WO2011119130A1 - System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials - Google Patents
System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011119130A1 WO2011119130A1 PCT/US2010/000864 US2010000864W WO2011119130A1 WO 2011119130 A1 WO2011119130 A1 WO 2011119130A1 US 2010000864 W US2010000864 W US 2010000864W WO 2011119130 A1 WO2011119130 A1 WO 2011119130A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- textile
- fabric
- spreading
- mortar
- reinforced
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/07—Reinforcing elements of material other than metal, e.g. of glass, of plastics, or not exclusively made of metal
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0885—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements specially adapted for being adhesively fixed to the wall; Fastening means therefor; Fixing by means of plastics materials hardening after application
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
- E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
- E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
- E04G2023/0251—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements by using fiber reinforced plastic elements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
- Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
- Y10T156/1052—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with cutting, punching, tearing or severing
- Y10T156/1056—Perforating lamina
Definitions
- the present invention relates in general to reinforcing structures and more particularly to materials for strengthening existing structures without substantial change to the appearance of the structures.
- Buildings that are not resistant to sudden lateral force need to be reinforced for the safety of people who live or work in, or visit the building. Some buildings have considerable historical or artistic value and must be protected from disasters 5 and environmental deterioration for their own sakes.
- patents 5043033, 5649398, and 5657595 are effective and can be 5 performed with little intrusion on the occupants and visitors of the building being reinforced.
- a disadvantage to these methods is that they use some specialized materials that are not readily available in all locations. As a result, the materials are shipped from centralized distribution centers, sometimes to remote locations that are difficult to reach. The shipping and round transportation of heavy 0 materials adds significantly to the cost of the project.
- Another disadvantage of the wrapping methods is that the materials readily available on the market are not good matches in color and texture with old buildings. There are many buildings all over the world that are constructed of native stone, brick from local clay, or that are coated with plaster made with local minerals. As a result, the materials of the methods mentioned above, such as epoxy and fiberglass, may not match the color or texture of a given building.
- the textile could be coated with an inorganic hardenable paste such as mortar.
- inorganic mortars are alkaline and tend to degrade ordinary fiberglass.
- Special alkaline- resistant glass textile is available, but is quite expensive. This has discouraged the use of glass textile with mortar for reinforcement of structures.
- Graphite carbon or aramid fiber textiles would be compatible with mortar, but these textiles are also very expensive and not widely available in all countries.
- the present invention is a system of materials and methods for reinforcing structures using some locally derived materials.
- the system includes a textile wrap attached to the structure with fiber anchors and a finishing layer of mortar made with grit and aggregate that was obtained from sources in the vicinity of the structure being reinforced.
- the textile is composed of fibrous basalt, which is resistant to alkaline and compatible with inorganic mortar.
- the textile is typically an open-weave fabric that is strong and ductile.
- the fabric is attached to the structure in a ductile manner, such as with fiber anchors as taught in US patent 7207149.
- the fiber anchors are preferably also created from basalt fiber.
- a mortar finishing material is mixed, beginning with a hardenable liquid matrix, such as slurry of calcined mineral particles that harden to create a solid mortar after being mixed with water.
- a hardenable liquid matrix such as slurry of calcined mineral particles that harden to create a solid mortar after being mixed with water.
- Grit, aggregate, or both are added to the hardenable liquid matrix.
- the grit or aggregate add color and texture to the mortar finishing material.
- the reinforcing system is intrinsically fire resistant and does not increase the fire risk to a structure.
- Figure 1 is a top plan view, partly cut away, of the reinforcement system of the present invention, as used to strengthen a wall of a building.
- Figure 2 is a sectional view, taken on line 2— 2 of Figure 1.
- Figure 3 is a top plan view of the reinforcement system of the present invention, as used to strengthen an expansion joint of a structure.
- Figure 4 is a sectional view, taken on line — 4 of figure 3.
- Figure 1 is a top plan view of the reinforcement system 10 of the present invention, partly cut away.
- Figure 2 is a sectional view of reinforcement system 10, taken on line 2— 2 of Figure 1 , as used to strengthen a structure 100, for example a wall 110 of a building.
- Reinforcement system 10 include alkaline-resistant textile 20 stretched over wall 110. Textile 20 is attached to wall 110 with a plurality of fiber anchors 30. A mortar 50, containing mineral products preferably obtained in the same geographic region as structure 100, is spread over textile 20 and fiber anchors 30.
- Textile 20 is preferably a lightweight, mesh fabric, woven or knit of suitable ductile, strong, and alkaline resistant fibers such as basalt.
- structures have been reinforced with fabrics made of glass fibers.
- Ordinary glass fabric must be covered with a protective finishing material that is pH neutral, that is, neither strongly alkaline nor acidic.
