WO2011030306A1 - Procédé et système d'agrégation et de distribution d'énergie électrique à l'aide de câbles à fibres optiques - Google Patents

Procédé et système d'agrégation et de distribution d'énergie électrique à l'aide de câbles à fibres optiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011030306A1
WO2011030306A1 PCT/IB2010/054080 IB2010054080W WO2011030306A1 WO 2011030306 A1 WO2011030306 A1 WO 2011030306A1 IB 2010054080 W IB2010054080 W IB 2010054080W WO 2011030306 A1 WO2011030306 A1 WO 2011030306A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
laser
fiber optic
power
fiber
laser beam
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PCT/IB2010/054080
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English (en)
Inventor
Stephen Poh Chew Kong
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Thinkeco Power Inc.
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Publication of WO2011030306A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011030306A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4296—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements coupling with sources of high radiant energy, e.g. high power lasers, high temperature light sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/30—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using light, e.g. lasers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/80—Optical aspects relating to the use of optical transmission for specific applications, not provided for in groups H04B10/03 - H04B10/70, e.g. optical power feeding or optical transmission through water
    • H04B10/806—Arrangements for feeding power
    • H04B10/807—Optical power feeding, i.e. transmitting power using an optical signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/50—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using additional energy repeaters between transmitting devices and receiving devices

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to power transmissions, and more particularly, to a method and system for aggregating and delivering electrical power using fiber optic cables.
  • Optical fiber has long been used to provide illumination, communication links, and a sensing platform, but has been little utilized as a means for providing electrical power through conversion of light into a useable voltage and current. Although many applications (such as sensing) do not require high levels of electrical power, other applications, such as powering motors or actuators, require high levels of electrical power. One limitation lies in the optical power handling capabilities of a fiber.
  • Optical fibers have several limitations in their power transmitting capabilities. The first of these is absorption that results in heating above the melting point of the material. Silica, commonly used in optical fiber, can theoretically handle up to 100 kW of optical power in a 100-micron diameter fiber or 10 kW in a 10-micron diameter fiber. However, other factors produce more stringent limitations. These are fiber fusing, endface damage, and bending failures.
  • Fiber fusing is an effect whereby the local power density in a fiber is greatly
  • Fiber fuses of as much as 1.5 km have been observed.
  • Endface damage is the most common form of fiber failure. This is most likely to occur at connectors where an epoxy is commonly used. The epoxy heats rapidly when illuminated by high powers (due to its higher optical absorption) and can result in melting of the endface. Endface damage is less likely with non-connectorized fibers, but can still occur due to scratches or contaminants on the endface that form a point of localized heating.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method for aggregating and delivering electrical power using fiber optic cables.
  • the system includes a laser that produces a laser beam, a laser beam splitter for splitting the laser beam into a plurality of laser beams, and fiber optic cable for transmitting the plurality of laser beams to a remote location.
  • the system includes a laser beam combination system for combining the plurality of laser beams and an electrical power generator for converting power from the combined laser beam to electrical power.
  • Embodiment of the present invention can also be viewed as providing methods for aggregating and delivering electrical power using fiber optic cables.
  • one embodiment of such a method can be broadly summarized by the following steps.
  • the method includes splitting a high power Nd-YAG laser beam into a plurality of low power laser beams and transmitting the plurality of laser beams via conventional optical infrastructure.
  • the method further includes collimating the plurality of laser beams into a collimated beam and converting the collimated beam into electrical energy.
  • Figure 1 depicts a block diagram of an exemplary system for aggregating and de- livering electrical power using fiber optic cables according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 depicts a block diagram of an exemplary system for converting electrical voltage into laser pulses.
  • Figure 3 is a cross section view of an exemplary high-powered laser fiber optic beam delivery system for use with the system of Figure 1.
  • Figure 4 is a cross section view of an exemplary high-powered laser- fiber optics connection system that can be used with the system of Figurel.
  • Figure 5 depicts an exemplary fiber optics combiner/splitter diagram for use with the system of Figure 1.
  • Figure 6 shows a cross sectional view of laser beams being split into ring like
  • Figure 7 depicts a cross sectional view of an exemplary high quality optical fiber that is suitable for photonic power delivery.
  • Figure 8 depicts an exemplary laser beam combination system for use with the
  • Figure 9 shows an exemplary electrical power generation system that can be used with the system of Figure 1.
  • Figure 10 shows an exemplary system that allows a high-powered infrared laser beam to interface with a specialized hollow fiber.
  • Figure 11 shows an exemplary optical fiber intrusion detection system making use of mode coupling.
  • Ranges may be expressed herein as from 'about' or 'approximately' one particular value and/or to 'about' or 'approximately' another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent 'about,' it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment.
  • Fiber power delivery is simpler, easier to install, immune to lightning strikes, electromagnetic interference, arching/sparking that can lead to fires and electric shock hazard in times of flood, storms, fire etc. Fiber power delivery also avoids transformer hazards such as oil spills and explosions, and it eliminates expensive copper wires from being stolen (i.e. lots of cases of blackouts because copper has a street value). Other advantages of fiber power delivery include potentially avoiding regulatory requirements that govern electricity transmission and that the cost of optical fibers is lowered with increase usage, unlike copper which is governed by commodity prices.
  • Fiber transmission is currently used extensively in magnetic resonance imaging, which exposes equipment to very high magnetic fields that cause problems with electrical systems. Fiber transmission can withstand higher voltages, which is important because they can improve resolution. Also, fiber can connect to sensitive instruments measuring electromagnetic emission of consumer equipment during verification of compliance with emission standards.
  • Diode-laser power also has increased, with long-lived lasers now about to couple a watt or more of power into standard graded-index fiber with 50- or 62.5 ⁇ cores.
