Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
  • C08F2/12—Polymerisation in non-solvents
  • C08F2/16—Aqueous medium
  • C08F2/22—Emulsion polymerisation
  • C08F2/24—Emulsion polymerisation with the aid of emulsifying agents
  • C08F2/28—Emulsion polymerisation with the aid of emulsifying agents cationic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
  • C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
  • C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
  • C08F212/06—Hydrocarbons
  • C08F212/08—Styrene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/52—Amides or imides
  • C08F220/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
  • C08F220/56—Acrylamide; Methacrylamide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F257/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of aromatic monomers as defined in group C08F12/00
  • C08F257/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of aromatic monomers as defined in group C08F12/00 on to polymers of styrene or alkyl-substituted styrenes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F285/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to preformed graft polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
  • C09J151/00—Adhesives based on graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Adhesives based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09J151/003—Adhesives based on graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Adhesives based on derivatives of such polymers grafted on to macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
  • D21H21/16—Sizing or water-repelling agents
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H17/36—Polyalkenyalcohols; Polyalkenylethers; Polyalkenylesters
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H17/37—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H17/37—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates
  • D21H17/375—Poly(meth)acrylamide

Definitions

• the invention relates to finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersions which are obtainable by a two-stage polymerization, wherein a cationic prepolymer is prepared as dispersant in the first polymerization stage and then in an aqueous solution of this prepolymer in the presence of ethylenically unsaturated monomers performs an emulsion polymerization, method their manufacture and their use as sizing agents for paper, cardboard and cardboard.
• A1 aqueous copolymer dispersions are known which are obtainable by a two-stage polymerization in an aqueous phase, wherein initially a copolymer of an acid group-containing monomer and an ethylenically unsaturated monomer having a tertiary or quaternary amino group or a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic Copoly- polymerized in an aqueous phase group and then added with further copolymerization styrene and / or acrylonitrile I and optionally (meth) acrylic acid esters and optionally further olefinically unsaturated monomers and polymerized.
• the polymer dispersions thus prepared are used as sizing agents for paper.
• A1 cationic aqueous copolymer dispersions are known which are prepared by emulsion copolymerization of olefinically unsaturated monomers in the presence of cationic polymeric dispersants / protective colloids.
• a prepolymer is synthesized by solution polymerization of hydrophobic ethylenically unsaturated monomers with monomers containing quaternary or ternary nitrogens in water-miscible solvents, preferably alcohols or acetone.
• hydrophobic monomers such as styrene, acrylonitrile, (meth) acrylic acid esters and / or butadiene, optionally with up to 10 wt.
• hydrophobic monomers such as styrene, acrylonitrile, (meth) acrylic acid esters and / or butadiene, optionally with up to 10 wt.
• the monomers are chosen so that the glass transition temperature of the copolymer between -15 and + 60 0 C is located.
• the dispersions thus obtainable are used as coating agents for paper, leather or textile fabrics and as sizing agents for paper.
• EP 0 051 144 A1 describes amphoteric, finely divided, aqueous polymer dispersions which are prepared by a two-stage polymerization.
• a low molecular weight prepolymer is synthesized in a solution copolymerization in a water-miscible solvent, the monomer mixture used in addition to other monomers, each per mole of a Containing nitrogen-containing monomers which carries an amino group and / or a quaternary amino nano group, 0.5 mol to 1, 5 moles of an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid.
• the prepolymer is then dispersed in water and reacted in an emulsion polymerization with nonionic, ethylenically unsaturated monomers using customary water-soluble initiators.
• the resulting dispersions are used as a mass and surface sizing agent for paper.
• EP 0 058 313 A1 discloses cationic sizing agents for paper, which are obtainable by first preparing a water-soluble cationic terpolymer consisting of N, N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate and / or methacrylate, styrene and acrylonitrile by solution polymerization in an alcohol , After a subsequent quaternization reaction, at least 10% of the N, N-dimethylamino groups present should be quaternized and the remaining protonated.
• This terpolymer is used as an emulsifier in the subsequent free-radically initiated emulsion polymerization of a monomer mixture of acrylonitrile / methacrylonitrile and (meth) acrylic acid esters.