- structural reinforcing systems that include glass fiber fabric also typically include a finishing layer of epoxy or polyurethane, which are substantially neutral.
- alkaline-resistant fibers with good ductility and high tensile strength may be used to create textile 20 in place of basalt.
- the choice of specific fiber for textile 20 may be made for each application based upon availability, strength, and cost. Basalt is found to be the preferred material at this time, but other materials may become available in the future.
- Test results show that system 10 greatly increases the load-bearing ability of wall 110 even if the weave of textile 20 includes openings as wide as three or four inches across, although 1 inch across is a more typical size.
- a plain or twill weave with square or rectangular openings has been found to be convenient to apply and to provide sufficient strength and ductility.
- Textile 20 is typically woven from yarns or bundles consisting of many individual thin filaments of basalt fiber.
- Textile 20 is stretched over surfaces of various structural elements of a structure 100 to be reinforced. Panels of textile 20 may be wrapped over interior or exterior corners so as to connect different walls 1 10, or to connect a wall 110 to a ceiling, or other combinations as appropriate. Textile 20 may be temporarily attached to wall 1 10 by suitable clips, staples, or adhesive.
- the mesh opening size be small, such as 0.5 inch across.
- Fiber anchors 30 are created by boring a hole through an opening in textile 20 and into the underlying wall 1 10. A length of fiber roving, preferably also composed of fibrous basalt, is inserted into the borehole with a free end extending above textile 20.
- a backfill material such as grout or polymeric adhesive
- the free end of the roving is attached to the outer surface of wall 1 10 and over textile 20, such as with adhesive or mortar.
- the backfill material retains the roving within the borehole such that fiber anchor 30 forms a sort of large pin attaching textile 20 to wall 110.
- Fiber anchor 30 is the most preferred ductile connecting means for system 10 because fiber anchor 30 spreads forces over a broad area and so is unlikely to pull out from wall 1 10 as a mechanical fastener might, or pull off a section of wall 110 as a surface adhesive might.
- the final process is to cover textile 10 and fiber anchors 30 with a mortar finish coat 50.
- Mortar finish coat 50 covers textile 20 so that it will not be damaged by weather, or snagged.
- Mortar 50 contacts and adheres to the original surface of wall 110 through the openings of the weave of textile 20, embedding textile 20 and helping spread any large lateral forces such as from earthquake or wind.
- Mortar 50 mechanically holds textile 20 in place near wall 1 10 but cannot entirely take the place of ductile connection means such as fiber anchors 30.
- Mortar finish coat 50 is largely for creating a uniformly textured and colored surface for the reinforced wall 1 10.
- Conventional epoxy and glass fiber textile reinforcement typically gives a structure a smoother texture and slightly hazy coloration. Although the epoxy can be covered with paint of other finish, mortar is not advised due to possible degradation of the glass fiber.
- Mortar finish coat 50 works well for replicating the appearance of original concrete, stucco, or plaster walls 1 10. With additional modeling and coloring work, mortar finish 50 can even replicate the appearance of historical stone or brick walls 1 10.
- Mortar 50 is customized to suit the structure to be reinforced.
- mortar 50 is based on a matrix of hardenable paste, such as ductile concrete.
- Uncured ductile concrete may be termed a slurry, that is, a mixture of solid particles suspended in a liquid, with sufficient viscosity or surface tension that the particles remain suspended for a long time and yield a mixture that can be handled like a liquid or paste.
- Ductile concrete is not typically used as a finish coat for homes, historical buildings, or other structures where appearance is important but a modern "industrial" look is not desired. However, it is a strong, ductile material that is less likely to crack under lateral forces than standard concrete.
- matrix materials such as organic polymers or other inorganic cementitious materials may also be used to create mortar 50.
- building materials such as stone, brick, and adobe are not transported farther than necessary.
- structures in a given country or geographic area tend to have distinctive appearances.
- mineral materials are used that are similar to those used for the structure originally.
- Mineral materials obtained locally may include sand, clay, gravel, ground stone, or mineral colorants. Although the minerals used for customized mortar finish coat 50 are described herein as locally obtained, it is to be understood that the mineral materials are to be obtained preferably from the same source as the materials of the original structure. For example, if an historical structure in Indonesia was built originally of imported Italian marble, it may be aesthetically desirable to obtain material from the same quarry in Italy to customize mortar 50 if reinforcing the structure in Indonesia.
- FIG. 3 is a top plan view of reinforcement system 10, as used to strengthen an expansion joint 122 of a structure, such as a bridge 120.
- Figure 4 is a sectional view; taken on line — 4 of expansion joint 122 of figure 3.