  • High quality state-of-the-art photovoltaic cells can convert 40% to 50% of the incident light into electrical energy, significantly higher than the peak efficiency usually quoted for solar cells.
  • a system of the present invention improves the efficiency and reliability of transmitting power over spare and existing optical fiber cables.
  • the present invention avoids the use of expensive and specialized fiber optics cables (e.g., those that have the ability to carry laser beams in the order of 10W or more and typically up to 1000W) by aggregating individual fibers and lasers and combining a plurality of laser beams using a suitable fiber optic combiner.
  • renewable energy suppliers can generate power on-site in geographically remote areas using an appropriate generation method, convert this electrical power to laser power, split this laser power using a plano-convex lens into a ring of single mode fibers, and then deliver the plurality of laser beams through new or existing fibers across large distances.
  • each single mode fiber receives an equal amount of optical energy or power to provide efficiency in splitting the multiplexed beam.
  • These single mode fibers can then be recombined nearer to the destination into one single light pipe, which is then directed towards a laser combination system that is equipped to combine a plurality of laser beams into a combined output beam from at least two laser sources.
  • this high-powered laser beam (i.e., the combined output beam) is then directed towards a pool of liquid cesium that is spaced apart from a collector in an enclosed vessel.
  • the laser beam has sufficient laser power density at the liquid cesium surface to vaporize cesium and thereby form cesium ions and free electrons that can be collected to create a potential difference that will generate electricity.
  • a solar cell conversion method can be used. One such implementation would use a dispersed laser beam onto at least one photovoltaic cell to generate electricity.
  • This transmission system can help promote a 'democratized' distributed power
  • the electrical power (i.e., the electrons) generated by these 'renewable' energy resources can be converted to photons through the use of one or more lasers and then delivered to a remote location (anywhere in the world) via conventional (e.g., existing) fiber optic cables.
  • existing fiber optic cables are utilized in scalable networks having routing and repeater technology that can handle disruptions, sabotage and have a self healing mechanism built in for diversion around fiber optic cables having a compromised integrity.
  • Systems and methods of the present invention also encourage users (such as those in sunlight rich regions and those with an abundance of geothermal energy) to 'farm energy' and sell power across regions or back to a utility company in exchange for a profit.
  • users such as those in sunlight rich regions and those with an abundance of geothermal energy
  • larger commercial businesses that have existing renewable or back-up power systems can farm energy and provide power to others during peak demand times (such as in the summer months when air conditioning units place a strain on the grid).
  • the systems and methods of the present invention can make use of and be implemented with either new or existing fiber optics equipment and technology that are already installed. Additionally, such systems can also include fiber optic hardware to communicate over a network, such as but not limited to a local area network (LAN), a personal area network (PAN), a campus area network (CAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a wide area network (WAN), or a combination of any of the above.
  • LAN local area network
  • PAN personal area network
  • CAN campus area network
  • MAN metropolitan area network
  • WAN wide area network
  • Figure 1 depicts a block diagram of a system 100 for aggregating and delivering electrical power using fiber optic cables according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
  • the system 100 can be coupled to one or more renewable energy devices, such as solar panels, modular stationary power systems, and small wind and plug in hybrid electrical vehicles so as to transmit power generated by the renewable energy devices to a remote location.
  • the system 100 includes a fiber optics transmission subsystem 102 communicatively coupled to a downstream power conversion system 104.
  • the fiber optics transmission subsystem 102 includes one or more high-powered lasers 110 that each generate a laser beam.
  • Suitable lasers include Nd-YAG lasers, although any laser of a suitable wavelength can be used.
  • Nd-YAG lasers are suitable as they have a power output of lkW and higher.
  • a high power laser beam can be obtained through the conversion of electrical power to light power and delivered using a fiber optics system.
  • An exemplary and suitable laser is shown in Figure 3.
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of a typical block diagram of how an electrical voltage can be converted into a laser pulse, although other suitable systems for converting electrical voltage to a laser beam can be used.
  • the block diagram in Figure 2 describes a laser system that generally includes a laser chamber 202 having a pair of main discharge electrodes 246 and 248, connected with a solid-state pulser module 204, and a gas handling module 206.
  • the solid-state pulser module 204 is powered by a high voltage power supply 208.
  • the laser chamber 202 is surrounded by the optics module 210 and front optics module 212, forming a resonator.
  • the optics module 210 is preferably controlled by an optics control module 214, or may be alternatively directly controlled by a computer for laser control 216, and the front optics module 212 is preferably controlled by the control unit, which may be a part of or separate from the optics control module 214.
  • the computer for laser control 216 receives various inputs and controls various
  • a diagnostic module 218 receives and measures one or more parameters of a split off portion of the beam 220 via optics for deflecting a small portion of the beam toward the diagnostic module 218, as shown with the beam splitter in beam splitter module 222.
  • the beam 220 is preferably the laser output to the fiber optics coupling system 112 ( Figure 1).
  • the computer for laser control 216 communicates through an interface 224.
  • the laser chamber 202 contains a laser gas mixture and includes one or more pre- ionization electrodes (not shown) in addition to the pair of main discharge electrodes (not shown).
  • a conventional pulser module may generate electrical pulses in excess of one Joule of electrical power.
  • beam splitter module 222 which includes optics for deflecting a portion of the beam to the diagnostic module 218, or otherwise allowing a small portion of the out-coupled beam to reach the diagnostic module 218, while a beam portion is allowed to continue as the output beam 220 of the laser system.
  • the diagnostic module 218 preferably includes at least one energy detector. This detector measures the total energy of the beam portion that corresponds directly to the energy of the output beam 220.
  • An optical configuration such as an optical attenuator (e.g., a plate or a coating) or other optics, may be formed on or near the detector or beam splitter module 222 to control the intensity, spectral distribution, and/or other parameters of the radiation impinging upon the detector.