• a cationic sizing agent for paper is described, which is also prepared by a two-stage process.
• a Terpo- lymerisat is prepared by methylaminoethyl acrylate, a monomer mixture consisting of N 1 N-di- and / or methacrylate, polymerized styrene and acrylonitrile in a solution polymerization in an alcohol.
• at least 10% of the N, N-dimethylamino groups are quaternized while the remainder are in protonated form.
• the terpolymer is used as an emulsifier in the free-radically initiated emulsion polymerization of a monomer mixture containing up to 90% by weight of acrylonitrile and / or methacrylonitrile, 5 to 95% by weight of styrene and 5 to 95% by weight of (meth) acrylic ester.
• cationic, finely divided, aqueous polymer dispersions are known, which are used as a mass and surface sizing agent for paper.
• the preparation of the dispersion also takes place in a two-stage process in which a solution polymer is first synthesized in a saturated C 1 - to C 6 -carboxylic acid, which is subsequently used in an emulsion polymerization of an optionally substituted styrene and a (meth) acrylic ester.
• the emulsion polymerization is carried out using conventional, water-soluble initiators, e.g. Peroxides together with redox systems.
• WO 05/121195 A1 discloses further finely divided, amphoteric, aqueous polymer dispersions which are suitable as sizing agents for paper, cardboard and paperboard. These dispersions are also prepared in a two-stage process. First, a prepolymer of a (meth) acrylic ester and / or (meth) acrylamide with a free, protonated and / or quaternized amino group, a gege optionally substituted styrene, optionally acrylonitrile and / or methacrylonitrile, an acid group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer and optionally a different nonionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer produced.
• a prepolymer of a (meth) acrylic ester and / or (meth) acrylamide with a free, protonated and / or quaternized amino group a gege optionally substituted styrene, optionally acrylonitrile and /
• aqueous solution of the prepolymer thus obtained is then subjected to an emulsion polymerization with at least one nonionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer.
• This at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer may be an optionally substituted styrene, a di- to Ci ⁇ - (meth) acrylic acid ester and optionally different nonionic, ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
• WO 08/071690 A1 describes a further finely divided, cationic polymer dispersion which is likewise used as sizing agent for paper, board and cardboard.
• a prepolymer of a (meth) acrylic acid ester, an optionally substituted styrene, optionally acrylonitrile or (meth) acrylonitrile, an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or carboxylic anhydride and optionally a different, ethylenically unsaturated monomer is prepared.
• aqueous solution of the prepolymer is then in an emulsion polymerization with acrylonitrile and / or methacrylonitrile, a d- to C 4 - reacted acrylic or methacrylic esters and, if appropriate, different therefrom, nonionic monomers - acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, a C ⁇ - to Ci. 4
• the object is achieved according to the invention with finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersions which are obtainable by emulsion polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in an aqueous solution of a cationic prepolymer as dispersant, the cationic prepolymer initially being prepared in the presence of polymerization initiators by polymerizing
• solution polymerization and / or emulsion polymerization is carried out in the presence of from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one polymerization regulator.
• the molar amount of the cationic and / or basic monomers (a) incorporated into the prepolymer will always be higher than the amount of the anionic monomers (c) in order for the prepolymer to be cationic.
• the cationic prepolymer which acts as a dispersant or protective colloid for the emulsion polymerization, is prepared in a first stage of the polymerization. This is a solution polymer which can optionally be stored for a longer time. It is usually used immediately after its preparation in the second stage of the polymerization as a dispersant.
• the cationic prepolymer is obtainable by polymerizing the abovementioned monomer mixtures (a), (b), (c) and optionally (d) in the presence of at least one polymerization initiator.
• group (a) For the preparation of the prepolymer used as monomers of group (a) is a mixture of at least two different, cationic or basic (meth) acrylic acid esters, each having an amino group and / or quaternary ammonium group, and / or different, cationic or basic (meth ) Acrylic amides, each carrying an amino group and / or quaternary ammonium group.
• a mixture of at least one (meth) acrylic acid ester and at least one (meth) acrylamide is used.
• the prepolymer which is prepared in the first polymerization stage contains as component (a) nitrogen-containing monomers which carry an amino group and / or a quaternary ammonium group.