- Expansion joint 122 is a design feature of bridge 120. It is a gap of a few inches width, left between sections of bridge 120 to allow for thermal expansion of the bridge material. The gap of expansion joint 122 is typically filled to provide a smooth surface for traffic.
- expansion joint 122 must be of a material that is ductile and will not interfere with the function of expansion joint 122.
- reinforcing system 10 as illustrated in figures 3 and 4 has been found to be a low cost and very effective way of dressing expansion joint 122.
- Expansion joint 122 has been created with a recess 125 to be filled to provide a smooth upper surface.
- a first layer of mortar 50 is laid into recess 125, filling recess 125 approximately halfway.
- a strip of textile 20, as described above is laid over mortar 50.
- a second layer of mortar 50 is poured or spread over textile 20 to fill recess 125 to the desired level.
- Mortar 50 may be textured as desired or left in the as-applied state.
- Fiber anchors 30 are typically not required for this embodiment of system 10. It may be noted that reinforcement system 10, as practiced for reinforcing structures such as buildings, may be optionally installed similarly to the method of filling expansion joints 122.
- a first layer of mortar 50 may be spread on the original wall 1 10 of the structure, then textile 20 attached over the first layer of mortar 50.
- Fiber anchors 30 are preferably still employed as detailed above. Fiber anchors 30 are preferably installed after the first layer of mortar 50.
- a second layer of mortar 50 is applied over textile 20 and fiber anchors 30, then finished, also as described above.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (12)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN2010800669951A CN103003501A (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials |
AU2010349031A AU2010349031A1 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials |
EP10848574.9A EP2553179A4 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials |
MX2012011043A MX2012011043A (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials. |
CA2794222A CA2794222A1 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials |
BR112012024231A BR112012024231A2 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | structure reinforcement system using custom site materials |
US13/636,981 US20130199715A1 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials |
JP2013501218A JP2013522506A (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for strengthening structures using materials prepared on the spot |
SG2012070751A SG184232A1 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials |
KR1020127025865A KR20130055570A (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials |
PCT/US2010/000864 WO2011119130A1 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials |
CL2012002636A CL2012002636A1 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2012-09-24 | Method for reinforcing structures comprising adhering a textile material composed of alkali resistant fibers to a surface of the structure to be reinforced and spreading a layer of grout capable of hardening on the textile material; and system to reinforce the structure. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2010/000864 WO2011119130A1 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2011119130A1 true WO2011119130A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
Family
ID=44673477
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2010/000864 WO2011119130A1 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2010-03-24 | System for reinforcing structure using site-customized materials |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20130199715A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2553179A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2013522506A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20130055570A (en) |
CN (1) | CN103003501A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2010349031A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR112012024231A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2794222A1 (en) |
CL (1) | CL2012002636A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2012011043A (en) |
SG (1) | SG184232A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011119130A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015118372A1 (en) * | 2014-02-05 | 2015-08-13 | Tri Srl | Process for reinforcing a building with masonry walls |
DE102015006470B4 (en) * | 2015-05-21 | 2020-05-14 | BAWAX GmbH | System for the subsequent sealing of buildings (especially building cellars) against pressurized water with textile-reinforced concrete inner tubs based on microcrystalline mortar |
GB2598911A (en) * | 2020-09-17 | 2022-03-23 | Anderton Concrete Products Ltd | A cable trough |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101736912B (en) * | 2009-12-03 | 2012-05-09 | 吴智深 | Anchorage method based on technique of bonding and reinforcement outside prestressed fiber cloth |
US9757599B2 (en) | 2014-09-10 | 2017-09-12 | Dymat Construction Products, Inc. | Systems and methods for fireproofing cables and other structural members |
CN104358006B (en) * | 2014-10-20 | 2016-05-11 | 中国纺织科学研究院 | A kind of architectural fabric and method for weaving thereof |
US9290957B1 (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2016-03-22 | Fortress Stabilization Systems | Structure reinforcement system and method |
