WO2011045594A1 - Nouveaux macrocyles et leurs procédés de production - Google Patents

Nouveaux macrocyles et leurs procédés de production Download PDF

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WO2011045594A1
WO2011045594A1 PCT/GB2010/051714 GB2010051714W WO2011045594A1 WO 2011045594 A1 WO2011045594 A1 WO 2011045594A1 GB 2010051714 W GB2010051714 W GB 2010051714W WO 2011045594 A1 WO2011045594 A1 WO 2011045594A1
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compound
formula
compounds
diseases
pharmaceutically acceptable
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Steven James Moss
Matthew Alan Gregory
Ming-Qiang Zhang
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Biotica Technology Limited
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D498/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
    • C07D498/18—Bridged systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel FK506 and FK520 ester analogues with potent local anti-inflammatory activity, but substantially reduced systemic activity.
  • These analogues are effective for therapeutic indications requiring potent local, but reduced systemic activity, such as pulmonary diseases (e.g. Asthma), gastrointestinal diseases (e.g. Inflammatory Bowel Disease), ocular diseases (e.g. Uveitis) and skin diseases (e.g. Psoriasis and Atopic
  • pulmonary diseases e.g. Asthma
  • gastrointestinal diseases e.g. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • ocular diseases e.g. Uveitis
  • skin diseases e.g. Psoriasis and Atopic
  • FK506 tacrolimus/fujimycin/Prograf
  • FK520 ascomycin or immunomycin
  • Figure 1 are lipophilic macrolides produced by a variety of actinomycetes, including Streptomyces tsukubuaensis No. 9993 (Hatanaka et al., 1989), Streptomyces sp. A8858, Streptomyces sp.
  • FK525 Hatanaka H, et ai, 1989
  • FK523 Hatanaka, H., et al., 1988
  • antascomicins Fehr, T., et al., 1996
  • a number of semisynthetic derivatives of these molecules have also been shown to be of utility, including pimecrolimus (SDZ ASM 981 , Elidel), which is a derivative of FK520 (Meingassner et al., 1997).
  • PPS polyketide synthases
  • FK520 has a C-21 ethyl substituent
  • FK506 has a C-21 allyl substituent.
  • the biosynthetic pathway common to all known naturally produced FK506 and FK520 analogues leads to the necessity for an oxygen bound to the carbon at the C31 position.
  • FK506, FK520 and close analogues suppress the immune system by inhibiting signal transduction pathways required for T-cell activation and growth.
  • they have been shown to inhibit Ca 2+ -dependent T-cell proliferation, via initial formation of a complex with an FK-binding protein (FKBP), which binds to and blocks calcineurin (CaN).
  • FKBP FK-binding protein
  • This FK506-FKBP-CaN complex inhibits the activation of nuclear factor of activated t-cells (NF-AT), preventing its entrance into the nucleus, and subsequent activation of the promoter of lnterleukin-2 (IL-2), which initiates IL-2 production.
  • NF-AT nuclear factor of activated t-cells
  • IL-2 lnterleukin-2
  • FK506 can interfere with the action of calcineurin on substrates other than NFAT, including ⁇ , Na-K- ATPase and nitric oxide synthase, which may lead to some of the side-effects (Kapturczak et al., 2004).
  • Treatment with FK506 may also be associated with up-regulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF- ⁇ ).
  • TGF- ⁇ transforming growth factor beta
  • This cytokine not only has immunosuppressive properties, but may be associated with the development of allograft fibrosis, which can lead to serious complications after long term treatment with these agents (Kapurtzak et al., 2004).
  • USES: FK506 in particular, is an important immunosuppressant used to aid prevention of organ rejection after transplantation.
  • it is used intravenously and orally for the prevention of organ rejection after allogeneic liver or kidney transplantation and in bone marrow transplantation. It has been shown to have potential utility in a wide variety of autoimmune, inflammatory and respiratory disorders, including Crohn's disease, Behcet syndrome, uveitis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, nephritic syndrome, aplastic anaemia, biliary cirrhosis, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and celiac disease.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • FK506 FK506, which include renal dysfunction, gastrointestinal effects, neurological effects, hypertrichosis and gingival hyperplasia.
  • Pimecrolimus (Elidel® cream) and FK506 (Protopic® ointment) are both used in topical formulations, such as ointments and creams, as treatments for a variety of skin conditions, in particular atopic dermatitis (Nghiem et al., 2002).
  • topical formulations such as ointments and creams
  • ointments and creams treatments for a variety of skin conditions, in particular atopic dermatitis
  • atopic dermatitis Nghiem et al., 2002.
  • the FDA required a black box warning on both of these topical treatments, due to concerns over a risk of cancer (Rustin, 2007).
  • Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) and Cyp3A5 are the most important contributors to FK506 metabolism while the P-glycoprotein pump (MDR-1 ) modulates its bioavailability (Roy et al., 2006).
  • MDR-1 P-glycoprotein pump
  • the complexity of FK506 dosing is therefore enhanced by significant drug-drug interactions, variable metabolism and permeability (Tamura et al., 2003; Kapturczak et al., 2004; Izuishi et al., 1997).
  • the mechanism of toxicity of FK506 and FK520 has been related to the mechanism of action of immunosuppression (Dumont et al., 1992). This strong link between the mechanism of action and the toxicity has presented significant challenges to improving the therapeutic index through chemical modification. Segregation of efficacy and toxicity of new analogues may be possible by altering distribution or metabolism (Sigal et al., 1991 ). By limiting the exposure of the compound to organs that are sensitive to such inhibition, such as the kidney, systemic toxicity can be avoided. Additionally, topical administration of the calcineurin inhibitor at the site of administration (such as skin, lungs, gut, eye etc.) can be maximized.
  • Inhaled FK506 has been tested in humans and animal models for pulmonary obstructive diseases such as asthma by Astellas/Fujisawa (WO2005/063242). In human trials, pulmonary function was claimed to be better than placebo, but with a slightly higher number of adverse events (42% vs 37%) (Shimizu, 2005).
  • Drug transporters such as Pgp are expressed at the epithelium of the lung, and are thought to be a functionally important element in reducing tissue access of inhaled xenobiotics.
  • inhaled products which are substrates for Pgp would be anticipated to have reduced or nonlinear adsorption pharmacokinetics (Lechapt-Zalcman et al., 1997; Campbell et al., 2003). This is a concern with FK506, which is widely known to be a substrate for Pgp (Saeki et al., 1993).
  • calcineurin inhibitors such as FK506 could have potential benefits for the treatment of patients with steroid-dependent bronchial asthma, enabling either reduction or withdrawal of steroids (Sano et al., 1995). Indeed, in in vitro studies, both FK506 and cyclosporine have been shown to inhibit stimulated T-lymphocytes from both glucocorticoid resistant and sensitive patients (Corrigan et al., 1996).
  • Ester analogues of FK520 have also been generated as part of a wide series of semi- synthetic FK520 analogues for use as systemic immunosuppressants with the aim to reduce direct toxicity and present structural variation at the FKBP/calcineurin interface (Wagner et al., 1998; US5.731 .320; US5.643.918; US5.563.172).
  • These documents purport to disclose compounds containing two hydrogen atoms bound to the C-31 carbon, however such compounds cannot be considered enabled.
  • biosynthetic methods available at the time of the disclosures only permitted access to compounds having a hydroxyl at the C-31 position (or a derivative thereof). Specifically, there was no known method for achieving no substitution whatever at the C-31 position (i.e.
  • novel FK506 and FK520 analogues which have reduced systemic activity compared with the currently available FK506 and FK520 analogues;
  • novel FK506 and FK520 analogues may be useful for therapies requiring local availability but with poor systemic availability, including, but not limited to topically administered therapies for inflammatory disorders such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, uveitis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases, which in particular are expected to show improvements in respect of one or more of the following properties: decreased metabolic stability, decreased bioavailability, decreased oral bioavailability, and high plasma protein binding;
  • Other properties the molecules might be expected to have that are of general use include reduced efflux by Pgp and similar transporters, leading to improved permeability, improved lung pharmacokinetics and exposure (for example as shown
  • the present invention provides a strategy for generating anti-inflammatory drugs with potent local activity, but reduced systemic toxicity (via rapid systemic inactivation).