• Such compounds having an amino group are those of the general formula (I):
• A O, NH,
• R 3 H, CH 3
• the compounds having quaternary ammonium groups can be characterized by the following formula (II):
• the compounds of the formula (II) are generally referred to as cationic monomers, those of the formula (I) as basic monomers.
• Basic, ethylenically unsaturated Len monomers are, for example, acrylic and methacrylic esters of amino alcohols such as N, N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N-di- ethylaminoethylacrylat 1 N, N, N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N, N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylate, N, N -Dimethylaminopropylmethacrylat, N, N-dibutylaminopropyl acrylate, N 1 N-di- butylaminopropylmethacrylat, N, N-dimethylaminoneopentyl acrylate, amino group-containing derivatives of acrylamide or methacrylamide
• the quaternary compounds of formula (II) are obtained by reacting the basic monomers of formula (I) with known quaternizing agents, e.g. with methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, ethyl chloride, butyl bromide, dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate or epichlorohydrin. These monomers lose their basic character in the quaternary form.
• known quaternizing agents e.g. with methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, ethyl chloride, butyl bromide, dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate or epichlorohydrin.
• N, N, N-trimethylammoniumethyl acrylate chloride N, N, N-trimethylammoniumethyl methacrylate chloride, N, N, N-trimethylammonium ethylmethacrylamide chloride, N, N, N-trimethylammoniumpropylacrylamide chloride, N, N , N-trimethylammoniumpropylmethacrylamide chloride, N, N, N-trimethylammonium ethylacrylamide chloride, and the corresponding methosulfates and sulfates.
• the monomers of group (a) are selected from N, N-
• Preferred quaternizing agent is methyl chloride.
• the monomers of group (a) are used in the preparation of the prepolymer in an amount of 15 to 40 wt .-%, preferably from 20 to 35 wt .-%, based on the monomer mixture (a) to (d).
• the monomers of group (b) used are optionally substituted styrenes, such as styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene or ethylstyrene.
• the monomers of group (b) are contained in 40 to 70 wt .-%, preferably 50 to 70 wt .-%, in the monomer mixture of (a) to (d).
• Examples of monomers of group (c) are ethylenically unsaturated C3- to C ⁇ -carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, ethacrylic acid, crotonic acid, monoesters of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as monomethylmaleinate, monomethylfumarate, monoethylmaleinate, monoethylfumarate monopropylmaleinate, monopropylfumarate , Mono-n-butyl maleate and mono-n-butyl-fumarate and styrenecarboxylic acids and ethylenically unsaturated anhydrides such as maleic anhydride and itaconic anhydride.
• ethylenically unsaturated C3- to C ⁇ -carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid,
• the anhydride groups of Monomers hydrolyzed to carboxyl groups.
• the anhydride groups are hydrolyzed before the second polymerization stage, namely when the polymer solution obtained in the first polymerization stage is diluted with water.
• monomers (c) are monomers containing sulfonic acid and phosphonic acid groups, such as 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and vinylphosphonic acid.
• the acid group-containing monomers can be used in the form of the free acid groups and partially or completely neutralized with alkali metal bases, alkaline earth metal bases, ammonia and / or amines neutralized form.
• the monomers of group (c) are contained in an amount of 0.5 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.7 to 3.5% by weight in the monomer mixture of (a) to (d).
• the monomer mixtures used to prepare the prepolymer may optionally contain nonionic, ethylenically unsaturated monomers (d) other than the monomers (b).
• monomers include amides such as acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N-methylmethacrylamide, N-ethylacrylamide and N-ethylmethacrylamide; Vinyl compounds such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate or vinylformamide; C 1 - to C 18- (meth) acrylic esters, for example methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl acrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-, iso- and tert-butyl acrylate, n-, iso- and tert-butyl methacrylate , Hexyl acrylate, hexyl meth
• the monomers of group (d) are in an amount up to 20 wt .-%, usually in an amount up to 10 wt .-%, based on the total amount of the monomers (a) to (d) contained in the monomer mixture.
• the sum of the data in% by weight for the monomers (a) to (d) is always 100.
