WO2011112228A1 - Energy harvester battery charger circuit and method - Google Patents

Energy harvester battery charger circuit and method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011112228A1
WO2011112228A1 PCT/US2010/061532 US2010061532W WO2011112228A1 WO 2011112228 A1 WO2011112228 A1 WO 2011112228A1 US 2010061532 W US2010061532 W US 2010061532W WO 2011112228 A1 WO2011112228 A1 WO 2011112228A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
output
impedance
converter
coupled
current
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Ceased
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PCT/US2010/061532
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Vadim V. Ivanov
Christian Link
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Texas Instruments Japan Ltd
Texas Instruments Inc
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Texas Instruments Japan Ltd
Texas Instruments Inc
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Priority to CN201080064914.4A priority Critical patent/CN102782979B/zh
Priority to JP2012557032A priority patent/JP5921447B2/ja
Publication of WO2011112228A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011112228A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
    • G05F1/67—Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/35—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Definitions

  • This relates generally to energy harvesting and, more particularly, to circuits and methods for improving the efficiency of transferring energy from energy harvesting devices to energy storage devices and/or load devices.
  • nanopower integrated circuits that require extremely low amounts of operating current
  • various very low power integrated circuits that require extremely low amounts of operating current (often referred to as “nanopower” integrated circuits)
  • nanopower integrated circuits which can be powered by very small amounts of power scavenged or harvested from ambient solar, vibrational, thermal, and/or biological energy sources by means of micro-energy harvesting devices. The harvested power then usually is stored in batteries or super capacitors.
  • nanopower as used herein is intended to encompass circuits and/or circuit components which draw DC current of less than roughly 1 microamp.
  • FIG. 1 shows an energy harvesting system 1-1 in which the output of a thermopile energy harvester 2-1 is coupled by a DC-DC converter (i.e., battery charger) 10 to a battery or supercapacitor 6, hereinafter referred to simply as battery 6.
  • Thermopile energy harvester 2-1 can be modeled as a voltage source V T coupled between ground and one terminal 3A of a resistor R ; .
  • Resistor Rj represents the internal thermopile resistance.
  • An internal capacitance C T is coupled between conductor 3A and ground.
  • thermopile energy harvester 2-1 applies an output voltage V ou t via conductor 3 to the input of DC-DC-converter 10, thereby supplying an output current I ou t into DC-DC converter 10, which charges battery 6.
  • thermopile harvester output resistance is equal to the equivalent input resistance Vi n /Ii n of DC-DC converter 10.
  • the input impedance Vi n /Ii n of a typical boost, buck, or buck/boost converter or battery charger 10 typically does not have a fixed value, because DC-DC converter 10 operates so as to draw as much input current I ln from its input as battery 6 can accept.
  • FIG. 2 shows another energy harvesting system 1- 2 in which the output of an induction harvester 2-2 is coupled by DC-DC converter 10 to battery 6.
  • Induction harvester 2-2 can be modeled as an EMF (electromotive force) voltage source 8 L coupled in series with inductances L FB and L CO ii and coil resistance R CO ii.
  • EMF electroactive force
  • the internal resistance R CO ii of typical commercially available induction harvesters may be from about 1 ohm to 10 kilohms.
  • FIG. 3 shows yet another energy harvesting system 1- 3 in which the output of photo-voltaic solar cell 2-3 is coupled by a DC-DC converter 10 to battery 6.
  • Solar cell harvester 2-3 can be modeled as a current source I PH coupled between conductor 3A and ground in parallel with diode D and leakage resistance Rp.
  • a series resistance Rs (which typically may be from about 0.1 to 100 ohms) is connected between conductor 3A and harvester output conductor 3. For optimum power transfer it is necessary to match the input impedance of the DC-DC converter to the equivalent output impedance of solar cell harvester 2-3.
  • the l out P out versus V out curve in FIG. 3 indicates that if V out is held above the turn-on threshold voltage of diode D, then all of the current I out generated by solar harvester 2-3 flows through diode D to ground. Therefore, if the value of V out is too high, the current generated by solar harvester 2-3 is wasted. Initially, P out increases linearly with respect to V out because the generated current I out by the current source I PH in FIG. 3 is constant. As the generated current starts to flow through diode D, a maximum or peak value occurs in the P out curve.
