WO2010134069A1 - Dispositif de concentration, de reorientation et de distribution de lumiere - Google Patents

Dispositif de concentration, de reorientation et de distribution de lumiere Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010134069A1
WO2010134069A1 PCT/IL2010/000395 IL2010000395W WO2010134069A1 WO 2010134069 A1 WO2010134069 A1 WO 2010134069A1 IL 2010000395 W IL2010000395 W IL 2010000395W WO 2010134069 A1 WO2010134069 A1 WO 2010134069A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
light
redirector
concentrator
incident
heat
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IL2010/000395
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Yohanan Frederic Zweig
Original Assignee
Yohanan Frederic Zweig
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Filing date
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Application filed by Yohanan Frederic Zweig filed Critical Yohanan Frederic Zweig
Publication of WO2010134069A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010134069A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
    • G02B3/12—Fluid-filled or evacuated lenses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B17/00—Systems with reflecting surfaces, with or without refracting elements
    • G02B17/08—Catadioptric systems
    • G02B17/0856—Catadioptric systems comprising a refractive element with a reflective surface, the reflection taking place inside the element, e.g. Mangin mirrors
    • G02B17/086—Catadioptric systems comprising a refractive element with a reflective surface, the reflection taking place inside the element, e.g. Mangin mirrors wherein the system is made of a single block of optical material, e.g. solid catadioptric systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0004—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed
    • G02B19/0028—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed refractive and reflective surfaces, e.g. non-imaging catadioptric systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
    • G02B19/0047—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
    • G02B19/0047—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source
    • G02B19/0071—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source adapted to illuminate a complete hemisphere or a plane extending 360 degrees around the source
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • G02B26/004—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on a displacement or a deformation of a fluid
    • G02B26/005—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on a displacement or a deformation of a fluid based on electrowetting
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0543—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the refractive type, e.g. lenses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0547—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the reflecting type, e.g. parabolic mirrors, concentrators using total internal reflection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/12—Light guides
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/20—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for tracking
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0013—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide
    • G02B6/0015—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/002—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it by shaping at least a portion of the light guide, e.g. with collimating, focussing or diverging surfaces
    • G02B6/0021—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it by shaping at least a portion of the light guide, e.g. with collimating, focussing or diverging surfaces for housing at least a part of the light source, e.g. by forming holes or recesses
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0038—Linear indentations or grooves, e.g. arc-shaped grooves or meandering grooves, extending over the full length or width of the light guide
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P80/00—Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
    • Y02P80/10—Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier
    • Y02P80/15—On-site combined power, heat or cool generation or distribution, e.g. combined heat and power [CHP] supply

Definitions

  • BACKGROUND Light is an electromagnetic wave traveling through space. As such, while it is a vector with a distinct direction of propagation, its path of propagation is fully invertible, like electric current. Therefore, any device built for collecting light can also be used to distribute light.
  • the present invention relates to light collectors, concentrators, redirectors as well as to light guides and distributors. The present invention operates with basic principles and novel techniques and its scope covers several industry segments:
  • Illumination using light sources also suitable for sources of small geometric dimension.
  • WO2008012777 discloses a system similar to the present invention. However, the structure therein does not make use of the lower surfaces for further concentration of light by shaping the surfaces to attain optimized concentration factors.
  • US2006/0174867 is based on a combination of lenses and reflectors. As such, it utilizes a multitude of materials and results in structures too expensive to build.
  • US7627549 shows an optical array, that makes no use of the top and one side surface to its full potential, thus necessitating a high degree of tracking. Furthermore, it necessitates the feeding of the radiation into an optical guide, which then results in absorption losses per guided meter of distance from the feeding point.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a device showing the basic principles of the present invention
  • FIG. 2a shows several devices of the invention fused together
  • Figure 2c shows a device that is either non-tracking, or will do partial tracking in two axis, depending on its design
  • Figure 3 a is a non-tracking collector
  • Figure 3b, 3c and 3d show the same collector for different angles of incidence of light
  • Figures 4a, 4b and 4c show top and front views respectively, of the device wherein side surfaces are configured differently, Figs 5a, 5b, 5c show sets of rays of morning light, one hour after sunrise, mid-morning light, and noon-time light respectively,
  • Figure 6a shows an optical system constructed from a light concentrator/redirector component and a light distributor component
  • Figure 6b is a detail for one possible mechanism of distributing light in the current invention
  • Figure 6c is a detail of bottom mirrors of figure 6a
  • Figure 7 illustrates the Optical system component of the optical system, immersed in a fluid
  • Figure 8 showing a group of optical systems immersed in a fluid
  • Figure 9a showing a device with a light-processor, in this case a photovoltaic generator device, immersed in a liquid according to the invention
  • Figure 9b showing a device with a heat absorber integral to said device
  • Figure 10 showing an elongated version of the device according to figures 9a or 9b
  • Figure 11, 11a illustrate another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a form of a general right rectangular prism 10, that comprises of a curved light incident upper surface 12, a lower surface 14, a non-planar reflective front surface 16, a non-planar reflective rear surface 18, and two planar reflective surfaces 20 and 22.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 10 is tapered such that the upper light incident surface 12 has a larger surface area than the lower surface 14. This need not be.
