WO2011101195A1 - Range extender for a vehicle driven by an electric machine - Google Patents

Range extender for a vehicle driven by an electric machine Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011101195A1
WO2011101195A1 PCT/EP2011/050724 EP2011050724W WO2011101195A1 WO 2011101195 A1 WO2011101195 A1 WO 2011101195A1 EP 2011050724 W EP2011050724 W EP 2011050724W WO 2011101195 A1 WO2011101195 A1 WO 2011101195A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
rectifier
electric machine
generator
range extender
phase
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2011/050724
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Philipp Morrison
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch Gmbh
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Publication date
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Publication of WO2011101195A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011101195A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/61—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries by batteries charged by engine-driven generators, e.g. series hybrid electric vehicles
    • B60L50/62—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries by batteries charged by engine-driven generators, e.g. series hybrid electric vehicles charged by low-power generators primarily intended to support the batteries, e.g. range extenders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/61—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries by batteries charged by engine-driven generators, e.g. series hybrid electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2220/00—Electrical machine types; Structures or applications thereof
    • B60L2220/50—Structural details of electrical machines
    • B60L2220/58—Structural details of electrical machines with more than three phases
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

  • Range extender for a vehicle powered by an electric machine
  • the invention relates to a range extender for a driven by an electric vehicle.
  • Range Extender In electric vehicles, ie purely electrically driven vehicles, the limited due to the limited charge capacity of the vehicle battery range is a key problem.
  • range extender usually referred to as Range Extender - used for some time.
  • Range Extender include an internal combustion engine with a downstream generator which, if necessary, charges the battery which supplies the power for the electric drive.
  • combustion engines which are also used as a drive unit for the vehicle, the combustion engines for range extender can be designed for significantly lower power and always operated at an optimum operating point, resulting in low fuel consumption.
  • the present invention provides a range extender for a vehicle driven by a first electric machine, in particular an electric vehicle, having an energy store for supplying energy to the first electric machine, a second electric machine operated as a generator for generating electrical energy for charging the energy store, an internal combustion engine to drive the generator and an uncontrolled Rectifier for rectifying an output voltage of the generator.
  • the second electrical machine and the rectifier are each configured in a 9-phase manner.
  • the rectifier is preferably designed as a 9-pole bridge rectifier.
  • an uncontrolled rectifier brings significant price advantages in comparison with controlled rectifiers, for example in the form of pulse inverters, since no costly semiconductor switching elements, such as Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) are required.
  • IGBTs Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
  • uncontrolled rectifiers lead to an increased fluctuation of the output voltage compared to controlled rectifiers.
  • the internal resistance of an energy store typically used in an electric vehicle, such as a lithium-ion battery is in the range of a few hundred milli-ohms (200-400 mO), however, small voltage differences already lead to relatively large current ripples in the battery current. However, these current ripples can have a negative impact on the life of the energy storage and should therefore be kept as low as possible. According to the invention this is achieved in that instead of a conventional 3-phase generator, a 9-phase generator is used in conjunction with a 9-phase diode rectifier.
  • the increased number of phases leads to significantly reduced fluctuations in the output voltage of the rectifier, thus reduced current ripple and thus ultimately to an extended life of the energy storage.
  • the 9-phase configuration of the second electric machine operated as a generator has the particular advantage that with regard to the mechanical design, e.g. Stator sheet cut, the machine layout of a standard 3-phase electric machine can be used and only a modified winding must be applied.
  • the use of 3-phase "standard machines" as a basis or platform makes it possible to use economies of scale for further cost reduction.
  • FIG. 3 shows a graphic representation of a sinusoidal input voltage of a 9-phase unregulated rectifier
  • FIG. 4 shows a graphic representation of the output voltage of a 9-phase unregulated rectifier when subjected to an input voltage according to FIG. 3,
  • Figure 5 is a graphical representation of a sinusoidal input voltage of a 3-phase unregulated rectifier
  • FIG. 6 shows a graphic representation of the output voltage of a 3-phase unregulated rectifier when subjected to an input voltage according to FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of a range extender according to the invention with an internal combustion engine 1, which is mechanically coupled to a 9-phase electrical machine 2-also referred to below as generator 2.
