Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
  • B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
  • B01J13/18—In situ polymerisation with all reactants being present in the same phase
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a material consisting of a silica shell containing a wax core, to its process of preparation, to its use for the thermostimulated delivery of active substances, as well as to compositions containing such a material.
• microencapsulation may be useful to encapsulate molecules of interest such as drugs, dyes, pigments, reagents, perfumes, pesticides, etc ..., to protect them from external aggression, including oxidation, to transport them to a place of administration where they can be delivered or even to store them before use under conditions where they will be released from their capsule under the influence of an external stimulus.
• molecules of interest such as drugs, dyes, pigments, reagents, perfumes, pesticides, etc ...
• One of the first applications of microencapsulation was the development of a carbonless copy paper marketed in the late 1960s in which microcapsules trapped ink were present on the back of a sheet of paper so as to release ink by breaking the capsules under the pressure exerted by the tip of a pen during writing.
• encapsulation is developing in various industrial sectors such as the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, textile and agricultural industries. Capsules and microcapsules become more and more sophisticated, especially in the pharmaceutical field where they make it possible to deliver controlled and
• capsules and microcapsules Different types and morphologies of capsules and microcapsules have already been proposed such as, for example, protein capsules, cyclodextrins, liposomes, concentrated lamellar vesicles, double emulsions, colloidosomes, silica-shell microcapsules, silica nanocapsules and thermosensitive polymers such as poly (N-isopropylacrylamide (P ⁇ IPAM), thermosensitive hydrogel microspheres, microspheres of P ⁇ IPAM-Polylactide, etc. ....
• P ⁇ IPAM poly (N-isopropylacrylamide
• thermosensitive hydrogel microspheres thermosensitive hydrogel microspheres
• microspheres of P ⁇ IPAM-Polylactide etc. ....
• the purpose of the present invention is therefore to propose a capsule for encapsulating one or more molecules of interest that can (nt) be released (s) quickly and completely under the influence of an external stimulus, and particular of an increase in temperature.
• the subject of the present invention is a material in the form of solid particles consisting of a continuous envelope comprising at least one silica oxide, said envelope trapping at least one fatty phase, said material being characterized in that said fatty phase is solid on the storage temperature of said material and mainly comprises a crystallizable oil having a melting temperature (T F ) of less than 100 ° C. and at least one substance of interest, and in that said particles have a diameter ranging from 1 ⁇ m to 1 cm .
• T F melting temperature
• the term "storage temperature of said material” the temperature at which the material according to the present invention is stored before use. This temperature is always lower than the melting point of the crystallizable oil contained in the fatty phase.
• the material according to the present invention has the following feature: when the material is subjected to a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the crystallizable oil, a thermal expansion of the fatty phase is observed, causing the rupture of the envelope of silica and the rapid and complete release of the molten (ie, liquid) fatty phase comprising the substance (s) of interest.
• a thermal expansion of the fatty phase is observed, causing the rupture of the envelope of silica and the rapid and complete release of the molten (ie, liquid) fatty phase comprising the substance (s) of interest.
• crystallizable oil means fats and fat mixtures, of natural origin (animal or vegetable) or synthetic, with a melting point greater than 15 ° C, preferably, whose melting point varies from 20 to 100 ° C., and in particular from 20 to 50 ° C. All melting points mentioned in the description of the present application refer to melting points determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) differential calorimetry in English.
• DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• the crystallizable oil forms a major part of the fatty phase and may even, in addition to the substance or substances of interest, be the sole constituent thereof.
• the crystallizable oil is about 50 to about 99.9% by weight, preferably about 75 to about 99.9% by weight of the fat phase.
• crystallizable oil naturally depends on the application envisaged for the material and therefore on the temperature at which it is desired to observe the thermal expansion of the fatty phase and consequently the rupture of the silica shell.
