WO2010151738A2 - Structure piézo-magnéto-élastique permettant une récupération d'énergie de vibration large bande - Google Patents

Structure piézo-magnéto-élastique permettant une récupération d'énergie de vibration large bande Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010151738A2
WO2010151738A2 PCT/US2010/039938 US2010039938W WO2010151738A2 WO 2010151738 A2 WO2010151738 A2 WO 2010151738A2 US 2010039938 W US2010039938 W US 2010039938W WO 2010151738 A2 WO2010151738 A2 WO 2010151738A2
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excitation
base
piezo
energy
magnets
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PCT/US2010/039938
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WO2010151738A3 (fr
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Alper Erturk
Daniel J. Inman
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Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc.
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N2/00—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction
    • H02N2/18—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction producing electrical output from mechanical input, e.g. generators
    • H02N2/186—Vibration harvesters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
    • H10N30/30—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with mechanical input and electrical output, e.g. functioning as generators or sensors
    • H10N30/304—Beam type
    • H10N30/306—Cantilevers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of energy harvesting. More particularly, embodiments of the invention relate to methods, systems, and devices for scavenging vibration- based energy from an ambient vibration source.
  • Specific embodiments of the present invention include a piezoelectric power generator comprising: a) an elongated ferromagnetic cantilevered beam suspended lengthwise from a support such that a base of the beam is operably connected to the support and an opposing free end of the beam is disposed a selected distance above and between two permanent magnets; and b) a plurality of piezoceramic elements operably connected to the base of the beam, wherein the piezoceramic elements are operably connected in parallel to each other and operably connected to an electrical load.
  • Vibration-based energy harvesting is not limited to mechanical sources of vibration and virtually any excitation source is exploitable for the potential of providing a source for scavenging energy, including noise.
  • CR. Mclnnes, et. al. "Enhanced vibrational energy harvesting using nonlinear stochastic resonance, J. Sound and Vibration," 318 (2008) 655-662; Cottone et. al, “Nonlinear energy harvesting," Physical Review Letters (PRL) of the American Physical Society, 102, 080601( 2009); and Litak et. al, "Magnetopiezoelastic energy harvesting driven by random excitations," American Inst.
  • Embodiments of the invention provide a novel broadband vibration energy harvester that results in a substantial increase of the voltage output over a range of excitation frequencies. More particularly, embodiments of the invention provide non-resonant piezo- magneto-elastic energy harvesters.
  • the piezomagnetoelastic power generator embodiments can be used in several applications of vibration-based energy harvesting, including defense industry applications, structural health monitoring, and various applications of low power electronics.
  • the main goal in energy harvesting is to remove the battery requirement and therefore to minimize the maintenance costs.
  • the piezomagnetoelastic configuration described in this specification gives three times the voltage output of the conventional cantilever configuration over a range of frequencies (for the same beam length and piezoceramic material).
  • the device promises one order of magnitude larger power for the typical case of varying- frequency and off-resonant excitations, which are more common than resonance excitation, a single harmonic frequency).
  • energy harvesting devices comprising: a) a PZT bender comprising a cantilevered beam with piezoceramic elements; and b) a plurality of magnets; wherein the beam is disposed a selected distance above and between the magnets, such that the beam is capable of exhibiting a three-equilibrium condition described by electromechanical equations (2) and (3):
  • v is the dimensionless voltage across the load resistance
  • ⁇ is the dimensionless piezoelectric coupling term in the mechanical equation
  • K is the dimensionless piezoelectric coupling term in the electrical circuit equation
  • ⁇ is the reciprocal of the dimensionless time constant ( ⁇ ⁇ x Xl R 1 C p where R 1 is the load resistance and C p is the equivalent capacitance of the piezoceramic layers); and optionally wherein the device is capable of exhibiting a large-amplitude voltage response when subjected to excitation at about resonance frequency and at any off-resonance frequency, which can be any excitation source, including vibrations from seismic activity and/or noise, and whether harmonic or random.
  • any of the devices, systems, and methods described in this specification can be used or modified accordingly to accommodate energy harvesting from any vibration source.
  • Any device embodiment of the invention can further comprise a weighted cantilevered beam for increasing dynamic flexibility.
  • energy harvesting devices can comprise two circular rare earth magnets symmetrically disposed with respect to the cantilevered beam.
  • Embodiments of the invention can include devices wherein the piezoceramic elements are operably connected with the beam at its base, are disposed on opposing sides of the beam, and are connected in parallel to each other.