  • the electric machine 2 is operated as a generator and can be driven by the internal combustion engine 1.
  • the 2 is a rectifier 3 in the form of an unregulated 9-phase diode rectifier ters connected.
  • the rectifier 3 comprises a plurality of diodes 4-1 to 4-18, which are connected to the individual phases of the generator 2 and are arranged in the illustrated embodiment in the form of a rectifier bridge circuit.
  • the rectifier 3 is connected via a 2-core line to an energy store 5, for example in the form of a lithium-ion battery.
  • This energy storage 5 is used to supply energy to a further electric machine, not shown, which serves as a drive unit of the vehicle.
  • the vehicle is preferably designed as an electric vehicle, which is exclusively driven electrically.
  • the energy storage 5 can be charged by means of the internal combustion engine 1, the generator 2 and the rectifier 3.
  • a requirement can arise, for example, when the state of charge of the energy storage device 5 falls below a predetermined minimum charge. In this way, the range of the electric vehicle can be increased without having to increase the charging capacity of the energy storage device.
  • the internal combustion engine 1 is used exclusively for charging the energy store 5, so that it can be used accordingly for low powers, e.g. 15 - 35 kW, can be designed and can always be operated at an optimal operating point, so that low fuel consumption is guaranteed.
  • the 9-phase electric machine operated as a generator is based on its mechanical design, e.g. Stand-cut, on a standard available 3-phase electric machine and is only provided with a correspondingly modified winding.
  • a 9-phase electric machine can be produced by reducing the parallel strands to four.
  • the described change of the winding is also applicable to other embodiments of standard available 3-phase electric machines.
  • FIG. 2 shows the course of the output voltage of the generator 2 as a function of the rotational speed.
  • the solid curve 20 shows a typical profile of the output voltage when operating the generator 2 with a pulse-controlled inverter.
  • a permissible machine voltage is, for example, 200V and assumed as corner speed 2000 1 / min. It can be seen clearly from FIG.
  • the dashed curve 21 shows the theoretical curve of the output voltage in an operation of the generator with mere replacement of the pulse inverter by an unregulated rectifier.
  • the windings of the individual teeth can be designed with a smaller number of turns and a larger cross section .
  • This procedure has the additional advantage that a similar current carrying capacity can be achieved by the increased line cross-section, even with the reduced number of parallel strands, as would be achieved by a 3-phase winding.
  • the number of turns is reduced by a factor of 3 in order to reduce the induced voltage and thus to reduce the slope of the voltage characteristic, a line cross-section increased by a factor of 3 can be used.
  • the reduction of the parallel strands would be balanced again from 12 to 4.
  • Voltage resistance can be ensured at high speed of the generator 2. This is particularly important because to achieve the required charging power, for example, in a 2-cylinder internal combustion engine 1, a high speed is required. On the other hand, however, an increased rotational speed also offers advantages with regard to the smooth running of the internal combustion engine 1. Since the internal resistance of the energy storage device 5 is typically only in the range of a few hundred milli-ohms, even small voltage differences in the output voltage of the rectifier 3 lead to relatively large current ripples in the battery current. In order to keep the voltage differences at the output of the rectifier 3 sufficiently low, a 9-phase unregulated rectifier is used according to the invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows by way of example a sinusoidal input signal of the 9-phase rectifier 3 with a voltage amplitude of 200V.
  • Figure 4 shows the associated signal at the output of the rectifier 3.
  • the output voltage fluctuates between 388V and 394V, ie with a maximum difference of 6 V.

Abstract

The invention relates to a range extender for a vehicle driven by a first electric machine, comprising an energy store (5) for supplying energy to the first electric machine, a second electric machine (2) operated as a generator for generating electric energy for charging the energy store (5), an internal combustion engine (1) for driving the generator (2) and an uncontrolled rectifier (3) for rectifying an output voltage of the generator (2). The second electric machine (2) and the rectifier are each designed to be 9-phase.