  • the only thing of importance, however, is the ratio of the illuminated area receiving light and the illuminated area at the point of exit, or of highest concentration, depending on the devices' use.
  • the concentration ratio of the light concentrator/redirector 10 defines the concentration ratio of the light concentrator/redirector 10.
  • the curved light incident upper surface 12 is non-planar, but otherwise only defined by a desired light propagation pattern after refraction of the light reacting with it, this said light potentially coming from many directions.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 10 is constructed from optically transparent materials.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 10 is constructed as a hollow vessel from any suitable optically transparent material by methods known in the art including extrusion blow molding, injection blow molding, vacuum forming, extruding, casting and injection molding, and filled with an optically clear fluid.
  • the light concentrator/redirector is constructed as a solid mass from any optically transparent material by methods such as extrusion, injection molding, casting and milling or combinations thereof.
  • the angles, curves and refractive indices of the light concentrator/redirector 10 are such that a ray of light 24 approaching from the direction of the front surface 16 and striking the curved top surface 12 at any angle of incidence will be directed down to the lower surface 14 by optical refraction 26 and optical reflection 28.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 10 is orientated such that the two planar surfaces 20, 22 are aligned along an east-west axis, along a full and clear, sunny day, a minimum of 80 % of the incident solar light flux of said day's total solar light flux enters the light concentrator/redirector 10 and reaches the lower surface 14.
  • TIR total internal reflection
  • the resulting device comprises a unitary outer body with one or several fill-holes closed by any of the well known industry standard closing methods, such as screwcaps, pressed caps, welded caps.
  • the light concentrator/redirector contains a gradient refractive index such that the refractive index is a function of the proximity to the lower, smaller surface, such that the refractive index gets higher the lower the distance to the target.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 10 is a hollow vessel filled with a liquid that has a substantially higher refractive index than the surrounding external medium, and where the GRIN is such that larger refractive indices are closer to the target surface.
  • a GRIN is relatively easily achieved in liquid systems by utilizing liquids of differing density, such that the liquid with highest density shows the highest refractive index.
  • Table 2 lists different solutions and their refractive indices.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 10 is a transparent hollow vessel with the upper surface 12 being aspherical and the lower surface 14 being planar formed from extrusion blow-molded PC and filled with water having a high salt concentration having a refractive index between 1.39 and 1.44 such as is found in the Dead Sea.
  • the means of filling the light concentrator/redirector 10 with the liquid is not shown.
  • Further embodiments of the light concentrator/redirector 10 have surfaces 16, 18, 20 and 22 wholly or partially covered by mirror substances such as highly specular aluminum sheet, paints or sheets with coatings of silver, nickel, and chromium. With the embodiment having said surfaces wholly or partly covered by mirrors the necessity for total internal reflection and hence refractive index of the internal fluid higher than the external medium is relaxed.
  • the length of the non-planar surfaces 16 and 18 in the x-direction can be much longer than the length of the planar surfaces 20 and 22 in the y-direction resulting in the light concentrator/redirector 10 having the shape of a long extruded tube in the x-direction.
  • Such an aspect ratio does not influence the high efficiency of the light concentrator/redirector to work for a wide range of elevations and azimuths of the sun.
  • various further light processing equipments 25 can be connected in an unitary fashion or via optic coupling media, such as a. light guide, b. light distributor, c. light diffuser, d. light projector, e. architectural illumination system f. absorber, g. beam splitter with subsequent further processing equipment, h. thermal reactor i. PV reactor j . combined concentrator/redirector/reactor. k. Biophotoreactor
  • Biochemical photoreactor m. Photochemical reactor n. Sterilizer, o. Waste disposal system p. Other equipment utilizing light.
  • the device is equipped with an expansion volume 31 partially filled with a volume of liquid 33 and of air 35 suitable to be compressed to relatively low pressures above ambient for the highest possible expansion of liquid within the system.
  • Such expansion volume being connected to the large volume in a manner excluding leakage of gas into the main bulk of the system.
  • Such a connection can comprise of a thin tube 37 with a weight 39 attached to its end, holding it inside the liquid volume 33 at all positions of the device.
  • Other methods of providing for expansion volume are
  • FIG. 2b shows a light concentrator/redirector as described in fig. 2a which will follow the sun very roughly.
  • the concentrator/redirector thereby is oriented such that the grooves are parallel to one of the suns major movements, i.e. west-east movement of the sun along the day, or to the north-south movement of the sun during seasonal changes, and it tilts only in one axis, namely the one normal to the direction of the long grooves, i.e.