• cationic prepolymer is obtained by polymerizing (a) 15 to 40% by weight of a mixture of at least two compounds selected from N, N-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide, N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and N, N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate,
• the monomers (a) to (d) are polymerized in the manner of a solution polymerization in a water-partially to completely miscible solvent, which may contain up to 15 wt .-% water. Preference is given to using virtually anhydrous solvents.
• the solvents usually contain up to about 1 wt .-% water.
• Suitable solvents are C 1 - to C 3 -carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and isopropanol, ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone, amides such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide, carbonates such as propylene or ethylene carbonate and tetrahydrofuran. If one uses acid group-free solvents, neutralizing the acid group-containing monomers (c), preferably before the polymerization. Anhydrous formic acid, anhydrous acetic acid or isopropanol are preferably used in the first polymerization stage. The remaining reactants are then preferably also used in anhydrous form.
• C 1 - to C 3 -carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid
• alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and isopropanol
• the solution polymerization in the first polymerization stage takes place in the presence of polymerization initiators which form radicals under the polymerization conditions, at temperatures in the range from 20 to 160 ° C., preferably 60 to 120 ° C. If the polymerization temperature should be above the boiling point of the solvent used, The polymerization is carried out under elevated pressure, for example in an autoclave equipped with a stirrer.
• azoisobutyrodinitrile for example azoisobutyrodinitrile, tert-butyl peroctoate, tert-butyl perbenzoate, benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl perpivalate, lauroyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert Butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide optionally in the presence of heavy metal cations such as cations of iron, cerium or manganese.
• azoisobutyrodinitrile for example azoisobutyrodinitrile, tert-butyl peroctoate, tert-butyl perbenzoate, benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl perpivalate, lauroyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert Butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide optionally in the presence of heavy metal cations such as cations of iron, cerium or
• the monomers are used in the first polymerization stage with respect to the solvent in an amount such that polymer solutions having a polymer content of 15 to 70 wt .-%, preferably 30 to 65 wt .-% is obtained.
• the polymers are preferably clearly soluble in the organic, partially to fully water-miscible solvent.
• the solution polymers prepared in the first stage are used as dispersant / protective colloid or possibly as seed for the subsequent emulsion polymerization. For this purpose it is necessary to add water to the solution of the prepolymer or to introduce the polymer solution in water. You get an aqueous polymer solution which may also contain disperse fractions (colloidal solution), from which the organic solvent which may be partially or completely miscible with water may optionally be distilled off under reduced pressure.
• the cationic prepolymers prepared in the first step have a relatively low molecular weight, e.g. Mw of 1000 to 100,000, preferably 5000 to 50,000 (determined by light scattering).
• Mw molecular weight
• the determination of the molecular weight distribution and the weight-average molecular weight can be carried out by methods known to the person skilled in the art, for example gel permeation chromatography, light scattering or ultracentrifugation.
• the concentration of the solution polymer prepared in the first polymerization step in the water-added polymer solution is, for example, 2 to 35, preferably 15 to 25,% by weight.
• the water-added solution of the prepolymer is then used in the second stage of the polymerization as a template or emulsifier / protective colloid or possibly as a seed for the emulsion polymerization.
• the production of the emulsion polymer takes place in a second polymerization stage.
• a mixture of monomers is polymerized
• the monomers of group (i) correspond to those of group (b) from the cationic prepolymer.
• the monomers of group (ii) include (meth) acrylic acid esters of Cr to Ci8 alcohols.
• Monomers (ii) are, for example, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, tetradecyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, sec-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl meth
• n-butyl acrylate and part are preferably used n-butyl acrylate and part. Butyl acrylate each alone or in any mixtures. In such mixtures of n-butyl acrylate and tert. Butyl acrylate, the weight ratio is usually 3: 1 to 1: 3. But also Ethylhexylacrylat and Ethylhexylmethacrylat come into consideration.
• Monomers of group (iii) are vinyl esters of linear or branched C 1 -C 30 -carboxylic acids.
• Such carboxylic acids are saturated and unbranched, such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid (hexanoic acid), heptanoic acid, caprylic acid (octanoic acid), pelargonic acid, capric acid (decanoic acid), undecanoic acid, lauric acid (dodecanoic acid), tridecanoic acid, myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid).
