WO2011081566A1 - Способ идентификации ядерного взрыва по изотопам криптона и ксенона - Google Patents
Способ идентификации ядерного взрыва по изотопам криптона и ксенона Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011081566A1 WO2011081566A1 PCT/RU2010/000782 RU2010000782W WO2011081566A1 WO 2011081566 A1 WO2011081566 A1 WO 2011081566A1 RU 2010000782 W RU2010000782 W RU 2010000782W WO 2011081566 A1 WO2011081566 A1 WO 2011081566A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- fission
- values
- types
- isotopes
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T7/00—Details of radiation-measuring instruments
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/17—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular type of detector
- G01T1/178—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular type of detector for measuring specific activity in the presence of other radioactive substances, e.g. natural, in the air or in liquids such as rain water
Definitions
- the invention relates to nuclear physics and can be used in systems for identifying sources of radioactivity in the atmosphere.
- the disadvantages of the method are its inapplicability in atmospheric conditions, as well as inapplicability for determining charges that do not contain deuterium.
- a known method for the remote detection of nuclear charges consisting in determining near the object being examined the intensity of gamma radiation in the energy range of 0.1-2.0 MeV (Sagdeev R.Z. et al. Problems of control of sea-based cruise missiles with nuclear warheads. / Preprint IKI AN SSSR, Pr-1373. - M., 1988.).
- the disadvantage of this method is the possibility of false detection of a charge, because radiation with such energy can also be generated by non-explosive devices containing radioactive substances.
- the measured activities of the krypton and xenon isotopes serve to form a system of linear algebraic equations (SLAE) with respect to the unknown contributions of the RBG sources to the total activity of the krypton and xenon isotopes.
- SLAE linear algebraic equations
- the closest in technical essence is the method that allows to eliminate some of the previously described disadvantages of the method - to take into account the errors of the matrix elements of the system of equations to be solved and to ensure a stable solution by applying the A.N. Tikhonova (Greshilov A.A., Tetyukhin A.A. “Algorithm of identification of sources radioactive noble gases. " Bulletin of MSTU. N.E. Bauman. Ser. "Natural Sciences", 2003. Ns> 2, p. 3-19.)
- a known method for identifying nuclear explosions by the radioactive isotopes of krypton and xenon includes:
- krypton and xenon (t is the moment of measurement), where n is number of measured isotopes.
- radioactivity in total activity - unknown true values of specific activities, - specific activities calculated from the inaccurate independent and cumulative outputs of the elements of isobaric chains of radioactive transformations (ICRP);
- index (/ -1) denotes the value obtained in the previous iteration.
- Tikhonov regularization
- they use only Tikhonov’s regularization which requires an additional definition of the regularization parameter, a unique method of finding which does not exist; moreover, Tikhonov’s regularization “smooths out” the decision, which can lead to large errors in identification;
- the known solution does not provide for the identification of a nuclear explosion in the most probable case, when activity from 2 to 4 isotopes is measured, and sampling is carried out 5-6 days after the event.
- the technical result of the proposed method is to increase the reliability of determining the fact of a nuclear explosion when the measured number of isotopes is less than the considered number of unknowns (fission types).
- the effectiveness of the proposed method is provided due to:
- the technical result in the present invention is achieved by creating a method for identifying a nuclear explosion by the radioactive isotopes of krypton and xenon, characterized by measuring at the time t after the event the signals A, (t) describing the change in the total activity of each isotope in the atmosphere near the measuring station, building the ratios of isotope activities from time without taking into account separation and isotope activity ratios drawn from measured points in the inverse time for all types of fission considered, is determined using the separation interval [, U], defining a time grid inside the separation interval [t H , t K ], generating combinations of the types of division, calculating for each grid node t q inside the separation interval and each combination of the two-dimensional signal A describing the values “Specific” activities of each isotope, depending on the moment of separation t q and measurement time t and potential source (fissile material and neutron energy), by setting the mean-square values ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ( ⁇ )) of the
- the method is also characterized by combining two types of fission of uranium 235 and plutonium 239 by neutrons of different energy groups into one type of fission , respectively, by summing with the weights of the independent and cumulative outputs of the elements of isobaric chains corresponding to different types of division, forming a two-dimensional grid by weights s, and with 2 , calculating for each pair of weights (shuntc 2 ) the elements of the two-dimensional signal of specific activity ⁇ a - j (t q , t) ⁇ cc , calculation according to claim 1 of the signal estimates (pNj) cc , by choosing the estimate (pNj) cc for which the value
- fission of uranium 235 fission by fission neutrons and neutrons with an energy of 14 MeV
- fission of plutonium 239 fission by neutrons of the fission spectrum and neutrons with an energy of 14 MeV
- Figure 1 - change in the relative activity of the isotopes A (Xe133t) / A (Xe133) in the case of division of U f 2 35 and Pu f 239 without separation (solid and dashed lines, respectively) and taking into account separation from previous isotopes (line with markers ), point 1 is the ratio of the measured isotope activities at time r 12 hours.