  • the concentration of sunlight obtainable at the focal area of the device is a function of the change in incident angle of the sun in only one axis, for which the device collects more than 90% of the light incident on it.
  • a GRIN Gradient Refractive Index
  • the GRIN can be structured such that the increments in refractive index build a lens-shaped dome, with the focal point being the target area. This greatly increases the efficiency of this device by an approximate factor of 2.
  • Such structures can be attained by - Co-extruding profiles with materials of similar or same kind but alloyed with ions or polymers or any other suitable additives to change the refractive index
  • Fig 2b shows a further preferred embodiment 91 of the current invention. For the sake of efficiency, four images of one embodiment are shown with different angles of incidence of sunlight.
  • This embodiment of the current invention exhibits a combination of several concentrators/parallelizators to achieve a high degree of concentration from a non- tracking or partially tracking device, in combination with a reasonably high collimation of the resulting rays of sunlight.
  • the incoming rays of sunlight are received by a curved upper surface 101 with a distinct focus point, for subsequent TIR on a second curved surface 103 which in essence follows a Winston cone for rays coming from the edge formed by the upper curved surface 101 and the curved surface 105; in addition, the surface 105 additionally reflects rays by TIR, further concentrating them in the process.
  • this device projects all rays from the south of the device, regardless of their azimuth or elevation, into a single very small region of focus.
  • a second region of surfaces 103 and 105 is constructed such that the rays coming from the upper part shaped as a Winston cone are mirrored into a narrow angle of propagation for the projected rays of light.
  • the concentrator/redirector focuses all the light of the sun, regardless of incident angle, onto a relatively narrow strip, to be propagated by means described in prior art, i.e. light guides or hollow light tubes.
  • Such structure preferably being a hollow tube of highly reflective material, like MIRO specular Aluminium, or prism foils provided by 3 M.
  • Still another embodiment of the invention shown in Fig. 2c shows a device that will do partial tracking in two axes, and thus repeat in the w-e axis what is being done in fig. 2a in the n-s axis.
  • the number of edges n for the top surface 199 of the body 203 is set to, for example, 4 or 6, with equal straight edges, resulting in a square or a regular hexagon shape for the outer limits of the top surface.
  • a curve known to work in 2 dimensions for the given purpose of concentrating light is used to shape the surface inside the hexagon or square boundaries.
  • a square is disclosed for descriptive purpose, not as an exclusive solution to the problem.
  • the result of the building process described hereinabove under Fig.l is a multi- faceted polygonic body 203 formed by complex curved shapes formed by geometric extrusion of boundary curves 205, 207 along a guide curve 201, such that the front curve 207 is rotationally extruded along two sides of the square, i.e. 180 degrees, and the back curve 205 is rotationally extruded along the two other sides, i.e.
  • the shape of the side of the two curves 205 and 207 is now a sole function of the maximum angles of incidence in longitude and azimuth of incoming light as well as the difference of index of refraction from the device to the surrounding media.
  • the maximum tracking tolerance for such a device lies within approx. 150 degrees of solar movement along the w-e path of its daily movement, and within approx. 35 to
  • FIG.3 Still another embodiment of the invention shown in fig 1 is shown with a curved aspherical top surface 12 and a prismatic lower surface 34.
  • a condition for the light concentrator/redirector 10 as described herein to be able to concentrate the incident light from the top surface 12 to the lower surface 34 is that the non-planar reflective surfaces 16 and 18 are generally tapered such that the ratio of the cross- sectional diameter (relative area) A of the upper surface 32 to the cross-sectional diameter (relative area) B of the light incident on the lower surface 34 is greater than 1. In one embodiment this ratio is between 1.2 and 1.5. In other embodiments this ratio is as high as 5 and in yet other embodiments this ratio is as high as 2500.
  • Fig. 3a a side view of the light concentrator/redirector 10 is shown in which a collimated beam of light 40 from a source such as sunlight and laser light strikes the upper surface 12 at a very small angle of incidence to the perpendicular such as would occur when for instance the sun is at its zenith mid-summer in the latitudes around 24 degrees north or south. It is clear how the light inside the light guiding material now is guided and partially reflected by TIR to the lower surface 34.
  • a collimated beam of light 40 from a source such as sunlight and laser light strikes the upper surface 12 at a very small angle of incidence to the perpendicular such as would occur when for instance the sun is at its zenith mid-summer in the latitudes around 24 degrees north or south.
  • a side view of the light concentrator/redirector 10 is shown in which a collimated beam of light from a source such as sunlight and laser light strikes the upper surface 12 at a medium angle, a low southerly angle and a low northerly angle of incidence to the perpendicular strikes the curved transparent upper surface 12 which refracts the light into the interior of the light concentrator/redirector 10. For all those instances, the light is shown to be re-directed and concentrated towards the lower surface 34 of the device.