• canic acid pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecanic acid, arachic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid (tetracosanic acid), cerotinic acid, melissic acid (triacontanoic acid).
• saturated, branched carboxylic acids such as, for example, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid (3-methylbutyric acid) and tubercolostearic acid, and also highly branched saturated carboxylic acid.
• versatic acids such as pivalic acid, neohexanoic acid, neoheptanoic acid, neo-octanoic acid, neononanoic acid and neodecanoic acid.
• Suitable acids are Vinylester of linear or branched Ci-C3o-carboxylic example, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, vinyl propionate, Versaticklareviny- esters, vinyl acetate, Propylheptanklarevinylester, neodecanoate (VeoVa ® 10 Hexion Specialty Chemicals), vinyl neononanoate (VeoVa ® 9 Hexion Specialty Chemicals) as well as vinyl pelargonate.
• Suitable monomers of group (iv) are, for example, acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N-methylolmethacrylamide, N-Ci to Ci8-alkylacrylamides,
• N-Cr to C 18 -alkyl methacrylamides N-vinyl amides, C 1 to C 18 -alkyl vinyl ethers, hydroxyalkyl esters and also esters of monoethylenically unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylic acids with C 2 -C 4 -polyalkylene glycols.
• the monomers of group (iv) furthermore include the monoethylenically unsaturated monomers already mentioned under (a) which have at least one amino group which can be protonated in an aqueous medium and / or one quaternary ammonium group.
• crosslinking monomers examples include butanediol diacrylate, butanediol dimethacrylate, hexanediol diacrylate, hexanediol dimethacrylate, glycol diacrylate, glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, diacrylates and dimethacrylates of alkoxylated dihydric alcohols, divinylurea and / or conjugated diolefins such as butadiene or isoprene.
• a reactive functional group for example an oxirane group, a reactive carbonyl group, for example an acetoacetato group, an isocyanate group, an N-hydroxymethyl group, an N-alkoxymethyl group, a trialkylsilyl group, a trialkoxysilyl group or another nucleophile-reactive group.
• the polymerization of the monomers (i), (ii), optionally (iii) and optionally (iv) is carried out by the method of emulsion polymerization, i. the monomers to be polymerized are present in the polymerization mixture as an aqueous emulsion.
• the cationic prepolymers described above are used.
• the emulsion polymerization is usually carried out in the temperature range from 40 to 150, preferably 60 to 90 0 C in the presence of conventional amounts of preferably water-soluble polymerization initiators. In most cases, from 0.2 to 4, preferably 0.5 to 2 wt .-% of at least one initiator, based on the monomers to be polymerized, a.
• Suitable initiators are, for example, azo compounds, peroxides, hydroperoxides, hydrogen peroxide, inorganic peroxides and redox systems such as combinations of hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid or tert-butyl hydroperoxide and ascorbic acid.
• the redox systems may also contain heavy metal cations such as cerium manganese or iron (II) ions for activation.
• the monomers can either be metered directly into the feedstock or they can be fed to the polymerization batch in the form of an aqueous emulsion or miniemulsion.
• emulsifier for example a part of the water-diluted prepolymer from the first polymerization stage as emulsifier or to emulsify the monomers with the aid of customary nonionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric emulsifiers in water.
• Usual emulsifiers are used only if necessary. The amounts used are for example 0.05 to 3 wt .-% and are preferably in the range of 0.5 to 2 wt .-%. Common emulsifiers are described in detail in the literature, see, for example, M. Ash, I. Ash, Handbook of Industrial Surfactants, Third Edition, Synapse Information Resources. Inc. Examples of customary emulsifiers are the reaction products of long-chain monohydric alcohols (C10 to C22-Al).
• emulsifiers are, for example, sodium alkylsulfonates, sodium alkylsulfates, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sulfosuccinic esters, quaternary alkylammonium salts, alkylbenzylammonium salts, such as dimethyl-C 2 - to cis-alkylbenzylammonium chlorides, primary, secondary and tertiary fatty amine salts, quaternary amidoamine compounds, alkylpyridinium salts, alkylimidazolinium salts and alkyloxazolinium.
• no emulsifiers are used.
