WO2011052387A1 - 発光素子、光源装置及び投射型表示装置 - Google Patents
発光素子、光源装置及び投射型表示装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011052387A1 WO2011052387A1 PCT/JP2010/068014 JP2010068014W WO2011052387A1 WO 2011052387 A1 WO2011052387 A1 WO 2011052387A1 JP 2010068014 W JP2010068014 W JP 2010068014W WO 2011052387 A1 WO2011052387 A1 WO 2011052387A1
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- Prior art keywords
- layer
- light
- dielectric constant
- light emitting
- plasmon excitation
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- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
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- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
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- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
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- G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
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- G02F1/133606—Direct backlight including a specially adapted diffusing, scattering or light controlling members
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
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- H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
- H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
- H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
- H04N9/3141—Constructional details thereof
- H04N9/315—Modulator illumination systems
- H04N9/3152—Modulator illumination systems for shaping the light beam
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/85—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/80—Constructional details
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
- G03B21/14—Details
- G03B21/20—Lamp housings
- G03B21/2006—Lamp housings characterised by the light source
- G03B21/2033—LED or laser light sources
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2933/00—Details relating to devices covered by the group H01L33/00 but not provided for in its subgroups
- H01L2933/0083—Periodic patterns for optical field-shaping in or on the semiconductor body or semiconductor body package, e.g. photonic bandgap structures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/85—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
- H10K50/858—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices comprising refractive means, e.g. lenses
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/80—Constructional details
- H10K59/875—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
- H10K59/879—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices comprising refractive means, e.g. lenses
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a light-emitting element, a light source device, and a projection display device that use plasmon coupling to emit light.
- LED projector using a light emitting diode (LED) as a light emitting element of a light source has been proposed.
- an illumination optical system in which light from the LED is incident a light valve having a liquid crystal display panel or DMD (Digital Micromirror Device) in which light from the illumination optical system is incident, and light from the light valve A projection optical system for projecting onto the projection surface.
- DMD Digital Micromirror Device
- LED projectors in order to increase the brightness of a projected image, it is required to prevent light loss as much as possible in the optical path from the LED to the light valve.
- Non-Patent Document 1 there is a restriction due to Etendue determined by the product of the area of the light source and the radiation angle.
- Etendue determined by the product of the area of the light source and the radiation angle.
- a light source of an LED projector As a light source of an LED projector, a light source that emits a light beam of several thousand lumens is required, and an LED having high brightness and high directivity is indispensable for realizing the light source.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an n-type GaN layer 102, an InGaN active layer 103, and a p-type GaN on a sapphire substrate 101 as shown in FIG.
- a semiconductor light emitting device is disclosed in which a layer 104, an ITO transparent electrode layer 105, and a two-dimensional periodic structure layer 109 are sequentially laminated.
- the light emitting element has a groove 108 formed by cutting out a part thereof, and the n-side bonding electrode 106 provided in a part of the n-type GaN layer 102 in the groove 108 and the ITO transparent electrode layer 105 are provided.
- a p-side bonding electrode 107 provided.
- the directivity of light emitted from the InGaN active layer 103 is enhanced by the two-dimensional periodic structure layer 109 and emitted from the light emitting device.
- Patent Document 2 discloses, as shown in FIG. 2, an anode layer 112, a hole transport layer 113, a light-emitting layer 114, and an electron on a substrate 111.
- An organic EL element 110 is disclosed in which a transport layer 115 and a cathode layer 116 having a minute periodic concavo-convex structure grid 116a are sequentially laminated.
- the emission angle of the emitted light from the light emitting device can be made less than ⁇ 15 ° by the effect of surface plasmon propagating through the interface between the minute periodic concavo-convex structure grating 116a of the cathode layer 116 and the outside. High directivity.
- an LED projector in an LED projector, light emitted from a light emitting element at a certain angle (for example, a radiation angle ⁇ 15 °) or more is not incident on an illumination optical system or a light valve, resulting in light loss.
- a certain angle for example, a radiation angle ⁇ 15 °
- an LED that emits a light beam of several thousand lumens is currently realized, and high brightness can be achieved, but the emission angle of emitted light can be narrowed to less than ⁇ 15 °. Absent. That is, the light emitting element described in Patent Document 1 has a problem that directivity of emitted light is poor.
- the emission angle of emitted light can be narrowed to less than ⁇ 15 ° by using surface plasmons.
- organic EL element that emits a light beam of several thousand lumens, so that there is a problem that sufficient luminance cannot be obtained even if the light emitting element described in Patent Document 2 is applied to an LED projector.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a light emitting element that can solve the above-described technical problems, a light source device including the light emitting device, and a projection display device.
- a light-emitting element includes a light source layer and an optical element layer that is stacked on the light source layer and receives light from the light source layer.
- the light source layer includes a substrate and a pair of hole transport layer and electron transport layer provided on the substrate.
- the optical element layer is laminated on the opposite side of the substrate side of the light source layer and has a plasmon excitation layer having a plasma frequency higher than the frequency of light emitted from the light source layer, and is laminated on the plasmon excitation layer and is incident from the plasmon excitation layer.
- an emission layer that converts the light into a predetermined emission angle and emits the light.
- the plasmon excitation layer is sandwiched between two layers having dielectric properties.
- a light source device includes the light emitting element of the present invention and a polarization conversion element that aligns axially symmetric polarized light incident from the light emitting element in a predetermined polarization state.
- a projection display device includes a light emitting element according to the present invention, a display element that imparts image information to light emitted from the light emitting element, a projection optical system that projects a projected image by the light emitted from the display element, Is provided.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view for explaining the configuration of Patent Document 2.
- FIG. It is a perspective view which shows typically the light emitting element of 1st Embodiment. It is a top view which shows typically the light emitting element of 1st Embodiment. It is a perspective view which shows typically the light emitting element of 2nd Embodiment. It is a top view which shows typically the light emitting element of 2nd Embodiment. It is sectional drawing for demonstrating the manufacturing process of the light emitting element of 2nd Embodiment. It is sectional drawing for demonstrating the manufacturing process of the light emitting element of 2nd Embodiment.
- FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a schematic configuration of the light emitting element of this embodiment.
- FIG. 3B shows a plan view of a schematic configuration of the light emitting device of this embodiment.
- the actual thickness of each individual layer is very thin, and the difference in the thickness of each layer is large, so that it is difficult to draw a diagram with an accurate scale and ratio. For this reason, in the drawings, the layers are not drawn in actual proportions, and the layers are schematically shown.
- the light-emitting element 1 includes a light source layer 4 and a directivity control layer as an optical element layer that is laminated on the light source layer 4 and on which light from the light source layer 4 is incident. 5 is provided.
- the light source layer 4 has a substrate 10 and a pair of hole transport layer 11 and electron transport layer 13 provided on the substrate 10. On the substrate 10, the hole transport layer 11 and the electron transport layer 13 are laminated in this order from the substrate 10 side.
- the directivity control layer 5 is provided on the side opposite to the substrate 10 side of the light source layer 4.
- the directivity control layer 5 has a plasmon excitation layer 15 having a plasma frequency higher than the frequency of light emitted from the light source layer 4, and light that is laminated on the plasmon excitation layer 15 and incident from the plasmon excitation layer 15.
- a wave vector conversion layer 17 serving as an output layer that converts the output angle to output.
- the plasmon excitation layer 15 is sandwiched between two layers having dielectric properties.
- the directivity control layer 5 includes a high dielectric constant layer 16 provided between a plasmon excitation layer 15 and a wave vector conversion layer 17, as shown in FIG.