  • V out xl out the full amount of available harvested power (V out xl out ) is not being made available at the output of solar cell harvester 2-3, and if the value of V out is high enough that some or all of the generated current I PH is flowing through diode D to ground, then the corresponding power is wasted and cannot be converted into a suitable output voltage and output current for charging battery 6.
  • the amount of power available from the harvesters of FIGS. 1-3 usually is small and unpredictable, so the intermediate energy storage (e.g., lithium batteries or super capacitors) is often required in these applications to provide for system power needs when energy from the harvester is unavailable or insufficient. It is important that the small amounts of power available from nanopower harvesting devices be “managed” so that the harvested energy is transferred as efficiently as possible, with minimum power loss, to charge batteries or energize utilization devices.
  • the intermediate energy storage e.g., lithium batteries or super capacitors
  • Well-known impedance matching techniques to optimize transfer of power from the output of a first circuit to the input of a second circuit involve matching the output impedance of the first circuit to the input impedance of the second circuit.
  • MPPT maximum power point tracking
  • MPPT optimization utilizes a digital processor to control the amount of power being harvested by executing various known complex MPPT algorithms to adjust the voltage values and current values of the DC-DC converter 10 so as to derive a "maximum power point”.
  • MPPT tracking is performed by using a digital algorithm to adjust the input current I in delivered from the harvester to the input of the DC-DC converter and determining or measuring the amount of power delivered to the input of the DC-DC converter.
  • the MPPT algorithm might decrease the amount of current I ln , which might cause the amount of power transferred to decrease.
  • the MPPT algorithm might repeatedly increase the amount of current I ln , which might cause the amount of power transferred to repeatedly increase, until at some point the amount of power transferred starts to decrease instead of increasing. This would mean that the point of a maximum efficiency power transfer, i.e., the maximum power point, under the present circumstances has been determined.
  • the MPPT algorithm typically would operate so as to maintain the optimum efficiency balance between the input current I in delivered to the input of the DC-DC converter and the resulting input voltage Vj n of the DC-DC converter.
  • the invention provides an energy harvesting system for transferring energy from an energy harvester (2) having an output impedance (3 ⁇ 4) to a DC-DC converter (10).
  • a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit (12) includes a replica impedance (Z R ) which is a multiple (N) of the harvester output impedance.
  • the MPPT circuit (12) applies a voltage equal to an output voltage (Vj n ) of the harvester across the replica impedance (Z R ) to generate a feedback current (I ZR ) which is equal to an input current (I ln ) received from the harvester (2), divided by the multiple (N), to provide maximum power point tracking between the harvester (2) and the DC-DC converter (10).
  • the invention provides an energy harvesting system
  • the first DC-DC converter (15) has an input impedance (Vi n ⁇ I m ) controlled by the input voltage (V m ) to match the output impedance (Zj) so as to provide maximum power point tracking (MPPT) between the energy harvester (2) and the first DC-DC converter (15).
  • a receiving device (6) is coupled to receive the output signal (I BAT , V BAT )-
  • the first DC-DC converter (15) includes a second DC-DC converter (10) having a first input coupled to the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2) and a second input coupled to a reference voltage (GND).
  • the first DC-DC converter (15) also includes a MPPT (maximum power point tracking) circuit (12) coupled between the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2) and the reference voltage (GND).
  • the MPPT circuit (12) includes a replica impedance
  • the replica impedance (Z R ) coupled between the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2) and the reference voltage (GND).
  • the replica impedance (Z R ) has a value which is a predetermined multiple (N) of the harvester output impedance (Zj), wherein a feedback or replica current (I ZR ) flows through the replica impedance (Z R ).
  • the replica current (I ZR ) is equal to the input current (I m ) divided by the predetermined multiple (N). In a described embodiment, the predetermined multiple (N) is approximately 4000.
  • the MPPT circuit (12) includes a transistor (M0) coupled between a conductor (28) and the replica impedance (Z R ).