  • the processor or computer for laser control 216 receives and processes values of some of the pulse shape, energy, ASE, energy stability, energy overshoot for burst mode operation, wavelength, spectral purity and/or bandwidth, among other input or output parameters of the laser system and output beam.
  • the computer for laser control 216 also controls the line narrowing module to tune the wavelength and/or bandwidth or spectral purity, and controls the power supply and solid-state pulser module 204 and high voltage power supply 208 to control preferably the moving average pulse power or energy, such that the energy dose at points on the work-piece is stabilized around a desired value.
  • the computer for laser control 216 controls the gas handling module 206 which includes gas supply valves connected to various gas sources.
  • the laser gas mixture is initially filled into the laser chamber 202 during new fills.
  • the gas composition for a very stable excimer or molecular fluorine laser in accord with the preferred embodiment uses helium or neon or a mixture of helium and neon as buffer gas(es), depending on the particular laser being used.
  • Figure 3 is a cross section view of an exemplary high-powered laser 110 for use with the system 100 of Figure 1.
  • the high-powered laser 110 is coupled to a fiber optics coupling system 112 that is suitable for linking a laser beam to the fiber optic cable 116.
  • the high-powered laser 110 comprises a laser beam generator 312, fiber optics
  • Fiber optics interface assembly 314 and beam delivery assembly 316 are interconnected as shown by fiber optic cable assembly 318, partially cut away in Figure 3 for clarity.
  • Fiber optic cable assembly 318 comprises a fiber optic cable 116 enclosed in a flexible rubber tubing 326.
  • Fiber optic cable 116 here comprises a single, relatively large core. Characteristics of the fiber optic cable 116, include but are not limited to: having a transmission loss that is not increased for a long time, even in the case where high energy beams are being transmitted, a capability of stably transmitting high energy beams for a long time, the capability of reducing the transmission loss of a high energy beam; and the ability to not bring about a melting fracture even in the case where high energy beams are transmitted.
  • Fiber optics interface assembly 314 shown partially sectioned for clarity, is mounted in a conventional manner to the output coupler of high-powered laser 110 by bolting flange 311 of high- powered laser 110 to mating flange 315 of fiber optics interface assembly 314.
  • the fiber optics interface assembly 314 couples the laser beam produced by high-powered laser 110 into fiber optic cable 116 by focusing such beam into the center of quartz core fiber 321.
  • Plug 319 includes fitting 328 through which a cooling agent, such as a gas, is applied to cool the first end of fiber optic cable 116.
  • a cooling agent such as a gas
  • the gas cooling agent applied to plug 319 via fitting 328 flows along the length of fiber optic cable assembly 318 and coaxially with fiber optic cable 116, thus cooling fiber optic cable 116 as high power laser energy, such as 400 W average power, propagates through the core of fiber optic cable 116.
  • Fiber optics interface assembly 314 comprises a generally tubular- shaped body 334 having a longitudinal passage 336 disposed centrally therein.
  • the first end 335 of body 334 is adapted for mounting to a laser beam generator 312 via mating flange 315.
  • Mating flange 315 is disposed on body 334 within groove 337.
  • Mounted within longitudinal passage 336 is a focal beam expander comprising diverging lens 338 and converging lens 340, such lenses here being quartz, anti-reflection (AR) coated lenses.
  • Diverging lens 338 is secured within a conventional lens mount 342 by retainer ring 339, lens mount 342 being fixed within longitudinal passage 336 by conventional means, such as a plurality set screws 343.
  • Converging lens 340 is conventionally held within lens mount 344 by retainer ring 341.
  • Lens mount 344 is slideably mounted within body 334 to allow for adjustment of the laser beam focus.
  • Lens mount 344, and hence converging lens 340 is locked in place at the selected position within body 334 by screw 345.
  • Also disposed within longitudinal passage 336 is focusing lens 346 mounted as shown in conventional lens mount 348 and secured therein by retainer ring 347.
  • the focal beam expander comprising diverging lens 338 and converging lens 340 is used to present focusing lens 346 with a relatively wide beam having a predetermined diameter, allowing a lens having a standard focal length to be used as focusing lens 346.
  • Lenses 338, 340, and 346 are aligned with the first end of fiber optic cable 116 along optic axis 308 of fiber optics interface assembly 314.
  • Focusing lens 346 focuses the expanded laser beam onto the first end of fiber optic cable 116.
  • the focal lengths of diverging lens 338, converging lens 340 and of focusing lens 346 are selected to produce a focused laser beam spot image on the first end of fiber optic cable 116 having a diameter smaller than that of the core of the fiber optic cable 116.
  • the focused spot size can be minimized by slideably adjusting the position of converging lens 340.
  • the angular position of focusing lens 346 may be adjusted in order to center the focused laser beam spot image on the first end of the fiber optic cable 116 by adjusting the angular position of lens mount 348 within longitudinal passage 336. Such adjustment is achieved using the four centering screws 350.
  • Lens mount 348 is roughly centered within longitudinal passage 336 by rubber O-rings 352, which additionally serve the dual purpose of providing compliance for centering screws 350 and a dust seal for lenses 338, 340, and 346.
  • the fiber optics coupling system 112 of Figure 4 is designed to couple a high power laser 110 (Figure 3) to a fiber optic cable 116 ( Figure 3) while dissipating heat from scattered lasers and optical pump radiation. Laser radiation enters the fiber at one end of the fiber optics coupling system 112. The opposite end of the fiber optics coupling system 112 attaches to a flexible cable which surrounds and protects the fiber optic cable 116.
  • the fiber optic cable 116 and fiber optic cable assembly 318 may be several hundred meters in length, allowing high- power laser radiation to be delivered to a remote place.
