WO2011009422A1 - Verfahren unter der verwendung von non impact druckmethoden zusammen mit druckflüssigkeiten, die aktive biologische moleküle enthalten, zur produktion von sensoren und komplexen analytischen systemen. - Google Patents
Verfahren unter der verwendung von non impact druckmethoden zusammen mit druckflüssigkeiten, die aktive biologische moleküle enthalten, zur produktion von sensoren und komplexen analytischen systemen. Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011009422A1 WO2011009422A1 PCT/DE2009/001010 DE2009001010W WO2011009422A1 WO 2011009422 A1 WO2011009422 A1 WO 2011009422A1 DE 2009001010 W DE2009001010 W DE 2009001010W WO 2011009422 A1 WO2011009422 A1 WO 2011009422A1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
- G01N33/54386—Analytical elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0093—Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
- B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
- B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
- B01L3/5027—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip
- B01L3/502707—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip characterised by the manufacture of the container or its components
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L7/00—Heating or cooling apparatus; Heat insulating devices
- B01L7/52—Heating or cooling apparatus; Heat insulating devices with provision for submitting samples to a predetermined sequence of different temperatures, e.g. for treating nucleic acid samples
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/52—Use of compounds or compositions for colorimetric, spectrophotometric or fluorometric investigation, e.g. use of reagent paper and including single- and multilayer analytical elements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/0095—Control aspects
- B01J2219/00952—Sensing operations
- B01J2219/00954—Measured properties
- B01J2219/00963—Pressure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/0095—Control aspects
- B01J2219/00952—Sensing operations
- B01J2219/00968—Type of sensors
- B01J2219/0097—Optical sensors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
- B01L2200/12—Specific details about manufacturing devices
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
- B01L2300/18—Means for temperature control
- B01L2300/1805—Conductive heating, heat from thermostatted solids is conducted to receptacles, e.g. heating plates, blocks
- B01L2300/1827—Conductive heating, heat from thermostatted solids is conducted to receptacles, e.g. heating plates, blocks using resistive heater
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
- B01L3/02—Burettes; Pipettes
- B01L3/0241—Drop counters; Drop formers
- B01L3/0268—Drop counters; Drop formers using pulse dispensing or spraying, eg. inkjet type, piezo actuated ejection of droplets from capillaries
Definitions
- the invention relates to the construction of electronic circuits and sensors by means of non-impact pressure methods and special pressure fluids for the analysis of chemical or biochemical reactions and / or cellular reactions in
- the goal is to achieve miniaturization and a direct link with the electronic data processing and so a fast
- Another object is to couple biochemical sensors with the administration of drugs, for example, in the disease of diabetes, wherein the blood sugar level is measured by sensors and then, from a supply, as needed, insulin is released.
- Other goals are, for example, to build chemical sensors that are used in the It is possible to determine toxins in the air or liquid media and to trigger an alarm if limits are exceeded. Both systems have the first marketable products available, but these are expensive and have some technical disadvantages, so that a wide distribution has not yet taken place.
- electronic circuits have been modified with biologically active molecules, such as antibodies or DNA, etc., that measure the change in electrical signals in the event that the biologically active molecules interact with other substances.
- biologically active molecules such as antibodies or DNA, etc.
- Glucose sensors or so-called antibody sensors constructed that can detect toxins.
- measuring methods such as resistance measurement, capacitance measurement, voltage measurement or impedance measurement are used.
- the biologically active molecules are applied to some of the electronic components.
- optoelectronic components such as light emitters or light detectors, can be added in an intermediately stored third process step.
- Circuits are not used because they always need a flat surface.
- IC chips integrated circuits
- the object of the present invention is to take advantage of the existing methods and to avoid the disadvantages with regard to the construction of electronic circuits for the analysis of living cells or biologically active molecules. Further objects of the invention are an increase in biocompatibility, reduction of manufacturing costs, simplification of production, construction of finer
- non-impact printing methods does not cover the main printing methods according to DIN 16500, but rather printing methods that do not require an explicit printing form, such as a plotter printing, inkjet printing or thermal printing process If these printing fluids are applied to one another or one above the other, punctiform, line-shaped or flat, in the case of black and white printing liquid shades of gray (for example, writing), in the case of colored printing liquids shades (for example, of color images), in the case of inorganic Printed materials electronic components or in the case of organic polymers such as LEDs.