- a low dielectric constant layer 14 provided between the plasmon excitation layer 15 and the electron transport layer 13 and having a dielectric constant lower than that of the high dielectric constant layer 16 is provided.
- the dielectric constants of the high dielectric constant layer 16 and the low dielectric constant layer 14 are such that the real part of the complex effective dielectric constant of the incident side portion (substrate 10 side) of the plasmon excitation layer 15 is that of the plasmon excitation layer 15 as will be described later. If it is set lower than the real part of the complex effective dielectric constant of the emission side portion (wave vector conversion layer 17 side), the dielectric constant of the low dielectric constant layer 14 is higher than the dielectric constant of the high dielectric constant layer 16. However, the light emitting element 1 operates. Therefore, the plasmon excitation layer 15 is disposed between the pair of high dielectric constant layers 16 and the low dielectric constant layers 14.
- the optical element 1 in the present embodiment has an effective dielectric constant of an incident side portion (hereinafter simply referred to as an incident side portion) including the entire structure laminated on the light source layer 4 side of the plasmon excitation layer 15. 15 so as to be lower than the effective dielectric constant of the emission side portion (hereinafter simply referred to as the emission side portion) including the entire structure laminated on the wave vector conversion layer 17 side and the medium in contact with the wave vector conversion layer 17. It is configured.
- the entire structure laminated on the light source layer 4 side of the plasmon excitation layer 15 includes the substrate 10.
- the entire structure stacked on the wave vector conversion layer 17 side of the plasmon excitation layer 15 includes the wave vector conversion layer 17.
- the effective dielectric constant of the incident side portion including the light source layer 4 and the low dielectric constant layer 14 with respect to the plasmon excitation layer 15 is equal to the high dielectric constant layer 16 and the wave vector conversion with respect to the plasmon excitation layer 15. It is lower than the effective dielectric constant of the emission side portion including the layer 17 and the medium.
- the real part of the complex effective dielectric constant of the incident side portion (substrate 10 side) of the plasmon excitation layer 15 is the real part of the complex effective dielectric constant of the emission side portion (wave number vector conversion layer 17 side) of the plasmon excitation layer 15. It is set lower than the part.
- the complex effective dielectric constant ⁇ eff is the light emitted from the light source layer 4 with the direction parallel to the interface of the plasmon excitation layer 15 as the x axis and the y axis and the direction perpendicular to the interface of the plasmon excitation layer 15 as the z axis.
- the angular frequency of ⁇ the dielectric constant distribution of the dielectric in the incident side portion and the outgoing side portion with respect to the plasmon excitation layer 15 is ⁇ ( ⁇ , x, y, z), and the z component of the wave number of the surface plasmon is k spp, z , If the imaginary unit is j,
- the integration range D is a range of the three-dimensional coordinates of the incident side portion or the emission side portion with respect to the plasmon excitation layer 15.
- the x-axis and y-axis direction ranges in the integration range D are ranges that do not include the medium up to the outer peripheral surface of the structure included in the incident side portion or the outer peripheral surface of the structure included in the output side portion. This is the range up to the outer edge in the plane parallel to the interface of the excitation layer 15.
- the range in the z-axis direction in the integration range D is the range of the incident side portion or the emission side portion (including the medium).
- the plasmon excitation layer 15 is a range from the adjacent layer side to infinity, and the direction away from this interface is the (+) z direction in the equation (1).
- the z component k spp, z of the surface plasmon wave number, the x and y components k spp of the surface plasmon wave number, ⁇ metal represents the real part of the dielectric constant of the plasmon excitation layer 15, and k represents the wave number of light in vacuum. If 0 ,
- the dielectric constant distribution ⁇ in ( ⁇ , x,) of the incident side portion of the plasmon excitation layer 15 is expressed as ⁇ ( ⁇ , x, y, z).
- y, z) and the dielectric constant distribution ⁇ out ( ⁇ , x, y, z) of the emission side portion of the plasmon excitation layer 15 are respectively substituted and calculated, whereby the complex effective of the incident side portion with respect to the plasmon excitation layer 15 is calculated.
- the dielectric constant layer ⁇ effin and the complex effective dielectric constant ⁇ effout of the emission side portion are respectively obtained.
- Equation (3) the complex effective dielectric constant epsilon eff .
- the dielectric constant of the layer in contact with the plasmon excitation layer 15 is very high, the z component k spp, z of the surface plasmon wave number at the interface is a real number. This corresponds to the absence of surface plasmons at the interface. Therefore, the dielectric constant of the layer in contact with the plasmon excitation layer 15 corresponds to the effective dielectric constant in this case.
- the effective interaction distance of the surface plasmon is a distance at which the intensity of the surface plasmon is e ⁇ 2
- the effective interaction distance d eff of the surface plasmon is
- the low dielectric constant layer 14 included in the directivity control layer 5 is a layer having a dielectric constant lower than that of the high dielectric constant layer 16.
- the complex dielectric constant of the low dielectric constant layer 14 is ⁇ l ( ⁇ 0 ), its real part is ⁇ lr ( ⁇ 0 ), and its imaginary part is ⁇ li ( ⁇ 0 ).
- the complex dielectric constant of the high dielectric constant layer 16 is ⁇ h ( ⁇ 0 )
- its real part is ⁇ hr ( ⁇ 0 )
- its imaginary part is ⁇ hi ( ⁇ 0 )
- ⁇ 0 is the wavelength of the incident light on the dielectric layer in vacuum.
- the real part of the effective dielectric constant of the plasmon excitation layer 15 on the low dielectric constant layer 14 side is the plasmon excitation layer 15. If the real part of the effective dielectric constant on the high dielectric constant layer 16 side is lower than the real part, the light emitting element 1 operates. That is, in the dielectric constants of the low dielectric constant layer 14 and the high dielectric constant layer 16, the real part of the effective dielectric constant of the emission side portion of the plasmon excitation layer 15 is kept higher than the real part of the effective dielectric constant of the incident side portion. Range is acceptable.
- the low dielectric constant layer 14 is composed of the dielectric layer A and the dielectric layer B
- the high dielectric constant layer 16 is composed of the dielectric layer C and the dielectric layer D.
- the dielectric layers B and C adjacent to the plasmon excitation layer 15 are sufficiently thin (thickness is, for example, less than 10 nm).
- the dielectric layer A functions as a low dielectric constant layer
- the dielectric layer D functions as a high dielectric constant layer.
- the complex dielectric constants of the low dielectric constant layer 14 and the high dielectric constant layer 16 may be set in consideration of the complex effective dielectric constant.
- the imaginary part ⁇ li ( ⁇ 0 ) and the imaginary part ⁇ hi ( ⁇ 0 ) at the light emission frequency are preferably as low as possible, which facilitates plasmon coupling and reduces optical loss.
- the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant is possible in any layer including the light source layer 4 and the medium in contact with the wave vector conversion layer 17 except the hole transport layer 11, the electron transport layer 13, and the plasmon excitation layer 15.
- the lower one is preferable.
- the light emitting device 1 has a part of each layer above the hole transport layer 11 so that a part of the surface orthogonal to the thickness direction of the hole transport layer 11 is exposed. Each of them is cut out, and an anode 19 is provided in a part of the exposed hole transport layer 11.
- the light-emitting element 1 includes the high dielectric constant layer 16 and the wave vector conversion layer 17 above the plasmon excitation layer 15 so that a part of the surface orthogonal to the thickness direction of the plasmon excitation layer 15 is exposed to the outside. A part of each is notched, and a part of the exposed plasmon excitation layer 15 functions as a cathode.
- electrons are injected from the plasmon excitation layer 15 and holes (holes) are injected from the anode 19.