Description

Beschreibung Titel  Description title
Reichweitenverlängerer für ein durch eine elektrische Maschine angetriebenes Fahrzeug  Range extender for a vehicle powered by an electric machine
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Reichweitenverlängerer für ein durch eine elektrische Maschine angetriebenes Fahrzeug. The invention relates to a range extender for a driven by an electric vehicle.
Stand der Technik State of the art
Bei Elektrofahrzeugen, also rein elektrisch angetriebenen Fahrzeugen, ist die aufgrund der begrenzten Ladekapazität der Fahrzeugbatterie stark eingeschränkte Reichweite ein zentrales Problem. Um die Reichweite von Elektrofahrzeugen zu erhöhen, werden seit einiger Zeit sogenannte Reichweitenverlängerer - in der Regel als Range Extender bezeichnet - eingesetzt. Diese umfassen einen Verbrennungsmotor mit nachgeschaltetem Generator, der im Bedarfsfall die Batterie lädt, welche die Energie für den elektrischen Antrieb liefert. Im Gegensatz zu Verbrennungsmotoren, welche auch als Antriebsaggregat für das Fahrzeug genutzt werden, können die Verbrennungsmotoren für Reichweitenverlängerer auf deutlich geringere Leistungen ausgelegt werden und stets in einem optimalen Betriebspunkt betrieben werden, was zu einem geringen Kraftstoffverbrauch führt. In electric vehicles, ie purely electrically driven vehicles, the limited due to the limited charge capacity of the vehicle battery range is a key problem. To increase the range of electric vehicles, so-called range extender - usually referred to as Range Extender - used for some time. These include an internal combustion engine with a downstream generator which, if necessary, charges the battery which supplies the power for the electric drive. In contrast to combustion engines, which are also used as a drive unit for the vehicle, the combustion engines for range extender can be designed for significantly lower power and always operated at an optimum operating point, resulting in low fuel consumption.
Offenbarung der Erfindung Disclosure of the invention
Die vorliegende Erfindung schafft einen Reichweitenverlängerer für ein durch eine erste elektrische Maschine angetriebenes Fahrzeug, insbesondere ein Elekt- rofahrzeug, mit einem Energiespeicher zur Energieversorgung der ersten elektrischen Maschine, einer als Generator betriebenen zweiten elektrischen Maschine zur Erzeugung elektrischer Energie zur Aufladung des Energiespeichers, einem Verbrennungsmotor zum Antrieb des Generators und einem ungesteuerten Gleichrichter zum Gleichrichten einer Ausgangsspannung des Generators. Erfindungsgemäß sind die zweite elektrische Maschine und der Gleichrichter jeweils 9-phasig ausgeführt. Der Gleichrichter ist dabei vorzugsweise als 9-poliger Brückengleichrichter ausgeführt. The present invention provides a range extender for a vehicle driven by a first electric machine, in particular an electric vehicle, having an energy store for supplying energy to the first electric machine, a second electric machine operated as a generator for generating electrical energy for charging the energy store, an internal combustion engine to drive the generator and an uncontrolled Rectifier for rectifying an output voltage of the generator. According to the invention, the second electrical machine and the rectifier are each configured in a 9-phase manner. The rectifier is preferably designed as a 9-pole bridge rectifier.