  • the replica current (I ZR ) flows through the conductor (28).
  • the MPPT circuit (12) also includes an amplifier (24) having a first input (-) coupled to the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2), an output coupled to a control electrode of the transistor (M0), and a second input (+) coupled to a junction (9) between the transistor (M0) and the replica impedance (Z R ).
  • the second DC-DC converter (10) includes an inductor (L0) having a first terminal (3-1) coupled to the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2) and a second terminal (4) coupled to a first terminal of a switch (SO) and to an anode terminal of a rectifier (DO).
  • a second terminal of the switch (SO) is coupled to the reference voltage (GND).
  • the second DC-DC converter (10) includes a PWM
  • the MPPT circuit (12) includes a current sensor (13) having a first current-conducting terminal connected to the output terminal (3) of the energy harvester (2), a second current-conducting terminal connected to the first terminal (3-1) of the inductor (L0), and an output coupled by means of a current summing circuit (23) to the conductor (28).
  • the replica current (I ZR ) is compared to an inductor current sensed by the current sensor (13) and wherein the PWM circuit (20) accordingly controls the duty cycle of the switch (SO) so as to maintain the replica current (I ZR ) equal to the input current (I m ) divided by the predetermined multiple (N).
  • the amplifier (24) operates to maintain a voltage across the replica impedance (Z R ) equal to the a voltage (V m ) on the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2).
  • a processor (30) is coupled to the replica impedance
  • the invention provides a method for optimizing the efficiency of transferring energy to a second DC-DC converter (10), including applying an output current (I out ) generated by an energy harvester (2) having an output impedance (Z ; ) as an input current (I m ) to a second DC-DC converter (10); providing a replica impedance (Z R ) which is a scaled replica of the output impedance (Z ; ) equal to the output impedance (Z ; ) multiplied by a predetermined multiple (N); applying an output voltage (V m ) received from an output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2) across the replica impedance (Z R ) to generate a feedback current (I ZR ) representative of the input current (I ln ) supplied by the energy harvester (2) to the second DC-DC converter, the feedback current (I ZR ) flowing to the replica impedance (Z R ) being derived from the input current (I m ) to provide maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
  • the method includes applying the output voltage (Vi n ) received from the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2) across the replica impedance (Z R ) by means of an operational amplifier (24) having a first input (-) coupled to the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2), an output coupled to a control electrode of a transistor (MO) coupled between the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2), and a second input (+) coupled to a junction (9) between the transistor (MO) and the replica impedance (Z R ).
  • an operational amplifier having a first input (-) coupled to the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2), an output coupled to a control electrode of a transistor (MO) coupled between the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2), and a second input (+) coupled to a junction (9) between the transistor (MO) and the replica impedance (Z R ).
  • the second DC-DC converter ( 10) includes an inductor (L0) having a first terminal (3- 1) coupled to the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2) and a second terminal (4) coupled to a first terminal of a switch (SO) and to an anode terminal of a rectifier (DO), a second terminal of the switch (SO) being coupled to the reference voltage (GND), the method including coupling an input of a PWM circuit (20) to the conductor (28) and coupling an output coupled off the PWM circuit (20) to a control terminal of the switch (SO).
  • the method includes comparing the feedback current
  • I ZR is compared to a current in the inductor (L0) and operating the PWM circuit (20) to control the duty cycle of the switch (SO) so as to maintain the feedback current (I ZR ) equal to the input current (I ln ) divided by the predetermined multiple (N).