- the relative positions of the electron transport layer 13 and the hole transport layer 11 in the light source layer 4 may be arranged opposite to the positions in the present embodiment.
- a cathode pad made of a material different from that of the plasmon excitation layer 15 may be provided on the plasmon excitation layer 15 whose surface is exposed.
- the medium around the light emitting element 1 may be solid, liquid, or gas, and the substrate 10 side and the wave vector conversion layer 17 side of the light emitting element 1 may be different from each other.
- Examples of the hole transport layer 11 include aromatic amine compounds and tetraphenyldiamine.
- the electron transport layer 13 examples include Alq3, oxadiazole (PBD), and triazole (TAZ). Further, as the electron transport layer 13, a general LED or an n-type semiconductor layer constituting a semiconductor laser may be used.
- FIG. 3A shows the basic configuration of the light source layer 4 included in the optical element 1 according to the present invention.
- Other layers such as a buffer layer, another hole transport layer, and an electron transport layer may be inserted between the layers constituting the light source layer 4, and the LED structure known as the light source layer may be used. Can be applied.
- the light source layer 4 may be provided with a reflective layer (not shown) that reflects light from the active layer 12 between the hole transport layer 11 and the substrate 10.
- a reflective layer (not shown) that reflects light from the active layer 12 between the hole transport layer 11 and the substrate 10.
- the reflective layer include metal films such as Ag and Al, dielectric multilayer films, and the like.
- the low dielectric constant layer 14 for example, a SiO 2 nanorod array film, a thin film such as SiO 2 , AlF 3 , MgF 2 , Na 3 AlF 6 , NaF, LiF, CaF 2 , BaF 2 , low dielectric constant plastic, or the like is porous. It is preferable to use a membrane.
- the low dielectric constant layer 14 those imparting conductivity by doping with ions, donors, acceptors, etc., ITO, Mg (OH) 2 : C, SnO 2 , C12A7, TiO 2 : Nb, ZnO: It is particularly preferable to use a porous film whose main constituent material is a conductive material such as Al 2 O 3 or ZnO: Ga 2 O 3 . Further, it is desirable that the thickness of the low dielectric constant layer 14 be as thin as possible.
- the high dielectric constant layer 16 examples include diamond, TiO 2 , CeO 2, Ta 2 O 5, ZrO 2, Sb 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , La 2 O 3 , NdO 3 , Y 2 O 3 , ZnO, and Nb. It is preferable to use a thin film or a porous film of a high dielectric constant material such as 2 O 5 .
- one or both of the hole transport layer 11 and the electron transport layer 13 are active at the interface between the hole transport layer 11 and the electron transport layer 13. Work as a layer.
- the plasmon excitation layer 15 is a fine particle layer or a thin film layer formed of a material having a plasma frequency higher than the frequency (light emission frequency) of light generated by the light source layer 4. In other words, the plasmon excitation layer 15 has a negative dielectric constant at the emission frequency generated by the light source layer 4.
- Examples of the material of the plasmon excitation layer 15 include gold, silver, copper, platinum, palladium, rhodium, osmium, ruthenium, iridium, iron, tin, zinc, cobalt, nickel, chromium, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, indium, and aluminum. Or an alloy thereof.
- gold, silver, copper, platinum, aluminum and alloys containing these as main components are preferable, and gold, silver, platinum, aluminum and alloys containing these as main components are particularly preferable. preferable.
- the thickness of the plasmon excitation layer 15 is preferably formed to 200 nm or less, and particularly preferably about 10 nm to 100 nm.
- the distance from the interface between the high dielectric constant layer 16 and the plasmon excitation layer 15 to the interface between the electron transport layer 13 and the hole transport layer 11 is preferably 500 nm or less, and the shorter the better. This distance corresponds to the distance at which plasmon coupling occurs between the interface between the electron transport layer 13 and the hole transport layer 11 and the plasmon excitation layer 15.
- the wave vector conversion layer 17 is an emission layer for extracting light from the high dielectric constant layer 16 and emitting light from the light emitting element 1 by converting the wave vector of incident light incident on the wave vector conversion layer 17. is there.
- the wave vector conversion layer 17 converts the emission angle of light from the high dielectric constant layer 16 into a predetermined angle and emits it from the light emitting element 1. That is, the wave vector conversion layer 17 has a function of emitting outgoing light from the light emitting element 1 so as to be substantially orthogonal to the interface with the high dielectric constant layer 16.
- Examples of the wave vector conversion layer 17 include a surface relief grating, a periodic structure represented by a photonic crystal, or a quasi-periodic structure (a texture structure having irregularities larger than the wavelength of light from the high dielectric constant layer 16, or a quasicrystal. Examples include a structure, a surface structure with a rough surface, a hologram, a microlens array, etc.
- the quasi-periodic structure refers to, for example, an incomplete periodic structure lacking a part of the periodic structure. Among these, it is preferable to use a periodic structure represented by a photonic crystal, a quasi-periodic structure, a quasicrystalline structure, or a microlens array, which not only increases the light extraction efficiency but also directivity.
- the conversion layer 17 may have a structure in which a convex portion is provided on a flat base, and the wave vector conversion layer 17 may be made of a material different from that of the high dielectric constant layer 16. .
- Electrons are injected from a part of the plasmon excitation layer 15 as a cathode, and holes are injected from the anode 19. Electrons and holes injected into a part of the plasmon excitation layer 15 and the anode 19 into the light source layer 4 pass between the electron transport layer 13 and the hole transport layer 11 and between the electron transport layer 13 and the hole transport layer 11, respectively. Injected. The electrons and holes injected between the electron transport layer 13 and the hole transport layer 11 are combined with electrons or holes in the plasmon excitation layer 15 to emit light to the high dielectric constant layer 16 side.
- the light emitting element 1 of the first embodiment uses the same material as that of a general LED as the material constituting the light source layer 4, high luminance can be realized as in the case of the LED.
- the incident angle of the light incident on the wave vector conversion layer 17 is such that the plasmon excitation layer 15, the effective dielectric constant of the incident side portion of the plasmon excitation layer 15, and the emission side portion.
- the directivity of the emitted light from the light-emitting element 1 is determined by the light source layer because the effective dielectric constant of the light-emitting element 1 and the spectrum width of light emitted by the electrons and holes injected between the electron transport layer 13 and the hole transport layer 11 are determined. 4 is no longer limited to directivity.
- the light emitting element 1 of this embodiment can narrow the radiation angle of the emitted light from the light emitting element 1 and improve the directivity of the emitted light by applying plasmon coupling in the emission process.
- the present embodiment it is possible to achieve both improvement in luminance and improvement in directivity of emitted light. Moreover, according to this embodiment, since the directivity of the emitted light from the light emitting element 1 improves, the etendue of the emitted light can be reduced.
- the manufacturing process of the light emitting element 1 of 1st Embodiment is similar to the manufacturing process of the light emitting element of 2nd Embodiment mentioned later, except not having the process of forming an active layer. This is the same as the manufacturing process in the second embodiment. Therefore, the description about the manufacturing process of the light emitting element 1 of the first embodiment is omitted here.
- light emitting elements of other embodiments will be described.
- the light emitting elements of the other embodiments are different from the light emitting element 1 of the first embodiment only in the configuration of the light source layer 4 or the directivity control layer 5, and therefore the light source layers or directivity different from those of the first embodiment. Only the property control layer will be described.
- the same layers as those of the light source layer 4 and the directivity control layer 5 in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals as in the first embodiment. Is omitted.
- FIG. 4A is a schematic perspective view of the light emitting device of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 4B shows a schematic plan view of the light emitting device of the second embodiment.