  • the outer portion of fiber optics coupling system 112 is a holder 426.
  • Optical fiber 21 is located in the interior of fiber optics coupling system 112.
  • Fiber optic cable 116 extends from fiber input face 423, where laser radiation is input, to the end of the fiber optic cable 116 where the laser radiation is output and utilized for whatever application the laser light is being used. From fiber input face 423, a tapered region 422 of fiber optic cable 116 extends longitudinally. Fiber optic cable 116 tapers from the 1.2 mm diameter at fiber input face 423 to approximately 0.6 mm beyond tapered region 422.
  • Fiber optic cable 116 is preferably composed of ultrapure synthetic fused silica, which is transparent to light of 1064 nm, such as that output from a YAG laser.
  • the fiber optic cable 116 has an exterior cladding of fluorine-doped fused silica with a lower refractive index than that of the interior silica, causing internal reflection of light in the fiber.
  • Fiber input face 423 is polished. With a high power laser, light scattered into the fiber optic cable 116 (and subsequently leaking out of it) may cause thermal heating when the scattered light leaving the fiber is absorbed in the portions of the connector surrounding the optical fiber. Such thermal heating may damage or destroy the fiber optics coupling system 112.
  • Ferrule 425 forms a protective tube around fiber optic cable 116, and is laser welded to fiber optic cable 116 in the region where the laser radiation is input into fiber optic cable 116.
  • ferrule 425 is transparent to the laser radiation, the radiation passes through ferrule 425 without generating local heating.
  • the laser radiation is then absorbed in holder 426 which is constructed of a material that absorbs the radiation and is a good heat conductor. Holder 426 thus provides a good heat conductor and can be easily cooled to remove the excess heat arising from scattered light or light leaking from the optical fiber.
  • a reflector 427 preferably gold coated. Reflector 427 ensures that any laser radiation, or stray flash lamp radiation from the laser pumping system that enters the connector and/or optical fiber off-axis, is reflected into holder 426, where it is absorbed, causing some heating which is dissipated by the heat capacity of the connector.
  • Fiber attachment tube 428 Beyond reflector 427 is fiber attachment tube 428. Reflector 427 is attached to fiber attachment tube 428. In the region near the connection of fiber attachment tube 428 and reflector 427, fiber optic cable 116 is surrounded with optical fiber jacketing 429.
  • Fiber jacketing 429 preferably is a buffer material such as silicone surrounded by an extruded coating, preferably of nylon or tefzel. Both the buffer material and coating are preferably transparent or translucent to the laser radiation. Fiber jacketing 429 provides a dual waveguide fiber mechanism that minimizes losses in the optical fiber. The refractive index of the silicone is lower than the silica on the outside of the core of the fiber optic cable 116.
  • Fiber attachment tube 428 has an internal diameter slightly larger than fiber jacketing 429. Fiber attachment tube 428 is attached adhesively to fiber jacketing 429 in attachment region 430 along approximately 50% of the length of fiber attachment tube 428. Fiber attachment tube 428 provides a means for holding fiber optic cable 116 along a distributed length to minimize point stresses.
  • the opposite end of fiber attachment tube 428 (not shown) is mechanically secured to holder 426 by a nut. Ferrule 425 is preferably secured in holder 426 by close tolerance. The inner diameter of holder 426 is machined for a snug slip fit around ferrule 425.
  • Fiber attachment tube 428 and fiber jacketing 429 are preferably attached with a glue that is transparent to the laser radiation.
  • cyanoacrylate glue is used because it provides a strong bond and is transparent to YAG laser radiation.
  • the attachment region 430 is located a significant distance (preferably more than 100 mm) from fiber input face 423 where there is the most scattered light from the laser radiation input, any problem of local heating in the attachment area is significantly reduced. Thus, damage to the optical fiber connector is significantly reduced, and a higher laser power may be placed into fiber optic cable 116.
  • the fiber optics coupling system 112 is coupled to a example or laser beam splitter (or 'fiber optic combiner/ splitter') 114 via a suitable fiber optics cable 116 as shown in Figure 5.
  • the exemplary laser beam splitter 114 receives the high power laser beam as input, splits the high power laser beam in a plurality of low power laser beams, and then delivers that power via conventional fiber optic infrastructure.
  • this power can be delivered over existing fiber optic infrastructure (denoted by optical fiber 130 in Figure 1), such as those already installed and used for communication purposes.
  • the fiber optics cables that are suited as data channels carry relatively low-powered optical data signals in the order of 10 mW or less and more typically in the order of 1 mW or less.
  • the combiner/splitter 114 is a combination of two lens-like optics, a positive half (i.e. 526A and 530A) and a negative half (i.e. 526B and 530B), making up an axicon 526 and 530.
  • Axicons are cone-shaped optics which can split and recombine coUimated optical beams.
  • the laser beam splitter 114 includes a frequency division multiplexed (FDM) link that uses an axicon combiner 526 to combine the optical power of four different lasers 521-524, each modulated at a different frequency fl-f4, into a single fiber 528.
  • FDM frequency division multiplexed
  • This signal is transported to axicon splitter 530 where it is divided into equal power signals to each of the four destination fibers 531-534.
  • Optical detectors 536 convert each optical signal to an electrical voltage which is amplified by amplifier 538 and filtered to strip off the appropriate channels.
  • the use of the laser beam splitter 114 improves the feasibility of communication and transmission networks using optical FDM which previously has been avoided due to the complexity of and the losses induced by the requisite modulators, demodulators, and filters.
  • the exemplary laser beam splitter 114 includes a combination of cone- shaped optics which can split and combine coUimated laser beams.
  • the combination of positive and negative half of this axicon can convert a solid beam into a ring-shaped beam and conversely, convert back a ring-shaped beam into a solid beam.