  • the previously undescribed beneficial properties of bioengineered FK506 and FK520 analogues as compared with compounds having a 31 -methoxy group (which includes their improved ADME properties, such as a reduction in efflux by drug transporters, leading to greater permeability, and a reduction in P450 metabolism, leading to reduced drug-drug interactions) which the inventors have discovered, are combined with an ester linked alkyl chain in the C-32 position which is rapidly cleaved by esterases to give the acid metabolite, which has reduced activity, leading to a reduction in systemic toxicity.
  • the present invention provides analogues of FK506 and FK520 generated via a biosynthetic change, which then have an ester linked group attached to the C32 hydroxyl group.
  • the present invention provides FK506 or FK520 ester analogues according to the formula (I) below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
  • R-i represents aryl, C1 -4alkylaryl, heteroaryl or C1 -4heteroaryl;
  • R 3 represents H, aryl, C1 -4alkylaryl, heteroaryl or C1 -4heteroaryl;
  • Ri and R 3 are linked to form a lactone ring having 5 to 7 ring members which may optionally contain one or more additional heteroatoms selected from O, N and S;
  • X represents CH 2 or bond
  • R 4 represents H, F, CI, methyl or ethyl, provided that when X represents a bond then R 4 does not represent H.
  • the invention embraces all stereoisomers of the compounds defined by structure (I) as shown above.
  • the present invention provides FK506 or FK520 ester analogues such as compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a pharmaceutical.
  • the present invention provides processes for production of FK506 and FK520 ester analogues defined by formula (I) above.
  • analogue means one analogue or more than one analogue.
  • analogue(s) refers to chemical compounds that are structurally similar to another but which differ slightly in composition (as in the replacement of one atom by another or in the presence or absence of a particular functional group).
  • FK506 and FK520 ester analogues refer to esters of compounds related to FK506, FK520 and similar compounds in structure, but with the 31 methoxy group replaced by a hydrogen.
  • Such compounds are 22-membered rings with one lactone and one amide bond.
  • the N of the amide bond forms a 2-carboxyl piperidine or a 2-carboxyl pyrrolidine.
  • This carboxyl group forms the lactone group, with an oxygen that is allylic to a double bond that is exo to the main 22- membered ring.
  • Such compounds include, without limitation, FK520 esters and FK506 esters as well as compounds of formula (I).
  • FK506 or FK520 producing strain refers to a strain (natural or recombinant) which is capable of producing one or more FK506 or FK520 analogues when fed appropriately.
  • FK506 or FK520 cluster means the PKS and associated enzymes responsible for production of FK506 or FK520 analogues.
  • modifying gene(s) includes the genes required for post- polyketide synthase modifications of the polyketide, for example but without limitation cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, ferredoxins and SAM-dependent O-methyltransferases.
  • these modifying genes include fkbD and fkbM, but a person of skill in the art will appreciate that PKS systems related to FK520 (for example but without limitation:
  • FK506, antascomicin, FK523, FK525 and tsukubamycin will have homologues of at least a subset of these genes, some of which are discussed further below.
  • precursor supply gene(s) includes the genes required for the supply of the natural or non-natural precursors, the genes required for the synthesis of any naturally or non-naturally incorporated precursors and the genes required for the incorporation of any naturally or non-naturally incorporated precursors.
  • these genes include fkbL, fkbO and fkbP but a person of skill in the art will appreciate that PKS systems related to FK506 and FK520 (for example but without limitation: antascomicin, FK523, FK525 and tsukubamycin) will have homologues of these genes, some of which are discussed further below.
  • auxiliary gene(s) includes references to modifying genes, precursor supply genes or both modifying genes and precursor supply genes.
  • auxiliary gene is an oxygenase which may hydroxylate the starter unit.
  • basic product refers to the initial product of the polyketide synthase enzyme before the action of any modifying genes.
  • the term "precursor” includes the natural starter units (i.e. 4,5- dihydroxycyclohex-1 -ene carboxylic acid), non-natural starter units (e.g non-cyclic or heterocyclic starter units), and naturally incorporated amino acids (i.e. pipecolic acid) and non- naturally incorporated amino acids
  • non-natural starter unit refers to any compounds which can be incorporated as a starter unit in polyketide synthesis that are not the starter unit usually incorporated by that PKS.
  • Alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched. Unless indicated otherwise, alkyl groups may be C1 -8alkyl, e.g. C1 -6alkyl, e.g. C1 -4 alkyl. Examples of C1 -4 alkyl groups include Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, -CH 2 CHMe 2 (isobutyl) and CHMeCH 2 Me.
  • Alkoxy means -Oalkyl
  • Aryl groups include carbocyclic rings which may be mono or bicyclic and contain at least one aromatic ring. Apart from the aromatic ring any other ring may be unsaturated or partially or fully saturated. Typically aryl groups have 6 to 10 ring members. Examples of aryl groups include fully aromatic ring systems such as phenyl, naphthyl and partially aromatic ring systems such as indane, indene and tetralin. The preferred aryl group is phenyl.
  • Heteroaryl groups are aryl groups containing one or more (e.g. 1 to 4 such as 1 to 3 e.g. 1 or 2) hetero atoms selected from O, N and S. Typically heteroaryl groups have 5 to 10 ring members. Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups include 5 membered rings such as pyrazole, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole and 6 membered rings such as pyridine and pyrimidine. Examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups include fully aromatic ring systems such as quinoline, isoquinoline, indole , isoindole and benzofuran and partially aromatic ring systems such chromane and tetrahydroquinoline.
  • monocyclic heteroaryl groups include 5 membered rings such as pyrazole, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole and 6 membered rings such as pyridine and pyrimidine.
  • Examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups include fully
  • Aryl and heteroaryl groups may optionally be substituted by one or more (e.g. one to three) groups e.g. selected from halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, C1 -4alkyl, -COC1 -3alkyl, -N0 2 , -CN, - NH 2 , -NHC1 -4alkyl, N(C1 -4alkyl) 2 , -NHCOC1 -3alkyl and C1 -4alkoxy
  • groups e.g. selected from halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, C1 -4alkyl, -COC1 -3alkyl, -N0 2 , -CN, - NH 2 , -NHC1 -4alkyl, N(C1 -4alkyl) 2 , -NHCOC1 -3alkyl and C1 -4alkoxy
  • the present invention provides FK506 or FK520 ester analogues, as set out above, methods for the preparation of these compounds, methods for the use of these compounds in medicine and the use of these compounds as intermediates or templates for further derivatisation.
  • X represents bond.
  • X represents CH 2 .
  • R 4 represents Me
  • R 4 represents Et.
  • R 4 represents F
  • R-i represents C1 -10 alkyl e.g. C1 -6 alkyl without any optional replacement of a carbon atom by a heteroatom.
  • R-i and/or R 3 represents C1 -10 alkyl (e.g. C1 -6 alkyl) wherein one or more carbon atoms are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S
  • examples of resultant groups include ethers and thioethers in which a CH 2 within an alkylene chain is replaced by O or S respectively and alcohols in which a terminal CH 3 is replaced by OH.
  • Amines may also be formed following replacement of -CHR- with-NR- or -CHRR' with -NRR'. Formation of unstable groups (e.g. -0-CH 2 -0-) should be avoided.
  • substitution with halogen atoms include substitution with F atoms e.g. replacement of CH 3 with CF 3 .
  • R-i represents C1 -4alkylaryl or C1 -4alkylheteroaryl, suitably it represents C1 - 2alkylaryl or C1 -2alkylheteroaryl e.g. -CH 2 aryl or -CH 2 heteroaryl.
  • R 3 represents C1 -4alkylaryl or C1 -4alkylheteroaryl, suitably it represents C1 - 2alkylaryl or C1 -2alkylheteroaryl e.g. -CH 2 aryl or -CH 2 heteroaryl.
  • Ri and R 3 may represent -(CH 2 ) 2-3 - thereby to form a 5-6 membered lactone ring.
  • Ri represents C1 -4 alkyl.
  • R 3 represents H.