- the light emitting element 2 of the second embodiment is a light source layer 24 and a directivity that is an optical element layer that is laminated on the light source layer 24 and on which light from the light source layer 24 is incident. And a sex control layer 5. Since the directivity control layer 5 included in the light emitting element 2 of the second embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment, the description thereof is omitted.
- the light source layer 24 included in the light emitting device 2 of the second embodiment is different from the light source layer 4 in the first embodiment in that the active layer 12 is formed between the hole transport layer 11 and the electron transport layer 13. Is different.
- an inorganic material such as InGaN, AlGaAs, AlGaInP, GaN, ZnO, diamond, or an organic material (semiconductor material) such as (thiophene / phenylene) co-oligomer or Alq3 is used. It is done.
- the active layer 12 preferably has a quantum well structure.
- the distance from the interface between the high dielectric constant layer 16 and the plasmon excitation layer 15 to the interface between the electron transport layer 13 and the active layer 12 is formed to be 500 nm or less. The shorter the better, the better. This distance corresponds to the distance at which plasmon coupling occurs between the active layer 12 and the plasmon excitation layer 15.
- a part of the plasmon excitation layer 15 and electrons and holes injected from the anode 19 to the light source layer 24 pass through the electron transport layer 13 and the hole transport layer 11, respectively.
- the electrons and holes injected into the active layer 12 are combined with the electrons or holes in the plasmon excitation layer 15 and emit light to the high dielectric constant layer 16 side.
- the light incident on the high dielectric constant layer 16 is emitted from the wave vector conversion layer 17.
- 5A to 5C show a manufacturing process of the light-emitting element 2 of the second embodiment. This is merely an example and is not limited to this manufacturing method.
- the step of laminating the hole transport layer 11, the active layer 12, and the electron transport layer 13 on the substrate 10 can be performed by a known general process. Omitted. Further, as described above, in the manufacturing process of the light emitting device 1 of the first embodiment, only the process of forming the active layer 12 is omitted.
- the low dielectric constant layer 14 the plasmon excitation layer 15, and the high dielectric constant are formed on the electron transport layer 13.
- the layers 16 are stacked in this order.
- FIGS. 6A to 6D show a manufacturing process for forming the wave vector conversion layer 17 with a photonic crystal.
- a wave vector conversion layer 17 is formed on the high dielectric constant layer 16
- a resist film 20 is applied on the wave vector conversion layer 17 by a spin coating method, and as shown in FIG. 6B, The negative pattern of the photonic crystal is transferred to the resist film 20 by nanoimprint technology, photolithography technology, or electron beam lithography technology.
- the wave vector conversion layer 17 is etched to a desired depth by dry etching as shown in FIG. 6C, and then the resist film 20 is peeled off as shown in FIG. 6D.
- a part of the surface of the plasmon excitation layer 15 and the hole transport layer 11 is etched and exposed, and an anode 19 is provided on a part of the hole transport layer 11 to complete the light emitting element 2.
- FIG. 7A shows a schematic perspective view of the light emitting device of the third embodiment.
- FIG. 7B is a schematic plan view of the light emitting device of the third embodiment.
- the light-emitting element 3 of the third embodiment is a light source layer 34 and a directivity that is an optical element layer that is stacked on the light source layer 34 and on which light from the light source layer 34 enters. And a sex control layer 5. Since the directivity control layer 5 included in the light emitting element 3 of the third embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment, description thereof is omitted.
- the light source layer 34 included in the light emitting element 3 of the third embodiment is that the anode layer 29 as an anode is formed over the entire surface of the substrate 10 between the substrate 10 and the hole transport layer 11. It differs from the light source layer 24 in the embodiment.
- the anode layer 29 serves as a reflection layer that reflects light from the active layer 12. Therefore, in the third embodiment, light emitted from the active layer 12 to the substrate 10 side can be reflected to the wave vector conversion layer 17 side, and the light extraction efficiency from the active layer 12 is improved.
- the anode layer 29 for example, a metal thin film such as Ag, Al, or an alloy containing them as a main component is used.
- the anode layer 29 also plays a role as a heat sink. For this reason, the light source layer 34 can prevent the internal quantum efficiency from decreasing due to heat generated by light emission.
- the anode layer 29 increases the hole mobility. In most cases, the hole mobility is lower than the electron mobility. Therefore, the hole injection is not in time for the electron injection, and the internal quantum efficiency is limited. That is, the internal quantum efficiency of the light source layer 34 is improved by having the anode layer 29. Further, since the anode layer 29 is provided to improve the mobility of holes in the in-plane direction of the light emitting element 3, the light source layer 34 can emit light more uniformly in the plane.
- a cathode pad made of a material different from that of the plasmon excitation layer 15 may be provided on a part of the plasmon excitation layer 15 with a part of the surface exposed, and the material different from that of the anode layer 29 on the anode layer 29.
- An anode pad may be provided.
- FIG. 8A is a schematic perspective view of the light emitting device of the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 8B is a schematic plan view of the light emitting device of the fourth embodiment.
- the directivity control layer 25 included in the light emitting device 6 of the fourth embodiment has a wave vector conversion layer 27 formed of a microlens array.
- the directivity control layer 25 in the present embodiment provides the same effect as the directivity control layer 5 having the wave vector conversion layer 17 made of a photonic crystal in the above-described embodiment.
- the anode 19 is provided on a part of the hole transport layer 11, but the anode layer 29 is provided between the substrate 10 and the hole transport layer 11 as in the second embodiment. May be provided.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B are cross-sectional views for explaining a manufacturing process of a configuration in which a wave vector conversion layer 27 made of a microlens array is laminated on the high dielectric constant layer 16.
- the layers from the hole transport layer 11 to the high dielectric constant layer 16 are laminated on the substrate 10 as in the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 6A to 6D. Therefore, description of these manufacturing steps is omitted.
- each layer from the hole transport layer 11 to the high dielectric constant layer 16 is laminated on the substrate 10 using the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 6A to 6D, and then the high dielectric constant layer is formed.
- a wave vector conversion layer 27 made of a microlens array is formed on the surface 16. This is merely an example and is not limited to this manufacturing method.
- the UV curable resin 30 is applied to the surface of the high dielectric constant layer 16 by spin coating or the like, a desired lens array pattern is formed on the UV curable resin 30 using nanoimprint, and the UV curable resin 30 is irradiated with light. Then, the wave vector conversion layer 27 made of a microlens array is formed.
- FIG. 10 the perspective view of the directivity control layer with which the light emitting element of 5th Embodiment is provided is shown.
- the directivity control layer 35 included in the light emitting element of the fifth embodiment is laminated on the plasmon excitation layer 15 that is laminated on the electron transport layer 23 of the light source layer 34, and on the plasmon excitation layer 15.
- a wave vector conversion layer 37 is laminated on the plasmon excitation layer 15 that is laminated on the electron transport layer 23 of the light source layer 34, and on the plasmon excitation layer 15.
- the wave vector conversion layer 37 also serves as a high dielectric constant layer, and is the same layer as the high dielectric constant layer.
- the electron transport layer 23 of the light source layer 34 also serves as the low dielectric constant layer of the directivity control layer 35 and is the same layer as the low dielectric constant layer. Therefore, the electron transport layer 23 of the light source layer 34 in the fifth embodiment is set to be lower than the dielectric constant of the wave vector conversion layer 37.