  • FIG. 4a A top view of a further embodiment of the light concentrator/redirector 10 is shown in Fig. 4a wherein a light concentrator/redirector 79 is constructed from two vertical opposing, in one axis parallel non- planar surfaces 80 and 82 differing in respective length along the horizontal plane and two vertical planar surfaces 84 and 86 which are planar but non-parallel.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 79 has a horizontal footprint of a general trapezoid.
  • the narrower non-planar surface 80 in this embodiment is that surface which faces the south.
  • a geometrically opposite light concentrator/redirector 88 is shown having a wider non-planar surface 90 that faces southwards and an opposite narrower non-planar surface 92 facing northwards.
  • Two non-parallel planar surfaces 94 and 96 are sloped such that they form an acute angle to the non-planar surface 90 and an obtuse angle to the north facing non-planar surface 92.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 79 and the light concentrator/redirector 88 interlock along the two non-parallel planer surfaces 86 and 96.
  • FIG. 8b A further embodiment shown in which two light concentrator/redirectors 98 and 100 have identical parallel non-planar surface 80, 82 and 90, 92 as described in Fig. 8b hereinabove but have non-parallel non-planar surfaces 102, 104 and 106, 108 such that the two light concentrator/redirectors 98 and 100 are able to reside side-by-side along surfaces 104 and 106 with perfect or non-perfect coverage of the incident areal light.
  • Fig. 4c a front view of the light concentrator/redirector 10 is shown together with the light incident upper surface 12 and the planar lower surface 14 and wherein the two planar surfaces 36 and 38 are parallel.
  • the concentrator/redirector without a hole is not shown, but implicitly obvious.
  • the hole serves to create four more reflective/transmissive surfaces 15, 17, 19, 21 for reaction with incoming rays of light after they have been refracted into the structure.
  • the important part being that the refractive surface on which light is incident prepares the rays for subsequent TIR and transmission at all other surfaces, and only the combination of all reactions can lead to the desired result.
  • the additional unique inventive step being the use of hollow, hole-like spaces emanating from the light incident surface, or being integrally embedded in the bulk material, in combination with relatively large, curved, reflective or transmissive surfaces formed by the lower surface where light also exits. After having been guided and concentrated towards the lower surface 23, the rays then interact with subsequent light processing equipment 25 connected to the concentrator/redirector .
  • Fig 5. a shows a set of rays of morning light, one hour after sunrise. The rays are diffracted into the light concentrator/redirector by way of surface 12, and then guided down to the lower end 23 of the concentrator/redirector by means of TIR and/or diffraction and subsequent TIR. In the end, all the rays reach the lower end 23 of the concentrator/redirector and react further with subsequent light processing equipment 25 of the optical system built either in an unitary fashion or as separate parts coupled to the light concentrator/redirector by way of optic coupling media.
  • Fig.5.b shows a set of mid-morning rays
  • Fig. 5.c shows a set of noon-time rays reacting with the light concentrator/redirector according to the current invention.
  • An embodiment of an optical system 110 is shown in Fig. 6 consisting of a light concentrator/redirector 112 and a light distributor 114 wherein the light concentrator/redirector 112 and the light distributor 114 are constructed of a unitary structure.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 112 component of the optical system 110 has a general shape as described hereinabove for fig.1.
  • the light distributor 114 component of the optical system 110 has a general shape of a tapered right rectangular elongated tube and comprises of an entry plane 117, a lower surface 126, two opposing light decoupling surfaces 128 (the other not shown for sake of clarity), and two tapered reflective surfaces 130 (the other not shown for the sake of clarity).
  • the light decoupling surface 128 has a plurality of non-uniform prismatic cavities 132 running along its longitudinal length. The non-uniform prismatic cavities 132 increase in distribution, depth and number of prismatic surfaces along the longitudinal length of the light distributor 114 from the entry plane 117 to the reflective lower surface 126.
  • the distance between the two light decoupling surfaces 128 decreases non-uniformly along the longitudinal axis of the light distributor 114 from the entry plane 117 to the reflective lower surface 126.
  • the tapered reflective surface 130 is essentially planar except for a discrete number of steps 134.
  • the planar sections of the tapered reflective surface 130 and the opposite tapered reflective surface are angled one to another such that the distance between the two tapered reflective surfaces 130 (the other one is not shown for the sake of clarity) decreases along the longitudinal axis from the entry plane 117 to the reflective lower surface 126.
  • the optical system 110 is constructed from optically transparent, light guiding material according to the materials described for the device in fig. 1.
  • the functionality of the light concentrator/redirector 112 component of the optical system 110 been described hereinabove.
  • the entry plane 117 of the light distributor 114 is singular with the exit plane 117 of the light concentrator/redirector 112.