  • the axicon splitter causes the laser beam entering the fiber to be expanded into a ring of light.
  • the ring of light is coUimated by the positive half and distributed evenly to the optical fibers. The space is adjusted to ensure that the ring diameter of the array of fibers.
  • a Graded Index (GRIN) lens is located at the end of each fiber for efficient capture of all incoming light for insertion low loss.
  • Figure 6 shows a cross-sectional view of exemplary laser beams being split into a ring like pattern using the laser beam splitter 114.
  • the fiber optic cables 116 are arranged in a ring-pattern around a support member 608.
  • the peak of the cone comprising positive half i.e. 526A and 530A
  • the peak of the cone is centered at the diametrical center of support member 608 so that light entering from fiber optic cables 116, in this case the source fibers are all refracted at the same angle toward the focal point.
  • the fiber optics transmission subsystem 102 can include fiber optics amplifiers/repeaters 118 and anti-intrusion sensors 120.
  • Suitable conventional fiber optics amplifiers/repeaters 118 (Figure 1) and anti-intrusion sensors 120 is shown in Figure 11.
  • the conventional optical amplifier 118 a device that amplifies an optical signal directly, without the need to first convert it to an electrical signal.
  • An optical amplifier may be thought of as a laser without an optical cavity, or one in which feedback from the cavity is suppressed. Stimulated emission in the amplifier's gain medium causes amplification of incoming light.
  • Figure 11 shows a typical embodiment of an anti-intrusion sensor 1100.
  • the anti-intrusion sensor 1100 includes a light source 1101, a multi-mode optical fiber 1102 for transmitting light emitted from the light source 1101, an optical splitter 1203 for splitting light transmitted by the multi-mode optical fiber 1102.
  • the anti-intrusion sensor 1100 further includes first and second detectors 1104 and 1105 for detecting the powers of lights split by the optical splitter 1103, and a determiner 1106 for determining intrusion or non-intrusion using the detected powers of lights.
  • the light source 1101 is a laser diode for continuously outputting laser light.
  • the output from the light source 1101 is coupled to the multi-mode optical fiber 1102, it proceeds in a multi-mode due to the characteristics of the multi-mode optical fiber 1102.
  • mode coupling denotes power coupling between modes.
  • the light power split of each mode is different for each mode since the modes within the optical splitter 1103 have different coupling coefficients. Thus, the power of light split and output by the optical splitter 1103 is changed.
  • the first and second detectors 1104 and 1105 measure the power of light beams output from the optical splitter 1103.
  • the determiner 1106 can determine the static and dynamic changes of light power by comparing the light power values detected and output from the first and second detectors 1104 and 1105 with each other through the subtraction and addition of the light power values. Also, the optical splitter 1103 is designed in consideration of the surrounding environment in order to selectively control the sensitivity to the surrounding environment.
  • the plurality of laser beams are sent to the desired remote location via one or more suitable optical fiber 130, such as those that are equipped to carry a high level of optical power for powering an electrical device as well as data for signal processing.
  • a suitable and exemplary optical fiber is shown in Figure 7 and illustrates a generalized structure (i.e., refractive index profile) of optical fiber 130 that enables the optical fiber 130 to carry both optical power and optical data in separate waveguide regions.
  • optical fiber 130 has a number of different regions or segments, namely, a central core region 720 surrounded by a first annular core region 730, which in turn is surrounded by second annular core region 740.
  • Optical fiber 130 also includes a third annular core region 750.
  • central core region 720 is comprised of silica doped with germanium, (i.e. germania doped silica), and second annular core region 740 consists of pure silica. Dopants other than germanium, singly or in combination, may be employed within central core region 720, and particularly at or near the centerline of the optical fiber disclosed herein to obtain the desired relative refractive index profiles as discussed below.
  • central core region 720 and second annular core region 740 have non-negative refractive index profiles, while annular regions 730 and 750 have negative refractive index profiles.
  • central core region 720 and second annular core region 740 have positive refractive index profiles.
  • optical fiber 130 contains no index-decreasing
  • optical fiber 130 contains both one or more index-increasing dopants and one or more index-decreasing dopants.
  • Third annular core region 750 is surrounded by an annular cladding region ('cladding') 760.
  • cladding 760 contains no germania or fluorine dopants therein.
  • cladding 760 is pure or substantially pure silica.
  • cladding 760 contains a fluorine dopant.
  • Cladding 760 may be comprised of a cladding material which was deposited, for example during a laydown process, or which was provided in the form of a jacketing, such as a tube in a rod- in-tube optical arrangement, or a combination of deposited material and a jacket.
  • Cladding 760 may include one or more dopants.
  • cladding 760 is immediately surrounded by a coating 770 that includes a primary coating 770P and a secondary coating 770S that immediately surrounds the primary coating.
  • optical fiber 130 thus includes two concentrically arranged waveguide regions: central core region 720 that is suited as a data channel for carrying relatively low-power optical data signals (e.g., on the order of 10 mW or less, and more typically on the order of 1 mW or less) and second annular core region 740 suited as a power channel for carrying relatively high optical power (e.g., on the order of 10W or more, and typically greater than a few hundred mW and up to about 100 W or even 1000 W) sufficient to power electrical and/or electronic devices that are remote from the source of optical power.
  • the central core region 720 is known as the 'data waveguide region' and second annular core region 740 is referred to as the 'power waveguide region'.
  • annular region 730 has a negative relative refractive index that serves to substantially and optically isolate central core region 720 and second annular core region 740 so that data light carried in the data waveguide region and power light carried in the power waveguide region do not substantially interact.
  • 'optically isolated' means that at most only an insubstantial amount of light ('power light') carried in second annular core region 740 is present in central core region 720.
  • light ('data light') carried in central core region 720 is detected by a photodetector, it is undesirable for power light to be present in the data waveguide region in amounts that can interfere with detecting the data light.