  • energy harvesting devices comprising: a) an elongated ferromagnetic cantilevered beam having a base and an opposing end; b) a plurality of piezoceramic elements operably connected to the base of the beam; c) a first support member for supporting the beam at its base; and d) two permanent magnets disposed on a second support member; wherein the base end of the beam is operably connected to the support member such that the beam is suspended lengthwise from the support member at its base and the opposing end of the beam is free and is disposed a selected distance above and between the magnets; and wherein the piezoceramic elements are operably connected in parallel to each other, such that during operation the beam is capable of scavenging vibrational energy from an external excitation source and the piezoceramic elements are capable of converting the vibrational energy into electrical energy; and optionally wherein the device is capable of exhibiting a large-amplitude voltage response when subjected to seismic ex
  • Such energy harvesting devices can further comprise a weighted cantilevered beam for increasing dynamic flexibility, and/or symmetrically disposed magnets with respect to the beam, and/or piezoceramic elements disposed on opposing sides of the beam and connected in parallel to each other.
  • Systems of the present invention include a system for powering an electrical load comprising: a) a piezo-magneto-elastic power source capable of exhibiting a large-amplitude voltage response when subjected to excitation from an ambient vibration source at about resonance frequency and at any off-resonance frequency; and b) an electrical load operably electrically connected with the power source.
  • the excitation source is preferably harmonic, but can be random as well and from noise, seismic, or any other type of excitation source.
  • Such systems can be useful for providing power to an electronics device, especially one needing less power to operate than is provided by power output of the power source.
  • a preferred electrical load is a rechargeable battery.
  • Loads may also include capacitors and trickle charges, to name a few.
  • recharging a battery of any device that consumes electrical power would save natural resources if the power for recharging the battery is converted from ambient vibrational energy using a device, system, or method of embodiments of the invention.
  • Such systems can comprise a piezo-magneto-elastic power source configured comprising: a) an elongated ferromagnetic cantilevered beam having a base and an opposing end; b) a plurality of piezoceramic elements operably connected to the base of the beam; c) a first support member for supporting the beam at its base; and d) two permanent magnets disposed on a second support member; wherein the base end of the beam is operably connected to the support member such that the beam is suspended lengthwise from the support member at its base and the opposing end of the beam is free and is disposed a selected distance above and between the magnets; and wherein the piezoceramic elements are operably connected in parallel to each other, such that during operation the beam is capable of scavenging vibrational energy from an external excitation source (preferred is seismic, but noise excitation is included) and the piezoceramic elements are capable of converting the vibrational energy into electrical energy.
  • an external excitation source preferred
  • Such systems can alternatively comprise a piezo-magneto-elastic power source configured comprising: a) a PZT bender comprising a cantilevered beam with piezoceramic elements; and b) a plurality of magnets; wherein the beam is disposed a selected distance above and between the magnets, such that the beam is capable of exhibiting a three-equilibrium condition described by electromechanical equations (2) and (3):
  • v is the dimensionless voltage across the load resistance
  • ⁇ is the dimensionless piezoelectric coupling term in the mechanical equation
  • K is the dimensionless piezoelectric coupling term in the electrical circuit equation
  • ⁇ is the reciprocal of the dimensionless time constant ( ⁇ ⁇ x Xl R 1 C p where R 1 is the load resistance and C p is the equivalent capacitance of the piezoceramic layers).
  • a sensor system comprising: a) a piezo-magneto-elastic power source capable of exhibiting a large-amplitude voltage response when subjected to excitation (e.g., seismic or noise, to name a couple types) from an ambient vibration source at about resonance frequency and at any off-resonance frequency; b) one or more sensors for collecting data (for example, data about a structure, environment, living organism, or anything capable of being monitored for objective information about it, such as temperature, density, humidity, stress from physical forces, etc.), wherein the sensors are operably connected with and electrically powered at least in part by the power source; and c) a computer-readable storage medium for storing the data.
  • excitation e.g., seismic or noise, to name a couple types
  • an ambient vibration source at about resonance frequency and at any off-resonance frequency
  • sensors for collecting data for example, data about a structure, environment, living organism, or anything capable of being monitored for objective information about it, such as temperature, density, humidity, stress from physical
  • Methods of the invention include, for example, a method of monitoring integrity of a structure comprising: a) providing electrical power output from a piezo-magneto-elastic power source capable of exhibiting a large-amplitude voltage response when subjected to excitation from an ambient vibration source at about resonance frequency and at any off- resonance frequency; b) electrically powering one or more sensors with the electrical power output to collect data (especially data or information about a structure); and c) storing the data on a computer-readable storage medium.
  • Methods of the invention can include converting mechanical energy to electrical energy comprising: a) operably connecting a PZT bender to an external source of ambient vibrational energy; b) transferring the vibrational energy from the source to the PZT bender; c) converting the energy to electrical energy with piezoceramic elements of the PZT bender; and d) obtaining a large-amplitude voltage response, when subjected to excitation at about resonance frequency and at any off-resonance frequency.