US9290956B1 (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2016-03-22 | Fortress Stabilization Systems | Structure reinforcement system and method |
US9790697B2 (en) | 2014-12-31 | 2017-10-17 | Fortress Stabilization Systems | Structure reinforcement system and method |
JP6830618B2 (en) * | 2016-06-27 | 2021-02-17 | 大和ハウス工業株式会社 | Wall panel mounting structure |
CN110644700A (en) * | 2019-09-05 | 2020-01-03 | 金鹏建筑产业有限公司 | Construction method for inner wall surface |
Citations (4)
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US5043033A (en) * | 1991-01-28 | 1991-08-27 | Fyfe Edward R | Process of improving the strength of existing concrete support columns |
US20020090871A1 (en) * | 2000-10-17 | 2002-07-11 | Ritchie Charles Stokes | Cementitious panel with basalt fiber reinforced major surface(s) |
US7207149B2 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2007-04-24 | Fyfe Edward R | Anchor and method for reinforcing a structure |
US20070094992A1 (en) * | 2005-10-13 | 2007-05-03 | Antonic James P | Structural wall panel assemblies |
Family Cites Families (11)
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US4841705A (en) * | 1987-04-13 | 1989-06-27 | 698315 Ontario, Ltd. | Reinforced cementitious panel |
US5649398A (en) * | 1994-06-10 | 1997-07-22 | Hexcel-Fyfe L.L.C. | High strength fabric reinforced walls |
US6505450B1 (en) * | 1997-10-29 | 2003-01-14 | Reginald A. J. Locke | Masonry reinforcement system |
JP2002242445A (en) * | 2001-02-15 | 2002-08-28 | Nippon Electric Glass Co Ltd | Repairing method of concrete structure |
US7311964B2 (en) * | 2002-07-30 | 2007-12-25 | Saint-Gobain Technical Fabrics Canada, Ltd. | Inorganic matrix-fabric system and method |
JP2006029059A (en) * | 2003-10-31 | 2006-02-02 | Nippon Electric Glass Co Ltd | Exfoliation preventive method of cement-based structure and cement-based structure |
US6960394B2 (en) * | 2004-02-25 | 2005-11-01 | Milliken & Company | Fabric reinforced cement |
ITPG20050028A1 (en) * | 2005-05-23 | 2005-08-22 | Kimia S P A | STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF BUILDING COMPONENTS |
WO2008063665A1 (en) * | 2006-11-22 | 2008-05-29 | Pratt Daniel J | Masonry block and associated methods |
JP2008255517A (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2008-10-23 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Fibrous sheet and method for preventing peeling off by using the same |
JP4162698B1 (en) * | 2007-09-03 | 2008-10-08 | 株式会社ウエストホールディングス | Reinforcing member and reinforcing method for concrete structure |
-
2010
- 2010-03-24 SG SG2012070751A patent/SG184232A1/en unknown
- 2010-03-24 KR KR1020127025865A patent/KR20130055570A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-03-24 US US13/636,981 patent/US20130199715A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-03-24 CN CN2010800669951A patent/CN103003501A/en active Pending
- 2010-03-24 EP EP10848574.9A patent/EP2553179A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-03-24 BR BR112012024231A patent/BR112012024231A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-03-24 AU AU2010349031A patent/AU2010349031A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-03-24 CA CA2794222A patent/CA2794222A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-03-24 WO PCT/US2010/000864 patent/WO2011119130A1/en active Application Filing
- 2010-03-24 JP JP2013501218A patent/JP2013522506A/en active Pending
- 2010-03-24 MX MX2012011043A patent/MX2012011043A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2012
- 2012-09-24 CL CL2012002636A patent/CL2012002636A1/en unknown
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US5043033A (en) * | 1991-01-28 | 1991-08-27 | Fyfe Edward R | Process of improving the strength of existing concrete support columns |
US20020090871A1 (en) * | 2000-10-17 | 2002-07-11 | Ritchie Charles Stokes | Cementitious panel with basalt fiber reinforced major surface(s) |
US7207149B2 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2007-04-24 | Fyfe Edward R | Anchor and method for reinforcing a structure |
US20070094992A1 (en) * | 2005-10-13 | 2007-05-03 | Antonic James P | Structural wall panel assemblies |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of EP2553179A4 * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015118372A1 (en) * | 2014-02-05 | 2015-08-13 | Tri Srl | Process for reinforcing a building with masonry walls |
DE102015006470B4 (en) * | 2015-05-21 | 2020-05-14 | BAWAX GmbH | System for the subsequent sealing of buildings (especially building cellars) against pressurized water with textile-reinforced concrete inner tubs based on microcrystalline mortar |
GB2598911A (en) * | 2020-09-17 | 2022-03-23 | Anderton Concrete Products Ltd | A cable trough |
GB2598911B (en) * | 2020-09-17 | 2023-04-19 | Anderton Concrete Products Ltd | A cable trough |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN103003501A (en) | 2013-03-27 |
MX2012011043A (en) | 2013-02-26 |
EP2553179A4 (en) | 2014-03-12 |
SG184232A1 (en) | 2012-10-30 |
US20130199715A1 (en) | 2013-08-08 |
KR20130055570A (en) | 2013-05-28 |
CA2794222A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
JP2013522506A (en) | 2013-06-13 |
CL2012002636A1 (en) | 2013-10-18 |
AU2010349031A1 (en) | 2012-10-11 |
EP2553179A1 (en) | 2013-02-06 |
BR112012024231A2 (en) | 2016-07-12 |
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