  • Incident collimated light from varying elevations and azimuths enters the light concentrator/redirector 112 via the curved light incident upper surface 116 and is directed by refraction and reflection to the lower exit plane 117 where it passes through to the light distributor 114 in a manner described hereinabove.
  • the object of the light distributor 114 is to substantially uniformly decouple and distribute the light out of the optical system 110 along the longitudinal axis even as the elevation and azimuth angles of the collimated incident light striking the upper surface 116 of the light concentrator/redirector 1 12 varies.
  • such variations are typified by the passage of the sun from east to west and across varying elevations relative to the earth surface during the solar day and over the solar year.
  • TIR is achieved in the same manner as that described hereinabove (Fig- 1).
  • the decoupling of the light from within the light distributor 114 is accomplished by means of the non-uniform prismatic cavities 132 as described in more detail hereinbelow (Fig. 6a). Ensuring substantially uniform decoupling is accomplished by varying the pitch, the depth and the complexity of the non-uniform prismatic cavities 132 along the longitudinal axis of the light distributor 114.
  • FIG. 6a An enlarged view of a prismatic cavity 138 formed in the non-uniform cavity surface 128 of the light distributor 114 (Fig. 6) is shown in Fig. 6a.
  • Four light paths 140, 141, 142 and 144 are plotted for the purposes of clarity only.
  • the light enters the interior 146 of the light distributor 114 (Fig. 6) via the entry plane 117 (Fig. 6) and travels at varying angles along the longitudinal axis of the light distributor 114 (Fig. 6).
  • Light that strikes the surface 128 in areas that are planar and not caviated are reflected by total internal reflection as typified by the light path 142 in the manner described in Fig. 1 hereinabove.
  • To decouple the light from the interior 146 of the light distributor 114 (Fig.
  • the light must have an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle. This is accomplished by changing the angle of incidence by means of the prismatic cavities 138.
  • a light path 144 passing down the light distributor 114 encounters the surface 128 in the area of a prismatic cavity 138 such that the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle and the light decouples out of the interior 146 to the exterior 148.
  • parallel light beams 140 strike the same prismatic cavity with an angle of incidence that is less than the critical angle and are therefore reflected by total internal reflection.
  • the parallel light beams 140 and 141 strike different surfaces of the prismatic cavity 138 the parallelism is lost and the two beams 140 and 141 diverge.
  • the lower surface 126 consists of a plurality of prismatic reflectors as described hereinbelow in fig. 6b. This is particularly critical when the collimated light strikes the upper surface 116 from a position directly above the longitudinal axis of the light concentrator/redirector 112 as shown in Fig. 5.
  • the prismatic reflectors 136 consists of a prismatic reflective plate 136 introduced into the body of the light distributor 114 and proximate to the lower surface 126.
  • the mirror described hereinabove can take many forms, one of which is shown in Fig. 6b in the cross section of said prism: A right rectangular prism 260 with a cross-section that is tapered to a tip, the two tapered surfaces 262 being formed such that they represent the aspects 262, 263 of above described prisms of the prismatic reflective plate 260.
  • some of the aspects of the tapered right rectangular prism can be altered to further enhance efficiency of the mirror, as depicted in the aspects 264, 265, 266.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 112 component and the light distributor 114 component are two separate components joined by means such as optical coupling adhesives and gels as is known in the art. It is further clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that the light distributor 114 and the light concentrator/redirector 112 can operate as optical components independent of each other.
  • an optical system 150 is constructed from a light concentrator/redirector component 152 and a light distributor component 154 as described hereinabove (Fig. 1 and Fig 6).
  • the light distributor component 154 of the optical system 150 is immersed in a medium with a refractive index higher than that of air, for example water (1.33) to a submersion level 155.
  • a medium with a refractive index higher than that of air for example water (1.33)
  • a gap 159 of low index of refraction is maintained around the volume of the optical system 160 that is below the submerged level 155.
  • the gap 159 may be provided by means of a transparent sheath 160 wrapped around the optical system 150 at least up to the height of the submersion level 155, or by means of a hydrophobic coating with very low index of refraction, like aerogel spray.
  • the transparent sheath 160 is hermetically sealed around the optical system 150 such that no liquid can displace the air gap 159 the transparent sheath 160 is either adjoined to the surface of the optical system 150 by means such as heat and adhesives at a lower end 164 of the light distributor 154, or the sheath is made to completely encase the optical system (not shown in images).
  • a plurality of optical systems 150 are shown positioned in such a manner that upper surfaces 166 of each optical system 150 are in immediate contact such that a leading edge 168 of one optical system 150 is touching a trailing edge 170 of the next optical system 150. As described hereinabove (Fig. 1 and Fig.
  • the general shape of the optical system 150 is tapered such that a cross-sectional diameter 172 of an upper surface 166 is larger than that of a lower surface 174.
  • channels 176 of a width decided upon by the desired functionality of the resulting array are formed between each of the optical systems 150.