  • Such methods can specifically comprise a PZT bender configured to comprise: a) a cantilevered beam with piezoceramic elements; and b) a plurality of magnets; wherein the beam is disposed a selected distance above and between the magnets, such that the beam is capable of exhibiting a three-equilibrium condition described by electromechanical equations (2) and (3):
  • v is the dimensionless voltage across the load resistance
  • ⁇ is the dimensionless piezoelectric coupling term in the mechanical equation
  • K is the dimensionless piezoelectric coupling term in the electrical circuit equation
  • A is the reciprocal of the dimensionless time constant (A ⁇ x 1/ R 1 C where R 1 is the load resistance and C p is the equivalent capacitance of the piezoceramic layers).
  • such methods can comprise a PZT bender comprising a piezo- magneto-elastic power source configured to comprise: a) an elongated ferromagnetic cantilevered beam having a base and an opposing end; b) a plurality of piezoceramic elements operably connected to the base of the beam; c) a first support member for supporting the beam at its base; and d) two permanent magnets disposed on a second support member; wherein the base end of the beam is operably connected to the support member such that the beam is suspended lengthwise from the support member at its base and the opposing end of the beam is free and is disposed a selected distance above and between the magnets; and wherein the piezoceramic elements are operably connected in parallel to each other, such that during operation the beam is capable of scavenging vibrational energy from an external excitation source and the piezoceramic elements are capable of converting the vibrational energy into electrical energy.
  • any device described in this specification is intended to be adapted into any system or method employing the device.
  • any method of the invention can comprise any system or device described in this specification.
  • any system of the invention can employ any device described herein or employ one or more method steps disclosed herein.
  • device, system, and method embodiments of the invention can be adapted, modified, or combined with one or more features of any other device, system, or method of the invention to accomplish a desired goal.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a magneto-elastic configuration.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the piezo-magneto- elastic power generator of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4A is a graph of the velocity vs.
  • FIG. 5A is a graph showing the velocity vs.
  • FIG. 7A is a photograph showing use of an embodiment of a piezomagnetoelastic generator according to the invention in combination with a seismic shaker, accelerometer, and a laser vibrometer.
  • FIG. 7B is a photograph of a piezomagnetoelastic generator embodiment according to the invention.
  • FIG. 7C is a schematic diagram of an exemplary piezomagnetoelastic energy harvester under vertical excitation.
  • FIGS. 7D-E are photographs showing an exemplary experimental setup for vertical excitation of a piezomagnetoelastic energy harvester providing a close-up view (FIG. 7D) and an overall view of the setup (FIG. 7E).
  • FIG. 7F-H are graphs showing an experimental comparison of the piezomagnetoelastic and the piezoelastic configurations for vertical excitation (for the same acceleration input of 0.5g) at 5.5 Hz (FIG. 7F); 6.5 Hz (FIG. 7G); and 7.5 Hz (FIG. 7H).
  • FIG. 8 A is a graph of the experimental voltage history exhibiting the strange attractor motion for excitation of 0.5g at 8 Hz.
  • FIG. 8B is the Poincare map of the strange attractor motion of FIG. 8A.
  • FIG. 9 A is a graph showing experimental voltage history for large-amplitude periodic motion due to the excitation amplitude (excitation: 0.8g at 8 Hz).
  • FIG. 1OA is a graph showing input acceleration histories for piezo-magneto- elastic and piezo-elastic configurations using an excitation of 0.5g at 8 Hz.
  • FIG. 1OB is a graph showing voltage outputs in the chaotic response region of the piezo-magneto-elastic configuration for excitation of 0.5g at 8 Hz.
  • FIG. 1OC is a graph showing voltage outputs in the large-amplitude region of the piezo-magneto-elastic configuration (excitation: 0.5g at 8 Hz).
  • FIG. 1 IA is a two-dimensional graph of the electromechanical (velocity vs. open- circuit voltage) phase portraits of the piezo-magneto-elastic and piezo-elastic configurations (excitation: 0.5g at 8 Hz).
  • FIG. 1 IB is a three-dimensional graph of the electromechanical (velocity vs. open-circuit voltage) phase portraits of the piezo-magneto-elastic and piezo-elastic configurations (excitation: 0.5g at 8 Hz).
  • FIG. 12A is a graph showing that the excitation amplitudes of the piezo-magneto- elastic and the piezo-elastic configurations are similar (with an average RMS value of 0.35g).
  • FIG. 12B is a graph showing the broadband performance of a piezo-magneto- elastic generator compared with a piezo-elastic configuration.
  • FIG. 13A is a photograph showing the experimental setup used for investigating the power generation performance of the piezo-magneto-elastic energy harvester.