- Figure 2 is a General block diagram of the algorithm for obtaining estimates of the separation time t q and solutions
- Fig. 3 is a block diagram of an algorithm for solving a poorly conditioned system of linear algebraic equations using confluent analysis (corresponds to Block 1 of Fig. 2 of the general block diagram).
- Figure 4 - a graph of the cumulative outputs of isotopes Xe Xe 135 m and the relative contribution of the fission neutron spectrum and neutron energy of 14 MeV.
- the recorded signals are considered as determinate, subject to additive interference whose parameter estimates are to be determined.
- a ( ⁇ , ⁇ , I, t, t q ) is the activity of the ith isotope in the jth type of division for one decay event, calculated taking into account the separation at time t> t q , i.e. specific activity;
- ⁇ is the vector of parameters characterizing the separation of the measured isotopes from the ones preceding them;
- ⁇ is the vector of independent isotope outputs (for the jth type of division); I am the vector of constant decay values;
- t is the observation time
- t q is the estimated moment of separation of isotopes of krypton and xenon from the isotopes preceding them according to the chains of radioactive transformations;
- N j is the number of divisions of the jth kind.
- n is the maximum term of ;
- P tax ⁇ the number of branches of the chain;
- n p - ⁇ is the number of isotopes preceding the test along the pth decay branch
- the numbers are / p , r p , s p , q p along the /> branch, and i p ⁇ r p ⁇ n p - ⁇ i p ⁇ s p ⁇ n p ; i p ⁇ q p ⁇ n p AND
- Equations of the form (1) make up for each measured isotope krypton and xenon, as a result, form a SLAE
- the first step in solving the problem of identifying RSL sources is to determine the separation time t q of the krypton and xenon isotopes.
- the time interval to which the separation moment belongs can be found by “completing” the relative activity of isotopes in different types of fission “in reverse time” from the moment of measurement without taking into account the influence of the isotopes preceding it and determining the points of intersection of lines drawn from the experimental points with relative activities, constructed taking into account the influence of previous isotopes along the isotope decay chain.
- Xe tt isotopes of xenon
- the general scheme of the algorithm to find estimates ) ' is shown in FIG. 2.
- the second step in solving the problem of identifying a nuclear explosion is to determine for each fixed moment of separation t q estimates of the solution
- FIG.Z The block diagram of the search for the minimum signal (6) is shown in Fig.Z - it corresponds to Block 1 of the block diagram of Fig.2.
- the criterion for stopping the algorithm is an insignificant difference in the values of the signal F and the components of the vector pN j at neighboring iterations, i.e. performance not
- J is the signal regulating the sum of squared residuals of a system of equations of the form (4), which ensures the coordination of the solution estimate with measured activities of isotopes of krypton and xenon; J, is the signal forming the form of the solution.
- the threshold optimization method (or the e-constraint method) leads to various possible combinations of objective functions and constraints.
- the following types are used in the algorithm:
- Problem (11) is a quadratic programming problem
- task (12) is a nonlinear programming problem.
- the target functions are sequentially translated into constraints and the deviation of the values of the objective functions from the constraints is minimized. Moreover, the deviation value d i found at this step is used as the optimal deviation at the next / +1 step:
- FIG. 4 shows plots of average cumulative outputs of isotopes Xe Xe m and n5 according to the fraction of the cumulative outputs corresponding neutron spectrum fission neutrons and 14 MeV. Cumulative outputs are known with errors of up to 5%.
- the proposed method for identifying the parameters of a nuclear explosion is as follows: 1.
- the isotope ratios (for example, Kg 85p 7Xe 135 ) are determined in “reverse time” until they coincide with the relative activity of the same isotopes without taking into account separation.
- the time interval [ ⁇ i , ⁇ ] is determined, during which the separation of krypton and xenon isotopes from their predecessors by isobaric chains of radioactive transformations occurred.
- a one-dimensional signal F is formed by the formula (6).
- identification of a nuclear explosion with the corresponding two-dimensional signal, choose the one at which the value minimally.
- Block 1 search for estimates, the scheme of which is shown in FIG. 3.