Der Einsatz eines ungesteuerten Gleichrichters bringt im Vergleich mit gesteuerten Gleichrichtern, zum Beispiel in Form von Pulswechselrichtern, erhebliche Preisvorteile, da keine kostenintensiven Halbleiterschaltelemente, wie etwa IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) erforderlich sind. Ungesteuerte Gleichrichter führen aber im Vergleich zu gesteuerten Gleichrichtern zu einer erhöhten Schwankung der Ausgangsspannung. Da der Innenwiderstand eines in einem Elektrofahrzeug typischer Weise eingesetzten Energiespeichers, wie zum Beispiel einer Lithium-Ionen-Batterie, im Bereich weniger hundert Milli-Ohm (200- 400 mO) liegt, führen aber bereits kleine Spannungsunterschiede zu relativ großen Stromrippeln im Batteriestrom. Diese Stromrippel können jedoch negative Auswirkungen auf die Lebensdauer des Energiespeichers haben und sollten deshalb so gering wie möglich gehalten werden. Erfindungsgemäß wird das dadurch erreicht, dass anstatt eines üblichen 3-phasigen Generators ein 9-phasiger Generator in Verbindung mit einem 9-phasigen Diodengleichrichter eingesetzt wird. The use of an uncontrolled rectifier brings significant price advantages in comparison with controlled rectifiers, for example in the form of pulse inverters, since no costly semiconductor switching elements, such as Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) are required. However, uncontrolled rectifiers lead to an increased fluctuation of the output voltage compared to controlled rectifiers. Since the internal resistance of an energy store typically used in an electric vehicle, such as a lithium-ion battery, is in the range of a few hundred milli-ohms (200-400 mO), however, small voltage differences already lead to relatively large current ripples in the battery current. However, these current ripples can have a negative impact on the life of the energy storage and should therefore be kept as low as possible. According to the invention this is achieved in that instead of a conventional 3-phase generator, a 9-phase generator is used in conjunction with a 9-phase diode rectifier.
Die erhöhte Phasenzahl führt zu deutlich reduzierten Schwankungen in der Ausgangsspannung des Gleichrichters, damit zu reduzierten Stromrippeln und somit letztendlich zu einer verlängerten Lebensdauer des Energiespeichers. Die 9- phasige Ausgestaltung der als Generator betriebenen zweiten elektrischen Maschine birgt den besonderen Vorteil, dass hinsichtlich der mechanischen Auslegung, z.B. Ständer-Blechschnitt, das Maschinenlayout einer standardmäßig verfügbaren 3-phasigen elektrischen Maschine verwendet werden kann und lediglich eine veränderte Wicklung aufgebracht werden muss. Die Verwendung 3- phasiger "Standardmaschinen" als Grundlage oder Plattform erlaubt es, Skaleneffekte zur weiteren Kosten red uktion zu nutzen. The increased number of phases leads to significantly reduced fluctuations in the output voltage of the rectifier, thus reduced current ripple and thus ultimately to an extended life of the energy storage. The 9-phase configuration of the second electric machine operated as a generator has the particular advantage that with regard to the mechanical design, e.g. Stator sheet cut, the machine layout of a standard 3-phase electric machine can be used and only a modified winding must be applied. The use of 3-phase "standard machines" as a basis or platform makes it possible to use economies of scale for further cost reduction.
Weitere Merkmale und Vorteile von Ausführungsformen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung mit Bezug auf die beigefügten Figu- ren. Kurze Beschreibung der Figuren Further features and advantages of embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the following description with reference to the accompanying figures. Brief description of the figures
Es zeigen: Fig. 1 eine schematische Darstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Reichwei- tenverlängerers, 1 shows a schematic representation of a range extender according to the invention,
Fig. 2 eine grafische Darstellung der Abhängigkeit der Ausgangsspannung des Generators von der Drehzahl des Verbrennungsmotors, 2 is a graphical representation of the dependence of the output voltage of the generator on the speed of the internal combustion engine,
Figur 3 eine grafische Darstellung einer sinusförmigen Eingangsspannung eines 9-phasigen ungeregelten Gleichrichters, FIG. 3 shows a graphic representation of a sinusoidal input voltage of a 9-phase unregulated rectifier,
Figur 4 eine grafische Darstellung der Ausgangsspannung eines 9-phasigen ungeregelten Gleichrichters bei Beaufschlagung mit einer Eingangsspannung gemäß Figur 3, FIG. 4 shows a graphic representation of the output voltage of a 9-phase unregulated rectifier when subjected to an input voltage according to FIG. 3,
Figur 5 eine grafische Darstellung einer sinusförmigen Eingangsspannung eines 3-phasigen ungeregelten Gleichrichters und Figure 5 is a graphical representation of a sinusoidal input voltage of a 3-phase unregulated rectifier and
Figur 6 eine grafische Darstellung der Ausgangsspannung eines 3-phasigen ungeregelten Gleichrichters bei Beaufschlagung mit einer Eingangsspannung gemäß Figur 5. FIG. 6 shows a graphic representation of the output voltage of a 3-phase unregulated rectifier when subjected to an input voltage according to FIG. 5.