  • FIG. 13B is a photograph of an embodiment of a piezo-magneto-elastic system.
  • FIG. 13C is a photograph showing a piezo-elastic configuration.
  • FIGS. 14A-H are graphs of acceleration input and power output of piezo- magneto-elastic and piezo-elastic configurations at steady state for excitation frequencies of 5 Hz (FIGS. 14A-B); 6 Hz (FIGS. 14C-D); 7 Hz (FIGS. 14E-F); and 8 Hz (FIGS. 14G-H).
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing average power output of piezo-magneto-elastic and piezo-elastic energy harvester configurations (RMS acceleration input: 0.35g).
  • FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary piezomagnetoelastic energy harvester combined to an AC-to-DC converter circuit for battery or capacitor charging.
  • FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary electrostatic energy harvesting system using the bistable magnetoelastic structure.
  • FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary electromagnetic energy harvesting system using the bistable magnetoelastic structure.
  • FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary magnetostrictive energy harvesting system using the bistable magnetoelastic structure.
  • FIG. 1 provides a schematic of a well-known magneto-elastic configuration. This configuration was first investigated by Moon and Holmes as a mechanical structure capable of exhibiting strange attractor motions. See, F. C. Moon and P. J. Holmes, Journal of Sound and Vibration 65, 275 (1979).
  • the Moon-Holmes device consists of a ferromagnetic cantilevered beam with two permanent magnets located symmetrically near the free end and it is subjected to harmonic base excitation.
  • the bifurcations of the static problem are described by a butterfly catastrophe with a sixth order magneto-elastic potential.
  • the ferromagnetic beam may have five (with three stable), three (with two stable) or one (stable) equilibrium positions.
  • x is the dimensionless tip displacement of the beam in the transverse direction
  • ⁇ is the mechanical damping ratio
  • ⁇ is the dimensionless excitation frequency
  • FIG. 2 provides a schematic illustrating an embodiment of the present invention which is a bimorph piezo-magneto-elastic power generator 200. More specifically, to use the Moon-Holmes device as a piezoelectric energy harvester, two piezoceramic layers can be attached onto the root of the cantilever to obtain a bimorph generator. [00083] As shown in FIG.
  • this embodiment of the generator 200 comprises a ferromagnetic cantilevered beam 201 with two permanent magnets 202 located symmetrically near the free end of the beam 201, which is subjected to harmonic base excitation. As shown, the beam 201 is suspended from a support member 205 and the magnets are disposed on a second support member 206, which can be integral or separate from support member 205. It is important to note that FIG. 2 is merely a schematic diagram of the piezo-magneto-elastic configuration and is not intended to reflect the actual shape or size of the device. Additionally, a plurality of magnets, eg, two or more, can be used and any type of magnet, including electromagnets can be used.
  • the invention is not limited to the embodiments and specific configurations described herein and appropriate modifications and additions will be apparent to those of skill in the art to adapt the systems and devices of embodiments of the invention to particular applications.
  • the bifurcations of the static problem are described by a butterfly catastrophe with a sixth order magneto-elastic potential.
  • the ferromagnetic beam 201 may have five (with three stable), three (with two stable) or one (stable) equilibrium positions.
  • the governing lumped-parameter equation of motion has the form of the Duffing equation:
  • x is the dimensionless tip displacement of the beam in the transverse direction
  • ⁇ is the mechanical damping ratio
  • ⁇ is the dimensionless excitation frequency
  • piezoceramic layers 203 attached to the root of the cantilever beam 201, which results in a bimorph generator.
  • the invention is not limited to using only two piezoceramic elements and a plurality of piezoceramic layers 203 can also be used for certain applications.
  • the piezoceramic layers 203 are operably connected to an electrical load 204 (a resistor for simplicity) and the voltage output of the generator 200 across the load 204 due to seismic excitation is the primary interest in energy harvesting.
  • an electrical load 204 a resistor for simplicity
  • Equations (2) and (3) [00090] where v is the dimensionless voltage across the load resistance, ⁇ is the dimensionless piezoelectric coupling term in the mechanical equation, K is the dimensionless piezoelectric coupling term in the electrical circuit equation and ⁇ is the reciprocal of the dimensionless time constant ( ⁇ QC 1/ R 1 C where R 1 is the load resistance and C p is the equivalent capacitance of the piezoceramic layers).
  • ⁇ is the reciprocal of the dimensionless time constant ( ⁇ QC 1/ R 1 C where R 1 is the load resistance and C p is the equivalent capacitance of the piezoceramic layers).
  • Equation (4) can be used in an ordinary differential equation solver for numerical simulations (the ode45 command of MATLAB is used here).