- Such non-impact printing methods are used in the invention to produce electronic and / or optical elements capable of
- Three-dimensional structures can also be constructed in one work step, either as a substructure or as a superstructure of electronic or optical components.
- Electronic components are, for example, printed conductors, antennas, transistors, data memories, resistors, capacitors, switches, etc.
- optical components are light emitters, light detectors, light-electron converters,
- Optical fiber etc. understood.
- Three-dimensional components are understood to mean planes, channels, vessels, valves, sieves, pumps, pistons, porous networks, etc. All of these components can be manufactured with "Non impact printing methods"
- the printer has more than one fluid pressure channel.
- this is usually the case or the necessary printers can be equipped accordingly; so that highly complex systems can be produced in one operation.
- the non-impact printing methods have the advantage that multiple systems can be produced in parallel or identical systems in one step
- measuring systems to be printed can be rapidly changed and optimized in their design or technical function since no type of printing form is required. which would have to be changed first.
- Combinations of insulator, p-doped plastic (e.g., PPy, polypyrrole) n-doped plastic, etc. can be used to fabricate complex electronic components or three-dimensional structures.
- Non impact printing methods do not require a flat printing medium (printing substrate) but can be applied on uneven or / and highly flexible surfaces without damaging them (eg imprinting the printing form), so that sensitive biocompatible printing substrates can be used for the detection or measurement of biological substances or cells or cell systems are necessary.
- non-impact printing methods alone is not sufficient to achieve the objectives of this patent.
- Non-impact printing methods must be used with printing fluids containing biologically active molecules, ions, molecular or ionic assemblies, cells, cell aggregates or mixtures thereof and, together with inorganic or organic molecules and / or ions from which the electronic and / or optical and the three-dimensional components are constructed, are used as "duck liquids" in the "non-impact printing methods."
- biologically active molecules can be, for example, antibodies , DNA or RNA strands, peptides, enzymes, natural polymers, toxins, drugs, etc.
- the liquids additionally contain electrically conductive or optically active inorganic substances, soluble conductive or optically active polymers, conductive or optical particles and / or liquid-soluble Substances (eg AgNO3) or polymers with special physical
- Hydraulic fluids and examples of systemic applications listed.
- solvent e.g. Dissolved dioxane
- small amounts of water are added to the potassium, sodium and calcium.
- the solution has to be clear, because otherwise if particles form which impede the film formation.
- Drugs, antibodies, DNA or other biologically active molecules can be added to this solution.
- H [AuCl 4 ] is prepared by reduction of tetrachloroauric acid in boiling aqueous solution with citric acid or in ethereal solution with white phosphorus. There are obtained unstable gold colloids, which easily coagulate.
- stabilizers are added, e.g. Citrates and / or detergents such as Tween 20.
- gold colloids can be precipitated by the addition of ethanol. These can be used to bind DNA molecules, proteins or other biologically active substances. These so modified gold particles can then be dissolved in water or other polar liquids and called
- Pressure fluid can be used.
- printed circuit traces form, on which in turn the modified (for example gold-loaded gold particles) can be printed locally. This makes it possible to realize sensor surfaces with active biological molecules.
- Example C covalently bound biologically active molecules
- the monomers for a polyamide are e.g. Aminocarboxylic acids, lactams and / or diamines and dicarboxylic acids together with biologically active molecules such as antibodies; DNA or drugs used. If these solutions are then printed as printing fluid onto printed conductors made of silver or gold with "non-impact printing methods", the printed conductors act as
- sensor layers can be constructed which are capable of changing electrical resistances of printed conductors. These changes can be detected by voltage, resistance, capacitance or impedance measurements.