• the metering of the monomers for carrying out the emulsion polymerization can be carried out continuously or batchwise.
• the metering of the monomers can be carried out as a mixture or separately or in the manner of a stepwise or gradient procedure.
• the addition over the dosing period may be uniform or non-uniform, i. take place with changing metering speed.
• the solution polymerization and / or the emulsion polymerization are carried out in the presence of polymerization regulators.
• Suitable regulators are, for example, mercaptans such as ethyl mercaptan, n-butyl mercaptan, tert-butyl mercaptan, n-dodecyl mercaptan or tert-dodecyl mercaptan, thioglycolic acid or carbon tetrabromide id.
• suitable regulators from the class of terpenes preferably from the class of monocyclic terpenes, and particularly preferably from the group of menthadienes. Among the mentioned regulators of the group of Menthadiene terpinolene is particularly preferred.
• the amounts of regulator are, for example, 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight.
• the pH of the reaction mixture in the second polymerization stage is for example in the range from 1 to 5, in most cases it is 2 to 4.
• a postpolymerization is expediently carried out after completion of the actual polymerization.
• the polymer dispersion after completion of the main polymerization for example, an initiator from the group of hydrogen peroxide, peroxides, hydroperoxides and / or azo starters.
• suitable reducing agents such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite
• oil-soluble, sparingly soluble in water initiators are used, for. B.
• customary organic peroxides such as dibenzoyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumyl hydroperoxide or bis- cyclohexylperoxidicarbonat used.
• the reaction mixture is heated, for example, to a temperature corresponding to the temperature at which the main polymerization was carried out or which is lower by up to 20 ° C., preferably up to 10 ° C.
• the main polymerization is complete when the polymerization initiator is consumed or the monomer conversion is, for example, at least 98%, preferably at least 99.5%.
• tert-butyl hydroperoxide is preferably used.
• the polymerization is carried out for example in a temperature range of 40 to 110 0 C, usually 50 to 105 0 C.
• finely divided, aqueous polymer dispersions are obtained which, due to the composition of the prepolymer, have cationic properties.
• the mean particle size of the dispersed particles is, for example, 5 to 250 nm, preferably ⁇ 100 nm, particularly preferably 10 to 60 nm.
• the average particle size can be determined by methods known to the person skilled in the art, for example laser correlation spectroscopy, ultracentrifugation or CHDF. Another measure of the particle size of the dispersed polymer particles is the LD value.
• the particular polymer dispersion to be investigated is measured in 0.1% by weight aqueous adjustment in a cuvette with an edge length of 2.5 cm with light of wavelength 600 nm.
• the average particle size can be calculated from the measured values, cf. B. Verner, M.
• the polymer concentration of the aqueous dispersions obtained in the emulsion polymerization is, for example, 15 to 45, preferably 25 to 35 wt .-%.
• the invention also provides a process for the preparation of the finely divided, cationic, aqueous polymer dispersions described above, which are obtainable by emulsion polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in an aqueous solution of a cationic prepolymer as dispersant, wherein the cationic prepolymer first in the presence of polymerization by polymerization of
• solution polymerization and / or emulsion polymerization is carried out in the presence of from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one polymerization regulator.
• the finely divided, cationic aqueous polymer dispersions described above are used as sizing agents for paper, board and cardboard. They can be used for the production of all types of paper, e.g. of writing and printing papers as well as packaging papers and papers for the packaging of liquids. They are particularly suitable for the surface sizing of paper products.
• the dispersions according to the invention can be processed with all process methods suitable for surface sizing, but they can also be used for engine sizing.
• the aqueous polymer dispersions are usually diluted by addition of water to a polymer content of, for example, 0.05 to 5% by weight. The amount of polymer dispersion depends on the desired degree of sizing of the papers or paper products to be finished.
• Such preparation solutions may optionally contain other substances, e.g. Starch, dyes, optical brighteners, biocides, solidifiers for paper, fixatives, defoamers, retention aids and / or dehydrating agents.
• the sizing agent dispersion can be applied to paper, cardboard or cardboard by means of a size press or other application units such as film press, speed sizer or gate-roll.