- the real part of the effective dielectric constant on the wave vector conversion layer 37 side of the plasmon excitation layer 15 is the plasmon excitation layer 15. If the effective dielectric constant on the electron transport layer 23 side is higher than the real part, the directivity control layer 35 operates. That is, the real part of the effective dielectric constant of the emission side portion of the plasmon excitation layer 15 is kept higher than the real part of the effective dielectric constant of the incident side portion in the dielectric constants of the wave vector conversion layer 37 and the electron transport layer 23. Range is acceptable.
- the same effects as those of the first to fourth embodiments can be obtained, and the manufacturing process can be simplified as compared with the first to fourth embodiments. Can be planned.
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the directivity control layer provided in the light emitting device of the sixth embodiment.
- the directivity control layer 45 in the sixth embodiment includes a low dielectric constant layer 14 laminated on the electron transport layer 13 of the light source layer 24 and a plasmon laminated on the low dielectric constant layer 14.
- An excitation layer 15 and a wave vector conversion layer 37 stacked on the plasmon excitation layer 15 are provided.
- the wave vector conversion layer 37 also serves as a high dielectric constant layer, and is the same layer as the high dielectric constant layer.
- the same effects as those of the first to fourth embodiments can be obtained, and the manufacturing process can be simplified as compared with the first to fourth embodiments. Can be planned.
- the directivity control layer 55 in the seventh embodiment includes a plasmon excitation layer 15 stacked on the electron transport layer 23 of the light source layer 34, and a high dielectric constant stacked on the plasmon excitation layer 15.
- the layer 16 and the wave vector conversion layer 37 stacked on the high dielectric constant layer 16 are provided.
- the electron transport layer 23 of the light source layer 34 also serves as the low dielectric constant layer of the directivity control layer 55, and is the same layer as the low dielectric constant layer.
- the same effects as those of the first to fourth embodiments can be obtained, and the manufacturing process can be simplified as compared with the first to fourth embodiments. Can be planned.
- FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the directivity control layer provided in the light emitting device of the eighth embodiment.
- the directivity control layer 65 in the eighth embodiment has the same configuration as the directivity control layer 5 in the first embodiment, and the low dielectric constant layer 14 in the first embodiment and The high dielectric constant layer 16 is different in that it is composed of a plurality of laminated dielectric layers.
- the directivity control layer 65 in the eighth embodiment is a low dielectric constant layer group 67 in which a plurality of dielectric layers 67a to 67c are stacked and a high dielectric layer in which a plurality of dielectric layers 68a to 68c are stacked.
- a plurality of dielectric layers 67a to 67c are arranged so that the dielectric constant monotonously decreases from the light source layer 24 closer to the electron transport layer 13 toward the plasmon excitation layer 15. .
- a plurality of dielectric layers 68a ⁇ 68 are formed so that the dielectric constant decreases monotonously from the side closer to the plasmon excitation layer 15 toward the wave vector conversion layer 17 made of a photonic crystal. 68c is arranged.
- the total thickness of the low dielectric constant layer group 67 is set to be equal to the thickness of the low dielectric constant layer in the embodiment in which the directivity control layer includes the low dielectric constant layer independently.
- the total thickness of the high dielectric constant layer group 68 is set to the same thickness as the high dielectric constant layer in the embodiment in which the directivity control layer includes the high dielectric constant layer independently.
- the low dielectric constant layer group 67 and the high dielectric constant layer group 68 are each shown in a three-layer structure, but can be formed in a layer structure of about 2 to 5 layers, for example.
- the number of dielectric layers constituting the low dielectric constant layer group and the high dielectric constant layer group may be different, or only one of the low dielectric constant layer and the high dielectric constant layer may include a plurality of dielectric constant layers. It is good also as composition which consists of.
- the low dielectric constant layer group 67 and the high dielectric constant layer group 68 are composed of the plurality of dielectric layers 67a to 67c and 68a to 68c, so that each dielectric layer 67a adjacent to the interface of the plasmon excitation layer 15 is provided. , 68c, and the refractive index of the electron transport layer 13 of the light source layer 24, the wave vector conversion layer 17 or a medium such as external air, and the dielectric layers 67c and 68a adjacent thereto, respectively.
- the rate matching can be preferably set.
- the high dielectric layer group 68 reduces the refractive index difference at the interface with the wave vector conversion layer 17 or a medium such as air, and the low dielectric layer group 67 has the electron transport layer 13 of the light source layer 24 with the electron transport layer 13. It becomes possible to reduce the refractive index difference at the interface.
- the directivity control layer 65 of the eighth embodiment configured as described above, the dielectric constants of the dielectric layers 67a and 68c adjacent to the plasmon excitation layer 15 are favorably set, and the light source layer 24 The refractive index difference at the interface between the electron transport layer 13 and the wave vector conversion layer 17 can be set small. For this reason, the directivity control layer 65 can further reduce light loss and further increase the utilization efficiency of light from the light source layer 4.
- the high dielectric constant layer has a distribution in which the dielectric constant gradually decreases from the plasmon excitation layer 15 side toward the wave vector conversion layer 17 side.
- the low dielectric constant layer has a distribution in which the dielectric constant gradually decreases from the electron transport layer 13 side of the light source layer 24 toward the plasmon excitation layer 15 side.
- FIG. 14 the perspective view of the directivity control layer with which the light emitting element of 9th Embodiment is provided is shown.
- the directivity control layer 75 in the ninth embodiment has the same configuration as the directivity control layer 5 in the first embodiment, and a plurality of plasmon excitation layer groups 78 are stacked. The difference is that the metal layers 78a and 78b are formed.
- the metal layers 78a and 78b are respectively formed and stacked with different metal materials. Thereby, the plasmon excitation layer group 78 can adjust the plasma frequency.
- the metal layers 78a and 78b are formed of Ag and Al, respectively. Further, when adjusting the plasma frequency in the plasmon excitation layer group 78 to be low, for example, different metal layers 78a and 78b are formed of Ag and Au, respectively.
- the plasmon excitation layer group 78 has shown a two-layer structure as an example, but it is needless to say that the plasmon excitation layer group 78 may be constituted by three or more metal layers as necessary.
- the plasmon excitation layer group 78 is configured by the plurality of metal layers 78a and 78b, so that the effective plasmon excitation layer group 78 is effective.
- the plasma frequency can be adjusted to approach the emission frequency of the active layer 12. For this reason, the electrons or holes in the plasmon excitation layer group 78 and the electrons or holes in the active layer 12 are well coupled, and the emission efficiency can be increased.
- FIG. 15A is a schematic perspective view of the light emitting device of the tenth embodiment.
- FIG. 15B is a schematic plan view of the light emitting device of the tenth embodiment.
- the light source layer 44 provided in the light emitting element 8 of the tenth embodiment has a transparent electrode layer 40 laminated on the electron transport layer 13 of the light source layer 24 in the second embodiment. It has a general LED structure constructed. That is, the light source layer 44 has the transparent electrode layer 40 laminated on the opposite side to the substrate 10 side. In the light source layer 44, another active layer 22 different from the active layer 12 is laminated on such an LED structure.
- the light source layer 4 in the first embodiment includes an active layer in which electrons and holes are generated by light from the interface between the hole transport layer 11 and the electron transport layer 13, as in the case of the other active layer 22 described above.
- the transparent electrode layer may be used.
- the anode 19 is provided on a part of the hole transport layer 11.
- the anode layer 29 is provided between the substrate 10 and the hole transport layer 11. May be provided.
- light emitted from the active layer 12 by current injection into the light source layer 44 excites electrons and holes in another active layer 22.
- the electrons and holes generated in the other active layer 22 are plasmon-coupled to the electrons or holes in the plasmon excitation layer 15 as described above, and thus in a predetermined direction determined by the characteristics of the directivity control layer 5.
- Light of a predetermined wavelength is emitted.