  • R 4 represents F and X represents bond
  • R 4 represents CH 3 and X represents bond
  • R 4 represents H and X represents CH 2
  • R-i represents ethyl
  • R 3 represents hydrogen
  • X represents bond
  • R 4 represents methyl as shown in the following structure:
  • R-i represents ethyl
  • R 3 represents hydrogen
  • X represents bond
  • R 4 represents ethyl as shown in the following structure:
  • R-i represents ethyl
  • R 3 represents hydrogen
  • X represents bond
  • R 4 represents fluorine as shown in the following structure:
  • R-i represents ethyl
  • R 3 represents hydrogen
  • X represents CH 2
  • R 4 represents hydrogen as shown in the following structure:
  • the invention embraces all stereoisomers of the compounds defined by formula (I) as shown above.
  • the present invention provides processes for production of FK506 or FK520 ester analogues defined by formula (I) above by culturing a FK506 or FK520 analogue producing strain, optionally with feeding and optionally isolating the compounds produced, then semisynthetically adding an ester group to the C32 hydroxyl.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a FK506 or FK520 ester analogue such as a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers.
  • the present invention provides FK506 or FK520 ester analogues such as compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment or prevention of immune disorders, inflammatory diseases, fungal diseases and/or rejection of transplants.
  • the present invention provides use of FK506 or FK520 ester analogues such as compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of immune disorders, inflammatory diseases, fungal diseases and/or rejection of transplants.
  • the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prevention of immune disorders, inflammatory diseases, fungal diseases and/or rejection of transplants which comprises administering to a subject (especially a human subject) in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a FK506 or FK520 ester analogue such as a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a subject especially a human subject
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a FK506 or FK520 ester analogue such as a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present invention provides FK506 or FK520 ester analogues such as compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis, asthma, uveitis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • the present invention provides use of FK506 or FK520 ester analogues such as compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis, asthma, uveitis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis, asthma, uveitis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases which comprises administering to a subject (especially a human subject) in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a FK506 or FK520 ester analogue such as a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a subject especially a human subject
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a FK506 or FK520 ester analogue such as a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the non-toxic acid addition salt forms of the compounds of formula (I).
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can conveniently be obtained by treating the base form with such appropriate acid.
  • Appropriate acids comprise, for example, inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acids, e.g. hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid, sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric and the like acids; or organic acids such as, for example, acetic, propanoic, hydroxyacetic, lactic, pyruvic, oxalic (i.e. ethanedioic), malonic, succinic (i.e.
  • butanedioic acid maleic, fumaric, malic (i.e. hydroxyl-butanedioic acid), tartaric, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclamic, salicylic, p-aminosalicylic, pamoic and the like acids.
  • said salt forms can be converted by treatment with an appropriate base into the free base form.
  • the invention embraces compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, such as a hydrate.
  • Compounds of formula (I) may be produced either by total synthesis or by semi- synthesis from a compound of formula (II). Suitable analogs for semi-synthesis include e.g. 31 - methyl FK506, 31 -fluoro FK506, 31 -methyl FK520, 31 -fluoro FK520, 31 -methyl FK523 or 31 - fluoro FK523, as described in WO 2004/007709. Compounds of formula (II) can be
  • the producing organism can be supplemented with a suitable acid, or acid derivative, that will be incorporated by the biosynthetic machinery for FK506 or FK520 production in competition with the natural starter unit.
  • a suitable acid or acid derivative is 4- hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic.
  • An alternative method is by genetic manipulation of the FK506 or FK520 producing organisms so that the the biosynthesis of the natural starter unit is disrupted. The resultant strain can then be supplemented with a suitable acid, or acid derivative, including 4-hydroxyl-3-methyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. A method for doing so is described in WO2004/007709.
  • Compound of formula (II) produced by fermentation may be isolated using standard methods known to those of skill in the art, including, without limitation, those described in the methods of the examples below. Alternatives to these methods which may also be considered by a person of skill in the art include those as described in Natural Products Isolation (Cannell et ai, 1998).
  • the host strain is a selected from the group consisting of Streptomyces tsukubaensis No. 9993 (Ferm BP-927), Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus (DSM 40822), Streptomyces sp. AA6554, Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus MA 6475 ATCC 14891 , Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus MA 6678 ATCC 55087, Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus MA 6674, Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus ATCC 55276, Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp.
  • the host strain is selected from the group consisting of: S. hygroscopicus var.
  • the compounds of formula (II) can then be derivatised by further chemical synthetic steps, by methods known to one skilled in the art (for example see March, Wiley Interscience) to compounds of formula (I).
  • the 32-hydroxyl group of compounds of formula (II) is modified by reaction with a suitable compound of formula (III).
  • the etherification can be achieved by many methods known to one skilled in the art., but preferably by reaction with a compound of formula III in the presence of a rhodium-acetate catalyst (Wagner et al 1998).
  • a rhodium-acetate catalyst Wang et al 1998
  • other reactive centres on compounds of formula (II) may be protected by methods known to one skilled in the art.
  • compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by reacting a corresponding compound of formula (I) in which R-i represents H and reacting it with an alcohol of formula R OH under ester forming conditions (e.g. acid or base catalysis).
  • Compounds of formula (I) are useful as pharmaceuticals for example, but without limitation, having potential as agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, in particular, those where local action is more relevant than systemic activity, such as the lung (eg asthma, COPD), gastrointestinal tract (eg Inflammatory Bowel Disease), eye (eg Uveitis) or skin (eg psoriasis, atopic dermatitis).
  • inflammatory diseases in particular, those where local action is more relevant than systemic activity, such as the lung (eg asthma, COPD), gastrointestinal tract (eg Inflammatory Bowel Disease), eye (eg Uveitis) or skin (eg psoriasis, atopic dermatitis).
  • the invention provides for the use of a compound of formula (I) as disclosed herein, in the preparation of a medicament for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of organ rejection after transplantation, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory disorders, fungal infections, cancer, neurodegeneration, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthrisis, fibrosis and/or other hyperproliferative disorders.
  • the invention provides for a method of treatment or prophylaxis of organ rejection after transplantation, autoimmune diseases, fungal infections, cancer, neurodegeneration, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibrosis and/or other hyperproliferative disorders comprising administering a compound of formula (I) to a subject in need thereof.
  • the compounds of formula (I) disclosed herein may be used in the preparation of a medicament for the prevention of organ allograft rejection.
  • the compounds of formula (I) are used in the preparation of a medicament for the topical treatment of autoimmune diseases or inflammatory disorders.
  • the compounds of this invention are useful for inducing immunosuppression and therefore relate to methods of therapeutically or prophylactically inducing a suppression of a human's or an animal's immune system for the treatment or prevention of rejection of transplanted organs or tissue, the treatment of autoimmune, inflammatory, proliferative and hyperproliferative diseases (examples include but are not inclusively limited to autoimmune diseases, diabetes type I, acute or chronic rejection of an organ or tissue transplant, asthma, tumours or hyperprolific disorders, psoriasis, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis, fibrosis, allergies and food related allergies).
  • Such assays are well known to those of skill in the art, for example but without limitation: Immunosuppressant activity - eg Kahan et al., 1991 ; Allografts - eg Kirchner et al. 2000; Autoimmune / Inflammatory / Asthma - eg Carlson, R.P. et al., 1993; Diabetes I - Rabinovitch, A. et al., 2002; Psoriasis - Reitamo, S. et al., 2001 ; Rheumatoid arthritis - Foey, A., et al., 2002; Fibrosis - eg Gregory et al. 1993.