- Non impact printing methods used together with the new hydraulic fluids, so can be According to the invention, building components in one step, which are able to convert chemical or biochemical reactions and / or cellular reactions into electrical and / or optical signals, so that these reactions can be measured as a function of time and / or intensity. Furthermore, it is also possible to produce components which are required, for example, in a PCR reaction, a cell reaction, substance release or in a substance isolation, etc. In the following some examples are shown.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- Component is in the system a heating element (Fig.1, 3), which is able to heat the surrounding volume to a temperature of up to 98 ° C in the short term and repeatedly.
- the cooling necessary for a PCR reaction is achieved by the ambient temperature, which should be below 30 0 C.
- Heating element is a polymer layer (Fig.1, 5) printed on the so-called primer (Fig.1, 4) (short single-stranded DNA or RNA pieces) contains. DNA can bind to these by periodic heating and cooling as a single strand, which is then enzymatically supplemented to double strand in the actual PCR reaction, for which a second primer is needed. A dye is coupled to this second primer. The dye can be quantified by means of light (eg fluorescent light of a specific wavelength).
- a light-emitting polymer (Fig.1, 6) is printed on the opposite side of the heating element, which contains in its center a polymeric or inorganic light sensor (Fig.1, 7) which is capable of incident light of a particular wavelength to convert electricity.
- a polymeric or inorganic light sensor (Fig.1, 7) which is capable of incident light of a particular wavelength to convert electricity.
- the polymer which excites the dye it in turn supplies light of a specific but different wavelength emit.
- the light sensor (Fig.1, 7). Since the dye is bound to the second primer in a stoichiometric ratio, the bound and amplified DNA can be quantified. Since this is possible after each PCR cycle, the
- Example 2 Antibody-based selective optical sensor
- Fig. 2 shows an optical sensor constructed by means of "non-impact printing methods" and using combined printing fluids as described above.
- This system contains as basic components the printing medium or printing substrate (Fig.2, 1) and the electrical traces (Fig.2, 2) which have been printed on this.
- the following components are supplied with power via the printed conductors and at the same time information can be transported about them.
- On these tracks are printed polymers (Fig.2, 3) (so-called OLEP polymers) that emit light when current flows.
- these OLEP polymers additionally contain antibodies (FIGS. 2, 4) which specifically bind a molecule.
- the pressure fluid is composed of the OLEP polymer and the antibody (s).
- Geometrically opposite to the light emitting polymer is a light sensitive polymer or an inorganic substance capable of converting light into electrical current and thus acting as a light detector.
- the current generated by the light detector is directly proportional to the amount of incident light. If the antibodies now bind, eg from a liquid flowing past, molecules thus reduce the emitted light of the polymer (Fig. 2, 3) and thus the generated current from the light detector (Fig. 2, 5) becomes proportionally smaller. In this way, the amount of bound molecules can be determined.
- Fig. 3 shows an optical cell / particle sensor constructed by "non-impact printing methods" and using combined printing fluids as described above.
- This system contains as basic components the printing medium or printing substrate (Fig.3, 1) and the electrical traces (Fig.3, 2) which have been printed on this.
- the following components are supplied with power via the printed conductors and at the same time information can be transported about them.
- On these tracks are printed polymers (Fig.3, 3), (so-called OLEP), which emit light when current flows.
- a light sensitive polymer or an inorganic substance Figs. 3, 5) capable of converting light to electric current
- Example 4 - Particle Collector / Impedance Measurement / Wireless Information Transfer Figure 4 shows a particle collector and wireless data transmitter constructed using non-impact pressure methods and using combined pressure fluids as described above.
- This system contains as basic components the printing medium or printing substrate (Fig.4, 1) and the electrical traces (Fig.4, 2) which have been printed on this.
- the following components are supplied with power via the printed conductors and at the same time information can be transported about them.
- One is able to bind to these small magnetic particles biologically active substances such as antibodies or DNA.
- By means of these biologically active substances it is again possible selectively to bind molecules from a mixture and finally concentrate them over the magnetic particles. This is possible because current flows through the coils forming a magnetic field that binds the magnetic particles and molecules bound to them.
- the coils are at the same time able to wirelessly transport information to the outside or retrieve from outside similar to an RFID transmitter. Overall, one obtains from it a multidimensional measuring device that is able to transmit wirelessly information for electronic data processing.