  • an 'insubstantial' amount of power light in central core region 720 is that amount of power light that does not significantly interfere with detecting the data light and the subsequent processing of data carried by the data light (e.g., does not increase the bit-error rate or significantly affect the signal-to-noise ratio).
  • an insubstantial amount of power light in central core region 720 is less than 10% of the power in the data channel wavelength. Since the amount of light that couples from one waveguide to another is generally a function of the length and proximity of the two waveguides to one another, the amount of optical isolation required between central core region 720 and second annular core region 740 can be different depending on the length of optical fiber 130 used. Thus, a 1 km section of optical fiber 130 will generally require a greater degree of optical isolation than a i m length of optical fiber for a given application.
  • third annular core region 750 has a negative
  • annular regions 730 and 750 are respectively referred to as inner and outer 'isolation regions'.
  • the remote location includes a downstream power conversion system 104, which receives the laser/optical power and converts it to electrical power.
  • this remote location is near the system or device requiring electrical power.
  • downstream power conversion system 104 includes a fiber optics combiner 132, which is similar to the laser beam splitter 114.
  • a fiber optics combiner 132 which is similar to the laser beam splitter 114.
  • using something similar to the axicon combiner 526 ( Figure 5) can convert the ring shape beamcan convert the ring shape beam back into a solid laser beam.
  • the fiber optics combiner 132 is coupled to a fiber optics coupling system 134.
  • the fiber optics coupling system 134 is substantially similar to the fiber optics coupling system 112 of the fiber optics transmission subsystem 102.
  • the fiber optics coupling system 134 is coupled to a laser beam combination system 136.
  • the laser beam combination system 136 shown in more detail in Figure 8, can combine a plurality of laser beams from several laser sources into a combined output beam.
  • This laser beam combination system 136 can be synchronously emitted and combined to increase peak power delivery or can alternatively be emitted by laser sources at temporary discrete intervals along the same optical axis to increase pulse repetition rate.
  • the laser beam combination system 136 includes a first laser source having an optical axis for coherent light amplification.
  • a first reflecting mirror is positioned perpendicularly to the optical axis of the first laser source.
  • the coherent light produced by the first laser source can be combined with that produced by a second laser source having a second non-parallel optical axis for coherent light amplification.
  • a second reflecting mirror similar in design and function to the first reflecting mirror is positioned perpendicular to the optical axis of the second laser source.
  • Laser output (represented by line 860) is produced by sustained resonant oscillation of coherent light through the laser sources 820-822, as controlled by multiple reflections off mirrors 830, 832, 836, and beam splitter 840. These coherent light reflections are represented by lines 851, 852, 855, and 856, which are intended to represent coherent light traveling in both directions along the lines.
  • Laser beam combination proceeds, for example, by simultaneously pumping the active medium of laser sources 820-822 with flash lamps (not shown).
  • a photon leaving the laser source 820 can be randomly directed, for example, toward the first reflecting mirror 830. This photon (shown as line 851) is reflected from the first reflecting mirror 830, and reverses its direction to move back into the laser source 820.
  • the photon encounters an active atom at an upper energy, which it stimulates to emit another photon of identical frequency, polarization, and direction.
  • the pair of coherent photons respectively encounter additional active atoms in the active medium to create still more coherent photons.
  • the coherent photons eventually leave the laser source 820 to pass toward the beam splitter 840.
  • the coherent photons encounter the beam splitter 840, about 50% are reflected to provide output beam 850.
  • the remainder passes through beam splitter 840 and proceed (line 854) to be reflected backwards from fully reflective mirror 836 towards the beam splitter 840. Again, about 50% of the coherent photons are reflected, but this time they are directed toward the laser source 822.
  • coherent photons pass through the laser source 820 to create still more coherent photons, which exit the laser amplifier for reflection from the first reflecting mirror 830.
  • This positive feedback process is multiplied repeatedly to create substantial numbers of coherent photons, at least until the number of active atoms in the active medium drops below sustainable lasing threshold.
  • a certain percentage of coherent photons directed toward the laser source 821 and 822 by reflection from beam splitter 840 also eventually proceed back along line 852 to sustain coherent photon production, similar to that previously described for those coherent photons that travel from line 854 through beam splitter 840 and along lines 853 and 852.
  • the coherent photons reflected (line 855) by beam splitter 840 toward laser source 822 pass into the laser source to trigger a coherent photon cascade similar to that described in connection with laser source 820.
  • the coherent photons leave the laser source 822 (line 856), are reflected back into the laser source 822 to trigger production of still more coherent photons. These photons leave (line 855) the laser source directed toward the beam splitter 840.
  • the exact energy of the combined output beam 50 depends upon the active medium employed, scattering and absorption losses, time and energy of pumping action, and other factors known to those skilled in the art, typically two 400W laser sources can be combined as described to produce about 800W of laser output with minimal degradation in beam diameter and focus as compared to a 400W laser amplifier alone.
  • the laser coupling system 138 is substantially similar to the fiber optics coupling system 112 of Figure 4.
  • This system for coupling laser radiation at a high power to an optical fiber helps to dissipate heat from scattered laser beams and optical pump radiation using a protective ferrule surrounding a portion of the optical fiber extending from the input face of the optical fiber and welded to the fiber in the region of the input face and by separating it using an airspace, the holder around the ferrule helps absorb scattered radiation and to dissipate heat.
  • the output of the laser coupling system 138 is directed to a light-electrical generator/ converter 140, which generates electrical power suitable for an end user.
  • the light- electrical generator/converter 140 manages the distributed power supply grid through the plurality of systems or subsystems.
  • a suitable and exemplary electrical power generator with associated subsystems is shown in Figure 9.