• paraffins such as paraffins having a melting point between 42 and 44 ° C. or between 46 and 48 ° C. [RN-8002-74-2] sold by the Merck company,; triglycerides; fatty acids; rosin; waxes (long alkanes) such as eicosane and octadecane; hydrogenated vegetable oils and mixtures thereof; and synthetic bitumens.
• paraffins such as paraffins having a melting point between 42 and 44 ° C. or between 46 and 48 ° C. [RN-8002-74-2] sold by the Merck company,; triglycerides; fatty acids; rosin; waxes (long alkanes) such as eicosane and octadecane; hydrogenated vegetable oils and mixtures thereof; and
• the material according to the present invention is preferably in the form of a powder of spherical or substantially spherical particles.
• the diameter of the particles preferably ranges from about 5 ⁇ m to about 500 ⁇ m, and even more preferably from 10 to 200 ⁇ m.
• the silica shell must have a thickness sufficient to have a mechanical strength allowing the encapsulation of the fatty phase, while being thin enough to be able to break when raising the temperature to a temperature above the melting point.
• the fatty phase constituting the heart of the material.
• the thickness of the silica envelope generally varies from approximately 0.1 to 2 ⁇ m, and preferably from approximately 0.2 to 2 ⁇ m.
• the shell may further comprise one or more metal oxides of the formula MeO 2 in which Me is a metal selected from Zr, Ti, Th, Nb, Ta, V, W and Al.
• the envelope is a mixed matrix of SiO 2 -MeO 2 type in which the MeO 2 content remains minor relative to the silica oxide content, preferably the MeO 2 content represents from 1% to 40% by mass. more particularly from 5% to 30% by weight relative to the total weight of the envelope.
• the fatty phase of the material according to the invention may contain any type of substance of interest, whether these are lipophilic or hydrophilic.
• the fatty phase when the substance or substances of interest are lipophilic, the fatty phase contains them in solubilized form and when the substance or substances of interest are hydrophilic, the phase fat contains them in dispersed form (directly in the crystallizable oil or in a fraction of water dispersed within the fatty phase (double emulsion)). It can also be solid particles.
• medicaments active principles
• active principles that can be used in cosmetics, chemical reagents, dyes, pigments, inks, etc ...
• bactericides such as antiseptics and antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, analgesics, local laxatives, hormones, proteins, etc.
• cosmetic active principles include vitamins, sunscreens, antioxidants such as antiradicals such as superoxide dismutase, perfumes, odor absorbing agents, deodorants, antiperspirants , dyes, pigments, emollients, moisturizers, etc.
• color reagents examples include pH indicators, catalysts, polymerization initiators, monomers, complexing agents, etc.
• the substance or substances of interest may represent either all or part of the complement at 100% of the fatty phase.
• the substance or substances of interest generally represent from 0.1 to 50% by weight approximately, and preferably from 0.1 to 25% by weight approximately of the total weight of the fatty phase.
• the fatty phase may also contain one or more additives conventionally used in emulsions and among which may be mentioned by way of example protectors or preservatives of the substance of interest, such as antioxidants, anti-oxidants and anti-oxidants. -UV.
• the invention also relates to a process for preparing the material as defined above. This method is characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
• a fatty phase comprising predominantly a solid crystallizable oil (HC) having a melting temperature T F of less than 100 ° C. at a temperature T H c such that T H c is greater than T F , to obtain a crystallizable oil in the liquid state; 2) in a second step, incorporating in the fatty phase in the liquid state at least one substance of interest;
• HC solid crystallizable oil
• a sixth step forming an envelope comprising at least one silica oxide around said globules by adding, in the aqueous phase of the emulsion, and with mechanical stirring, at least one precursor of silica oxide and a sufficient amount of at least one acid to bring the aqueous phase to pH 4 or lower to obtain said material;
• the colloidal solid particles present in the aqueous phase during the third step may be inorganic or organic.
• it is mineral particles.
