WO2011015993A2 - Composition photovoltaïque multicouche et son procédé d’application - Google Patents

Composition photovoltaïque multicouche et son procédé d’application Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011015993A2
WO2011015993A2 PCT/IB2010/053522 IB2010053522W WO2011015993A2 WO 2011015993 A2 WO2011015993 A2 WO 2011015993A2 IB 2010053522 W IB2010053522 W IB 2010053522W WO 2011015993 A2 WO2011015993 A2 WO 2011015993A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
multilayer photovoltaic
composition
photovoltaic composition
multilayer
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PCT/IB2010/053522
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English (en)
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WO2011015993A3 (fr
Inventor
Fabio Cappelli
Stefano Segato
Antonio Maroscia
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Fabio Cappelli
Stefano Segato
Antonio Maroscia
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Application filed by Fabio Cappelli, Stefano Segato, Antonio Maroscia filed Critical Fabio Cappelli
Publication of WO2011015993A2 publication Critical patent/WO2011015993A2/fr
Publication of WO2011015993A3 publication Critical patent/WO2011015993A3/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
    • H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
    • H10K71/13—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80—Constructional details
    • H10K30/81—Electrodes
    • H10K30/82—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes
    • H10K30/821—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes comprising carbon nanotubes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • the present invention finds application in the field of renewable energies, and particularly relates to a multilayer photovoltaic composition and method of application.
  • Patent WO2008/018030 discloses a multilayer photovoltaic composition comprising a series of layers, particularly at least one first layer designed to contact the surface of a support, a second layer of an electrically conductive material which defines an electrode, at least one third optoelectronically active layer designed to absorb photons and convert them into electrical energy, at least one fourth layer of an electrically conductive material which defines a counterelectrode, wherein said first layer is formed of a substantially homogeneous and continuous base material, which is electronically, chemically and mechanically inert to the other layers, to define a universal anchoring base adaptable to surfaces of any shape and size.
  • This prior art device comprises most of the features as set out in the preamble of claim 1.
  • the layers have very small thicknesses, i.e. from a few nm to a few microns, which dramatically reduces the cost of the photovoltaic panels that can be obtained from said paint and allows them to fit any shape.
  • a further aspect of the above mentioned photovoltaic paint is that none of the layers contains silicon oxides, which obviates the need for a supply of these materials.
  • the method of application of said multilayer paint includes the steps of depositing the layer of base material onto the outer surface of the support, to form an anchoring surface, and later successively depositing the remaining layers thereby defining an integral wafer.
  • This process allows photovoltaic devices to be formed on surfaces of any type and size, in an easy manner and at low cost.
  • the cathode shall not be optically transparent, because solar light does not have to pass therethrough, and conversely it should be preferably reflective to maximize absorption by the active layer.
  • the cathode cannot itself be left exposed, to prevent any risk of damages, and will be protected by an additional closing member, also of rigid type, to form an assembly capable of being handled, in the form of a panel to be applied on the body or surface of the support, such as the wall of a building, the body of a caravan or the deckhouse of a boat.
  • an additional closing member also of rigid type, to form an assembly capable of being handled, in the form of a panel to be applied on the body or surface of the support, such as the wall of a building, the body of a caravan or the deckhouse of a boat.
  • One drawback of these prior art devices is that the substrate limits application flexibility and adaptability to the support, and requires the use of geometries imposed by the shape of the support, whereby the device cannot be applied to walls or surfaces of complex shapes.
  • the useable surface of the photovoltaic device is always limited to that of the substrate which has to be of relatively small size, wherefore the efficiency of the device is accordingly reduced.
  • the object of this invention is to obviate the above drawbacks by providing a highly simple and effective multilayer photovoltaic composition.
  • a further object is to provide a multilayer photovoltaic composition that can be used without any substrate.
  • Yet another object is to provide a multilayer photovoltaic composition that can be easily and safely applied on surfaces of any shape and size,
  • a multilayer photovoltaic composition to be applied to outer surfaces of any movable and/or stationary support for absorption and conversion of light radiation into electrical energy, as defined in claim 1.