  • the exemplary light- electrical generator/converter 140 is shown comprising of a vacuum chamber or vessel 910 in which a block of copper 912, defining a cavity or reservoir 913 is shown, fixedly attached to a heat sinking member 914.
  • the reservoir contains cesium, designated by numeral 915.
  • the cesium reservoir 913 is maintained at about the melting temperature of cesium, (e.g., about 29.degree.C or about 302.degree.K) so that the cesium is in liquid form.
  • a funnel-shaped member 918 of stainless steel Surrounding the cesium reservoir and in contact with the copper block 912 is a funnel-shaped member 918 of stainless steel, hereinafter referred to as funnel 918. It is in physical contact with copper block 912, and its temperature is maintained slightly higher than 302.degree.K, and its electric potential is at the same potential as the cesium and the copper block 912.
  • the pool of cesium 915 serves as an emitter, as will be described hereinafter.
  • a collector 920 Positioned above the cesium and spaced apart from the funnel 918 is a collector 920 which is shown as hemispherical in shape.
  • the collector is comprised of molybdenum.
  • the molybdenum collector 920 which is supported in the vessel 910 by a support member 921 defines an aperture 922.
  • the function of the aperture is to enable a laser beam 925, which enters the vessel 910 through a window 926 to reach the cesium 915.
  • the beam impinges the top surface of the cesium 915 somewhat obliquely so that laser energy is not reflected back along the incoming beam laser 925.
  • the laser beam is provided by a high-powered laser 110 and is directed to the window 926 by a mirror 932.
  • a condensing lens 934 is placed in the beam path to condense the beam (i.e., reduce its cross-sectional dimension at the cesium surface to a desired dimension), and thereby provide appropriate laser power density near and at the ces
  • the function of the laser beam 925 from high-powered laser 110 is to first vaporize and then ionize the vaporized cesium 915 with which the laser beam 925 collides. Ionization is optimized by causing it to occur where both the cesium vapor density and the laser power density are high, thereby increasing the probability of collisions between the cesium vapor atoms and the laser photons. Also, ionization efficiency is increased by selecting one high-powered laser 110 which provides a laser beam at a wavelength so that its photons have an equivalent electron energy which is close to or slightly higher than the cesium ionization energy, which is about 3.89 ev. Such selection reduces the number of collisions required for cesium ionization.
  • a laser with a wavelength of about 3193 A would have photons with an ionization equivalent energy of about 3.89 ev.
  • a ruby laser providing a laser beam with a wavelength of 6900A is employed. With such a laser beam, about 3 photon-atom collisions are required to produce cesium ionization.
  • the collector 920 is connected by an electrically conductive wire 938 to an external terminal 940, while the copper block 912 which is at the cesium potential, is connected by a wire 941 to another external terminal 942. Due to the generated potential difference between the collector 920 and the cesium 915 electric power can be provided to an electric load connected across the terminals 940 and 942.
  • Arrow 943 represents the conventional direction of current flow although, as is appreciated, the electron flow direction is in the opposite direction, (i.e., from the cesium 915 through the load to the collector 920). There, the electrons recombine with the cesium ions to form neutral cesium atoms. Since the collector 920 is much hotter than the cesium in reservoir 913, the recombined neutral cesium atoms tend to drift to the colder funnel 918 and the cesium reservoir 913 in copper block 912 which are kept at about the sample temperature. These atoms upon striking the funnel 918, copper block 912 or the cesium 915, recondenses into cesium liquid. Thus, the neutral cesium atoms return to the reservoir in liquid form, for subsequent vaporization by the laser beam.
  • the plurality of lower power laser beams can be the input to the electrical power generation system.
  • photovoltaic cells can be used instead to convert 40% to 50% of the incident light into electrical energy, which is significantly higher than the peak efficiency usually quoted for solar cells. This higher efficiency is possibly due to the fact that laser wavelengths are picked to match the peak response of the photovoltaic cell chip (as solar-cell efficiency is typically measured across the usable solar spectrum).
  • a method of the present invention uses a high-power Nd-YAG laser, steps the power of the laser down by splitting the beam into a plurality of low-power laser beams (preferably less than 1 mW and more preferably less than 10 mW), transmits the plurality of laser beams via conventional optical infrastructure, and then collimates and focuses the laser beams back into a single laser beam. This collimated beam is then directed to an electrical generator that converts the laser energy to electrical power.
  • C0 2 lasers can also be used. Because of the wavelength of C0 2 lasers and their characteristics, C0 2 lasers are typically transmitted over hollow core fiber, which can be used in the present invention in lieu of the optical fiber 130.
  • Such hollow core fiber can include the fiber shown in Figure 10 and described
  • a laser beam is projected, as shown by arrow 1010, into input coupling optics 1012 by which the beam is focused to pass through the aperture of the mask 1014 and be coupled into the hollow-core photonic band gap (HC-PBG) fiber cable 1016.
  • the HC-PBG fiber cable 1016 may have a length typically ranging from one meter to several hundred meters.
  • the laser beam is transmitted through and exits the HC-PBG fiber cable 1016 into output coupling optics 1018 from which it emerges as shown by arrow 1020.
  • the output coupling optics are adapted to collimate the output laser beam and eventually to focus it onto a desired target spot.
  • the input coupling optics 1012, the mask 1014, and the input end 1015 of the HC-PBG fiber cable 1016 be fixed on a common supporting fixture 1013 shown in Figure 10 in a broken line because it is a preferential feature rather than essential. Also, for the same reason, it is preferable to fix the output coupling optics 1018 and the output end 1017 of the HC- PBG fiber cable 1016 on a common supporting fixture 1019 also shown in a broken line.
  • the common supporting fixture should preferably be made of a material that would minimize mechanical vibration and thermal expansion.