  • the method includes providing the replica resistance
  • the invention provides an energy harvesting system for optimizing the efficiency of transferring energy to a DC-DC converter ( 10), including means (3, 13) for applying an output current (I out ) generated by an energy harvester (2) having an output impedance (ZO as an input current (I ln ) to the DC-DC converter ( 10); replica impedance means (Z R ) for providing a replica impedance (Z R ) which is a scaled representation of the output impedance (ZO; means (24, M0) for applying an output voltage (V m ) received from an output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2) across the replica impedance (Z R ) to generate a feedback current (I ZR ) representative of the input current (I ln ) supplied by the energy harvester (2) to the DC-DC converter, the replica feedback current (I ZR ) flowing to the impedance (Z R ) being derived from the output conductor (3) of the energy harvester (2) to provide maximum power point tracking (MPPT) between
  • MPPT maximum power point tracking
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuit of a thermopile energy harvester coupled to a battery by means a power management circuit.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an induction harvester equivalent circuit coupled to a battery by means of a power management circuit.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell harvester equivalent circuit coupled to a battery by means of a power management circuit.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an energy harvester coupled to a maximum power point tracking circuit associated with a DC-DC converter coupled between the energy and a battery.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a more detailed implementation of the circuit shown in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating use of a processor to periodically adjust the replica impedance Z R in FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • FIG. 4 shows an energy harvesting system 1-4 in which the output of energy harvester 2 is coupled by a DC-DC converter or battery charger 15 to battery 6.
  • DC-DC converter 15 delivers a current I BAT and corresponding voltage V BAT to battery 6 via conductor 52.
  • Energy harvester 2 is modeled as a voltage source V; coupled between ground and one terminal of an internal impedance Zj of energy harvester 2. The other terminal of internal impedance Zj is connected by conductor 3 to the output of harvester 2, on which a harvester output voltage V ou t is generated.
  • a harvester output current I ou t flows through conductor 3.
  • the output 3 of energy harvester 2 is connected to the input of DC-DC converter 15 and applies an output voltage Vm via conductor 3 to the input of DC-DC converter 15 and also supplies an input current Ij n to DC-DC converter 15.
  • the output voltage V ou t and output current I ou t generated by harvester 2 are equal to the input voltage Vm and input current I m , respectively, of DC-Dc converter 15.
  • DC-DC converter 15 charges battery 6 via output conductor 5.
  • DC-DC converter 15 in FIG. 4 is a DC-DC converter having a controlled- input impedance equal to Vi n ⁇ Ii n .
  • DC-DC converter 15 includes a conventional DC-DC converter 10 and a MPPT (maximum power point tracking) circuit 12. Two inputs of DC-DC converter 10 are connected to conductor 3 and ground, respectively.
  • DC-DC converter 10 provides a "replica" feedback current I ZR which controls the input current I m (e.g., the inductor current in inductor L0 of FIG. 5) in DC-DC converter 10 so as to make I in proportional to feedback current I ZR .
  • MPPT circuit 12 of DC-DC converter 15 includes an operational amplifier 24 having its (-) input connected to conductor 3 and its output connected to the gate of a N-channel transistor M0.
  • the drain of transistor M0 is connected by conductor 22 to a feedback terminal of DC-DC converter 10 and conducts feedback current I ZR into the drain of transistor M0.
  • the source of transistor M0 is connected by conductor 9 to one terminal of a "replica" impedance Z R and to the (+) input of amplifier 24.
  • the other terminal of replica impedance Z R is connected to ground.
  • Replica impedance Z R is a scaled (by a factor of N) replica of output impedance Zj of energy harvester 2.
  • a feedback loop including conductor 22, transistor M0, amplifier 24, and replica impedance Z R operates to keep the voltage across replica impedance Z R equal to input voltage V m .
  • Vi n varies according to how much power or input current I ln is presently being generated by harvester 2.
  • the value of feedback current I ZR is determined by the value of replica impedance
  • the operation of DC-DC converter 15 is such that replica impedance Z R is equal to Vi n ⁇ Ii n , which is the effective input impedance of DC-DC converter 15. Therefore, replica current I ZR , which flows to ground through the feedback impedance is equal to Ii n /N.
  • the multiple N may have a relatively high value, e.g., 4000.
  • Replica impedance ZR can be provided by means of a suitable resistor or diode or other component which roughly matches the output impedance of a particular energy harvester 2.
  • DC-DC converter 10 is configured in such a way that it provides feedback current IZR SO as to determine the input current I ln of DC-DC converter 15 such that effective input impedance appears to the output of harvester 2 as the matched replica impedance ZR.
  • Energy harvesting system 1-5 of FIG. 5 includes a more detailed implementation of
  • DC-DC converter 15 in FIG. 5 includes inductor L0 with one terminal connected to one current-conducting terminal 3-1 of a current sensor circuit 13.