  • the compounds of formula (I) are also, or in particular, expected to be useful as a therapeutic or prophylactic agents for one or more of the following conditions: rejection reactions after transplantation of organs or tissues (for example heart, kidney, liver, bone marrow, skin, cornea, lung, pancreas, small intestine, limb, muscle, nerve, intervertebral disc, trachea, myoblast and cartilage); graft-versus-host reactions following bone marrow
  • autoimmune diseases for example rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes
  • infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms in particular fungal infections
  • inflammatory or hyperproliferative skin diseases or cutaneous manifestations of immunologically-mediated diseases for example psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczematoid dermatitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, seborrhoeic dermatitis, lichen planus, pemphigus, bullous
  • autoimmune or allergic diseases of the eye for example keratoconjunctivitis, vernal
  • conjunctivitis allergic conjunctivitis, uveitis associated with Behcet's disease, keratitis, herpetic keratitis, conical keratitis, corneal epithelial dystrophy, keratoleukoma, ocular pemphigus, Mooren's ulcer, scleritis, Graves' ophthalmopathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye), phlyctenule, iridocyclitis, sarcoidosis affecting the eye, endocrine ophthalmopathy); reversible obstructive airway diseases or asthma, in particular chronic or inveterate asthma (for example late asthma, airway hyperresponsiveness, bronchial asthma, allergic asthma, intrinsic asthma, extrinsic asthma, and dust asthma), mucosal or vascular inflammations (for example gastric ulcers, ischaemic or thrombo
  • abnormality-associated diseases for example Down's syndrome
  • Addison's disease Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection or AIDS
  • hypertrophic cicatrix and keloid due to trauma, burn, or surgery.
  • HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  • the aforementioned compounds of the invention or a formulation thereof may be administered by any conventional method including topically (for example by inhalation, vaginally, intranasally, or by eye or ear drop), enterally (for example orally or rectally) or parenterally (for example by intravenous, intracavernosal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracardiac or intraperitoneal injection) or via a medical device (for example via a stent).
  • the treatment may consist of a single dose or a plurality of doses over a period of time.
  • a compound of the invention Whilst it is possible for a compound of the invention to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical formulation, together with one or more physiologically acceptable diluents or carriers.
  • the diluents or carrier(s) must be "physiologically acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the compound of the invention and not deleterious to the recipients thereof. In some cases, the diluent or carrier will be water or saline which will be sterile and pyrogen free.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient (compound of the invention) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • Tablets may contain excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate and glycine, disintegrants such as starch (preferably corn, potato or tapioca starch), sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium and certain complex silicates, and granulation binders such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxy-propylcellulose (HPC), sucrose, gelatin and acacia. Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, glyceryl behenate and talc may be included.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in gelatin capsules.
  • Preferred excipients in this regard include lactose, starch, a cellulose, milk sugar or high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
  • lactose lactose
  • starch a cellulose
  • milk sugar or high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
  • compounds of the invention may be combined with various sweetening or flavouring agents, colouring matter or dyes, with emulsifying and/or suspending agents and with diluents such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol and glycerin, and combinations thereof.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder (eg povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (eg sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium
  • Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in varying proportions to provide desired release profile.
  • Formulations in accordance with the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets, each containing a
  • the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • Aerosol formulations suitable for administering via inhalation can also be made using methods known in the art. Examples of this include administration of the compounds of the invention by inhalation in the form of a powder (e.g. micronized powder) delivered as a dry powder or in an aerosol formulation or in the form of atomized solutions or suspensions.
  • a powder e.g. micronized powder
  • Exemplary dry powder inhalers include DISKUS, TURBUHALER, DISKHALER and
  • the aerosol formulation may comprise the drug suspended or dissolved in a suitable pressurized propellant (e.g. HFA134a and/or HFA227).
  • a suitable pressurized propellant e.g. HFA134a and/or HFA227).
  • Other equipment such as nebulizer or inhaler may be used (eg see Chan et al., 2003; Smyth et al., 2003; Dalby et al., 2003; Corcoran et al., 2006; Cryan et al., 2007; WO04/1 10335).
  • compositions are preferably applied as a topical ointment or cream.
  • the active agent may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
  • the active agent may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base or a water-in-oil base.
  • analogues eg see US 6,352,998; US6,598,153;
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be administered with a needleless hypodermic injection device, such as the devices disclosed in U.S. 5,399,163; U.S. 5,383,851 ; U.S. 5,312,335; U.S. 5,064,413; U.S. 4,941 ,880; U.S. 4,790,824; or U.S. 4,596,556.
  • a needleless hypodermic injection device such as the devices disclosed in U.S. 5,399,163; U.S. 5,383,851 ; U.S. 5,312,335; U.S. 5,064,413; U.S. 4,941 ,880; U.S. 4,790,824; or U.S. 4,596,556.
  • Examples of well-known implants and modules useful in the present invention include : US 4,487,603, which discloses an implantable micro- infusion pump for dispensing medication at a controlled rate; US 4,486,194, which discloses a therapeutic device for administering medicaments through the skin; US 4,447,233, which discloses a medication infusion pump for delivering medication at a precise infusion rate; US 4,447,224, which discloses a variable flow implantable infusion apparatus for continuous drug delivery; US 4,439,196, which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system having multi-chamber compartments; and US 4,475,196, which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system. Many other such implants, delivery systems, and modules are known to those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds can be administered as the sole active agent, or in combination with other pharmaceutical agents, such as other agents that stimulate or inhibit cell proliferation or immune responses.
  • agents include e.g. cyclosporine, rapamycin, FK506, leflunomide, butenamides, corticosteroids, Doxorubicin, and the like.
  • each active ingredient can be administered either in accordance with its usual dosage range, or at a lower dose level.
  • formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavouring agents.
  • compositions of the invention may optionally contain further active ingredients.
  • R 3 represents H, aryl, C1 -4alkylaryl, heteroaryl or C1 -4heteroaryl;
  • X represents CH 2 or bond;
  • R 4 represents H, F, CI, methyl or ethyl, provided that when X represents a bond, R 4 does not represent H.
  • Suitable and preferred X, z, R 2 , R 3 and R 4 groups are as described above for compounds of formula (I).
  • Ri represents hydrogen
  • R 3 represents hydrogen
  • X represents bond
  • R 4 represents ethyl as shown in the following structure:
  • Ri represents hydrogen
  • R 3 represents hydrogen
  • X represents CH 2
  • R 4 represents hydrogen as shown in the following structure:
  • Ri represents hydrogen
  • R3 represents hydrogen
  • X represents bond
  • R 4 represents fluorine as shown in the following structure:
  • Compounds of formula (IA) may be prepared by analogous methods to those described above for compounds of formula (I).
  • Compounds of formula (IA) may be used as intermediates in the preparation of compounds of formula (I).
  • Compounds of formula (IA) are also produced by hydrolysis in vivo following administration of compounds of formula (I) therefore it may be useful to monitor the presence of compounds of formula (IA) during therapy.
  • Isolated compound of formula (IA) in various concentrations may therefore be used a reference standard for comparison of levels in the plasma (or urine or other body fluid) of treated subjects.
  • Figure 3 Plot of analysis of samples from pharmacokinetic study in male CD1 mice after (A) p.o. dosing at 10mg/kg and (B) i.v. dosing at 1 mg/kg with compounds 7, 8 and FK506, 1.
  • Figure 4 Plot of analysis of samples ofter incubation of compounds 7, 8 and FK506, 1 with human whole blood.
  • Vector pUC19 was obtained from New England Biolabs.
  • Cosmid Supercos-1 was obtained from Stratagene.
  • Vector pKC1 139B01 was obtained by inserting a linker into pKC1 139 (Bierman et al., 1992). The 674bp BglW PvuW fragment of pKC1 139 was replaced by the annealing product of oligos B01 and B02 to give the plasmid pKC1 139B01 (5789bp) containing the polylinker below:
  • Escherichia coli DH 10B (GibcoBRL) and E. coli JM1 10 (New England Biolabs) were grown in 2xTY medium as described by Sambrook et al. (2001 ).
  • £ coli ET12567(pUZ8002) was grown as described by Paget et al. (1999) in 2xTY medium with kanamycin (25 mg/L) and chloramphenicol (12.5 mg/L).
  • £ coli VCS257 was used for transfection of in vitro packaged cosmids. According to the instructions of Stratagene's Gigapack® III XL Packaging Extract the strain was kept on LB medium and grown on LB plus 0.2% maltose and 10mM MgS0 4 for transfection. £. coli transformants were selected for with ampicillin (100 mg/L), kanamycin (50 mg/L), apramycin (50 mg/L).
  • the FK506 producer Streptomyces tsukubaensis no. 9993 (FERM BP-927) (International Patent Organism Depositary, Tsukuba, Japan) and its derivatives were maintained on medium 1 agar plates or ISP4, ISP3, or ISP2 (see below) at 28 °C.