  • a laser source 1011 is used to emit the laser beam as shown by arrow 1010, which is coupled into the HC-PBG fiber cable 1016 through the input coupling optics 1012 and the mask 1014 with an aperture through which the laser beam passes just before its coupling into the cable 1016.
  • the laser source may, for example, be a high-power laser exceeding intensity of 10 MW for pulsed laser or exceeding power of 10 W for continuous wave laser.
  • the laser beam is transferred thereby to a desired location and exits said cable 1016 into output coupling optics 1018 by which it is collimated and eventually focused onto a desired target 1021.
  • an infrared laser beam may be delivered through a special type of non- silica based glass optical fiber known as a HC-PBG fiber made of non-silica based glass.
  • a mask with a hole can be aligned to the hollow core to protect the optical fiber from being damaged by the high-powered laser beam.
  • the mask prevents the laser beam from touching the photonic band gap structure surrounding the hollow core of the HC-PBG fiber at the input end, which is fragile.
  • the mask can be made of copper foil supported by a black anodized aluminum mount. Because copper has such a high thermal conductivity, cooling can be used to increase the so-called aperture laser induced damage threshold (LIDT).
  • LIDT aperture laser induced damage threshold
  • lower powered laser beams such as GAAS
  • this embodiment can allow power to be delivered over existing fiber optic infrastructure, such those already installed and used for communication purposes.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention porte sur un système et sur un procédé pour fournir de l'énergie électrique à l'aide de câbles à fibres optiques. Le système comprend un laser qui produit un faisceau laser, un séparateur de faisceau laser pour séparer le faisceau laser en une pluralité de faisceaux laser, et un câble à fibres optiques permettant de transmettre la pluralité de faisceaux laser à un emplacement distant. Le système comprend en outre un système de combinaison de faisceaux laser pour combiner la pluralité de faisceaux laser et un générateur d'énergie électrique pour convertir l'énergie provenant du faisceau laser combiné en une énergie électrique. Le procédé de distribution d'énergie électrique à l'aide de câbles à fibres optiques comprend la séparation d'un faisceau laser de haute énergie en une pluralité de faisceaux laser de basse énergie et la transmission d'une pluralité de faisceaux laser par l'intermédiaire d'une structure optique classique. Le procédé comprend en outre la collimation de la pluralité de faisceaux laser en un faisceau collimaté et la conversion du faisceau collimaté en énergie électrique.
PCT/IB2010/054080 2009-09-09 2010-09-09 Procédé et système d'agrégation et de distribution d'énergie électrique à l'aide de câbles à fibres optiques WO2011030306A1 (fr)

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EP3130951A4 (fr) * 2014-04-10 2017-11-01 Adamant Co., Ltd. Assemblage de fibres optiques, et dispositif de liaison optique / dispositif de liaison de fibres optiques
WO2018122566A1 (fr) * 2016-12-27 2018-07-05 Photonic Storage S.R.L. Procédé et installation de stockage photonique d'énergie
CN108292959A (zh) * 2015-11-26 2018-07-17 日本电信电话株式会社 节点以及光供电系统
CN109950780A (zh) * 2017-12-20 2019-06-28 波音公司 由散射光供电的远程光学放大器
CN110488428A (zh) * 2019-07-04 2019-11-22 国网江西省电力有限公司信息通信分公司 一种基于传能光纤的能量传输系统
US20220196563A1 (en) * 2020-12-17 2022-06-23 The Boeing Company Laser bond inspection system and method
EP4075476A1 (fr) * 2021-04-15 2022-10-19 ASML Netherlands B.V. Dispositif optique à électrons
JP2023143299A (ja) * 2022-03-25 2023-10-06 ファインガラステクノロジーズ株式会社 光給電システム及び光給電方法

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US6931183B2 (en) * 1996-03-29 2005-08-16 Dominion Lasercom, Inc. Hybrid electro-optic cable for free space laser antennas
US6603891B2 (en) * 2000-06-23 2003-08-05 Mathias Schumann Oscilloscope probe with fiber optic sensor for measuring floating electrical signals
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Cited By (13)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3130951A4 (fr) * 2014-04-10 2017-11-01 Adamant Co., Ltd. Assemblage de fibres optiques, et dispositif de liaison optique / dispositif de liaison de fibres optiques
CN108292959B (zh) * 2015-11-26 2021-02-19 日本电信电话株式会社 节点以及光供电系统
CN108292959A (zh) * 2015-11-26 2018-07-17 日本电信电话株式会社 节点以及光供电系统
EP3364570A4 (fr) * 2015-11-26 2019-05-01 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation N ud et système d'alimentation électrique optique
WO2018122566A1 (fr) * 2016-12-27 2018-07-05 Photonic Storage S.R.L. Procédé et installation de stockage photonique d'énergie
CN109950780A (zh) * 2017-12-20 2019-06-28 波音公司 由散射光供电的远程光学放大器
CN110488428A (zh) * 2019-07-04 2019-11-22 国网江西省电力有限公司信息通信分公司 一种基于传能光纤的能量传输系统
US20220196563A1 (en) * 2020-12-17 2022-06-23 The Boeing Company Laser bond inspection system and method
US12092581B2 (en) * 2020-12-17 2024-09-17 The Boeing Company Laser bond inspection system and method
EP4075476A1 (fr) * 2021-04-15 2022-10-19 ASML Netherlands B.V. Dispositif optique à électrons
WO2022218634A1 (fr) * 2021-04-15 2022-10-20 Asml Netherlands B.V. Dispositif électro-optique
JP2023143299A (ja) * 2022-03-25 2023-10-06 ファインガラステクノロジーズ株式会社 光給電システム及び光給電方法
JP7387112B2 (ja) 2022-03-25 2023-11-28 ファインガラステクノロジーズ株式会社 光給電システム及び光給電方法

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