• the amount of polymer thus applied to the surface of paper products is, for example, 0.005 to 1.0 g / m 2 , preferably 0.01 to 0.5 g / m 2 .
• the polymer dispersions according to the invention exhibit an excellent sizing effect on all papers produced with different fiber types of unbleached softwood, unbleached hardwood, unbleached hardwood, bleached softwood, bleached hardwood, bleached hardwood, deinking fibers or mixtures of different fiber types even at very low dosage.
• the dispersions of the invention show a very good compatibility with the usual starches, for example potato starch, corn starch, wheat starch, tapioca starch.
• the dispersions of the invention show a complete sizing formation immediately after the production and drying of the paper web.
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water. After addition of 1, 5 g of 10 wt .-% sodium iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g of 10 wt .-% strength ascorbic acid solution were added 20 g of 5 wt .-% hydrogen peroxide solution within 30 min at 80 0 C was added. Thereafter, at 80 ° C., a mixture of 40 g of styrene and 225 g of tert-butyl acrylate was metered in over a period of 120 minutes. At the same time 80 g of a 5 wt .-% were in a separate feed
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water. After addition of 1.5 g of 10% strength by weight iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g of 10% strength by weight ascorbic acid solution, 20 g of 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution were added over the course of 30 minutes at 80 ° C. Thereafter, at 80 ° C., a mixture of 40 g of styrene and 225 g of tert-butyl acrylate was metered in over a period of 120 minutes. At the same time 80 g of a 5 wt .-% were in a separate feed
• Hydrogen peroxide solution was added over a period of 150 min. After the end of the Initiatorzulaufs was postpolymerized for 30 min. Subsequently, 5 g of a 10% strength by weight ascorbic acid solution were added. Thereafter, 20 g of a 5 wt .-% - hydrogen peroxide solution were added within 5 min. Then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min, and was cooled to 70 0 C. Finally, 5 g of a commercial defoamer (Afranil ® T of BASF SE) and 65 g of deionized water were added and cooled to room temperature.
• a commercial defoamer Afranil ® T of BASF SE
• the feed of 8.8 g of tert-butyl peroctoate in 18.2 g of isopropanol was started and metered in within 60 min.
• the reaction mixture was then continued at 105 0 C for 60 min.
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water.
• 1, 5 g of 10 wt .-% sodium iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g of 10 wt .-% - ascorbic acid solution 20 g of 5 wt .-% hydrogen peroxide solution within 30 min at 80 0 C was added.
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water. After addition of 1.5 g of 10% strength by weight iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water and then cooled to 75 ° C. After addition of 1.5 g of 10% strength by weight iron (II) sulfate solution and 5 g of a 20% strength by weight reducing agent solution (Bruggol® FF6 from Brüggemann), 20 g of 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution were added of 30 min at 75 0 C was added. The addition of 35 g of styrene was then carried out and immediately the monomer feed consisting of a mixture of 20 g of styrene and 220 g of tert-butyl acrylate was started and metered in over a period of 120 min.
• II iron
• a 20% strength by weight reducing agent solution Bruggol® FF6 from Brüggemann
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water. After addition of 1.5 g of 10% strength by weight iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water. After addition of 1, 5g 10 wt .-% iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g
• 10% strength by weight ascorbic acid solution was added to 80 g of 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution at 80 ° C. over a period of 30 minutes. Thereafter, at 80 ° C., a mixture of 40 g of styrene and 225 g of tert-butyl acrylate was metered in over a period of 120 minutes. At the same time, in a separate feed, 80 g of a 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution were added over a period of 150 minutes. After the end of the Initiatorzulaufs was postpolymerized for 30 min. Subsequently, 5 g of a 10% strength by weight ascorbic acid solution were added.
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water. After addition of 1, 5 g of 10 wt .-% sodium iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g of 10 wt .-% - ascorbic acid solution, 20 g of 5 wt .-% hydrogen peroxide solution within 30 min at 80 0 C was added. Thereafter, at 80 ° C., a mixture of 40 g of styrene, 225 g of tert-butyl acrylate and 2.5 g of terpinolene was metered in over a period of 120 minutes.