  • a method for application of a multilayer photovoltaic composition to an outer surface of a movable and/or stationary support for absorption and conversion of light radiation into electrical energy, as defined in claim 24.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a portion of a multilayer photovoltaic composition of the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows an absorption spectrum of the active layer
  • FIG. 3 shows the current-voltage characteristic curve of the multilayer photovoltaic composition of the invention, when applied to a surface.
  • a multilayer photovoltaic composition of the invention generally designated by P, which can be applied to an outer surface S of any shape and size of a stationary or movable support T to form a kind of cover or paint, also having a protective and finishing function.
  • the support T may be a wall of a building, a ship, a plane, any vehicle or any object resting on the ground or lifted from the ground, provided that they are exposed to sunlight and in general to light.
  • the photovoltaic composition P comprises a succession of layers having particular operating functions, particularly a first bottom layer 1 which is designed to contact the outer surface S of the support T, thereby forming an anchoring base for the next layers, a second layer 2 of an electrically conductive material acting as a charge collecting electrode, a third layer of an optoelectronically active material which is designed to absorb photons and convert them into electrical energy, a fourth layer 4 of an electrically conductive material different from the other and acting as a counter-electrode for collection of charges of opposite sign to that of the other.
  • the first layer 1 is formed of a substantially homogeneous and continuous base material, which is electronically, chemically and mechanically inert to the other layers to define a universal anchoring base adaptable to surfaces of any shape and size.
  • the base material of the layer is adapted to stably adhere to the surface S of the support T, and to homogenize and planarize it to ensure its compatibility with the electronic processes occurring in the upper layers.
  • the first layer 1 is required because the surface S is generally not perfectly planar and is potentially subjected to mechanical instability with changing temperature conditions as well as to external mechanical stresses. Furthermore, the surface S of the support T might be of either insulating or conductive materials, and hence the layer 1 also has the function of electrically insulating the support from the layers of the composition P while ensuring the functionality of the various layers.
  • the first layer 1 might be theoretically omitted if the base surface had its chemico-physical and morphological properties, however it is essential and indispensable in practice, to implement the invention under any condition.
  • the base material of the layer 1 has very low porosity and surface roughness, of the order of a few nm, to define a substantially smooth and even anchoring surface.
  • a base material for the layer 1 that might meet solution resistance requirements, while being compatible with a variety of surfaces and having a maximum roughness of the order of a few nm over large areas is selected from the group comprising vinyl polymers, possibly with fillers, silica and/or mixtures and combinations thereof.
  • the layer 1 is made of polymethyl methacrylate, i.e.
  • PMMA 1 has a thickness ranging from 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, preferably from 8 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m, and a volume ranging from 5 cm3 to 20 cm3 per square meter of the surface area of such layer 1 , preferably from 8 cm3 to 12 cm3 per square meter of surface area.
  • the second layer 2 which is applied on the first layer 1 is designed to act as an electrode for collection of electric charges of a predetermined sign, e.g. of positive sign.
  • a predetermined sign e.g. of positive sign.
  • the material that forms the layer 2 is selected among those having a relatively high work function, of 4 eV to 6 eV.
  • the material shall have a work function of 4.5 eV to 5.5 eV, for effective hole collection.
  • the material that forms the layer 2 shall meet the following requirements, and also be processable from a solution compatible with the underlying polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) layer.
  • PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
  • This material is selected from the group comprising polythiophene, polyethylene dioxythiophene/polystyre ⁇ e sulphonate (PEDOT/PSS), colloidal gold, conductive oxides, chromium- oxygen compounds and/or mixtures and combinations thereof.
  • PEDOT/PSS polyethylene dioxythiophene/polystyrene sulphonate
  • colloidal gold has a work function of about 5.4 eV. While the latter has attractive electronic characteristics, it significantly increases coating costs, especially with large surface areas.