  • the resulting vibratory motion is on a chaotic strange attractor (yielding the chaotic voltage history shown in FIG. 3A) and the Poincare map of this strange attractor motion is shown in FIG. 3 B on its phase portrait.
  • FIG. 3 C provides a graph showing that if the excitation amplitude is increased by keeping the same initial conditions, the transient chaotic behavior is followed by large-amplitude oscillations on a high-energy orbit with improved voltage response.
  • FIG. 3D shows that this type of large-amplitude voltage response can be obtained with the original excitation amplitude
  • Equations (2) and (3) a simple comparison can be made against the conventional piezo-elastic configuration (which is the linear cantilever configuration without the magnets causing the bi- stability).
  • the lumped-parameter equations of the linear piezo-elastic configuration are:
  • FIG. 4A shows the velocity against displacement phase portrait of the piezo- magneto-elastic and the piezo-elastic configurations.
  • the steady-state vibration amplitude of the piezo-magneto-elastic configuration can be much larger than that of the piezo-elastic configuration.
  • FIG. 4B shows the velocity against voltage phase portrait of the piezo-magneto- elastic and the piezo-elastic configurations. Expectedly, the large-amplitude response on the high-energy orbit is also observed.
  • the phase between the voltage and the velocity is approximately 90 degrees because the system is close to open-circuit conditions. Therefore, in open-circuit conditions, it is reasonable to plot the velocity against voltage output as the electromechanical phase portrait (as an alternative to the conventional velocity against displacement phase portrait). From the experimental point of view, it is advantageous to plot these two independent measurements (voltage output of the piezoceramic against the velocity signal from the laser vibrometer) rather than integrating the experimental velocity history (as it typically results in a non-uniform drift).
  • FIG. 5A is a graph showing the velocity vs.
  • the forcing amplitude in the base excitation problem is proportional to the square of the frequency (/ oc 0. 1 X 0 ). Keeping the forcing amplitude/constant at different frequencies implies keeping the base acceleration amplitude the same. Hence the base displacement amplitudes are different. [000109] As shown in FIG. 6A, the electrical output of the piezo-magneto-elastic configuration is not considerably larger because the trajectory oscillates around one of its foci. That is, the forcing amplitude cannot overcome the attraction of the magnetic force at the respective focus. As a result, the piezo-magneto-elastic configuration oscillates on a low-energy orbit and its electrical response amplitude is indeed comparable to that of the piezo-elastic configuration.
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B show the piezo-magneto-elastic energy harvester 700 and corresponding experimental setup used in the experiments. As shown in FIG.
  • harmonic base excitation is provided by a seismic shaker 710 (Acoustic Power Systems APS-113) and the velocity response of cantilever 701 is recorded by a laser vibrometer 730 (Polytec OFV303 laser head with OFV3001 vibrometer).
  • acceleration at the base of cantilever 701 is measured by a small accelerometer 720 (PCB Piezotronics Model U352C67).
  • the time history of the base acceleration, voltage, and vibration responses are recorded by a National Instruments NI cDAQ-9172 data acquisition system (with a sampling frequency of 2000 Hz).
  • the ferromagnetic beam 701 (made of tempered blue steel) is 145 mm long (overhang length), 26 mm wide and 0.26 mm thick. A lumped mass of 14 grams is attached close to the tip for improved dynamic flexibility.
  • Two PZT-5A piezoceramic layers 703 (QP16N, Mide Corporation) are attached onto both faces of the beam 701 at the root using a high shear strength epoxy and they are connected in parallel.
  • the spacing between the symmetrically located circular rare earth magnets 702 is 50 mm (center to center) and this distance is selected to realize the three equilibrium case described by Equations (2) and (3) described above.
  • the post-buckled fundamental resonance frequency of the beam is 10.6 Hz (at both focus points) whereas the fundamental resonance frequency of the unbuckled beam (when the magnets are removed) is 7.4 Hz (both under the open-circuit conditions of piezoceramics - i.e. at constant electric displacement).
  • the direction of vibratory motion is vertical as depicted in FIG. 7C.
  • gravity acts on the harvester beam in an uneven way compared to horizontal excitation.
  • the static equilibrium of the flexible beam is biased towards the ground. Therefore, the lower magnet should be moved downwards to create equal magnetic forces at the tip as shown in FIGS.
  • FIG. 8B shows the Poincare map of the strange attractor motion of FIG. 8A.
  • FIGS. 3A-B These figures are obtained from a measurement taken for about 15 minutes (1,784,400 data points due to a sampling frequency of 2000 Hz) and they exhibit very good qualitative agreement with the theoretical strange attractor given by FIGS. 3A-B.
  • FIG. 9A if the excitation amplitude is increased to 0.8g (at the same frequency), the structure goes from transient chaos to a large-amplitude periodic (limit cycle) motion with a strong improvement in the voltage response.