• the colloidal solid particles are preferably mineral particles selected from the group of metal oxides, hydroxides and sulfates. Among such oxides, mention may be made especially of oxides of silicon, titanium, zirconium and iron, as well as their salts such as silicates (for example clays).
• the colloidal carbon particles there may be mentioned in particular polymeric particles, for example latex particles.
• the solid particles In order to be colloidal, the solid particles generally have a size of less than a few micrometers. Thus, the particles generally have an average size of between 5 and 5000 nm, and preferably between 5 and 500 nm. According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the colloidal solid particles are chosen from silicon oxide nanoparticles. By way of example, mention may be made especially of the products sold under the trade name Aerosil® by the company Evonik Degussa.
• the amount of colloidal solid particles generally ranges from 0.01% to
• the quantity of colloidal solid particles present in the continuous aqueous phase varies according to the average volume size of the droplets of the fatty phase desired in the emulsion and whose average diameter varies from 1 ⁇ m to 1 cm, preferably between 5 and 500 ⁇ m, and even more preferably between 10 and 200 ⁇ m approximately.
• colloidal solid particles generally have a hydrophilic and charged surface, which does not promote their adsorption on the surface of the droplets of the dispersed fatty phase.
• the colloidal solid particles are functionalized on the surface to promote their adsorption at the interface formed between the continuous aqueous phase and the dispersed fatty phase droplets.
• the colloidal solid particles can thus be functionalized with compounds bound to their surface by covalent bonds. This can be achieved by prior treatment of the particles, in particular by chemical grafting of a compound comprising hydrophobic groups such as a trialkoxysilane of formula R-Si- (OR ') 3 , in which R is a linear or branched alkyl in Ci to Ci 2, in particular C 2 -C 1O, particularly n-octyl, optionally bearing an amino group and R ', identical or different from R, is a linear or branched alkyl group in Ci to Ci 2, in particular from C 1 to C 6 , and most preferably ethyl.
• a trialkoxysilane of formula R-Si- (OR ') 3 in which R is a linear or branched alkyl in Ci to Ci 2, in particular C 2 -C 1O, particularly n-octyl, optionally bearing an amino group
• R ' identical or different from R
• R is a linear or
• the colloidal solid particles may also be functionalized by adsorption of surfactant molecules on their surface which make it possible to confer some hydrophobicity on them, the hydrophilic end of the surfactant being adsorbed on the surface of the particles.
• the surfactants that can be used to functionalize the particles are preferably cationic or anionic surfactants.
• surfactants particular preference is given to sodium alkyl sulphates such as, in particular, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and alkyltrimethylammonium bromides.
• SDS sodium dodecyl sulphate
• the surfactant is preferably selected from surfactants with a charge opposite to that of the surface of the colloidal solid particles. This choice makes it possible to promote the adsorption of the surfactant on the surface of the particles.
• particles functionalized with a surfactant there may be mentioned nanoparticles s silica whose surface is functionalized with a quaternary ammonium such as those sold under the name Aerosil®
• CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
• the functionalization of the colloidal solid particles with a surfactant can also be carried out in situ, that is to say when they are introduced into the continuous aqueous phase of the emulsion.
• the continuous aqueous phase of the emulsion additionally contains said surfactant in an amount preferably lower than the critical micelle concentration (CMC), which then comes to be adsorbed on the surface of the particles when they are in the aqueous phase of the emulsion.
• CMC critical micelle concentration
• the amount of surfactant ranges from l / 200 th to 1/3 of the
• the continuous aqueous phase mainly comprises water and optionally an alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or butanol, preferably ethanol.
• an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or butanol, preferably ethanol.
• the mechanical stirring carried out during the fourth step can in particular be carried out in a device intended to emulsify such as, for example, in devices sold under the trade names Ultra-Turrax® or Rayneri®.
• the size distribution of the droplets of the fatty phase in the O / W emulsion is generally narrow (U ⁇ 40%).