  • PEDOT/PSS which consists of a suspension of gel particles in water
  • PEDOT/PSS is one of the most suitable materials to form a thin film electrode with optimal transparency
  • its very low density and viscosity makes is hardly applicable to the surfaces of supports, especially by airbrushing or silk- screen or ink-jet printing. Therefore, two methods are available to obviate these drawbacks and provide a PEDOT/PSS product that can be more easily applied under normal conditions.
  • the first consists in increasing the concentration of the gel component in the suspension by mechanical or chemical removal of the aqueous component, i.e. by the addition of thickening materials having electrical/electronic characteristics compatible with those of PEDOT/PSS.
  • a further method consists in dispersing PEDOT/PSS in an acrylic or methacrylic matrix, suitably filled with additives having light or heat sensitizing properties, to increase polymerization capacity and speed.
  • acrylic and/or methacrylic esters that can be used to form the matrix are 2-propenol acid, (i-methyl-1 ,2 ethanediyl)bis[oxy(methyl 1-2, ethanediyl)]ester, 2-propenoic acid, 2-methyl, 1 ,2-ethanediylbis(oxy-2,1- ethanediyl)ester, 2-propionic acid, 2-(hydroxyl methyl)-2-t(1-oxo-2- propenyl]oxy]methyl]-1,3-propa ⁇ ediyl ester, 2-propenoic acid, 1,1'-[2.2- bis[[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)oxy]methyl propanediyl]ester
  • Examples of light-sensitive initiators for use in the matrix are benzyl dimethyl ketal (DMPA), benzoin ethers (BME), hydroxyl alkyl phenyl ketones (HAP) 1 dialkoxy acetophenones (DEAP).
  • Examples of heat-sensitive initiators are, among diacyl peroxides, dibenzoyl peroxide, dilauryl peroxide, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN).
  • the second layer 2 shall not necessarily be optically transparent, as photonic absorption processes occur in the upper layers.
  • the thickness of the second layer ranges from 2 ⁇ m to 10 micron, and in a preferred solution the layer 2 is as thick as 5 ⁇ m.
  • the volume ranges from 2 cm3 to 10 cm3 per square meter of the surface area of the layer 2, and is preferably 5 cm3 per square meter of surface area.
  • the third active layer 3 has a crucial optical and optoelectronic function, because it absorbs impinging photons and generates electric charges.
  • the material/s that form the third layer shall ensure as high sunlight absorption as possible and efficient generation of positive and negative electric charges, as well as transfer thereof toward the electrodes (second and fourth layers).
  • the third layer shall not affect the structural and functional features of the underlying layers and shall be compatible with the fourth layer that is deposited to act as an electrode.
  • the material for the third layer is selected from the group comprising poly(3-octyl(thiophene) (P3OT), dioxythiophene, poly-phe ⁇ ylene-vinylene (PPV) derivatives, polypyrrole, and/or combinations thereof.
  • an element or a compound selected from the group comprising titanium oxide (TiO2), cerium oxide (CeO2), calcium (Ca), potassium (K) 1 iron (Fe) and/or combinations thereof is added for improvement.
  • the amount of titanium oxide ranges from 5mg/kg to 20mg/kg, and is preferably about 10 mg/kg
  • the amount of cerium oxide ranges from 2mg/kg to 15mg/kg, and is preferably about 7 mg/kg
  • the amount of calcium ranges from 50mg/kg to 200mg/kg, and is preferably about 80 mg/kg
  • the amount of potassium ranges from 2 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, and is preferably about 10 mg/kg
  • the amount of iron ranges from 2 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, and is preferably about 10 mg/kg.
  • a solvent preferably an aromatic substituted solvent, e.g. dichlor ⁇ benzene, may be used for improved distribution.
  • titanium oxide may be substituted with fullerene or carbon nanotubes.
  • the amount of these materials may range from 10% to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of P3OT.