  • the plurality of optical systems 150 are submerged in an aqueous medium 178 held in an enclosure 180.
  • the enclosure 180 include reactors, tanks, pools, trenches, rivers, and ponds.
  • the light dilution ratio is approximately 1 to 25.
  • the aqueous medium 178 consists of photosynthetic microorganisms such as algae suspended in a suitable nutrient medium as is known in the art. The concentration of the algal suspension determines the decrease in light intensity across the channels 176 as the light is decoupled from the light distributor 114 (Fig. 6) into the aqueous medium 178.
  • the algal concentrations range from 1.5 - 4 gm dry weight/liter. At these concentrations the decoupled light is totally absorbed within millimeters of the light distributor 114 (Fig. 6) leaving the rest of the channel 176 volume in darkness.
  • the microorganisms are kept in turbulent motion by an appropriate means of liquid circulation so that a single cell will be moved rapidly through and around the channels 176 from illuminated areas that are in close proximity to the light distributor 114 (Fig. 6) to darker areas in the middle of the channels 176.
  • the optimal dark-light cycle for many micro algal cells is approx. 2msec. Therefore for maximal light absorption algal cells must be brought rapidly into and out of the illuminated proximity of the light distributor 114 (Fig. 6).
  • solar irradiation incident upon an area of closely packed optical systems 150 for substantially all elevations and azimuths is collected, diluted and redistributed into a volume of suspended algae in a manner that optimizes algal growth.
  • Productivity has been shown to be in the order of 0.4-0.6 gm dry weight/liter/day.
  • the depth of the aqueous medium is the distance between the entry plane 117 (Fig. 10) of the light distributor 114 (Fig. 6) and the bottom surface of the optical system 150 which, in the preferred embodiment, is 55 cm the volume of algal medium per square area of incident light is 55cm multiplied by lsqm namely 550 liters or approximately 225gm dry weight/sqm/per day.
  • the photovoltaic cells are cooled by a circulating liquid that is then used to heat secondary systems.
  • Fig. 9a the light concentrator/redirector 192 is capable of collecting and redirecting substantially all the incident light without the need for tracking. For reaching higher concentration ratios, a very low-cost one-dimensional tracking mechanism suffices. Cooling by heat exchange and heat transfer are achieved by techniques known in the art.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 220 and the high refractive index medium are very inexpensive to produce and to maintain.
  • the concentration factor in the present embodiment is between 1 -4 for non-tracking, and 4-20 for single-axis simple tracking systems with accuracy below 5 degrees.
  • concentrations of up to 2500 are acheivable.
  • FIG. 9a An embodiment of a light concentrator/redirector in association with a photovoltaic absorber is referred to in Fig. 9a wherein there is shown a side view of a light concentrator/redirector 220 which has a general shape according to the shapes of fig.3.
  • a photovoltaic absorber 222 is internally associated with the focal area 214 of the concentrator/redirector 220.
  • the photovoltaic absorber 222 is connected to an electric grid (not shown) by means of electrical connectors 226 that pass through a wall of the light concentrator/redirector 220.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 220 is constructed from optically transparent materials as previously described in Fig 1 hereinabove.
  • the light concentrator/redirector 220 is constructed as a hollow vessel from any optically transparent materials and filled with a suitable fluid as refractor medium. In other embodiments the light concentrator/redirector is constructed as a solid mass from any one or other of these optically transparent materials.
  • the angles, curves and refractive indices of the light concentrator/redirector 220 are such that a ray of light approaching from the direction of the front surface 216 and striking the curved upper surface 212 at any angle of incidence will be directed down to the lower surface 214 by optical refractions and total optical reflections.
  • Cooling of the photovoltaic absorber 222 is accomplished by either letting the refractive index medium circulate by natural convection, with no outlet or pump necessary, or circulating the refractive index medium through an inlet 228 at the base of the light concentrator/redirector 220 and an outlet 230 in proximity to the upper surface 212 of the light concentrator/redirector 220. Heat is also dissipated via conduction through the walls of the light concentrator/redirector 220. The circulating refractive index medium is able to transfer its heat by regular heat transfer methods known in the art.
  • a light concentrator/redirector 232 having the same geometric shape and functionality as described hereinabove (Fig. 1 and Fig. 9a) but with elongated non-planar reflective surfaces 216.
  • a plurality of photovoltaic absorbers 238 are placed internally in proximity to a lower surface 240 of the light concentrator/redirector 232 and with electrical connections 242 protruding from a planar surface 244 and connecting to an electrical grid (not shown).
  • such elongated light concentrator/redirectors 232 can be aligned one against the other such that the entire areal incident light is utilized for photonic conversion by the photovoltaic absorbers 238. In this manner high-efficiency, low cost photovoltaic co-generation fields are feasible.