• the addition of at least one acidic silica oxide precursor causes the condensation of said precursor at the interface of the solid phase fat globules and the formation of the envelope.
• the precursors of silica oxide may be chosen from silica alkoxides and in particular from tetramethoxyorthosilane (TMOS), tetraethoxyorthosilane (TEOS), dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDES),
• TMOS tetramethoxyorthosilane
• TEOS tetraethoxyorthosilane
• DMDES dimethyldiethoxysilane
• TEOS is particularly preferred.
• These precursors may be substituted, totally or partially, with silicate sols.
• the thickness of the envelope depends on the amount of silica oxide precursors used in the sixth step and the diameter of the globules of the dispersed fatty phase. This amount is expressed relative to the total surface area in m 2 of the globules of the dispersed phase of the emulsion.
• the amount of silica oxide precursor varies from 0.05 to 4 M / m 2, and still more preferably from 0.2 to 2.2 M per m 2 of surface area. globules of the dispersed phase of the emulsion.
• the sixth step can be performed several times until the desired thickness.
• the envelope of the material according to the invention comprises, besides the silica, a metal oxide, then at least one precursor of a metal oxide of formula is added to the aqueous phase of the emulsion.
• MeO 2 said precursor being selected from alkoxides, chlorides or nitrates of metals selected from Zr, Ti, Th, Nb, Ta, V, W and Al.
• the amount of these metal oxide precursors of formula MeO 2 varies from 0.001 M to 1 M, and preferably from 0.01 to 0.6 M per m 2 of surface of the globules of the dispersed phase of the emulsion.
• the pH of the aqueous phase during the sixth step preferably varies from 0.01 to 4, and even more preferably from 0.1 to 2.1.
• the acid used to adjust the pH of the aqueous phase may be selected from inorganic and organic acids among which may be mentioned in particular hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
• the material according to the invention can be separated from the aqueous phase and recovered by any conventional separation technique known to those skilled in the art, such as filtration, centrifugation and the use of sieves. It is then preferably washed, for example with water, and then dried for example by lyophilization to give a powder.
• the material thus obtained is storage stable for several months provided that the storage temperature is lower than the temperature T F of the fat phase trapped in the envelope.
• the material according to the invention can be used in the form of a powder or dispersion in a solvent to deliver the substance or substances of interest present in the solid fatty phase trapped in the envelope based on silica.
• the invention therefore also relates to the use of a material according to the invention and as described above for the thermostimulated delivery of at least one substance of interest.
• the delivery of the substance of interest is obtained by breaking the envelope under the effect of an increase in temperature at a delivery temperature T D such that T D > T F.
• the crystallizable oil present in the fatty phase is preferably selected from crystallizable oils having a melting point below 37 ° C.
• the ingested composition will be at body temperature, generally 37 ° C or more, which will lead to the melting of the fatty phase and its volume expansion and thus the rupture of the silica shell and the delivery of the drug.
• the substance of interest is a cosmetic active ingredient and the material is part of the components of a cosmetic composition for topical application, such as a powder, a cream or a gel.
• a cosmetic composition for topical application such as a powder, a cream or a gel.
• the heating of the fatty phase of the material at a temperature above T F can in this case be caused by a local friction during the spreading of the cosmetic composition, which induces a local heating causing rupture of the envelope and the local release of the substance of interest.
• the cosmetic composition is in the form of a powder, its application by spreading may be accompanied by a change in texture (transformation of the powder into a composition having a greasy feel due to the rupture of the envelope).
• the food package comprises a preservation control containing a material according to the invention in which the fatty phase contains a reagent whose color changes or is revealed during the rupture of the envelope by exposure of the packaging at a temperature higher than the maximum storage temperature of the food, the crystallizable oil of the fatty phase being chosen from oils whose melting point is just above the maximum storage temperature;
• thermostimulated delivery of a reagent during a chemical reaction
• the subject of the invention is also the use of the material as described above, as an ingredient, for the preparation of pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food products, as well as pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food products, containing, as an ingredient, of ingredient, at least one material according to the invention.