  • BIOT-4168 Single spore isolates of both strains, termed BIOT-4168 (containing the genes for FK520 biosynthesis) and BIOT-4206 (containing the genes for FK506 biosynthesis), were used for strain construction.
  • BIOT-4081 , BIOT-4168, BIOT-31 19, BIOT-4206 or strains which are described below, such as BIOT-4131 , BIOT-4132 and BIOT-4254 were cultured on MAM, ISP4, ISP3 or ISP2 plates, and preserved in 20% (w/v) glycerol and stored at -80 °C. Spores were recovered on plates of MAM, ISP4, ISP3 or ISP2 and incubated for 5-21 days at 28 °C.
  • Vegetative cultures were prepared by removing one agar plug (6 mm in diameter) from the MAM, ISP4, ISP3 or ISP2 plate and transferring into 7 mL medium NGY in 50 mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes (cat no. 227261 , purchased from Greiner Bio-One Ltd, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, UK) with foam plugs, or in Erlenmeyer flasks as described below.
  • the culture tubes were incubated at 28 °C, 300 rpm, 2.5 cm throw for 48 h. From the seed culture 0.5 ml. were transferred into 7 mL production medium PYDG or PYDG+MES in 50 mL centrifuge tubes with foam plugs.
  • Cultivation was carried out for 6 days at 28 °C and 300 rpm (2.5 cm throw). When necessary a selected precursor was fed to the production medium 24 h post inoculation. The feed compound was dissolved in 0.05 - 0.1 mL methanol and added to the culture to give a final concentration of 2.12 mM of the feed compound.
  • BIOT-4081 , BIOT-4168, BIOT-31 19, BIOT-4206 or strains which are described below, such as BIOT-4131 , BIOT-4132 and BIOT-4254 were cultured on MAM, ISP4, ISP3 or ISP2 plates, and preserved in 20% (w/v) glycerol and stored at -80 °C. Spores were recovered on plates of MAM, ISP4, ISP3 or ISP2 and incubated for 5 - 21 days at 28 °C.
  • Vegetative cultures were prepared by removing 4 - 10 agar plugs (6 mm in diameter) from the MAM, ISP4, ISP3 or ISP2 plate and inoculating into 50 - 250 mL medium NGY in 250 mL or 2000 mL Erienmeyer flasks with foam plugs. The seed flasks were incubated at 28 °C, 200 - 250 rpm (5 or 2.5 cm throw) for 48 h. From the seed culture 2 - 10% (v/v) was transferred into 50 or 250 mL production medium PYDG (or PYDG + MES) in 250 mL or 2000 mL Erienmeyer flasks respectively with foam plugs.
  • PYDG or PYDG + MES
  • Cultivation was carried out for 6 days at 28 °C and 200 - 250 rpm (5 or 2.5 cm throw). If necessary a selected precursor was fed to the production medium between 24 h and 48 h post inoculation. The feed compound was dissolved in 0.375 - 1 mL methanol and added to the culture to give final concentration of 2 to 4 mM of the feed compound.
  • BIOT-4081 , BIOT-4168, BIOT-31 19, BIOT-4206 or strains which are described below, such as BIOT-4131 , BIOT-4132 and BIOT-4254 were prepared after growth on MAM, ISP4, ISP3 or ISP2 agar medium, and preserved in 20% (w/v) glycerol and stored at -80 0176°C. Spores were recovered on plates of MAM, ISP4, ISP3 or ISP2 medium and incubated for 5- 21 days at 28 °C.
  • Vegetative cultures were prepared by removing 5-10 agar plugs (6 mm in diameter) from the MAM, ISP4, ISP3 or ISP2 plate and inoculation of 200 - 350 mL medium NGY in 2 L Erienmeyer flasks with foam plug. Cultivation was carried out for 48 h at 28 °C, 250 rpm (2.5 cm throw). The entire seed culture in one flask was transferred into 5 L PYDG containing 0.01 -0.05% antifoam SAG 471 , in 7 L Applikon Fermentor. The fermentation medium was pre-adjusted at pH 6.0-7.0 post-sterilization.
  • the fermentation was carried out for 6 days at 28 °C, with starting agitation set at 300-450 rpm, aeration rate at 0.5-0.8 v/v/m and dissolved oxygen (DO) level controlled with the agitation cascade at 20 - 40% air saturation. If required the pH may be maintained using acid or base addition on demand.
  • the selected feed (providing the starter unit for biosynthesis of target compound) was fed to the production medium 12 - 24 h post inoculation.
  • the feed compound was dissolved in 3 - 5 mL methanol and added to the culture to give final concentration of 2 mM of the feed compound, the amount of methanol not exceeding 1 % of the total volume. Fermentation was continued for further five days post-feeding.
  • Water used for preparing media was prepared using Millipore Elix Analytical Grade Water Purification System.
  • Oatmeal is cooked/steamed in the water for 20 min, strained through a muslin and more water added to replace lost volume.
  • ISP Trace Elements Solution is added and pH adjusted to 7.2 with NaOH.
  • Agar is added before autoclaving at 121 °C, 15 min.
  • the medium is adjusted to pH 7.0, with NaOH and then sterilised by autoclaving 121 °C, 15 min.
  • the medium is adjusted to pH 7.0 with NaOH, and then sterilised by autoclaving 121 °C, 15 min.
  • MES MES
  • PYDG + MES PYDG + MES
  • a paste is made using a little cold water and the starch. This is brought up to a volume of 500 mL. All other ingredients are then added, and the pH of the media is adjusted to pH 7.0 - 7.4. Sterilise by autoclaving 121 °C, 15 min. ISP2
  • the medium is adjusted to pH 7.0 with NaOH, and then sterilised by autoclaving 121°C, 15 minutes.
  • the medium is adjusted to pH 6.4 with NaOH, and then sterilised by autoclaving 121°C, 15 minutes.
  • Extractions were repeated until no more protein was visible at the interface, followed by a final chloroform/isoamylalcohol (49:1 ) extraction.
  • the upper phase was precipitated with 1/10 vol. 5 M NaCI and 1 vol. cold isopropanol. After a few min, the DNA was spooled out with a glass rod and washed in ice cold 70% EtOH. After brief drying, the recovered DNA was dissolved in 0.5 - 1 mL TE 10:1.
  • the proteinase K method (Kieser et al., 1999) was also applied successfully to recover genomic DNA from S. tsukubaensis.
  • a cosmid library of genomic DNA of S. tsukubaensis was constructed. High molecular weight DNA from several genomic DNA preps was partially digested with BfuC ⁇ , an isoschizomer of Sau3A, to a mean size of 30 - 60 kb, ligated to Supercos-1 , packaged into A phage using Gigapack® III XL Packaging Extract (Stratagene) and transfected into Escherichia coli VCS257. The titre was 6.7 x 10 5 cfu / ⁇ g vector. DNA of 10 cosmids was isolated and digested with EcoRI to check the insert size which was 40 kb on average.
  • 2000 clones were grown in 96-well microtitre plates (150 ⁇ _ LB Amp100 Kan50 per well) at 37 °C and frozen at -80 °C after mixing wells with 50 ⁇ LB/glycerol 1 :1 .
  • a DIG labeled fkbO probe was used to detect cosmids containing this region of the FK506 biosynthetic cluster.
  • the probe was prepared by PCR using DIG labeled dNTP mix (Roche). It comprises 410 bp of 3'-terminal fkbO sequence. Sequence information for primer design had been obtained by 454 sequencing of BIOT-31 19 - see Figure 1 and SEQ ID NO: 1 . Primer sequences were:
  • UES2for (SEQ ID NO: 2) 5'-CACTCCTTCGATCTCCACGAGCAGGTCGCCACGGGC-3' and UES2rev (SEQ ID NO: 3) 5'-ACCCTGCCGTCCTCACGGCACACCACTACCCCACGG-3'.
  • Annealing temperatures between 66 and 71 °C and extension for 20 sec at 68 °C proved to be successful.