Beschreibung der Ausführungsbeispiele Description of the embodiments
In den Figuren sind identische oder funktionsgleiche Komponenten jeweils mit dem gleichen Bezugszeichen gekennzeichnet. In the figures, identical or functionally identical components are each marked with the same reference character.
Fig. 1 zeigt eine schematische Darstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Reichwei- tenverlängerers mit einem Verbrennungsmotor 1 , der mechanisch mit einer 9- phasigen elektrischen Maschine 2 - im Folgenden auch als Generator 2 bezeichnet - gekoppelt ist. Die elektrische Maschine 2 wird dabei als Generator betrieben und ist durch den Verbrennungsmotor 1 antreibbar. An die elektrische Maschine1 shows a schematic illustration of a range extender according to the invention with an internal combustion engine 1, which is mechanically coupled to a 9-phase electrical machine 2-also referred to below as generator 2. The electric machine 2 is operated as a generator and can be driven by the internal combustion engine 1. To the electric machine
2 ist ein Gleichrichter 3 in Form eines ungeregelten 9-phasigen Diodengleichrich- ters angeschlossen. Der Gleichrichter 3 umfasst mehrere Dioden 4-1 bis 4-18, welche mit den einzelnen Phasen des Generators 2 verbunden sind und im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel in Form einer Gleichrichter-Brückenschaltung angeordnet sind. Zur Realisierung des ungeregelten 9-phasigen Gleichrichters sind aber auch alternative Verschaltungen denkbar. Ausgangsseitig ist der Gleichrichter 3 über eine 2-adrige Leitung mit einem Energiespeicher 5, z.B. in Form einer Lithium-Ionen-Batterie, verbunden. Dieser Energiespeicher 5 dient der Energieversorgung einer nicht dargestellten weiteren elektrischen Maschine, welche als Antriebsaggregat des Fahrzeuges dient. Das Fahrzeug ist dabei vorzugsweise als Elektrofahrzeug ausgeführt, welches ausschließlich elektrisch angetrieben wird. Im Bedarfsfall kann der Energiespeicher 5 mit Hilfe des Verbrennungsmotors 1 , des Generators 2 sowie des Gleichrichters 3 aufgeladen werden. Ein Bedarfsfall kann sich beispielsweise dann ergeben, wenn der Ladezustand des Energiespeichers 5 unter eine vorgegebene Mindestladung fällt. Auf diese Weise kann die Reichweite des Elektrofahrzeuges erhöht werden, ohne die Ladekapazität des Energiespeichers erhöhen zu müssen. 2 is a rectifier 3 in the form of an unregulated 9-phase diode rectifier ters connected. The rectifier 3 comprises a plurality of diodes 4-1 to 4-18, which are connected to the individual phases of the generator 2 and are arranged in the illustrated embodiment in the form of a rectifier bridge circuit. For the realization of the unregulated 9-phase rectifier but also alternative interconnections are conceivable. On the output side, the rectifier 3 is connected via a 2-core line to an energy store 5, for example in the form of a lithium-ion battery. This energy storage 5 is used to supply energy to a further electric machine, not shown, which serves as a drive unit of the vehicle. The vehicle is preferably designed as an electric vehicle, which is exclusively driven electrically. If necessary, the energy storage 5 can be charged by means of the internal combustion engine 1, the generator 2 and the rectifier 3. A requirement can arise, for example, when the state of charge of the energy storage device 5 falls below a predetermined minimum charge. In this way, the range of the electric vehicle can be increased without having to increase the charging capacity of the energy storage device.
Vorteilhaft dient der Verbrennungsmotor 1 ausschließlich zur Ladung des Energiespeichers 5, so dass er dementsprechend für geringe Leistungen, z.B. 15 - 35 kW, ausgelegt werden kann und stets in einem optimalen Arbeitspunkt betrieben werden kann, so dass ein geringer Kraftstoffverbrauch gewährleistet ist. Advantageously, the internal combustion engine 1 is used exclusively for charging the energy store 5, so that it can be used accordingly for low powers, e.g. 15 - 35 kW, can be designed and can always be operated at an optimal operating point, so that low fuel consumption is guaranteed.
