6). Likewise, it is about 10 times less active than l,25-(OH) 2 D 3 in increasing transcription of the 24-hydroxylase gene (Fig. 7).
• AGS-2 has a much reduced ability to mobilize calcium from bone compared to l,25-(OH) 2 D 3 (Fig. 8 A). However, its intestinal calcium transport activity is similar or greater than l,25-(OH) 2 D 3 (Fig. 8B).
• the intestinal specific nature of AGS-2 coupled with its cellular differentiation activity make it a candidate for therapy in intestinal based diseases, such as Crohn's disease or celiac disease. Further, these compounds should find utility in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism of patients suffering from chronic kidney failure because it is undesirable to elevate serum calcium above normal in these patients for fear of calcification of heart, aorta and other vital organs while suppressing parathyroid gland proliferation and transcription of the preproparathyroid gene.
• these compounds should also be useful in the treatment of malignancy such as breast, colorectal and prostate cancers, or in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. They should also be useful in preventing transplant rejection.
• SAG-1 has a biological activity profile indicating that it possesses cell specific activity and in vivo shows that it would likely have a larger therapeutic index compared to the native hormone.
• SAG-1 is likely to be a desirable analog for the potential treatment or prevention of a number of diseases, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with compromised kidney function, skin diseases such as psoriasis and acne, various types of cancer, bone disorders and possibly some autoimmune diseases.
• SAG-2 has a biological activity profile indicating that it might possess overall reduced potency, but a larger therapeutic index compared to the native hormone.
• SAG-2 is likely to be a desirable analog for the potential treatment or prevention of a number of diseases, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with compromised kidney function, skin diseases such as psoriasis and acne, various types of cancer, bone disorders and possibly some autoimmune diseases.
• Table 1 shows biological data for the compounds from the present disclosure (AGS-1, AGS-2, SAG-1, and SAG-2) in comparison to 2-methylene-19-nor- l ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its 20R isomer.
• the former compounds differ from the latter in that they have a methyl group attached to the position 21 carbon.
• the present AGS and SAG compounds display surprising and unexpected bioactivity in comparison to the 2MD compounds.
• the 2MD compounds show extremely potent net bone calcium mobilization activity (ranging from 4.5 mg/dL in the 20R isomer to 9.3 mg/dL in the 20S isomer).
• AGS-2, SAG-1, and SAG-2 all show no net calcemic activity on bone.
• AGS-1 does show activity with regard to net bone calcium mobilization, this compound also shows significant activity on net intestinal calcium transport (serosal to mucosal ratio of 4.3) unlike the 2MD compounds, which demonstrate intestinal calcemic activity lower than that of vehicle (serosal to mucosal ratios of -0.6 for the 20R isomer and -0.9 for the 20S isomer).
• AGS-2 displays significant net intestinal calcium transport, in contrast to the 2MD compounds.
• AGS-2 displays a calcemic activity profile opposite to that of the 2MD compounds.
• AGS-1 is further differentiated from the 2MD compounds in the HL-60 assay results.
• AGS-1 is -300 times more active than the native hormone.
• AGS-1 is at least 10 time more active than the 20S isomer of 2MD (i.e., 300/27 ⁇ 11) and more than 300 times more active than the 20R isomer of 2MD (i.e., 300/0.95 ⁇ 320).
• the compounds of the present technology are also useful in preventing or treating obesity, inhibiting adipocyte differentiations, inhibiting SCD-1 gene transcription, and/or reducing body fat in animal subjects. Therefore, in some embodiments, a method of preventing or treating obesity, inhibiting adipocyte differentiations, inhibiting SCD-1 gene transcription, and or reducing body fat in animal subject includes administering to the animal subject, an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutical composition that includes the compound.

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