  • Escherichia coli ET12567 (pUZ8002) (Macneil et al., 1992, Paget et al., 1999) was transformed with pKC1 139B01 -derived plasmids by electroporation to generate the £ coli donor strains for spore conjugation (Kieser et al., 2000). Fresh spores were harvested in water from plates of Streptomyces hygroscopicus (BIOT-4168) or Streptomyces tsukubaensis (BIOT- 4206). Spore suspensions were heat-shocked at 50 °C for 10 min.
  • Culture broth (0.9 mL) were extracted with ethyl acetate (0.9 mL) in a 2 mL Eppendorf tube. The broth was mixed with the solvent for 15 min on a shaking platform (vibrax) at 400 rpm. The phases are then separated by centrifugation (2 min, 13,200 rpm). An aliquot of the organic layer (0.1 mL) is then transferred to either a clean glass LC-vial or a vial containing 5 ⁇ g of pimecrolimus (as an internal standard for quantification). The solvent is removed in vacuo (3 min) and then re-dissolved in methanol (1 mL) by gentle agitation on a shaking platform (5 min).
  • the HPLC system comprised an Agilent HP1 100 equipped with a Hyperclone ODS2,
  • All FK520 and FK506 analogues can be quantified in this manner, for example, with the parent ion isolated as [M-H] " and the transition to 548.2 (for FK520 analogues) or 560.2 (for FK506 analogues) used.
  • the amount of analyte present is then calculated by dividing the integral for the analyte transition (as detailed above) with that for the internal standard, pimecrolmius. This ratio is then compared with a standard calibration curve for FK520 or FK506 up to 100 ng on column with 50 ng on column pimecrolimus.
  • NMR spectra 1 H, 13 C, DQF-COSY, HMQC and HMBC
  • a Bruker Advance DRX500 spectrometer fitted with a Bruker Avance 500 Cryo Ultrashield, which operated at 500 MHz (for proton derived spectra, pro rata for other nuclei) at 27 °C,.
  • Chemical shifts are described in parts per million (ppm) and are referenced to solvent signal e.g. CHCI 3 at ⁇ ⁇ 7.26 ( 1 H) and CHCI 3 at ⁇ 0 77.0 ( 13 C). J values are given in Hertz (Hz).
  • LC-MS analysis of compounds prepared by synthesis Samples were run on an Agilent 1200 coupled to a single-quad mass spectrometer and separate runs recorded positive and negative MS data.
  • Method A Xbridge, C18, 3.5 micron 4.6 ⁇ 150 mm column (Waters).
  • Method B Xbridge, C18, 3.5 micron 4.6 ⁇ 150 mm column (Waters).
  • 0.1 % formic acid B: 0.1 % formic acid in MeCN. 1 ml_/min; 0-2 min 10% B; 15 min 100% B; 17 min 100% B; 17.1 min 10% B, 20 min 10% B.
  • Method C Ultimate AQ-C18 (2.1 x 50mm, 3 micron).
  • Method D Ultimate AQ-C18 (2.1 x 50mm, 3 micron). A: 0.025%FA/1 mM NH 4 OAc/H 2 0; B: 0.025%FA/1 mM NH 4 OAc/MeOH. 0.4mL/min; 0.2min 20% B; 0.7min 60% B; 1.1 min 60% B; 1 .4min 98% B; 2.3min 98% B; 2.4min 20%B, 3.5min stop.
  • Method E Ultimate AQ-C18 (2.1 x 50mm, 3 micron). A: 0.025%FA/1 mM NH 4 OAc/H 2 0;
  • NFAT-bla Jurkat cells were thawed and resuspended in Assay Media (OPTI-MEM, 0.5% dialyzed FBS, 0.1 mM
  • NEAA 1 mM Sodium Pyruvate, 100 U/mL/100 g/mL Pen/Strep
  • 4 ⁇ - of a 10X serial dilution of the test compounds were added to appropriate wells of a TC-Treated assay plate.
  • 32 ⁇ _ of cell suspension was added to the wells and pre- incubated at 37°C/5% C0 2 in a humidified incubator with test compounds for 30 minutes.
  • Anti CD4:CD8 activator at the pre-determined EC80 concentration was added to wells containing the test compounds.
  • the plate was incubated for 5 hours at 37°C/5% C0 2 in a humidified incubator.
  • 8 ⁇ _ of 1 ⁇ Substrate Loading Solution was added to each well and the plate was incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. The plate was read on a fluorescence plate reader.
  • 90 ⁇ _ of prewarmed blood or plasma was then added to each of the wells of plate B.
  • Triplicate 40 ⁇ _ aliquots were then removed immediately for the 0 h timepoint, then sequentially at 0.25, 0.5, 2, 8 and 24 hours after adding the blood or plasma, and transferred to the wells in plate A and mixed.
  • 80 ⁇ _ of 50% MeOH in dH 2 0 was added to each of the wells in plate A, mixed, then 380 ⁇ _ of pimecrolimus in acetonitrile (100ng/ml_) was added and mixed. Plate A was then kept at -70°C until analysis.
  • plate A was thawed, vortexed for 10 minutes at 300rpm in a shaker, then centrifuged at 4000rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was transferred to a new 96-well plate for LC/MS analysis (using method E).
  • Water solubility may be tested as follows: A 10 mM stock solution of the FK506 or FK520 analogue is prepared in 100% DMSO at room temperature. Triplicate 0.01 mL aliquots are made up to 0.5 mL with either 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.3 solution or 100% DMSO in amber vials. The resulting 0.2 mM solutions are shaken, at room temperature on an IKA® vibrax VXR shaker for 6 h, followed by transfer of the resulting solutions or suspensions into 2 mL Eppendorf tubes and centrifugation for 30 min at 13200 rpm. Aliquots of the supernatant fluid are then analysed by the LCMS method as described above. Assessment of cell permeability and efflux
  • mice Female BALB/c mice aged between 5 and 8 weeks were obtained from Harlan Olac (Shaw's Farm, Blackthorn, Bicester, Oxon, 0X25 1 TP, England). Animals were sensitised intra-peritoneally (i.p.) with 100 ⁇ g OVA in alum on day 0 to skew their immune profiles towards Th2. On day 7 animals were terminated by cervical dislocation and spleens were removed to ice-cold HBSS containing 10% HEPES. Spleens were processed under aseptic conditions to obtain a single cell suspension.
  • Cells were then pooled, washed, the red blood cells lysed and a cell count performed to determine cell numbers and viability.
  • Cells were resuspended at a density of 2x10 7 /ml in RPMI with supplements. Two million cells were removed prior to culture for flow cytometry to assess levels of T and B lymphocytes present. This was determined using fluorescently conjugated antibodies to Thy1 .2 & B220 (CD45R). The remaining cells were cultured in triplicate in 96-well tissue culture plates with inhibitors at 3 concentrations (as determined by client) for 1 hour prior to the addition of OVA to the cultures (final concentration 200 ⁇ g ml).
  • Test compounds were reconstituted from the powdered form by addition of 100% DMSO to achieve concentrated stock solutions of equivalent molarity, based on the molecular weights provided for each compound. Compounds were then diluted 1 ,000 fold in culture media, resulting in a background level of 0.1 % DMSO in all wells. Subsequent 10-fold dilution of compounds was performed in RPMI/0.1 % DMSO. The final concentrations of test compounds in the wells were 2nM, 0.2nM & 0.02nM. Cells were incubated at a density of 106 per well. Positive control cultures were stimulated with a polyclonal activator of T cells (con A, 5 g/m ⁇ ), in order to confirm the health of the starting population. All cultures were incubated for 72 hours at 37°C, 5% C0 2 . Supernatants were then removed and frozen down for subsequent measurement of key cytokines, IL-5 and IL-13, by Luminex.
  • microsphere was quantified using a Luminex machine (dual laser flow analyzer) and xPonent software (Luminex corporation).
  • a standard curve of quantified recombinant cytokines ranging from 3.2 - 10,000pg/ml, was used to convert detected PE fluorescence values to cytokine concentrations (pg/ml). All standards were run in duplicate and at least 50 microspheres are analysed per cytokine.
  • the cytokines present in the supernatants taken from spleen cultures were determined in each of the triplicates by comparison to the values observed with the recombinant cytokine standards. The cytokine concentration in each sample and the mean of replicates was noted. Cytokine production from splenocytes after OVA stimulation in vitro was compared in the presence and absence of inhibitors.