Vorteilhaft basiert die als Generator betriebene 9-phasige elektrische Maschine hinsichtlich ihrer mechanischen Auslegung, z.B. Ständer-Blechschnitt, auf einer standardmäßig verfügbaren 3-phasigen elektrischen Maschine und wird lediglich mit einer entsprechend veränderten Wicklung versehen. So kann beispielsweise aus einer mit 36 Zähnen für Einzelzahnwicklung ausgestatteten elektrischen Maschine, welche bei 3-phasiger zwölf parallele Stränge aufweist, durch Reduzierung der parallelen Stränge auf vier eine 9-phasige elektrische Maschine herge- stellt werden. Selbstverständlich ist die beschriebene Veränderung der Bewicklung auch auf andere Ausführungsformen von standardmäßig verfügbaren 3- phasigen elektrischen Maschinen anwendbar. Advantageously, the 9-phase electric machine operated as a generator is based on its mechanical design, e.g. Stand-cut, on a standard available 3-phase electric machine and is only provided with a correspondingly modified winding. Thus, for example, from an electric machine equipped with 36 teeth for single tooth winding, which has three parallel phases in three-phase strands, a 9-phase electric machine can be produced by reducing the parallel strands to four. Of course, the described change of the winding is also applicable to other embodiments of standard available 3-phase electric machines.
Da der Generator 2 auch bei höheren Drehzahlen als der elektrischen Eckdrehzahl betrieben werden kann und mit dem ungeregelten Gleichrichter 3 im Gegensatz zu beispielsweise Pulswechselrichtern keine Feldschwächung möglich ist, würde jedoch die durch den Generator 2 erzeugte Spannung über die zulässige Maschinenspannung ansteigen. Dies könnte z.B. zu einem Spannungsdurchschlag in einer Wicklungsisolierung führen. In Figur 2 ist der Verlauf der Ausgangsspannung des Generators 2 in Abhängigkeit von der Drehzahl dargestellt. Die durchgezogene Kennlinie 20 zeigt einen typischen Verlauf der Ausgangsspannung bei Betrieb des Generators 2 mit einem Pulswechselrichter. Als zulässige Maschinenspannung ist dabei beispielsweise 200V und als Eckdrehzahl 2000 1/min angenommen. Aus Figur 2 ist deut- lieh erkennbar, dass die Ausgangsspannung bis zum Erreichen der Eckdrehzahl kontinuierlich ansteigt und dann bedingt durch die Feldschwächung auf einem nahezu konstanten Wert bleibt. Die gestrichelte Kennlinie 21 zeigt den theoretischen Verlauf der Ausgangsspannung bei einem Betrieb des Generators bei bloßem Ersetzen des Pulswechselrichters durch einen ungeregelten Gleichrichter. Since the generator 2 can be operated at higher speeds than the electrical corner speed and with the unregulated rectifier 3, in contrast to, for example pulse inverters no field weakening is possible, However, the voltage generated by the generator 2 would rise above the allowable machine voltage. This could lead eg to a voltage breakdown in a winding insulation. FIG. 2 shows the course of the output voltage of the generator 2 as a function of the rotational speed. The solid curve 20 shows a typical profile of the output voltage when operating the generator 2 with a pulse-controlled inverter. As a permissible machine voltage is, for example, 200V and assumed as corner speed 2000 1 / min. It can be seen clearly from FIG. 2 that the output voltage rises continuously until the corner speed is reached and then remains at a virtually constant value due to the field weakening. The dashed curve 21 shows the theoretical curve of the output voltage in an operation of the generator with mere replacement of the pulse inverter by an unregulated rectifier.