  • a light concentrator/redirector 246 of similar geometry and construction as described hereinabove (Fig. 9a) in which a thermal heat exchange pipe 248 is mounted at the focal area of the device 246.
  • the thermal heat exchange pipe 248 is surrounded by a transparent insulator shield 252 with a transparent insulation gap 254 between them.
  • the means of insulation in the transparent insulation gap 254 can include vacuum and materials such as aerogels.
  • a heat exchange fluid such as steam, oil and air is circulated in the thermal heat exchange pipe 248 to a heat utilization unit (not shown) that utilizes the heat for such purposes that include by way of example only steam turbine, home heating, steam production and air conditioning.
  • a photovoltaic absorber mounted directly upon a thermal heat exchange pipe and surrounded by a liquid-tight insulation member is positioned internal to a light concentrator/redirector at the focal area.
  • the geometry and construction of the light concentrator/redirector is as described hereinabove (Fig. 1 and Fig. 9a).
  • the collected solar radiation strikes the photovoltaic absorber causing the production of an electric current.
  • the accompanying temperature rise of the photovoltaic absorber is dissipated by heat transfer to a fluid irculating in the thermal heat transfer pipe Examples of the circulating heat transfer fluid include air, steam and oil.
  • co-generation of electricity and heat is produced with the necessity of circulating the high-refractive index liquid within the light concentrator/redirector 262.
  • a ray of morning sunlight 75, of mid-morning sunlight 77, noon sunlight 79 is incident on the left depiction of the device, and is projected as a ray 81 emanating to the north side at a defined angle after interacting with the device as shown.
  • this optic can be designed such that a wide variety of useful light projection functions as functions of the incident angle of sunlight on the device is obtainable. It is further clear that also this shape can be fused into a shape combining many such subshapes to form a large optical plate of continuous volume for mounting on windows and building fronts, or in ceilings or on rooftops.
  • Such plates can be manufactured by extrusion or extrusion-casting, injection molding, blow molding, milling or casting. It is furthermore clear that beam splitter plates, projecting defined portions of the originally incident light in opposite directions are obtainable by utilizing the means described hereinabove.
  • the shape of the side surfaces being a direct function of a) the shape of the light emanating from the source b) the desired angular and spacial intensity pattern resulting in a desired light distribution at the target of projection of said light emanating from said source, c) the shape of the light-exiting surface through which the light is being refracted. and thus being reflected by TIR, and refracted outward, to be projected towards a well defined area outside of the light directing and distributing device in the desired angular and spacial intensity pattern, resulting in the desired light distribution at the target.
  • a heat dissipating device is formed integral with the front optical part to dissipate heat from the light source inside the device to its surroundings, such that the whole device represents, for handling and visually, one unitary body.
  • the whole device can be made from several solid parts fused together to form one part, or it can be made from a hollow vessel, containing all necessary electro-optical devices, and filled with fluids to fulfill the multiple functions of light manipulation and heat dissipation and mechanical/chemical protection of the electro-optical parts.
  • Prior Art US20040004435 and US5495490 show such liquid-immersed type light sources.
  • prior Art WO05103562 shows an electro-optical device with a led crystal directly attached to an optic.
  • this optic only addresses manifolds and light mixing, and does not describe shaping useful intensity- and direction patterns for lighting purposes. As such, it is restricted to strictly symmetrical light distributions and to light mixing with complex manifolds.
  • arrays built with such lenses will pose handling problems until they are mounted inside the luminary, and subsequently render the luminary sensitive to impact and vibration.
  • the result will be a permanently shifting and changing pattern of dark and light at the illuminated surface.
  • Fig. 11 shows an embodiment of the current invention:
  • a light source 41 LED, Plasma Source, HQI, Halogen, High pressure sodium, and any other source
  • a light source 41 LED, Plasma Source, HQI, Halogen, High pressure sodium, and any other source
  • Of special interest in public area lighting are asymmetric distributions covering rectangular spaces. But with this device, virtually any polygonic, round or elliptic surface can be covered with a wide variety of light distributions, from a very wide variety of angles and at optical efficiencies larger than 75 up to 96%.
  • Such optics 49 will have any shape suitable to optics for distribution of light, as cited in this patent above, and in patent (WO2006060929) with the novelty of only needing one optical device, not two, and of having the light source integral with the device, with cooling and all mechanical and weather/chemical protection necessary for a luminary. This poses a great advantage in building luminaries, as most of the complicated and costly luminary body parts are omitted.
  • the optics will work based on TIR and refraction only, without any need for mirror-covered surfaces.
  • light coming from the source 41 interacts with a multitude of facets 45 of the surfaces adjoining the plane where the source sits.
  • the facets can have any shape consistent with the desired reactions of the light interacting with them, according to the description given above. 1.
  • special cooling fins 47 are designed such that they offer a large surface area and an optimized shape for turbulent convection of liquid away from the optically interacting part, in order to maximize the -cooling effect of the device in any position.