• II sodium iron
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water. After addition of 1.5 g of 10% strength by weight iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water. After addition of 1, 5 g of 10 wt .-% sodium iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g of 10 wt .-% strength ascorbic acid solution were 20g 5% hydrogen peroxide solution was added over 30 min at 80 0 C. Thereafter, at 80 0 C, a mixture of 53 g of styrene and 212 g of tert-butyl acrylate over a period of 120 min added. At the same time, in a separate feed, 80 g of a 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution were added over a period of 150 minutes.
• II sodium iron
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water. After addition of 1, 5 g of 10 wt .-% sodium iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g of 10 wt .-% strength ascorbic acid solution were added 20 g of 5 wt .-% hydrogen peroxide solution within 30 min at 80 0 C was added. Thereafter, at 80 0 C, a mixture of 53 g of styrene and 212 g of tert-butyl acrylate over a period of 120 min added. At the same time, in a separate feed, 80 g of a 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution were added over a period of 150 minutes.
• II sodium iron
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water. After addition of 1.5 g of 10% strength by weight iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then mixed at 85 ° C. with 870 g of deionized water. After addition of 1.5 g of 10% strength by weight iron (II) sulfate solution and 10 g
• 10% strength by weight ascorbic acid solution was added to 80 g of 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution at 80 ° C. over a period of 30 minutes. Thereafter, at 80 0 C, a mixture of 55 g of styrene and 220 g of tert-butyl acrylate over a period of 120 min added. At the same time, in a separate feed, 80 g of a 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution were added over a period of 150 minutes. After the end of the Initiatorzulaufs was postpolymerized for 30 min and cooled to 70 0 C. Subsequently, 10 g of a 10% strength by weight ascorbic acid solution were added and the mixture was stirred for a further 20 minutes.
• the homogeneous polymer mass was then added at 60 0 C within 30 min with 971, 5 g of deionized water. After addition of 7.5 g of a 1% strength by weight iron (II) sulfate solution and 5 g of a 10% strength by weight ascorbic acid solution, 20 g of 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution were added over the course of 30 minutes. Thereafter, at 60 0 C, a mixture of 119.2 g of styrene and 1 19.2 g of tert-butyl acrylate over a period of 120 min added. At the same time, in a separate feed, 80 g of a 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution were added over a period of 150 minutes. After the end of the initiator feed was for 60 min at 60 0 C nachpolymeri- Siert and the reaction mixture then cooled.
• a finely divided polymer dispersion having a solids content of 26.5% by weight and an LT value (0.1%) of 87.5% was obtained.
• the homogeneous polymer composition was then added at 60 0 C within 30 min with 971, 5 g of deionized water. After addition of 7.5 g of a 1% by weight iron (II) sulfate solution and 5 g of a 10% by weight ascorbic acid solution, 20 g 5 wt .-% hydrogen peroxide solution added within 30 min. Thereafter, at 60 0 C, a mixture of 119.2 g of styrene and 1 19.2 g of tert-butyl acrylate over a period of 120 min added. At the same time, in a separate feed, 80 g of a 5% strength by weight hydrogen peroxide solution were added over a period of 150 minutes. After the end of the Initiatorzulaufs was postpolymerized at 60 0 C for 60 min and the reaction mixture then cooled.
• iron (II) sulfate solution After addition of 7.5 g of a 1% by weight iron (II) sulf
• a finely divided polymer dispersion having a solids content of 30.9% by weight and an LT value (0.1%) of 56.6% was obtained.
• the dispersions of the invention and the comparative dispersions were applied by means of a laboratory size press on the test paper (100% waste paper, 80 g / m 2 basis weight, unsized). An aqueous solution of degraded corn starch was adjusted to the desired concentration. The dispersions to be tested were then metered into the starch solution so that the size press liquor contained 60 g / l of a degraded corn starch and 0.1-1.5 g / l of the dispersions.
• the sizing effect of the dispersions obtained according to Examples 1-13 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was then determined by surface application to the unsized test paper.
• the paper was passed twice through the size press, with an average weight increase of approximately 65% being achieved.
• the drying of the surface-sized papers was performed on a drying cylinder at 90 0 C. Subsequently, the papers over night in a conditioned room (23 0 C, 50% rel. Humidity) stored before the sizing degree was determined.

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