- the values of the measured activities were additively “noisy” with Gaussian noise with a standard deviation equal to 5% of their “exact” value.
- Solution Method indicates 4 methods for solving the nuclear explosion identification problem (Quadratic programming, Nonlinear programming, Archimedean model, Priority Model), proposed in this method, which were compared with the solution method used in the analogue (Tikhonov regularization).
- Combination types of division types indicates the number of combinations of division types that provides the corresponding solution method (Tikhonov regularization, multicriteria mathematical programming methods) of all 9 combinations with the least sum of squared residuals of the system of equations (4).
- the line “Order of the condition number of the matrix of the system” indicates the orders of the numbers of the condition of the matrix of the system (4), which corresponds to the combination of types of division given in the second row of the table.
- the line “Decision Evaluation” shows the estimates of the contributions of the division types present in the combinations of division types indicated in the second row of the table. For example, for Tikhonov's regularization, combination 2 is the best in terms of the sum of squared residuals. Three combinations of division correspond to this combination: , the calculated relative contribution of which is 35.99; the calculated relative contribution of which is 42.97 and, the calculated relative contribution of which is 110.27. Similarly for the remaining solution methods.
- the line “Sum of squared residuals” shows the values of the sum of squared residuals of the system of equations (4) calculated for the combinations of fission types indicated in the table and estimates of their contributions to the total activity of krypton and xenon isotopes.
- Algorithm runtime, min indicates in minutes the time to receive the contribution estimate by the appropriate method.
- Improving the efficiency and reliability of identifying parameters of a nuclear explosion due to: simultaneous verification of different combinations of types of fission using multicriteria mathematical programming methods that do not require the calculation of the regularization parameter, use of additional constraints on the solution and corresponding to the physical formulation of the problem (non-negativity, limited solution), the use of simultaneously different objective functions and combining two types of fission of one material by neutrons of two energies eticheskih groups in one kind of division, i.e., reducing the number of unknowns in systems of equations.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Monitoring And Testing Of Nuclear Reactors (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012547049A JP5703462B2 (ja) | 2009-12-28 | 2010-12-24 | クリプトン及びキセノン同位体に基づく核爆発特定方法 |
CN201080059898.XA CN102713677B (zh) | 2009-12-28 | 2010-12-24 | 基于氪和氙的同位素的核爆炸识别方法 |
US13/519,330 US8969825B2 (en) | 2009-12-28 | 2010-12-24 | Method for identifying a nuclear explosion based on krypton and xenon isotopes |
EP10841358.4A EP2538243B1 (en) | 2009-12-28 | 2010-12-24 | Method for identifying a nuclear explosion based on krypton and xenon isotopes |
IL220691A IL220691A (en) | 2009-12-28 | 2012-06-28 | A method for detecting nuclear explosion based on Krypton and Xenon isotopes |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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RU2009148446 | 2009-12-28 | ||
RU2009148446/28A RU2407039C1 (ru) | 2009-12-28 | 2009-12-28 | Способ идентификации ядерного взрыва по изотопам криптона и ксенона |
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WO2011081566A1 true WO2011081566A1 (ru) | 2011-07-07 |
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PCT/RU2010/000782 WO2011081566A1 (ru) | 2009-12-28 | 2010-12-24 | Способ идентификации ядерного взрыва по изотопам криптона и ксенона |
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US (1) | US8969825B2 (ru) |
EP (1) | EP2538243B1 (ru) |
JP (1) | JP5703462B2 (ru) |
CN (1) | CN102713677B (ru) |
IL (1) | IL220691A (ru) |
RU (1) | RU2407039C1 (ru) |
WO (1) | WO2011081566A1 (ru) |
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DE102013213362A1 (de) * | 2013-07-08 | 2015-01-08 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Verfahren zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von emittierenden Teilchen in Systemen |
US9682612B2 (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2017-06-20 | Thunder Power New Energy Vehicle Development Company Limited | Photochromic vehicle window |
CN105785424B (zh) * | 2016-02-25 | 2019-02-12 | 中国人民解放军63973部队 | 一种碲锌镉探测器伽玛谱全能峰非线性拟合算法 |
RU2710206C1 (ru) * | 2019-01-14 | 2019-12-25 | Федеральное государственное казённое учреждение "12 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт" Министерства обороны Российской Федерации | Способ идентификации и оценки термоядерности скрытно проведенного камуфлетного ядерного взрыва |