  • FIGS. lOA-C provide a comparison of the input and the output time histories of the piezo-magneto-elastic and piezo-elastic configurations, namely FIG. 1OA shows input acceleration histories; FIG. 1OB shows voltage outputs in the chaotic response region of the piezo-magneto-elastic configuration; and FIG.
  • FIG. 1OC shows voltage outputs in the large-amplitude region of the piezo-magneto-elastic configuration (excitation: 0.5g at 8 Hz).
  • FIG. 1OA shows the acceleration input to the piezo-magneto- elastic and the piezo-elastic configurations at an arbitrary instant of time.
  • the voltage input to the seismic shaker is identical for both configurations, yielding very similar base acceleration amplitudes (according to the signal output of the accelerometer) for a fair comparison.
  • FIG. 1OB displays the comparison of the piezo-magneto-elastic and the piezo- elastic configurations where the former exhibits chaotic response and the latter has already reached its harmonic steady-state response amplitude at the input frequency.
  • FIG. 1OC shows the voltage histories of these configurations some time after the disturbance is applied to the piezo-magneto-elastic configuration and the large-amplitude response is obtained.
  • the trajectory in the phase space
  • the response amplitude of the piezo-elastic configuration is identical in FIGS. 1OB and 1OC.
  • the chaotic response of the piezo-magneto-elastic structure has no considerable advantage according to FIG. 1OB
  • the large -amplitude response of this structure can give more than 3 times larger RMS voltage output according to FIG. 1OC.
  • Larger power output from the systems and devices could be expected when using noise as the excitation source. See Cottone et al, PRL 2009 above (which describes a bistable configuration giving larger power output to noise excitation.
  • FIG. 1 IA compares the velocity vs. voltage phase portraits of the piezo-magneto- elastic and piezo-elastic configurations for excitation at 8 Hz with 0.5g, showing the advantage of the large-amplitude orbit clearly. This figure is therefore analogous to the theoretical demonstration given by FIG. 4B (additional harmonics are present in the experimental data of the distributed-parameter piezo-magneto-elastic structure).
  • FIG. 1 IB shows the three-dimensional view of the electromechanical trajectory in the phase space, which shows good qualitative agreement with its simplified theoretical counterpart based on the lumped-parameter model (FIGS. 6A-F). Comparisons using different frequencies to see if similar high-energy orbits can be reached at other frequencies as well (as in the theoretical case) are discussed next.
  • FIG. 12A shows that the excitation amplitudes of both configurations are very similar (with an average RMS value of approximately 0.35g).
  • FIG. 12B shows the broadband performance of the piezo-magneto-elastic generator.
  • the resonant piezo-elastic device gives larger voltage output only when the excitation frequency is at or very close to its resonance frequency (7.4 Hz) whereas the voltage output of the piezo-magneto-elastic device can be 3 times that of the piezo-elastic device at several other frequencies below its post-buckled resonance frequency (10.6 Hz).
  • power output is proportional to the square of the voltage. Hence an order of magnitude larger power output over a frequency range can be expected with this device.
  • FIG. 13A shows the experimental setup used for this purpose, which is similar to the set up shown in FIG. 7A.
  • a piezo-magneto-elastic energy harvesting device 1300 is operably connected with a seismic excitation source, here a seismic shaker 1310.
  • the seismic excitation source is used in the experiments herein as a substitute for an external source of vibration or strain.
  • the external source of vibration would be caused by vehicular traffic over the bridge and/or environmental conditions to which the bridge is subjected, such as wind, snow, ice, or rain.
  • the piezo-magneto-elastic device can be scaled in size according to a particular application in which it is needed, such as made smaller for installation on automobiles or aircraft instead of buildings or other structures.
  • the device 1300 can be placed on, secured to, or otherwise operably connected with a structure capable of experiencing an external source of vibration, such that the vibration from the structure is transferred to device 1300.
  • FIGS. 13B and C respectively, display the piezo-magneto-elastic device 1300 and the piezo-elastic configuration tested for power generation under base excitation.
  • device 1300 comprises a) an elongated ferromagnetic cantilevered beam 1301 having a base 1308 and an opposing end 1309; b) a plurality of piezoceramic elements 1303 (here, two) operably connected to the base of the beam (here, affixed to opposing sides of the beam); c) a first support member 1305 for supporting the beam 1301 at its base 1308; and d) two permanent magnets 1302 disposed on a second support member 1306; wherein base end 1308 of beam 1301 is operably connected to the support member 1305 such that the beam 1301 is suspended lengthwise from the support member 1305 at its base 1308 and opposing end 1309 of the beam 1301 is free and is disposed a selected distance above and between the magnets 130
  • mass 1307 can be added to the beam 1301 to improve dynamic flexibility of the system.