  • Blood was collected into standard lithium-heparin vacutainers from one healthy donor and subsequently diluted 1 :5 with RPMI media. The donor was not atopic and was not receiving any medication.
  • PBMCs were separated from whole blood using the AccuSpin System utilising
  • PBMCs Histopaque 1077 (Sigma). Following the appropriate washing steps, PBMCs were counted and then divided into relevant fractions for CD3/CD28 stimulation. Compounds were dissolved in DMSO, and diluted further in RPMI media to the working concentration. Final DMSO in the assay was 0.1 % in all samples.
  • PBMCs were diluted in RPMI containing 10% dialysed FBS to yield a concentration of 100,000 cells per 180 ⁇ .
  • anti-CD28 antibody (Calbiochem) was added to yield a final concentration of 2 ⁇ 9 ⁇ in the assay and 180 ⁇ of this cell suspension was immediately added to the plates.
  • the plates were then placed in a humidified 37°C incubator for 24 hours. At this time, the plates were centrifuged at 400 x g for 5 minutes and 10 ⁇ supernatant transferred to clean 96 well plates. Supernatants were frozen rapidly at -80°C and stored until required for cytokine analysis by Bio-Plex assay.
  • cytokine analyses were carried out as per manufacture's instructions. Standard curves and quantification of samples were generated using Bioplex Manager software (BioRad).
  • CyP450 metabolism and inhibition may be analysed by incubating compounds of interest with isolated hepatocytes, microsomes or isolated CyP450 enzymes, then measuring rate of metabolism of the test compound over a short period of time, such as 0-60 minutes, or using a fluorometric inhibition assay or microsomal inhibition assay to measure CyP450 inhibition (see Yan and Caldwell, 2001 ). In vivo assessment of pharmacokinetics
  • In vivo assays may also be used to measure the bioavailability of a compound.
  • a compound is administered to a test animal (e.g. mouse) both intravenously (i.v.) and orally (p.o.) and blood samples are taken at regular intervals to examine how the plasma (or whole blood) concentration of the drug varies over time.
  • the compounds may be dosed by aerosol using a nebulizer.
  • the time course of plasma (or whole blood) concentration over time can be used to calculate the PK parameters (using software such as Kinetica, Thermo Scientific) such as absolute bioavailability of the compound as a percentage using standard models.
  • the concentration of the compound of the invention or parent compound in the sample was determined via LCMS as follows:20 ⁇ _ of blood:H 2 0 (1 :1 , v/v)/PK sample was added with 20 ⁇ _ Internal standard (pimecrolimus) at 100 ng/mL, 20 ⁇ _ working solution/MeOH and 150 ⁇ _ of ACN, vortexed for 1 minute at 1500 rpm, and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was then injected into LC-MS/MS. The time-course of blood concentrations was plotted and used to derive area under the whole blood concentration-time curve (AUC - which is directly proportional to the total amount of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation). These values were used to generate the oral bioavailability (F%) and other PK parameters where possible. Where possible, the levels of the presumed primary metabolite, 11 , were analysed. In vivo assessment of aerosol pharmacokinetics
  • mice were dosed 20mg over 10 minutes to groups of 9 animals in a chamber using a nebulizer. At 0.25, 0.5, 2, 8, and 24 hours, three mice per timepoint were euthanized under anaesthesia with isofulrane. The animals were placed on ice and the chest cavity opened immediately to expose heart and lung. 100 ⁇ _ of blood sample was collected from each animal by cardial puncture into K 2 EDTA tubes. This blood sample was diluted with the same volume of diH 2 0 and put on dry ice immediately. After collection of the blood sample, lung tissue was rapidly collected, washed with cold saline, dried, weighed and snap frozen with dry ice. The whole process was completed in 2 minutes. Blood and lung samples were then stored at -70°C until analysis.
  • lung tissue was homogenized for 2 min with 3 volumes (v/w) of
  • homogenate/unknown PK sample was added to 30 ⁇ _ internal standard (pimecrolimus, 100 ng/mL), 40 ⁇ of working solution/MeOH and 160 ⁇ of ACN, vortexed for 1 min at 1500 rpm, and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was diluted with MeOH (1 :1 , v/v), vortexed and then injected into the LC-MS/MS system. Blood samples were prepared for analysis as described for intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics. The concentration of the relevant compound/s in the lung and blood samples was then determined via LCMS (see materials and methods, using LCMS methods C or D).
  • AUC - area under the whole blood concentration-time curve
  • Example 1 Generation of a Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus strain in which the fkbO gene has been inactivated by introducing a small deletion inducing a frameshift.
  • Oligos SG165 SEQ ID NO: 1
  • SG166 SEQ ID NO: 2
  • Oligos SG165 SEQ ID NO: 1
  • SG166 SEQ ID NO: 2
  • aesFK520A SEQ ID NO: 10
  • DSM 40822 standard PCR reaction
  • genomic DNA Genomic DNA
  • a 5' extension was designed in each oligo to include the restriction sites present in the genomic sequence to aid cloning of the amplified fragment ( Figure 1 ).
  • This 1727 bp fragment was cloned into pUC19 that had been linearised with Sma ⁇ , resulting in plasmid pAESA5 and the insert verified by sequencing.
  • Oligos SG167 SEQ ID NO: 3 and SG168 (SEQ ID NO: 4) were used to amplify a 2034 bp region of DNA, termed aesFK520B (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus (DSM 40822) in a standard PCR reaction (Sambrook and Russell, 2001 ) using genomic DNA (Kieser et al., 2000) as the template and hot start KOD DNA polymerase.
  • a 5' extension was designed in oligo SG167 to introduce the restriction site to aid cloning of the amplified fragment ( Figure 1 ) and SG168 included the restriction site present in the genomic sequence.
  • This 2034 bp fragment was cloned into pUC19 that had been linearised with Sma ⁇ , resulting in plasmid pAESBI and the insert verified by sequencing.
  • pAESABI The -1 .7 kb Bgl ⁇ IXho ⁇ fragment from pAESA5 and -2.0 kb Xho ⁇ IEcoR ⁇ fragment from pAESBI were cloned into the -5.9 kb Bgl ⁇ /EcoR ⁇ fragment of pKC1 139 (Bierman et al., 1992) to make pAESABI .
  • pAESABI therefore contained the upstream and downstream regions such that the double crossover event would result in the desired small deletion, introducing a frameshift in the fkbO gene.
  • Escherichia coli ET12567 harbouring the plasmid pUZ8002, was transformed with pAESABI by electroporation to generate the E. coli donor strain for conjugation.
  • This strain was used to transform Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus (DSM 40822) by spore conjugation (as described in Materials and methods).
  • Exconjugants were plated on R6 agar and incubated at 28°C.
  • pAESABI is able to self-replicate in Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus (DSM 40822) at 28°C.
  • Transformants were subcultured onto MAM plates with apramycin (0.050 mg/mL) at 28°C to ensure the pAESABI plasmid with resistance marker was present. Subculturing to allow secondary recombination was carried out as follows: the transformants were subcultured again on to MAM plates with apramycin at 37°C to induce the plasmid to integrate, as the plasmid cannot self-replicate at 37°C. The transformants were then subcultured for four subsequent rounds at 37°C on MAM plates with no antibiotic. The transformants from the fourth subculture on antibiotic free plates were plated for spore harvest on ISP3 medium at 28°C. Serial dilutions were made from the filtered collected spores and were plated on MAM plates to achieve single colonies. 1 .4 Screening for secondary crosses
  • Example 2 Generation of a Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus strain in which the fkbO gene has been inactivated by introducing a large in-frame deletion.
  • Oligos SG165 SEQ ID NO: 1
  • SG166 SEQ ID NO: 2
  • aesFK520A SEQ ID NO: 10
  • DSM 40822 standard PCR reaction
  • genomic DNA Genomic DNA
  • a 5' extension was designed in each oligo to include the restriction sites present in the genomic sequence to aid cloning of the amplified fragment ( Figure 2).