Um die Steigung der Spannungskennlinie derart zu reduzieren, dass auch ohne Feldschwächung bei hohen Drehzahlen die maximal zulässige Maschinenspannung nicht überschritten wird (vgl. fette Kennlinie 22 in Figur 2), können die Wicklungen der einzelnen Zähne mit geringerer Windungszahl und größerem Lei- tungsquerschnitt ausgeführt werden. Dieses Vorgehen hat den zusätzlichen Vorteil, dass durch den erhöhten Leitungsquerschnitt auch mit der reduzierten Anzahl paralleler Stränge eine ähnliche Stromtragfähigkeit erreicht werden kann, wie sie durch eine 3-phasige Bewicklung erreicht würde. Wird im oben angeführten Beispielfall z.B. die Windungszahl um einen Faktor 3 reduziert, um die induzierte Spannung zu senken und damit die Steigung der Spannungskennlinie zu reduzieren, kann ein um den Faktor 3 erhöhter Leitungsquerschnitt verwendet werden. Damit wäre die Reduzierung der parallelen Stränge von 12 auf 4 wieder ausgeglichen. In order to reduce the slope of the voltage characteristic in such a way that the maximum permissible machine voltage is not exceeded even without field weakening at high rotational speeds (compare fat characteristic curve 22 in FIG. 2), the windings of the individual teeth can be designed with a smaller number of turns and a larger cross section , This procedure has the additional advantage that a similar current carrying capacity can be achieved by the increased line cross-section, even with the reduced number of parallel strands, as would be achieved by a 3-phase winding. In the example given above, e.g. the number of turns is reduced by a factor of 3 in order to reduce the induced voltage and thus to reduce the slope of the voltage characteristic, a line cross-section increased by a factor of 3 can be used. Thus, the reduction of the parallel strands would be balanced again from 12 to 4.
Durch die Reduzierung der Windungszahl kann also die Einhaltung der By reducing the number of turns so the compliance of the
Spannungsfestigkeit bei hoher Drehzahl des Generators 2 sichergestellt werden. Dies ist insbesondere deshalb wichtig, da zum erreichen der geforderten Ladeleistung z.B. bei einem 2-zylindrigen Verbrennungsmotor 1 eine hohe Drehzahl erforderlich ist. Andererseits bietet aber eine erhöhte Drehzahl auch Vorteile hinsichtlich der Laufruhe des Verbrennungsmotors 1 . Da der Innenwiderstand des Energiespeichers 5 typischer Weise nur im Bereich weniger hundert Milli-Ohm liegt, führen bereits kleine Spannungsunterschiede in der Ausgangsspannung des Gleichrichters 3 zu relativ großen Stromrippeln im Batteriestrom. Um die Spannungsunterschiede am Ausgang des Gleichrichters 3 ausreichend gering zu halten, wird erfindungsgemäß ein 9-phasiger ungeregelter Gleichrichter eingesetzt. Voltage resistance can be ensured at high speed of the generator 2. This is particularly important because to achieve the required charging power, for example, in a 2-cylinder internal combustion engine 1, a high speed is required. On the other hand, however, an increased rotational speed also offers advantages with regard to the smooth running of the internal combustion engine 1. Since the internal resistance of the energy storage device 5 is typically only in the range of a few hundred milli-ohms, even small voltage differences in the output voltage of the rectifier 3 lead to relatively large current ripples in the battery current. In order to keep the voltage differences at the output of the rectifier 3 sufficiently low, a 9-phase unregulated rectifier is used according to the invention.
Figur 3 zeigt beispielhaft ein sinusförmiges Eingangssignal des 9-phasigen Gleichrichters 3 mit einer Spannungsamplitude von 200V. Figur 4 zeigt das zugehörige Signal am Ausgang des Gleichrichters 3. Die Ausgangsspannung schwankt dabei zwischen 388V und 394V, also mit einer maximalen Differenz von 6 V. FIG. 3 shows by way of example a sinusoidal input signal of the 9-phase rectifier 3 with a voltage amplitude of 200V. Figure 4 shows the associated signal at the output of the rectifier 3. The output voltage fluctuates between 388V and 394V, ie with a maximum difference of 6 V.
Zum Vergleich sind in den Figuren 5 und 6 entsprechende Ein- bzw. Ausgangssignale bei Verwendung eines 3-phasigen ungeregelten Gleichrichters dargestellt. Die Ausgangsspannung schwankt dabei zwischen 300V und 346V, also mit einer maximalen Differenz von 46 V. For comparison, in Figures 5 and 6 corresponding input or output signals are shown using a 3-phase unregulated rectifier. The output voltage fluctuates between 300V and 346V, ie with a maximum difference of 46 V.