  • the third layer 3 may have a thickness of 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, preferably about 5 ⁇ m, which is determined according to the need of simultaneously maximize photonic absorption and the transfer of positive and negative charges toward the electrode and the counterelectrode.
  • PPV derivatives include poly[2-methoxy, 5-(2'-ethylhexoxy)-1, A- phenylenevinyle ⁇ e] (MEH-PPV) and poly(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyloctoxy)- p-phenylenevinylene) (OC1C10-PPV).
  • Another material suitable for use as an active material in the fourth layer is 2,4-bis(4-(2'thiophene- yl)phenyl)thiophene (TPTPT).
  • TPTPTPT 2,4-bis(4-(2'thiophene- yl)phenyl)thiophene
  • the curve identified by the arrow on the right indicates the charge generation efficiency as a function of the incident wavelength.
  • the y-axis values on the right indicate the percentage charge generation efficiency per unit of incident light flux.
  • the x-axis represents the wavelength of the incident radiation in nanometers (nm).
  • the fourth layer 4 acts as a counterelectrode and, besides being a good conductor, it shall have the indispensable characteristic of being optically transparent in the spectral region of solar radiation. This means that solar radiation shall pass through the fourth layer with no perturbation to reach the optoelectronically active region of the third layer.
  • the fourth layer 4 preferably has a low work function, of 3 eV to 4.5 eV, to promote collection of negative charges generated in the system and increase the strength of the electric field determined by the difference between the work functions of the second and fourth layers (electrode and counterelectrode).
  • Materials suitable for use as a fourth layer include gold, silver, aluminum and colloidal calcium.
  • conductive polymers or conductive oxides may be used, such as PEDOT/PSS, as described for the second layer, conveniently having additives to impart a low work function.
  • the thickness of the fourth layer shall account for the absorption coefficient of the selected material, so that the degree of solar radiation absorption in the third layer is not affected.
  • the fourth layer has a thickness of 2 to 50 ⁇ m, and more preferably about 5 ⁇ m. Such thickness is required to maintain optimal optical transparency conditions in the counterelectrode through which solar radiation is designed to pass.
  • the low work function of the fourth layer 4 that acts as a counterelectrode when combined to a relatively high work function of the second layer 2 that acts as an electrode, induces an electric field of higher strength within the multilayer structure which facilitates charge separation and current collection.
  • a fifth layer 5 may be suitably provided, having the function of protecting the above multilayer system from weather and mechanical agents and whose characteristics strictly depend on the environment in which the specific application is used.
  • Indispensable characteristics for the fifth layer 5 include optical transparency to solar radiation, electronic inertness and sealing properties against the most potentially harmful atmospheric agents, such as moisture and corrosive brackish solutions.
  • the materials for the fifth layer are selected from the group comprising insulating and transparent oxides, SiO2, epoxy resins, vinyl polymers, such as polymethyl methacrylate, polymeric encapsulating agents and/or combinations thereof.
  • the fifth layer 5 has a thickness of 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, preferably about 8 ⁇ m, although under particular mechanical and environmental stress conditions, the thickness of the layer 5 may be increased to a few millimeters.
  • the probability of generating charge transfer states and the electric charge collection efficiency may be increased by using multiple materials having the function of photon absorbers, electron receptors and charge carriers to the electrodes.
  • the electric field in the multilayer system is determined by the specific electronic characteristics of the active materials.
  • the strength of the electric field is further increased by using conductive electrodes having significantly different work functions.
  • the electrode with the high work function will collect charges of positive sign, whereas the charges of negative sign will be collected by the electrode with the low work function.
  • a certain amount of moisture and gas, particularly oxygen may be found in the underlying layers, and would tend to damage and reduce the effectiveness of these layers, as well the tightness of the assembly.
  • an auxiliary absorbing layer may be interposed between the fourth layer 4 and the protective layer 5, with the purpose of absorbing any moisture or gas.