  • the piezoceramic elements 1303 are operably coupled with wires and an electrical load (resistor) for measuring the voltage output of the system.
  • the load can be any device using electricity to operate and/or a rechargeable battery for such a device.
  • FIG. 13C provides a configuration of a piezo-elastic system, which differs from the embodiment of the piezo-magneto-elastic system of FIG. 13B in that the magnets 1302 are removed.
  • An equally applicable description of the device/system includes describing the device as an energy harvesting device comprising: a) a PZT bender comprising a cantilevered beam with piezoceramic elements; and b) a plurality of magnets; wherein the beam is disposed a selected distance above and between the magnets, such that the beam is capable of exhibiting a three-equilibrium condition described by electromechanical equations (2) and (3):
  • v is the dimensionless voltage across the load resistance
  • ⁇ is the dimensionless piezoelectric coupling term in the mechanical equation
  • K is the dimensionless piezoelectric coupling term in the electrical circuit equation
  • ⁇ is the reciprocal of the dimensionless time constant ( ⁇ ⁇ x 1/ R 1 C where R 1 is the load resistance and C p is the equivalent capacitance of the piezoceramic layers); and wherein the device is capable of exhibiting a large-amplitude voltage response when subjected to seismic excitation at about resonance frequency and at off-resonance frequencies.
  • the set up of the piezo-magneto-elastic system provided in FIG. 13B is configured to provide such a three-equilibrium condition. Other configurations are also possible depending on the desired effect.
  • a harmonic base excitation amplitude of 0.5g (yielding an RMS value of approximately 0.35g) is applied at frequencies of 5 Hz, 6 Hz, 7 Hz and 8 Hz. From the previous discussion related to the open-circuit voltage output given with FIG. 12B, it is expected to obtain an order of magnitude larger power with the piezo-magneto-elastic device at three of these frequencies (5 Hz, 6 Hz and 8 Hz). However, it is anticipated to obtain larger power from the piezo-elastic configuration around its resonance and 7 Hz is close to the resonance frequency of this linear system (as can be noted from FIG. 12B).
  • FIGS. 14A-H shows the comparison of the average steady-state power vs. load resistance graphs of the piezo-magneto-elastic and piezo-elastic configurations at the frequencies of interest. Note that the excitation amplitudes (i.e., the base acceleration) of both configurations are very similar in all cases. As anticipated, the piezo-magneto-elastic energy harvester gives an order of magnitude larger power at 5 Hz, 6 Hz and 8 Hz whereas the piezo- elastic configuration gives larger power only at 7 Hz (by a factor of 2.3). The average power outputs read from these graphs for the optimum values of load resistance are listed in Table 1.
  • FIG. 15 shows the variation of the average electrical power outputs of both configurations with the excitation frequency (including the frequencies 5.5 Hz, 6.5 Hz and 7.5 Hz). It is important to notice in FIG. 15 that, at several frequencies, the non-resonant piezo- magneto-elastic energy harvester can indeed generate one order of magnitude more power for the same input. The resonant piezo-elastic energy harvester can generate larger power only within a narrow band around its fundamental resonance frequency. However, this power is not an order of magnitude larger than that of the piezo-magneto-elastic configuration (in qualitative agreement with FIGS. 6A-F).
  • the piezo-magneto-elastic configuration exhibits a much better broadband power generation performance provided that the input excitation results in oscillations on its high-energy orbits in the frequency range of interest. Given the frequency range and the amplitude of harmonic base excitation at these frequencies, the piezo-magneto-elastic energy harvester should be designed to catch these high-energy orbits at steady state.
  • inventions include energy harvesting from any excitation source.
  • noise excitation particularly, stationary Gaussian white noise
  • noise excitation provides an alternative vibration source due to stochastic resonance.
  • such resonance is a nonlinear resonance that occurs in bistable systems when they are excited by noise, and if the noise level reaches a certain threshold. This phenomenon does not happen in monostable systems under noise excitation (such as simple cantilevers without any magnet).
  • Embodiments of the inventive devices have been investigated by others concerning noise-based applications. See Litak (2010) above.
  • FIG. 17 describes the use of the bistable magnetoelastic structure for electrostatic energy harvesting using the switching circuit referred from Roundy, S., Wright, P. and Rabaey,
  • FIG. 18 shows one way of implementing the magnetoelastic structure for electromagnetic energy harvesting. More particularly, induction of electromagnetic power requires a relative motion between a magnet and a coil due to Faraday's law (e.g. moving magnet and stationary coil or moving coil and stationary magnet). See Glynne- Jones, P., Jewish, M.