  • the size, geometry and positioning of such fins is not restricted to the image depicted in this fig.l 1, but will be free to be designed according to the needs of the parts built.
  • the device may have two distinct kinds of volumes, one for heat dissipation and one for optical functionality, both kinds of volumes being enclosed within one container, of one continuous volume for filling with fluids or several distinct and separated volumes for filling with fluids, with one or several caps for filling and closing said volumes.
  • the fins do not necessarily have an optic function, and are thus attached to the shape which does have an optic function in a manner as not to decrease the optic efficiency of the whole unit by more than 3%.
  • a very thin layer 47 of transparent material that will be inert and impermeable to the liquid used as refractor/cooling agent.
  • transparent material include, but are not limited to PVC, Styrene, ABS, PC, PMMA, PET, PEEK, COC, PP, Silicone plasties, any co-polymers of these, any mixtures of these, glass, TiO and AlO-compounds and other transparent ceramic materials and aerogels.
  • the liquid will function, like in the solar applications described hereinabove, as a refractor and cooling agent, in conjunction with the surface of the optic. Because the immediate light source is immersed into a liquid, which is subjected to natural or forced convection, the need for additional cooling devices is eliminated, thereby eliminating a very significant cost factor in building luminaries.
  • the herein proposed luminary thus comprises one unitary outer shell made from one or several plastic, glass or other materials that can be joined by welding or glueing into one continuous body, in addition with one or several filling holes which are to be closed by industry standard methods, and also serves as introduction point for all photoelectric equipment needed inside the hollow, liquid filled vessel.
  • the vessel again contains the above mentioned means for compensating differentials in heat expansion, such as sufficient air-filled expansion volume, or a tube/piston pair, or an elastic membrane-type enclosure of sufficient size, for the liquid to expand into while heating, such that the whole device keeps its form and function within acceptable limits.
  • This also means that the space for air to reside is designed in such a way that no air bubbles can drift into the parts that are optically relevant.
  • the light source is placed in a way inside the optic that the sterad angle where the source emits only little light overlaps to a very large part with volumes of eventual turbulent mixing of hot and cold fluid.
  • liquids are available today with a very low gradient of refractive index vs. temperature.
  • this lighting device By introducing the light emitting part of this lighting device into a transparent sheath, which is separated from the optic by a minimal layer of air or aerogel or any other material with a refractive index close to or lower than air, it is automatically sealed and protected from mechanical impact and chemical/dirt interference, thus eliminating the need for complicated and large housings.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un dispositif de concentration/réorientation de lumière optiquement transparent présentant la forme générale d'une structure à facettes multiples avec des facettes formant des surfaces, lesdites facettes présentant une forme ou configuration quelconque. Ledit dispositif renferme une zone à indice de réfraction supérieur à un, dans laquelle au moins deux surfaces adjacentes sont non planaires. Ledit dispositif interagit avec une lumière entrante incidente sur au moins une surface non planaire, assurant la concentration/l'orientation de ladite lumière incidente en un modèle de propagation de lumière utile.
PCT/IL2010/000395 2009-05-21 2010-05-17 Dispositif de concentration, de reorientation et de distribution de lumiere WO2010134069A1 (fr)

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WO2015054152A1 (fr) * 2013-10-07 2015-04-16 Bingwu Gu Cuiseur solaire léger et gonflable
US9348080B1 (en) 2014-11-18 2016-05-24 Quarkstar Llc Wall wash luminaire with light guide and optical element therefore
US9709300B2 (en) 2011-12-21 2017-07-18 Bingwu Gu Inflatable light weight solar cooker

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9709300B2 (en) 2011-12-21 2017-07-18 Bingwu Gu Inflatable light weight solar cooker
WO2015054152A1 (fr) * 2013-10-07 2015-04-16 Bingwu Gu Cuiseur solaire léger et gonflable
CN105593608A (zh) * 2013-10-07 2016-05-18 顾炳武 可充气的轻型太阳能灶
US9348080B1 (en) 2014-11-18 2016-05-24 Quarkstar Llc Wall wash luminaire with light guide and optical element therefore
WO2016081558A1 (fr) * 2014-11-18 2016-05-26 Quarkstar Llc Luminaire à éclairage mural à guide de lumière et élément optique correspondant
US20170052314A1 (en) 2014-11-18 2017-02-23 Quarkstar Llc Wall Wash Luminaire With Light Guide and Optical Element Therefore
CN107111117A (zh) * 2014-11-18 2017-08-29 夸克星有限责任公司 具有光导以及由此的光学元件的洗墙灯
US10267979B2 (en) 2014-11-18 2019-04-23 Quarkstar Llc Wall wash luminaire with light guide and optical element therefore
US10845532B2 (en) 2014-11-18 2020-11-24 Quarkstar Llc Wall wash luminaire with light guide and optical element therefore

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