  • One way current sensor circuit 13 can be implemented is indicated in FIG. 1 of commonly assigned US Patent 6,377,034 entitled “Method and Circuits for Inductor Current Measurement in MOS Switching Regulators” issued to Ivanov on April 23, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the other terminal of inductor L0 is connected by conductor 4 to one terminal of switch SO and to the "anode” terminal of a synchronous rectifier circuit or diode DO.
  • the cathode of diode DO is connected by conductor 5 to the (+) terminal of battery 6.
  • DC-DC converter 15 delivers a current IBAT and corresponding voltage VBAT to battery 6 via conductor 52.
  • the other terminal of switch SO is connected to ground.
  • the control terminal of switch SO is connected to the output 29 of a conventional pulse width modulator (PWM) circuit 20.
  • PWM pulse width modulator
  • the input of PWM circuit 20 is connected by conductor 27 to an output of a conventional current summing circuit 23.
  • An input of current summing circuit 23 is connected by conductor 22 to the output of current sensor circuit 13.
  • Another output of current summing circuit 23 is connected by conductor 28 to the drain of transistor M0.
  • the other current-conducting terminal of current sensor 13 is connected to conductor 3.
  • Operational amplifier 24 maintains the voltage across replica resistor or impedance
  • the output of current sensor circuit 13 is the feedback current IZR which flows through transistor M0 and replica impedance ZR.
  • the feedback current IZR controls the input current I ln of DC-DC converter 15.
  • the equivalent input impedance Vi n ⁇ Ii n of DC-DC converter 15 in FIG. 5 is equal to ZR multiplied by the current sensor ratio N, which is equal to I m TzR-
  • the feedback current I ZR is compared to the sensed inductor current I ln .
  • I ZR This comparison of I ZR to the sensed inductor current I in is accomplished by causing I in and I ZR to flow in opposed directions into a connection point that is loaded by an impedance, such as a filtering capacitance or a resistance. The difference between the two currents develops a corresponding difference voltage across the impedance, and that difference voltage is applied to the input of PWM circuit 20. PWM circuit 20 accordingly controls the duty cycle of switch SO so as to maintain I ZR equal to I ln /N.
  • MPPT circuit 12 is useful for micropower applications such as portable energy harvesters.
  • MPPT circuit 12 has a fixed replica impedance Z R but using a fixed value of replica impedance Z R may not be suitable for certain energy harvesters in which the internal harvester impedance (i.e., the harvester output impedance) Z ; can vary significantly over temperature, time and/or operating conditions.
  • the above described MPPT technique can be further optimized by making the replica impedance Z R occasionally or
  • this can be accomplished by utilizing a system processor 30 to adjust the value of Z R based on the amount of power being generated, in accordance with various known MPPT algorithms.
  • Such Z R adjustments can be performed relatively infrequently, triggered, for example, by timekeeping devices or significant environmental changes. This technique can save computational system resources and can substantially reduce the amount of power consumed by the MPPT process.
  • the described MPPT system controls the converter input current I ln in inductor L0 as a function of the input voltage Vj n applied by harvester 2 to the input of DC-DC converter 15 and provides effective matching of the harvester output impedance Zj to the input impedance i n /Ii n of DC-DC converter 15, by providing a replica of the harvester output impedance Z ; and biasing it with the output voltage of harvester 2 to determine the input impedance Vi n ⁇ Ii n of converter 15.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
PCT/US2010/061532 2010-03-09 2010-12-21 Energy harvester battery charger circuit and method Ceased WO2011112228A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201080064914.4A CN102782979B (zh) 2010-03-09 2010-12-21 能量采集器电池充电器电路及方法
JP2012557032A JP5921447B2 (ja) 2010-03-09 2010-12-21 エナジーハーベスタ・バッテリ充電回路及び方法

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US12/661,005 2010-03-09
US12/661,005 US9063559B2 (en) 2010-03-09 2010-03-09 Battery charger and method for collecting maximum power from energy harvester circuit

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JP (1) JP5921447B2 (enExample)
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