- Example 5 Substance release by means of a valve
- FIG. 5 shows a structure constructed by means of "non-impact pressure methods" and using combined pressure fluids as described above
- This system contains as basic components the printing medium or printing substrate
- Fig.5, 3 + 5 represents a bimorph consisting of two layers - e.g. one
- Gold layer on the one layer of a polymer (eg Polypyrrol PPy) printed is.
- a polymer eg Polypyrrol PPy
- the polymer contracts. This bends the bimorph. Since this process is reversible, so can mechanical opening and
- a chamber Fig. 5, 5 is closed off from a rigid wall (Figs. 5, 4) and the non-flow-through bimorph (Fig. 5, 3) (Fig.5 - Part I.). In Part II. Of Fig. 5, the bimorph (Fig. 5, 6) is flowed through and thus bent. In this state, the chamber is opened and contained substances can escape. Conversely, too
- Substances are collected. By repeatedly opening and closing quickly, e.g. Dosage medications such as insulin, antibodies or toxins.
- Fig. 6 shows a pump via which liquids or gases can be actively transported by means of non-impact pressure methods and using combined pressure fluids as described above.
- This system contains as basic components the printing medium or printing substrate (Fig.6, 1) and the electrical traces (Fig.6, 2) which have been printed on this.
- the following components are supplied with power via the printed conductors and at the same time information can be transported about them.
- Fig.6, 3 shows three layers of polymer strands, such as PPy. These electroactive polymers dilute and elongate when current is applied to them. If they are close enough, they close a space in the liquid channel and block the flow (Fig.6, 5). If they are flowed through by electricity, they open a certain space (Fig.6, 6), in which liquid or gases can flow (Fig.6, 4) (Fig.6, Step I.). If the right outer layer packet is closed, fluid is trapped in the middle layer package under somewhat elevated pressure (Fig.6, 1) and the electrical traces (Fig.6, 2) which have been printed on this. The following components are supplied with power via the printed conductors and at the same time information can be transported about them.
- Fig.6, 3 shows three layers of polymer strand
- step II Will be as in step IM.
- the left outer layer packet is opened with current, the previously enclosed liquid or gas flows into the left ventricle (Fig. 6, step ML), thereby intensifying that the middle layer packet is now closed (Fig If these steps are repeated at step L, the result is an activated finely controllable pumping effect, which can be used, for example, for pumping medicaments, such as insulin, antibiotics, etc.
- Small structures can be built, it is possible to construct pumps that can be used in the human body, for example, in blood or connective tissue. This pump is capable of liquids or gases in two
- this pump is able to transport liquids or gases in all three spatial directions.
- Figure 7 shows a disposable or reusable DNA sequencer, a highly integrated system, constructed by "non-impact pressure methods" and using combined pressure fluids as described above, this system incorporating the system elements of Examples 6, 5 and 2, wherein the system element 2 contains no antibodies but a short single-stranded DNA bound via a spacer (molecular chain which acts as a spacer)
- This system contains the printing medium or printing substrate as basic components, as in the aforementioned examples (FIGS ) and the electrical tracks (Fig.7, 2) which have been printed on this., The following components are supplied with power via the tracks and at the same time can be transported via this information.
- the entire system is filled with a main fluid that can be moved via the pump (Fig. 7, 6), bidirectional.
- the main flow direction is indicated by the arrow (Fig.7, 3).
- the system of the DNA sequencer contains at least four chambers (Fig. 7, 4), each of which can be washed by the main fluid. These chambers each contain a bimorph (Figs.7, 7 + 9) as in Example 5
- this DNA sequencer system contains a selective optical sensor ( Figures 7, 5 + 9) as shown in Example 2, but based on single-stranded DNA primers.
- the main fluid contains single-stranded DNA, hereafter called target DNA, from any sample (skin, hair, blood, saliva, urine, etc.) and the DNA polymerase plus co-factors except the nucleotides.