- the range of selection of the light emitting material used as the active layer is widened when emitting light of a desired wavelength.
- an inorganic material that is a luminescent material for obtaining green emission light and has a high luminous efficiency in current injection is not known, but an inorganic material that has a high luminous efficiency by light injection is well known.
- the light source layer 34 having the active layer 12 and another active layer 22 is provided, so that light obtained by once injecting current into the active layer 12 is obtained. Can be injected into another active layer 22. This makes it possible to efficiently use the characteristics of the light emitting material used as the other active layer 22 and improve the light emission efficiency of the light source layer 44.
- FIG. 16 is a perspective view for explaining an axially symmetric polarizing half-wave plate applied to the light-emitting element 2 described above.
- the light source device 9 of the embodiment is an axially symmetric polarization that linearly polarizes incident light from the light emitting element 2 as a polarization conversion element that aligns the axially symmetric polarized light incident from the light emitting element 2 in a predetermined polarization state.
- a half-wave plate 50 is provided.
- the axially symmetric polarization half-wave plate 50 is disposed on the wave vector conversion layer 17 side of the light emitting element 2.
- the outgoing light from the light emitting element 2 is linearly polarized by the half-wave plate 50 for axially symmetric polarization, so that outgoing light with a uniform polarization state can be realized.
- aligning axially symmetric polarized light in a predetermined polarization state by the polarization conversion element is not limited to linearly polarized light but also includes circularly polarized light.
- the light source device including the axially symmetric polarizing half-wave plate 50 may be applied to any of the light emitting elements of the first to tenth embodiments described above.
- FIG. 17 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the structure of the half-wave plate 50 for axially symmetric polarization.
- the configuration of the axially symmetric polarizing half-wave plate 50 is merely an example, and is not limited to this configuration.
- the half-wave plate 50 for axially symmetric polarization includes a pair of glass substrates 56 and 57 on which alignment films 51 and 54 are formed, and alignment films 51 and 54 of the glass substrates 56 and 57, respectively. And a spacer 52 disposed between the glass substrates 56, 57, and a spacer 52 disposed between the glass substrates 56, 57.
- the liquid crystal layer 53 has a refractive index ne larger than the refractive index no, where no is the refractive index for ordinary light and ne is the refractive index for extraordinary light.
- FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B are schematic views for explaining the half-wave plate 50 for axially symmetric polarization.
- FIG. 18A shows a cross-sectional view of the state in which the liquid crystal layer 53 of the half-wave plate 50 for axially symmetric polarization is cut in parallel to the main surfaces of the glass substrates 56 and 57.
- FIG. 18B is a schematic diagram for explaining the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules 58.
- the liquid crystal molecules 58 are arranged concentrically with respect to the center of the half-wave plate 50 for axially symmetric polarization.
- FIG. 19 shows a far-field pattern 62 of emitted light in a case where the light-emitting element does not include an axisymmetric polarizing half-wave plate.
- the far field pattern 62 of the light emitted from the light emitting element 2 is As shown in FIG. 19, it becomes an axially symmetric polarized light whose polarization direction is radial.
- FIG. 20 shows a far-field pattern 64 of the outgoing light that has passed through the half-wave plate 50 for axially symmetric polarization.
- the light-emitting element 2 can obtain outgoing light in which the in-plane polarization direction 63 is aligned in the same direction by the action of the above-described half-wave plate 50 for axially symmetric polarization.
- the light-emitting element of this embodiment is suitable for use as a light source of an image display device, and is portable as a light source included in a projection display device, a direct light source of a liquid crystal display panel (LCD), a so-called backlight. You may use for electronic devices, such as a telephone and PDA (Personal Data Assistant).
- a light source of an image display device and is portable as a light source included in a projection display device, a direct light source of a liquid crystal display panel (LCD), a so-called backlight.
- LCD liquid crystal display panel
- FIG. 21 is a diagram for explaining the plasmon resonance characteristics in the above-described embodiment.
- a light emitting device using TiO 2 for the high dielectric constant layer 16, Ag for the plasmon excitation layer 15, and porous SiO 2 for the low dielectric constant layer 14 light with wavelengths of 653 nm, 539 nm, and 459 nm are respectively plasmon excited.
- the relationship between the reflectance and the incident angle is shown for the case where the light is incident on the layer 15.
- the high dielectric constant layer 16 and the low dielectric constant layer 14 were formed sufficiently thicker than the wavelength of light.
- the steep drop in the reflectance near the incident angle of 23 ° to the plasmon excitation layer 15 is due to the coupling with the plasmon because this angle is larger than the total reflection angle.
- the angle at which the plasmon is coupled is anisotropic and the conditions are narrow.
- radiation characteristics will be considered for light having a wavelength of 459 nm.
- FIG. 22 shows the change of the emission angle with respect to the amount of deviation of the incident angle of the wave vector conversion layer 17 to the photonic crystal.
- the lines connecting the “x”, “ ⁇ ”, “ ⁇ ”, and “ ⁇ ” marks are incident on the photonic crystal at incident angles of 20 °, 40 °, 60 °, and 80 °, respectively.
- the result when the lattice pitch of the photonic crystal is designed so that light is emitted from the photonic crystal at an emission angle of 0 ° is shown.
- the incident angle to the photonic crystal is larger, the variation in the emission angle with respect to the variation in the incident angle can be suppressed.
- FIG. 23 shows the change in the lattice pitch of the photonic crystal when the incident light is emitted in the direction of the outgoing angle of 0 ° with respect to the incident angle. As shown in FIG. 23, the lattice pitch of the photonic crystal becomes narrower as the incident angle to the photonic crystal increases.
- FIG. 24 shows the relationship between the lattice depth of the photonic crystal and the diffraction efficiency.
- the lattice pitch of the photonic crystal was 228 nm. This is a condition for emitting light having an incident angle of 40 ° in the direction of a diffraction angle of 0 °.
- the lines connecting the marks “ ⁇ ”, “ ⁇ ”, “ ⁇ ”, and “ ⁇ ” respectively indicate the transmitted first-order diffracted light, reflected zero-order diffracted light, reflected first-order diffracted light, and reflected second-order light by the photonic crystal.
- the diffraction intensity of the folded light is shown.
- the diffraction efficiency changes periodically as the lattice depth of the photonic crystal changes. Further, the change in the diffraction efficiency of the transmitted first-order diffracted light and the change in the diffraction efficiency of the reflected zero-order diffracted light have a substantially opposite correlation.
- FIG. 25 shows the relationship between the incident angle of the wave vector conversion layer to the photonic crystal and the diffraction efficiency.
- the diffraction efficiency here is the maximum diffraction efficiency at a predetermined grating depth at which the diffraction efficiency of the transmitted primary light is maximized when the grating depth of the photonic crystal is changed from 50 nm to 950 nm.
- the diffraction efficiency of the transmitted primary light reaches a maximum value.
- the optimum conditions are when the dielectric constants of the low dielectric constant layer 14 and the high dielectric constant layer 16 are adjusted and light is incident on the photonic crystal forming the wave vector conversion layer 17 at an incident angle of about 40 °. .
- FIG. 26 shows a light distribution in the light emitted from the light emitting element. That is, in FIG. 26, the horizontal axis indicates the emission angle of the emitted light, and the vertical axis indicates the intensity of the emitted light.
- the lattice pitch of the photonic crystal was set to 228 nm, and the incident angle of light to the photonic crystal was set to 40 °.
- the emission width of the emitted light was 5.2 °, that is, the emission angle was ⁇ 2.6 °.