Durch die Erhöhung der Phasenzahl von 3 auf 9 ergibt sich demzufolge eine Reduzierung im Spannungshub der Gleichspannung am Ausgang des Gleichrichters von 46V aus 6V, also nahezu um den Faktor 8. Dementsprechend sinken auch die Stromrippel im Batteriestrom. Bei einem angenommenen Innenwiderstand des Energiespeichers 5 von beispielsweise 400mD ergäbe sich in einem 3- Phasen-System eine Stromschwankung von 1 15A. Bei erfindungsgemäßer 9- phasiger Auslegung reduziert sich diese Schwankung auf 15A. By increasing the number of phases from 3 to 9, the result is a reduction in the voltage swing of the DC voltage at the output of the rectifier from 46V to 6V, which is almost a factor of 8. Accordingly, the current ripple drops in the battery current. For example, assuming an internal resistance of the energy storage device 5 of, for example, 400mD, a current fluctuation of 15A would result in a 3-phase system. In 9-phase design according to the invention, this fluctuation reduces to 15A.

Claims

Ansprüche claims
1 . Reichweitenverlangerer für ein durch eine erste elektrische Maschine angetriebenes Fahrzeug, mit 1 . Range extender for a vehicle powered by a first electric machine, with
- einem Energiespeicher (5) zur Energieversorgung der ersten elektrischen Maschine,  an energy store (5) for supplying energy to the first electrical machine,
- einer als Generator betriebenen zweiten elektrischen Maschine (2) zur Erzeugung elektrischer Energie zur Aufladung des Energiespeichers (5), a second electric machine (2) operated as a generator for generating electrical energy for charging the energy store (5),
- einem Verbrennungsmotor (1 ) zum Antrieb des Generators (2) und- An internal combustion engine (1) for driving the generator (2) and
- einem ungesteuerten Gleichrichter (3) zum Gleichrichten einer Ausgangsspannung des Generators (2), an uncontrolled rectifier (3) for rectifying an output voltage of the generator (2),
wobei die zweite elektrische Maschine (2) und der Gleichrichter jeweils 9- phasig ausgeführt sind.  wherein the second electric machine (2) and the rectifier are each 9-phased.
2. Reichweitenverlangerer nach Anspruch 1 , wobei das Fahrzeug ein Elektro- fahrzeug ist. 2. range extender according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle is an electric vehicle.
3. Reichweitenverlangerer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei der 3. Range extender according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the
Verbrennungsmotor (1 ) ausschließlich der Ladung des Generators (2) dient.  Combustion engine (1) exclusively the charge of the generator (2) is used.
4. Reichweitenverlangerer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei der 4. Range extender according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the
Gleichrichter (3) als 9-poliger Brückengleichrichter ausgeführt ist.  Rectifier (3) is designed as a 9-pin bridge rectifier.
PCT/EP2011/050724 2010-02-22 2011-01-20 Range extender for a vehicle driven by an electric machine WO2011101195A1 (en)

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DE102012207809A1 (en) 2012-05-10 2013-11-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Range extender, drive and motor vehicle
DE102012221731A1 (en) 2012-11-28 2014-05-28 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method and device for determining an operating strategy for a range extender of an electric vehicle
DE102013204488A1 (en) 2013-03-14 2014-09-18 Robert Bosch Gmbh A method and apparatus for avoiding damage to a bearing of at least one shaft of a range extender of an electric vehicle

Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1103409A2 (en) * 1999-11-26 2001-05-30 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Controller and control method for motor/generator
EP1199210A2 (en) * 2000-10-16 2002-04-24 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Control device for plurality of rotating electrical machines

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1103409A2 (en) * 1999-11-26 2001-05-30 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Controller and control method for motor/generator
EP1199210A2 (en) * 2000-10-16 2002-04-24 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Control device for plurality of rotating electrical machines

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