• compositions may contain conventional pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food carriers well known to those skilled in the art, as well as one or more surfactants intended to promote the release of the liquid fatty phase upon rupture of the capsule.
• the present invention is illustrated by the following exemplary embodiments, to which it is however not limited.
• TEOS Tetraethoxyorthosilane
• CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
• Silica nanoparticles 7 nm in diameter sold under the name Aerosil® A380 by the company Evonik Degussa;
• Nonionic surfactant consisting of a mixture of C 12 and C 10 poryoxyethylenes containing 5 moles of ethylene oxide, supplied under the name Ifralan®
• the materials obtained were characterized by means of an inverted optical microscope sold under the trade name Axiovert® X100 by the company Zeiss and equipped with a heating stage of the Mettler company to control the temperature and the heating rates and cooling.
• the size distribution of the emulsions was studied using a granulometer sold under the trade name Mastersizer Hydro MS2000 by the company Malvern Instrument. Granulometric measurements were made at 25 ° C in pure water. The scattering intensity as a function of the angle that was collected was transformed using the Mie-Lorenz theory. The particle size distribution was expressed by their weighted average diameter (D) and their polydispersity (P) by applying the following equations (1) and (2): in which :
• N 1 is the total number of droplets of diameter D 1 , - D is the median diameter, that is to say the theoretical opening of the sieve such that 50% of the particles, by mass, have a larger diameter and 50% a smaller diameter.
• the droplets were solid and substantially spherical in shape.
• the materials were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) sold under the reference TM-1000 by the company Hitachi.
• SEM scanning electron microscope
• the samples were also observed by SEM using scanning microscopes sold under the Jeol JSM-840A and Jeol 6700F references.
• the particles have either been previously dried at room temperature or lyophilized using a freeze-drying apparatus sold under the name Alpha 2-4 LD Plus by the company Christ. All particles were covered with gold before being observed in SEM.
• Aerosil ® A380 silica nanoparticles were dispersed in
• a given amount of the functionalized silica nanoparticle dispersion obtained above in the previous step was diluted with water.
• This aqueous phase was heated to a temperature of 65 ° C. and then variable amounts of crystallizable oil as listed in Table 1 (paraffins 42-44, paraffin 46-48 or eicosane), previously brought to the liquid state by heating, were introduced into the dispersion of silica nanoparticles with vigorous stirring using an agitator sold under the name Ultra-Turrax® T25 by the company Janke & Kunkel, equipped with an S25 dispersion tool, ending by stirring at 9000 rpm for 1 minute.
• CTAB was added in an amount sufficient to reach the critical micellar concentration to prevent aggregation of the wax particles and allow storage of the emulsions. .
• the emulsions of wax particles were diluted to 7% by weight and the pH of the emulsions was adjusted to about 0.2, ie to a value below the isoelectric point of the silica, by addition at a time.
• the TEOS was then added dropwise to the emulsions to reach the amount noted in Table 1, that is to say 1 M TEOS per m 2 of surface wax particles stabilized for emulsions E 0). , E 0; 67 , E 1, 45 and P 42-44 and 1.7 M / m 2 of stabilized wax particle surface for P 46-4S emulsion.
• silica shell was then allowed to form (mineralization) with continuous stirring on a wheel at 25 rpm in a thermostatically controlled chamber at 25 ° C.
• the silica particles were recovered by centrifugation and washed several times with distilled water. The material obtained was kept in pure water for several months. No alteration of the capsules was observed during this period.
• FIG. 1 represents the inverse of the average particle diameter of the material according to the invention as a function of the ratio between the quantity of functionalized silica particles and the eicosane mass used during the preparation of the emulsions (step ii).