  • the absorbing layer may be a solution of zeolites dispersed in a suitable liquid carrier, to be laid over the fourth layer 4 before deposition of the fifth layer 5, with the purpose of absorbing moisture and oxygen.
  • the zeolites may be incorporated in or associated with the fifth layer 5, provided that their absorption capacity in the matrix of the fifth layer, i.e. contact with gases and vapor, is not hindered.
  • FIG. 3 shows the current-voltage diagram of the overall multilayer composition S 1 when applied to a surface.
  • the y-axis values on the left indicate the current density in mA/cm2.
  • the x-axis indicates the voltage in Volts (V) generated in the multilayer structure by the energy difference between the electronic levels of the materials being used.
  • the acronyms have the following meanings: ISC is short circuit current, FF is the fill factor, VOC the open circuit voltage.
  • the second 2 and the fourth electrically conductive layers 4 are connected at one or more peripheral points to respective electric cables or terminals 6, 7 which are designed to be connected to an external circuit, generally designated by numeral 8, for utilizing the electric energy generated by the composition.
  • the circuit 8 is schematically shown as a battery 9 and an electric resistor 10 connected in series.
  • the conductors 6, 7 are made of a polymer having conductive properties. These polymers are available and known to those skilled in the art.
  • a conductive polymer is a vinyl polymer that has been added to about 30% with a conductor, such as a metal, e.g. chromium.
  • circuit 8 may be replaced by any device for converting direct current to alternating current and supplying it to the mains, with appropriate metering means interposed therebetween, as is applicable for traditional solar panel systems.
  • multilayer paints and components are directly applied to the surface S without using any additional support.
  • the surface S is not optically transparent, and the first electrode 2 that is deposited on the surface is preferably highly reflective to incident sunlight.
  • the present invention uses a geometry in which solar radiation impinges on the counter electrode 4, which is necessarily transparent in as wide a spectral range as possible with respect to solar emission, and is absorbed by the active organic layer.
  • the unabsorbed radiation component is effectively reflected by the electrode 2 situated closer to the wall.
  • the present invention relates to a method of application of the photovoltaic composition P.
  • the system of the invention combines the advantages of cost-effectiveness of production processes and compatibility with surfaces of various materials, as well as adaptability to the shape of the surface to be treated.
  • a peculiar feature of the present invention is that the layer deposition process is carried out using materials in a liquid or pasty state, allowing to utilize highly simple deposition techniques, i.e. using spray, paintbrush, palette-knife painting techniques or the like.
  • Liquid or pasty solutions therefor include solid materials diluted in appropriate aromatic solvents, preferably chlorobenzene, which are susceptible to cure or polymerize at ambient temperatures and conditions, spontaneously or by the addition of catalysts, to form successive layers of normal consistency and stiffness, like in normal multi-coat painting. Suitable pigments may be further introduced in the solutions to obtain compounds having a general appearance of a predetermined desired color, to integrate the composition with the support surface.
  • the various layers are successively deposited on the surface to be treated, each with a specific function in the process of solar radiation absorption, electric charge generation and collection of the generated current.
  • An indispensable requirement is compatibility of the methods for processing the materials that form the various layers of the system.
  • the main parameters to be considered while assessing the compatibility of processes and materials are deposition temperature and concentration and solubility of the existing layers.
  • the layer deposition sequence will be now described with reference to a system preparation and application embodiment, and the specific function of each layer of the structure as well as the materials that meet the relevant requirements will be hence indicated.
  • the first step consists in preparing a base material to be optionally deposited on the outer surface of the support and depositing it to form a first anchoring layer 1.
  • an electrically conductive material with a specific electronic function is prepared and deposited on the first layer 1 to form a second electrode-defining layer 2.
  • an opto ⁇ lectronically active material, adapted to absorb photons and convert them into electrical energy is prepared and deposited on the second layer 2 to form a third layer 3.
  • another electrically conductive material with a different electronic function from that of the layer 2 is prepared and deposited on the third layer 3 to form a fourth counterelectrode defining layer 4.