  • FIG. 18 J., Beeby, S. P. and White, N. M., An electromagnetic, vibration-powered generator for intelligent sensor systems, Sensors and Actuators, A 110:344-349 (2004).
  • the configuration shown in the FIG. 18 considers a moving coil cutting the magnetic field lines of the stationary magnets, yielding an alternating current output, which can then be rectified and regulated to charge a battery or a capacitor. More magnets can be included provided that they do not distort the magnetic field causing the bistability of the beam.
  • the electromagnetic power output is proportional to the relative velocity between the coil and the magnet. See Beeby 2006 above.
  • the magnetoelastic configuration results in much larger vibration amplitudes (hence velocity amplitudes) than the conventional cantilever designs, it can improve the electrical power by an order of magnitude over a range of frequencies under harmonic excitation.
  • noise excitation can create stochastic resonance when it exceeds a certain level.
  • Magnetostrictive materials deform when placed in a magnetic field and conversely they can induce changes in a magnetic field if strained mechanically. See Beeby 2006 above.
  • a magnetostrictive material with a bias magnetic field can be located at the root of the cantilever (FIG. 19) and the large dynamic strain induced in the magnetostrictive layers under broadband harmonic excitation as well as noise excitation of the magnetoelastic configuration described herein can improve the power output considerably compared to conventional cantilevers used for magnetostrictive energy harvesting. See Wang, L. and Yuan, F. G., Vibration energy harvesting by magnetostrictive material, Smart Materials and Structures, 17:045009 (2008).
  • a non-resonant piezo-magneto-elastic energy harvester is introduced for broadband vibration energy harvesting.
  • the magneto-elastic configuration is known from the literature of chaos theory in structural mechanics.
  • the inventors have introduced piezoelectric coupling to the known structure and a piezo-magneto-elastic vibration energy harvester is obtained.
  • the lumped-parameter electromechanical equations describing the nonlinear system are given along with theoretical simulations.
  • the existence of high-energy orbits at different frequencies is demonstrated. It is shown that, over a range of frequencies, one can obtain much larger voltage from the large amplitude oscillations on these orbits (compared to the conventional piezo-elastic configuration).
  • embodiments of the invention provide a piezo-magneto-elastic generator, which results in a 200% increase in the open-circuit voltage amplitude (hence promising an 800% increase in the power amplitude).
  • this technology can easily be applied to electromagnetic, electrostatic and magnetostrictive energy harvesting techniques as well as to their hybrid combinations with similar devices.
  • the energy harvesting concepts and techniques disclosed in this specification are equally applicable to other applications, including bridge structural health monitoring.

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  • Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
  • General Electrical Machinery Utilizing Piezoelectricity, Electrostriction Or Magnetostriction (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte au domaine de la récupération d'énergie. Plus particulièrement, des modes de réalisation de l'invention se rapportent à des procédés, à des systèmes et à des dispositifs permettant de récupérer l'énergie à base de vibrations provenant d'une source de vibrations ambiantes. Des modes de réalisation spécifiques de la présente invention comprennent un dispositif de récupération d'énergie comprenant : a) une poutre ferromagnétique allongée en porte-à-faux ayant une base et une extrémité opposée ; b) une pluralité d'éléments piézo-céramiques raccordés de façon fonctionnelle à la base de la poutre ; c) un premier élément de support pour supporter la poutre au niveau de sa base ; et d) deux aimants permanents disposés sur un second élément de support, l'extrémité de base de la poutre étant raccordée de façon fonctionnelle à l'élément de support de telle sorte que la poutre soit suspendue dans le sens de la longueur depuis l'élément de support au niveau de sa base et que l'extrémité opposée de la poutre soit libre et soit disposée à une distance sélectionnée au-dessus des aimants et entre ces derniers. Les éléments piézo-céramiques sont raccordés de façon fonctionnelle en parallèle les uns par rapport aux autres de telle sorte qu'en fonctionnement, la poutre puisse récupérer l'énergie de vibration provenant d'une source d'excitation externe et que les éléments piézo-céramiques puissent convertir l'énergie des vibrations harmoniques ou aléatoires en énergie électrique. Le générateur piézo-magnéto-élastique entraîne une augmentation de 200 % de l'amplitude de la tension en circuit ouvert (ce qui augure une augmentation de 800 % de l'amplitude de puissance). Le générateur de puissance piézo-magnéto-élastique de l'invention peut être destiné à être utilisé lors d'une récupération d'énergie piézo-électrique ainsi que dans des techniques de récupération des énergies électromagnétique, électrostatique et magnétostrictive et dans leurs combinaisons hybrides avec des dispositifs similaires.
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US20180164165A1 (en) * 2016-12-08 2018-06-14 Magcanica, Inc. Devices and methods to stimulate motion in magnetoelastic beams
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