- the light emitting element of the present embodiment by using the plasmon excitation layer 15, the directivity of the emission angle of the light emitted from the light emitting element is enhanced, and the lattice structure of the wave vector conversion layer 17 By appropriately adjusting the angle, the radiation angle can be narrowed to ⁇ 3 ° or less to further enhance the directivity.
- the hole transport layer 11, the active layer 12, and the electron transport layer 13 constituting the light source layer are divided into a p-type semiconductor layer and an active layer made of an inorganic material, respectively, like a general LED, Since an inorganic semiconductor can be used as the type semiconductor layer, it is possible to obtain a light beam of several thousand lumens.
- FIG. 27 shows the plasmon resonance angle (indicated by a circle in the figure) obtained from the effective dielectric constant calculated using the equation (1) and the plasmon resonance obtained by multilayer reflection calculation in the light emitting device 1 of the first embodiment.
- the corners (indicated by squares in the figure) are shown in comparison.
- the horizontal axis indicates the thickness of the low dielectric constant layer
- the vertical axis indicates the plasmon resonance angle.
- the calculated value based on the effective dielectric constant matches the calculated value based on the multilayer film reflection, and it is clear that the plasmon resonance condition can be defined by the effective dielectric constant defined by the equation (1). .
- the substrate 10 GaN as the electron transport layer 13
- porous SiO 2 as the low dielectric constant layer 14
- Ag as the plasmon excitation layer 15
- TiO 2 as the high dielectric constant layer 16, respectively.
- the respective thicknesses were 0.5 mm, 113 nm, 10 nm, 50 nm, and 0.5 mm.
- the light emission wavelength of the light source layer 4 was calculated as 460 nm.
- the material of the wave vector conversion layer 17 is TiO 2 , and the depth, pitch, and duty ratio of the periodic structure are set to 200 nm, 221 nm, and 0.5, respectively.
- FIG. 28 shows an angular distribution in the emitted light of the light emitting device 1 of the first embodiment calculated in consideration of the thicknesses of the respective layers.
- the horizontal axis represents the emission angle of the emitted light
- the vertical axis represents the intensity of the emitted light.
- the emitted light under this condition is not an annular shape but has a Gaussian function-like light distribution, but by shifting the pitch from 221 nm, the peak is split and an annular orientation distribution is obtained.
- the calculation was performed in two dimensions.
- the full width of the angle at which the intensity of the light emitted from the light emitting element 1 is halved is defined as the radiation angle
- the radiation angle is ⁇ 0.8 (deg) with respect to light having a wavelength of 460 nm.
- the emission angle is ⁇ 5. It becomes possible to further improve the directivity by narrowing it below the degree.
- the effective dielectric constants of the emission side portion and the incident side portion of the plasmon excitation layer 15 are 9.8 and 3.1, respectively, from the equation (1). Furthermore, the imaginary part of the wave number in the z direction on the exit side and the entrance side of the surface plasmon is 0 and 2.23 ⁇ 10 7 m ⁇ 1 from Equation (2), respectively. If the effective interaction distance of the surface plasmon is a distance at which the intensity of the surface plasmon becomes e ⁇ 2 , the effective interaction distance of the surface plasmon is 1 / Im (k spp, z ). Each is infinite and 45 nm.
- FIG. 29 the schematic diagram of the LED projector of embodiment is shown.
- the LED projector 70 of the embodiment includes a red (R) light emitting element 71r, a green (G) light emitting element 71g, and a blue (B) light emitting element 71b, and the light emission thereof.
- the LED projector 70 also has a cross dichroic prism 74 that synthesizes the R, G, and B light incident upon the image information provided by the light valves 73r, 73g, and 73b, and the light emitted from the cross dichroic prism 74.
- a projection optical system 76 including a projection lens (not shown) that projects onto a projection surface such as a screen.
- the LED projector 70 has a configuration applied to a so-called three-plate projector.
- the illumination optical systems 72r, 72g, 72b for example, rod lenses for uniforming the luminance are provided.
- the light valves 73r, 73g, and 73b include, for example, a liquid crystal display panel and a DMD.
- the light-emitting elements of the above-described embodiments can also be applied to a single-plate projector.
- the luminance of the projected image can be improved by applying the light emitting element of the above-described embodiment.
- the axially symmetric polarizing half-wave plate 50 shown in FIGS. 17, 18A, and 18B can be disposed on the optical path of the emitted light from each of the light emitting elements 71r, 71g, and 71b.
- polarization loss at the light valves 73r, 73g, and 73b can be suppressed.
- the illumination optical system includes a polarizer
- a configuration in which the axially symmetric polarizing half-wave plate 50 is disposed between the polarizer and the light emitting element 71 is preferable.