- target DNA binds to the covalently bound primers of the optical sensor ( Figure 7, 5); this is a highly selective process for targeting DNA from a variety of DNA pieces
- the DNA polymerase can now bind with the primer as a starting point to the target DNA. Since there are no nucleotides in the
- Main fluid are present, no complementary DNA strand of the target DNA can be synthesized. If one of the at least four chambers (Figs. 7, 4) is opened by activating the bimorph of a chamber, a defined amount of the nucleotide in the chamber, here adenosine, is released into the main fluid (Figs. 7, 8).
- the pump (Fig.7, 6) transports a defined volume of liquid to the optical sensor.
- the DNA polymerase is, if possible complementary, the
- Nucleotide-coupled dye gives, after excitation by the light emitter (Fig.7, 5) in a certain wavelength, light of a different wavelength. This emitted light can be converted by the light detector (Fig.7, 9) into an electrical signal.
- cytosine thymidine or guanosine (in terms of a linear chain sequence of nucleotides).
- the DNA polymerase will be able to synthesize the complementary DNA strand step by step. Every time a nucleotide has been successfully incorporated, there is an electrical signal. If this is related to the opening sequence of the chambers, the sequence of Polymerase incorporated nucleotides are determined; that is, the DNA sequence of the target DNA.
- Non-planar and / or uneven surfaces can be applied in a single printing process using non-impact printing methods and combined printing fluids as described above, making it possible to use not only flexible but also biocompatible print media or substrates are necessary, for example, for Examples 4, 5 and 6.
- Such plastics include PEEK, PPSU (polyphenylsulfone), POM (polyoxymethylene), PMMA, polyacrylamide,
- Classic materials are not usable because they are not biocompatible and / or not flexible.
- Non impact printing methods can already be performed with commercially available inkjet printers, with resolutions of 4800 x 12000 dpi being achieved Special printers allow even higher resolutions and, in addition to the X / Y printing axis, also the Z printing axis, so that three-dimensional structures can be used with this method With a 4800 x 12000 dpi resolution structures of less than one micrometer can be realized.
- the advantages of the invention are the increase in biocompatibility, reduction of manufacturing costs, simplification of production, construction of finer
- the invention also makes it possible to carry out changes in the sensor system quickly without the need for elaborate adaptation of printing plates. This means a reduction in development costs and acceleration of the Development of analytical systems.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE112009005088T DE112009005088A5 (de) | 2009-07-21 | 2009-07-21 | Verfahren unter der verwendung von non impact druckmethoden zusammen mit druckflüssigkeiten, die aktive biologische moleküle enthalten, zur produktion von sensoren und komplexen analytischen systemen. |
PCT/DE2009/001010 WO2011009422A1 (de) | 2009-07-21 | 2009-07-21 | Verfahren unter der verwendung von non impact druckmethoden zusammen mit druckflüssigkeiten, die aktive biologische moleküle enthalten, zur produktion von sensoren und komplexen analytischen systemen. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PCT/DE2009/001010 WO2011009422A1 (de) | 2009-07-21 | 2009-07-21 | Verfahren unter der verwendung von non impact druckmethoden zusammen mit druckflüssigkeiten, die aktive biologische moleküle enthalten, zur produktion von sensoren und komplexen analytischen systemen. |
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WO2011009422A1 true WO2011009422A1 (de) | 2011-01-27 |
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PCT/DE2009/001010 WO2011009422A1 (de) | 2009-07-21 | 2009-07-21 | Verfahren unter der verwendung von non impact druckmethoden zusammen mit druckflüssigkeiten, die aktive biologische moleküle enthalten, zur produktion von sensoren und komplexen analytischen systemen. |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2705356A2 (de) * | 2011-05-05 | 2014-03-12 | Daktari Diagnostics, Inc. | Leitfähige strukturen und verfahren zur herstellung leitfähiger strukturen |
RU2642113C2 (ru) * | 2012-05-30 | 2018-01-24 | Нестек Са | Малопылящие наполнители туалетов для животных и способы их изготовления |
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2009
- 2009-07-21 WO PCT/DE2009/001010 patent/WO2011009422A1/de active Application Filing
- 2009-07-21 DE DE112009005088T patent/DE112009005088A5/de not_active Withdrawn
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