  • the material selected for the first layer 1 is a substantially homogeneous and continuous base material, which is electronically, chemically and mechanically inert to the other layers to def i ne a universal anchoring base for surfaces of supports of any shape and size.
  • a fifth layer 5 of an optically transparent and electronically inert material is deposited on the succession of layers 1 , 2, 3, 4, to define a protective and a hermetically sealed encapsulating arrangement.
  • an additional intermediate layer is deposited before the fifth layer 5, which consists of a suspension of zeolites in a suitable liquid, for optimized moisture and oxygen absorption.
  • all the layers 1 , 2, 3, 4 and 5 are liquid or pasty solutions of solid materials in suitable solvents, which are susceptible to cure or polymerize in a spontaneous manner or using catalysts after a predetermined time.
  • Each layer is deposited on the underlying layer at predetermined temperature and concentration to prevent damages and/or alterations to the functions of the underlying layers and those to be deposited.
  • Each layer is deposited by spraying, spreading, ink-jet or silk-screen printing or other equivalent methods, of the solutions of the base materials. It shall B2010/053522

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne une composition photovoltaïque multicouche destinée à absorber et à convertir un rayonnement lumineux en énergie électrique. Ladite composition comprend, dans l’ordre, au moins une couche d’électrode (2) faite d’un matériau conducteur qui définit une électrode, au moins une couche active (3) conçue pour absorber les photons et les convertir en énergie électrique, et au moins une couche de contre-électrode (4) faite d’un matériau conducteur. Ladite couche active (3) est constituée d’un matériau composite contenant des semi-conducteurs et/ou des éléments et/ou des oxydes inorganiques choisis dans le groupe comprenant : le poly(3-octylthiophène) (P3OT), le dioxythiophène, des dérivés de vinylène de polyphénylène (PPV), le polypyrrole, les fullerènes, et/ou des combinaisons de ceux-ci, initialement dispersés dans un solvant organique.
PCT/IB2010/053522 2009-08-07 2010-08-03 Composition photovoltaïque multicouche et son procédé d’application WO2011015993A2 (fr)

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SMSM-A-200900070 2009-08-07
SM200900070A SM200900070B (it) 2009-08-07 2009-08-07 Composizione fotovoltaica multistrato e metodo di realizzazione

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WO2011015993A3 WO2011015993A3 (fr) 2011-08-04

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RU2475884C1 (ru) * 2011-08-03 2013-02-20 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Дальневосточный федеральный университет" Способ формирования наноразмерных структур на поверхности полупроводников для использования в микроэлектронике
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EP0917208A1 (fr) * 1997-11-11 1999-05-19 Universiteit van Utrecht Dispositif optoélectronique formé d'un polymère avec des nanocristals et méthode de fabrication
WO2004025746A2 (fr) * 2002-09-05 2004-03-25 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Procede de traitement d'une couche photovoltaiquement active et element photovoltaique organique
EP1617494A2 (fr) * 2004-07-02 2006-01-18 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Dispositf organique photovoltaïque avec encapsulation
WO2006073049A1 (fr) * 2005-01-04 2006-07-13 National University Corporation Shinshu University Capteur optique et procédé de fabrication idoine
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2475884C1 (ru) * 2011-08-03 2013-02-20 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Дальневосточный федеральный университет" Способ формирования наноразмерных структур на поверхности полупроводников для использования в микроэлектронике
US20150203639A1 (en) * 2012-04-18 2015-07-23 (Korea Institute Of Science And Technology) Polythiophene star copolymer capable of being self-doped by external stimulus, a method for producing the same, a conductive thin film using the same, and a method for producing the conductive thin film
US9908979B2 (en) * 2012-04-18 2018-03-06 Korea Institute Of Science And Technology Polythiophene star copolymer capable of being self-doped by external stimulus, a method for producing the same, a conductive thin film using the same, and a method for producing the conductive thin film

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