Citations (7)
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SU439740A1 (ru) | 1961-05-31 | 1974-08-15 | Предприятие П/Я А-1674 | Способ определени концентрации дел щихс веществ |
US4320298A (en) | 1962-04-27 | 1982-03-16 | The Marquardt Corporation | Warhead detector |
US4483817A (en) | 1983-01-31 | 1984-11-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Method and apparatus for mapping the distribution of chemical elements in an extended medium |
SU1349478A1 (ru) | 1985-11-15 | 1988-05-30 | Объединенный Институт Ядерных Исследований | Нейтронный способ определени содержани легких дер |
RU2068571C1 (ru) * | 1991-06-04 | 1996-10-27 | Институт энергетических проблем химической физики РАН | Способ дистанционного обнаружения ядерных зарядов |
US6567498B1 (en) * | 2002-01-10 | 2003-05-20 | Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc. | Low activity nuclear density gauge |
RU2377597C2 (ru) * | 2006-04-21 | 2009-12-27 | 33 Центральный Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Институт Министерства Обороны Российской Федерации | Лидарный способ дистанционного мониторинга радиоактивного загрязнения местности |
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US5457720A (en) * | 1994-04-15 | 1995-10-10 | General Electric Company | System for krypton-xenon concentration, separation and measurement for rapid detection of defective nuclear fuel bundles |
US20080123795A1 (en) * | 2006-11-28 | 2008-05-29 | Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware | Controllable long term operation of a nuclear reactor |
US7860207B2 (en) * | 2006-11-28 | 2010-12-28 | The Invention Science Fund I, Llc | Method and system for providing fuel in a nuclear reactor |
CN101469374B (zh) * | 2007-12-29 | 2011-03-02 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | 从均匀性水溶液核反应堆气体回路中提取医用锶-89的方法及设备 |
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- 2009-12-28 RU RU2009148446/28A patent/RU2407039C1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
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2010
- 2010-12-24 JP JP2012547049A patent/JP5703462B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-12-24 EP EP10841358.4A patent/EP2538243B1/en active Active
- 2010-12-24 US US13/519,330 patent/US8969825B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-12-24 CN CN201080059898.XA patent/CN102713677B/zh active Active
- 2010-12-24 WO PCT/RU2010/000782 patent/WO2011081566A1/ru active Application Filing
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- 2012-06-28 IL IL220691A patent/IL220691A/en active IP Right Grant
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SU439740A1 (ru) | 1961-05-31 | 1974-08-15 | Предприятие П/Я А-1674 | Способ определени концентрации дел щихс веществ |
US4320298A (en) | 1962-04-27 | 1982-03-16 | The Marquardt Corporation | Warhead detector |
US4483817A (en) | 1983-01-31 | 1984-11-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Method and apparatus for mapping the distribution of chemical elements in an extended medium |
SU1349478A1 (ru) | 1985-11-15 | 1988-05-30 | Объединенный Институт Ядерных Исследований | Нейтронный способ определени содержани легких дер |
RU2068571C1 (ru) * | 1991-06-04 | 1996-10-27 | Институт энергетических проблем химической физики РАН | Способ дистанционного обнаружения ядерных зарядов |
US6567498B1 (en) * | 2002-01-10 | 2003-05-20 | Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc. | Low activity nuclear density gauge |
RU2377597C2 (ru) * | 2006-04-21 | 2009-12-27 | 33 Центральный Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Институт Министерства Обороны Российской Федерации | Лидарный способ дистанционного мониторинга радиоактивного загрязнения местности |
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A .A. GRESHILOV ET AL.: "Algoritm identifikatsii istochnikov radioaktivnikh blagorodnykh gazov.", VESTNIK MGTU IM. N. E. BAUMANA. SER. "ESTESTVENNYE NAUKI", no. 2, 2003, pages 3 - 19, XP008168679 * |
GRESHILOV A.A.; TETJUKHIN A.A.: "Bulletin of MGTU Named After N.E. Bauman", 2003, article "An Algorithm for Identifying Sources of Radioactive Noble Gases", pages: 3 - 19 |
SAGDEYEV, R.Z. ET AL., PROBLEMS OF MONITORING SEA-BASED CRUISE MISSILES WITH NUCLEAR WARHEADS, 1988 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2538243A4 (en) | 2016-11-02 |
US20130001431A1 (en) | 2013-01-03 |
EP2538243B1 (en) | 2017-06-28 |
JP5703462B2 (ja) | 2015-04-22 |
EP2538243A1 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
US8969825B2 (en) | 2015-03-03 |
CN102713677A (zh) | 2012-10-03 |
JP2013527908A (ja) | 2013-07-04 |
IL220691A (en) | 2015-07-30 |
RU2407039C1 (ru) | 2010-12-20 |
CN102713677B (zh) | 2014-07-30 |
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