• the inverse of the mean diameter (D) of the particles in ⁇ m -1 (1 / D) is a function of the weight ratio between the mass of functionalized silica particles (in mg) on the eicosane mass (in g ).
• FIG. 2 presents optical microscopy images of eicosane emulsions in water obtained with various mass ratios of functionalized silica particles / eicosane;
• Figure 2a E0 , 17 ;
• Figure 2b E 0; 67 and Figure 2c: E 1) 45 % by weight.
• the scale bar corresponds to 100 ⁇ m.
• the cumulative volume of the particles of the emulsion, of comparable diameters is reported (in%) as a function of the particle diameter (in ⁇ m) (particle size distribution of the particles).
• Figure 3 shows the particle size distribution curves of the three emulsions (a), (b) and (c).
• FIG. 4 shows optical microscopy images of the material obtained by mineralization of emulsions (a), (b) and (c) of eicosane stabilized by functionalized silica particles of FIG. 3.
• the bar of FIG. scale represents 100 ⁇ m.
• the attached FIG. 5 represents the particle size distribution curves of the emulsions (a) and (c) of FIG. 3, before (discontinuous curve) and after the mineralization (continuous curve).
• the cumulative volume of the particles of the emulsion, of comparable diameters is reported (in%) as a function of the particle diameter (in ⁇ m). All the results presented in FIGS. 4 and 5 show that the mineralization stage does not enlarge the particle size distribution of the particles and that it does not cause particle agglomeration phenomena.
• FIG. 6 is an SEM photograph taken during the observation of a material according to the invention obtained by mineralization of the P 46-4S emulsion. This photograph was obtained after rupture of the envelope by temperature rise due to the focusing of the electron beam on the capsules.
• the scale bar represents 10 ⁇ m and the white arrow points to the fracture zone caused by the expansion of the wax.
• Emulsion E 0; 67 of FIG. 3b was then observed by light microscopy using the Mettler hot plate microscope in order to study the rupture of the silica envelope under the effect of the elevation of the temperature at a temperature above 37 ° C, that is to say at a temperature above the melting temperature of eicosane.
• the corresponding image is given in the appended FIG. 7, in which the white arrows show the eicosane droplets released into the water following the rupture of the envelope; the scale bar corresponds to 60 ⁇ m.
• the P 42-44 emulsion was also observed by optical microscopy while being subjected to an increase in temperature at a rate of 5 ° C per min. up to a temperature of 60 ° C.
• the corresponding images are given in the attached FIG. 8, in which the image 8a) corresponding to the photograph taken at
• the scale bar corresponds to 20 microns
• the white arrows show the drop of oil leaving the silica envelope
• the black arrow shows the empty silica envelope after release of the oil.
• FIG. 9 represent optical microscopy images of the release of the eicosane droplets after heating from 33 to 53 ° C. according to a temperature rise rate of 5 ° C./min. eicosane release without addition of surfactant (Figure 9a), in the presence of an anionic surfactant: SDS ( Figure 9b), a cationic surfactant: CTAB ( Figure 9c) or a nonionic surfactant: the Ifralan® D205 ( Figure 9d).
• the scale bar corresponds to 60 ⁇ m.
• the interfacial tension between a liquid oil such as octane and water is equal to about 0.75 mN / m in the presence of Ifralan D205 at a concentration greater than its CMC, at about 3.81 mN / m in the presence of CTAB at a concentration above its CMC, and at about 10 mN / m in the presence of SDS at a concentration greater than its CMC.
• a material according to the invention consisting of a silica envelope containing a biocompatible oil consisting of a mixture of triglycerides and sold under the name Suppocire® DM by the company Gattefossé.
• FIG. 10 shows optical microscopy images of a) the emulsion of Suppocire® DM b) of the material obtained after mineralization and c) capsules during the raising of the temperature at a temperature of 55 ° C.
• the scale bar represents 60 ⁇ m.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
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• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
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• Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
• Cosmetics (AREA)
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• Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
• Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

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• 2009
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