  • This 1727 bp fragment was cloned into pUC19 that had been linearised with Sma ⁇ , resulting in plasmid pAESA5 and the insert verified by sequencing.
  • Oligos SG169 SEQ ID NO: 5 and SG168 (SEQ ID NO: 6) were used to amplify a 1460 bp region of DNA, termed aesFK520C (SEQ ID NO: 12) from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus (DSM 40822) in a standard PCR reaction (Sambrook and Russell, 2001 ) using genomic DNA (Kieser et al., 2000) as the template and hot start KOD DNA polymerase.
  • a 5' extension was designed in oligo SG169 to introduce the restriction site to aid cloning of the amplified fragment (Figure 2) and SG168 included the restriction site present in the genomic sequence.
  • pAESAC4 therefore contained the upstream and downstream regions such that the double crossover event would result in the desired large deletion of the fkbO gene.
  • Escherichia coli ET12567 harbouring the plasmid pUZ8002, was transformed with pAESAC4 by electroporation to generate the E. coli donor strain for conjugation.
  • This strain was used to transform Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus (DSM 40822) by spore conjugation (as described in Materials and methods).
  • Exconjugants were plated on R6 agar and incubated at 28°C.
  • pAESAC4 is able to self-replicate in Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus (DSM 40822) at 28°C.
  • Transformants were subcultured onto MAM plates with apramycin (0.050 mg/mL) at 28°C to ensure the pAESAC4 plasmid with resistance marker was present. Subculturing to allow secondary recombination was carried out as follows: the transformants were subcultured on to MAM plates with apramycin at 37°C to induce the plasmid to integrate, as the plasmid cannot self-replicate at 37°C. The transformants were then subcultured for four subsequent rounds at 37°C on MAM plates with no antibiotic. The transformants from the fourth subculture on antibiotic free plates were plated for spore harvest on ISP3 medium at 28°C. Serial dilutions were made from the filtered collected spores and were plated on MAM plates to achieve single colonies. 2.4 Screening for secondary crosses
  • Example 3 Generation of a Streptomyces tsukubaensis strain in which the fkbO gene has been inactivated by introducing a small deletion inducing a frameshift.
  • Oligos AES43 (SEQ ID NO: 6) and AES40 (SEQ ID NO: 7) were used to amplify a 2057 bp region of DNA, termed aesFK506D1 1 (SEQ ID NO: 13) from Streptomyces tsukubaensis no. 9993 (FERM BP-927) in a standard PCR reaction (Sambrook and Russell, 2001 ) using genomic DNA (Kieser et al., 2000) as the template and hot start KOD DNA polymerase.
  • a 5' extension was designed in each oligo to introduce the restriction sites to aid cloning of the amplified fragment (Figure 3). This 2057 bp fragment was cloned into pUC19 that had been linearised with Sma ⁇ , resulting in plasmid pAES8 and the insert verified by sequencing.
  • Oligos AES41 SEQ ID NO: 8 and AES42 (SEQ ID NO: 9) were used to amplify a 1985 bp region of DNA, termed aesFK506E3 (SEQ ID NO: 14) from Streptomyces tsukubaensis no. 9993 (FERM BP-927) in a standard PCR reaction (Sambrook and Russell, 2001 ) using genomic DNA (Kieser et al., 2000) as the template and hot start KOD DNA polymerase.
  • a 5' extension was designed in each oligo to introduce the restriction sites to aid cloning of the amplified fragment ( Figure 3).
  • This 1985 bp fragment was cloned into pUC19 that had been linearised with Sma ⁇ , resulting in plasmid pAES9 and the insert verified by sequencing.
  • pAES10 therefore contained the upstream and downstream regions such that the double crossover event would result in the desired small deletion, introducing a frameshift in the fkbO gene.
  • Escherichia coli ET12567 harbouring the plasmid pUZ8002, was transformed with pAES10 by electroporation to generate the E. coli donor strain for conjugation.
  • This strain was used to transform Streptomyces tsukubaensis no. 9993 (FERM BP-927) by spore conjugation (as described in Materials and methods).
  • Exconjugants were plated on R6 agar and incubated at 37°C.
  • pAES10 is not able to self-replicate in Streptomyces tsukubaensis no. 9993 (FERM BP- 927) at 37°C and must integrate into the genome.
  • Transformants were subcultured onto MAM plates with apramycin (0.050 mg/mL) at 37°C two to three times, to ensure that the pAES10 plasmid with resistance marker had integrated. Subculturing to allow secondary recombination was carried out as follows: the transformants were subcultured for two subsequent rounds at 37°C on MAM plates with no antibiotic and then a final time at 28°C. The transformants from the fourth subculture on antibiotic free plates were plated for spore harvest on ISP4 medium at 28°C. Serial dilutions were made from the filtered collected spores and plated on ISP4 plates at 28°C to achieve single colonies.
  • Vegetative cultures were prepared by removing 8 agar plugs (6 mm in diameter) from a 9 day old MAM plate of BIOT-4131 and inoculating into 250 mL medium NGY in 2000 mL Erienmeyer flasks with foam plugs. The seed flasks were incubated at 28 °C, 250 rpm (2.5 cm throw) for 48 h. From the seed culture 5% (v/v) was transferred into 77 x 50 mL production medium PYDG in 250 mL Erienmeyer flasks respectively with foam plugs. Cultivation was carried out for 6 days at 28 °C and 200 rpm with a 5 cm throw or 250 rpm with a 2.5 cm throw.
  • the cultures were all fed with methyl 3-c/s-fluoro-4-irans-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate in methanol to final concentrations as follows. 71 of the cultures were fed with 2 mM at 24 hours, 3 cultures were fed with 4 mM at 24 hours and 3 cultures were fed with 2 mM at 24 hours and a further 2 mM at 48 hours post inoculation.
  • BIOT-4131 Spore stocks of BIOT-4131 were recovered onto plates of MAM medium and incubated for 8 days at 28°C. Vegetative cultures (seed culture) were prepared by 5 x 8 plug of BIOT-4131 from MAM medium plate and inoculating into 5 x 350 ml NGY medium in 5 x 2 litre Erienmeyer flasks with foam bung. Cultivation was carried out for 48 hours at 28°C, 250 rpm (2.5 cm
  • the entire seed culture in one flask was transferred into 5 litres of medium PYDG pre- adjusted between pH 6.5 and 7.0 in a 5 x 7 L Applikon Fermentor.
  • the fermentation was
  • the broths were combined and the cells removed by centrifugation. the supernatant was discarded and the cells were extracted into acetonitrile (2 x 10 liters, overhead stirrer, 1 hour).
  • the solvent was reduced in vacuo to leave an aqueous slurry.
  • the slurry was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate twice.
  • the combined organics were taken to dryness in vacuo to yield a brown waxy solid (72 g).
  • the extract was dissolved in a mixture of methylene chloride, methanol, hexane and ethyl acetate (total 1 liter) and silica (173 g) added. The solvent was removed in vacuo to yield adsorbed silica.
  • This adsorbed silica was added to the top of a silica column (350 g silica, 6.5 cm diameter) and the column eluted with hexanes/ ethyl acetate (2:1 , 1 .8 liters; 1 :1 , 1 .8 liters; 1 :2, 0.9 liters; 100% ethyle acetate). Active fractions were combined and taken to dryness to yield a yellow foam (34 g). The foam was suspended in acetone (100 ml) and mixed with hexanes (100 ml). A white solid did not dissolve and was collected by filtration and the filtrate kept.
  • rapamycin in Streptomyces hygroscopicus analysis of the enzymatic domains in the modular polyketide synthase.” Gene 169(1 ): 9-16.
  • Streptomyces pristinaespiralis encoding enzymes involved in the conversion of pristinamycin ll B to pristinamycin ll A (PIU): PI synthase and NADH:riboflavin 5'- phosphate oxidoreductase.” Journal of Bacteriology 177(18): 5206-5214.
  • Beta-lactamase an ideal reporter system for monitoring gene

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des composés représentés par la formule (I) ou un sel de ceux-ci pharmaceutiquement acceptable, dans laquelle les variables R1-R4 et X sont telles que décrites dans la description, lesdits composés étant utilisés en tant qu'agents anti-inflammatoires à action systémique réduite.
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