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Abstract
Description
図3Aに、本実施形態の発光素子の模式的な構成の斜視図を示す。図3Bに、本実施形態の発光素子の模式的な構成の平面図を示す。なお、発光素子において、実際の個々の層の厚さが非常に薄く、またそれぞれ層の厚さの違いが大きいので、各層を正確なスケール、比率で図を描くことが困難である。このため、図面では各層が実際の比率通りに描かれておらず、各層を模式的に示している。
1≦εlr(λ0)<εhr(λ0)の関係を満たしている。なお、λ0は、誘電率層への入射光の真空中での波長である。
図4Aに、第2の実施形態の発光素子の模式的な斜視図を示す。図4Bに、第2の実施形態の発光素子の模式的な平面図を示す。
図7Aに、第3の実施形態の発光素子の模式的な斜視図を示す。図7Bに、第3の実施形態の発光素子の模式的な平面図を示す。
図8Aに、第4の実施形態の発光素子の模式的な斜視図を示す。図8Bに、第4の実施形態の発光素子の模式的な平面図を示す。図8A及び図8Bに示すように、第4の実施形態の発光素子6が備える指向性制御層25は、マイクロレンズアレイからなる波数ベクトル変換層27を有している。本実施形態における指向性制御層25は、上述した実施形態における、フォトニック結晶からなる波数ベクトル変換層17を有する指向性制御層5と同様の効果が得られる。
図10に、第5の実施形態の発光素子が備える指向性制御層の斜視図を示す。図10に示すように、第5の実施形態の発光素子が備える指向性制御層35は、光源層34の電子輸送層23に積層されるプラズモン励起層15と、このプラズモン励起層15に積層される波数ベクトル変換層37と、を有している。
図11に、第6の実施形態の発光素子が備える指向性制御層の斜視図を示す。図11に示すように、第6の実施形態における指向性制御層45は、光源層24の電子輸送層13に積層される低誘電率層14と、この低誘電率層14に積層されるプラズモン励起層15と、このプラズモン励起層15に積層される波数ベクトル変換層37と、を有している。
図12に、第7の実施形態の発光素子が備える指向性制御層の斜視図を示す。図12に示すように、第7の実施形態における指向性制御層55は、光源層34の電子輸送層23に積層されるプラズモン励起層15と、このプラズモン励起層15に積層される高誘電率層16と、この高誘電率層16に積層される波数ベクトル変換層37と、を有している。
図13に、第8の実施形態の発光素子が備える指向性制御層の斜視図を示す。図13に示すように、第8の実施形態における指向性制御層65は、第1の実施形態における指向性制御層5と同様の構成であり、第1の実施形態における低誘電率層14及び高誘電率層16が、それぞれ積層された複数の誘電体層によって構成されている点が異なっている。
図14に、第9の実施形態の発光素子が備える指向性制御層の斜視図を示す。図14に示すように、第9の実施形態における指向性制御層75では、第1の実施形態における指向性制御層5と同様の構成であり、プラズモン励起層群78が、積層された複数の金属層78a,78bによって構成されている点が異なっている。
図15Aに、第10の実施形態の発光素子の模式的な斜視図を示す。図15Bに、第10の実施形態の発光素子の模式的な平面図を示す。
次に、上述した第2の実施形態の発光素子2の出射側に、軸対称偏光用1/2波長板が配置された光源装置について説明する。図16に、上述した発光素子2に適用される軸対称偏光用1/2波長板を説明するための斜視図を示す。
図21に、上述した実施形態におけるプラズモン共鳴特性を説明するための図を示す。図21では、高誘電率層16にTiO2、プラズモン励起層15にAg、低誘電率層14に多孔質SiO2を用いた発光素子において、波長が653nm、539nm、459nmの光をそれぞれプラズモン励起層15に入射させた場合について、入射角に対する反射率の関係を示している。ここで、高誘電率層16、低誘電率層14は光の波長に比べて十分に厚く形成した。
図27に、第1の実施形態の発光素子1において、式(1)を用いて算出した実効誘電率から求まるプラズモン共鳴角(図中に○で示す)と、多層膜反射計算によって求まるプラズモン共鳴角(図中に□で示す)とを比較して示す。図26において、横軸が低誘電率層の厚さを示し、縦軸がプラズモン共鳴角を示している。図26に示すように、実効誘電率による計算値と、多層膜反射による計算値が一致しており、式(1)で定義される実効誘電率でプラズモン共鳴の条件を定義できることが明らかである。
Claims (26)
- 光源層と、該光源層の上に積層され、該光源層からの光が入射する光学素子層と、を備え、
前記光源層は、基板と、該基板の上に設けられた一対のホール輸送層及び電子輸送層を有し、
前記光学素子層は、
前記光源層における前記基板側の反対側に積層され、前記光源層から出射する光の周波数よりも高いプラズマ周波数を有するプラズモン励起層と、
前記プラズモン励起層の上に積層され、前記プラズモン励起層から入射する光を所定の出射角に変換して出射する出射層と、を有し、
前記プラズモン励起層は、誘電性を有する2つの層の間に挟まれている、発光素子。 - 前記プラズモン励起層の前記光源層側に積層された構造体を含む入射側部分の実効誘電率が、前記プラズモン励起層の前記出射層側に積層された構造体と、前記出射層に接する媒質とを含む出射側部分の実効誘電率よりも低い、請求項1に記載の発光素子。
- 前記実効誘電率は、複素実効誘電率εeffであって、該複素実効誘電率εeffが、
前記プラズモン励起層の界面に平行な方向をx軸、y軸、前記プラズモン励起層の界面に垂直な方向をz軸、前記光源層から出射する光の角周波数をω、前記入射側部分または前記出射側部分の誘電体の誘電率分布をε(ω,x,y,z)、積分範囲Dを前記入射側部分または前記出射側部分の三次元座標の範囲、表面プラズモンの波数のz成分をkspp,z、虚数単位をjとすれば、
かつ、表面プラズモンの波数のz成分kspp,z、表面プラズモンの波数のx、y成分ksppが、
前記プラズモン励起層の誘電率の実部をεmetal、真空中での光の波数をk0とすれば、
- 前記ホール輸送層と前記電子輸送層との間に設けられ、光を発生する活性層を有する、請求項1ないし3のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。
- 前記プラズモン励起層の前記出射層側、及び前記プラズモン励起層の前記光源層側の少なくとも一方の側に隣接して設けられた誘電率層を備える、請求項1ないし4のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。
- 前記プラズモン励起層は、一対の前記誘電率層の間に挟まれ、
前記プラズモン励起層の前記光源層側に隣接する前記誘電率層は、前記プラズモン励起層の前記出射層側に隣接する前記誘電率層よりも誘電率が低い、請求項5に記載の発光素子。 - 前記プラズモン励起層の前記光源層側に隣接して設けられた前記誘電率層は、前記プラズモン励起層の前記出射層側に隣接する層よりも誘電率が低い低誘電率層である、請求項5に記載の発光素子。
- 前記プラズモン励起層の前記出射層側に隣接して設けられた前記誘電率層は、前記プラズモン励起層の前記光源層側に隣接する層よりも誘電率が高い高誘電率層である、請求項5に記載の発光素子。
- 前記一対のホール輸送層及び電子輸送層のいずれか一方は、前記プラズモン励起層に隣接して設けられ、前記プラズモン励起層の前記出射層側に隣接する層よりも誘電率が低い、請求項1ないし4のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。
- 前記低誘電率層は、誘電率が異なる複数の誘電体層が積層されて構成され、前記複数の誘電体層が、前記光源層から前記プラズモン励起層側に向かう順に誘電率が低くなるように配置されている、請求項7に記載の発光素子。
- 前記高誘電率層は、誘電率が異なる複数の誘電体層が積層されて構成され、前記複数の誘電体層が、前記プラズモン励起層側から前記出射層側に向かう順に誘電率が低くなるように配置されている、請求項8に記載の発光素子。
- 前記低誘電率層は、誘電率が前記光源層側から前記プラズモン励起層側に向かって次第に低くなる分布を有している、請求項7に記載の発光素子。
- 前記高誘電率層は、誘電率が前記プラズモン励起層側から前記出射層側に向かって次第に低くなる分布を有する、請求項8に記載の発光素子。
- 前記出射層は、表面周期構造を有している、請求項1ないし13のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。
- 前記出射層は、フォトニック結晶からなる、請求項1ないし13のいずれか1に記載の発光素子。
- 前記低誘電率層は、多孔質層である、請求項7、10、12のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。
- 前記低誘電率層は、導電性を有している、請求項7、10、12、16のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。
- 前記プラズモン励起層は、異なる金属材料からなる複数の金属層が積層されて構成されている、請求項1ないし17のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。
- 前記プラズモン励起層は、Ag、Au、Cu、Pt、Alのうちのいずれか1つ、またはこれらのうちの少なくとも1つを含む合金からなる、請求項1ないし18のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。
- 前記一対のホール輸送層及び電子輸送層のいずれか一方のうち前記基板側に設けられた層は、厚さ方向に直交する面の一部が露出されて該一部に電極が設けられている、請求項1ないし19のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。
- 前記光源層は、前記基板と、前記一対のホール輸送層及び電子輸送層のいずれか一方との間に設けられた電極層を更に有している、請求項1ないし19のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。
- 前記プラズモン励起層は、厚さ方向に直交する面の一部が露出されて該一部に電流が供給される、請求項1ないし21のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。
- 前記光源層は、前記基板側の反対側に積層された透明電極層と、該透明電極層の上に積層され、前記ホール輸送層と前記電子輸送層との間からの光によって電子及びホールが生成される活性層と、を有し、
前記プラズモン励起層は、前記ホール輸送層と前記電子輸送層との間からの光で、前記活性層を励起したときに発生する光の周波数よりも高いプラズマ周波数を有している、請求項1ないし22のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。 - 請求項1ないし23のいずれか1項の記載の発光素子と、前記発光素子から入射する軸対称偏光を所定の偏光状態に揃える偏光変換素子と、を備える光源装置。
- 請求項1ないし23のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子と、
前記発光素子の出射光に画像情報を付与する表示素子と、
前記表示素子の出射光によって投射映像を投射する投射光学系と、を備える投射型表示装置。 - 請求項1ないし23のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子と、
前記発光素子の出射光に画像情報を付与する表示素子と、
前記表示素子の出射光によって投射映像を投射する投射光学系と、
前記発光素子と前記表示素子との間の光路上に配置され、前記発光素子から入射する軸対称偏光を所定の偏光状態に揃える偏光変換素子と、を備える投射型表示装置。
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