WO2010101221A1 - 原子核共鳴蛍光散乱を用いた非破壊検査システム - Google Patents
原子核共鳴蛍光散乱を用いた非破壊検査システム Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/223—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material by irradiating the sample with X-rays or gamma-rays and by measuring X-ray fluorescence
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
- G01V5/20—Detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/07—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation secondary emission
- G01N2223/076—X-ray fluorescence
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nondestructive inspection system using nuclear resonance fluorescence scattering.
- Fuel rods and radioactive waste handled in the nuclear fuel cycle of nuclear power generation contain various isotopes including fission materials. Inspecting these non-destructively and visualizing their spatial distribution are important for realizing a safe and highly efficient nuclear fuel cycle.
- cesium has a stable isotope Cs-133 with a mass number of 133 and a radionuclide Cs-137 with a mass number of 137, and the handling of the latter is strictly controlled by law.
- the radioactive waste treatment since these can be identified quickly, the cost for geological disposal can be significantly reduced, and therefore, isotope identification and the realization of the visualization technique of the spatial distribution are eagerly desired.
- X-ray transmission images using large-scale X-ray inspection equipment that inspects fuel rods and containers as a whole and prompt gamma-ray analyzers using neutron generators. Shape measurement and nondestructive inspection of fissile materials, nuclear fuel materials, explosives, etc. are performed.
- X-ray inspection uses high energy bremsstrahlung X-rays with high penetrating power and has the advantage that a transmitted image can be clearly obtained, but the substance cannot be identified.
- Prompt gamma-ray analysis by neutron irradiation can identify substances and isotopes, but the spatial resolution is poor and the spatial resolution is insufficient to visualize the inside.
- the substance identification referred to here is element identification, that is, identification of atoms. This is possible by observing the electronic state around the nucleus, and can be observed relatively easily with X-rays or the like. Isotope identification is to identify isotopes, ie, nuclei with different numbers of neutrons, among protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus, and can be observed by detecting gamma rays.
- An isotope identification method based on nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) scattering using bremsstrahlung X-rays has been proposed for inspection of substances in imported container cargo and suitcases (Patent Document 1).
- the nucleus of an isotope has a specific frequency (excitation level) depending on the number of protons and neutrons that are its constituent elements.
- NRF nuclear resonance fluorescence
- Isotope identification can be performed by observing NRF gamma rays with a radiation detector.
- FIG. 1 shows the concept of the method.
- the sample 2 is irradiated with a photon beam 1 such as an X-ray or a photon.
- Sample 2 contains the isotope 3 of interest.
- the isotope 3 absorbs the photon 1, emits NRF gamma rays 4, and is detected by the radiation detector 6.
- the other photons are scattered by other atoms in the sample and become scattered X-rays 5, which deviate from the system, or are detected by the radiation detector 6.
- a part of the transmitted photon beam 1 is measured by a photon intensity monitor 7. By scanning the beam 1 or moving the sample 2, the spatial distribution of isotopes is measured.
- a quasi-monochromatic photon flux is generated by laser Compton scattering (LCS, described later) instead of bremsstrahlung X-rays, and isotope detection is performed using this.
- LCS laser Compton scattering
- LCS is an interaction between electrons and photons as in normal Compton scattering, but is characterized by high energy of electrons and using a laser as photons. Photons generated by this method are emitted within a very narrow solid angle of photons, and have a high directivity comparable to synchrotron radiation, and there is a correlation between the photon scattering angle and energy.
- the photon can be quasi-monochromatic and at the same time the energy spread can be reduced (quasi-monochromatic) (equation (1)), and since the polarization of the laser is preserved in the scattered photon, LCS photons with a high degree of polarization can be obtained (formula (6) described later.
- Equation (1) E e is the energy of electrons
- E L is the energy of laser light
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the scattering angle of LCS photons and energy when electrons having an energy of 641 MeV are irradiated with lasers having wavelengths of 1064 nm and 1550 nm.
- a photon having a desired energy and energy width can be obtained.
- the scattering angle is limited by arranging a collimator having a thin hole in lead or the like on the beam axis.
- the energy width is about several percent, which is called a quasi-monochromatic photon.
- the reaction cross section ⁇ D (E) of the nuclear isotope is expressed by the formula (2).
- the resonance width ⁇ is widened by the Doppler broadening expressed by the equation (3), but the width of ⁇ is very narrow and is usually about several hundred meV.
- the excitation photon has a narrow energy spectrum synchronized with the natural vibration of the isotope nucleus.
- h bar is the Planck constant
- c is the speed of light
- E is the photon energy
- I 0 and I 1 are the total angular momentum of the ground state and the excited state
- E res is the resonance energy
- ⁇ is the resonance energy width
- k is Boltzmann.
- T eff is the effective temperature of the nucleus
- m is the static mass energy of the electrons.
- LCS photon flux can narrow the energy width to several percent or less, it is possible to reduce the background noise (noise) and increase the signal-to-noise ratio (S / N) compared to bremsstrahlung X-rays. It is. Therefore, the measurement method using the LCS photon beam is superior to the case of using the bremsstrahlung X-ray in many aspects such as accuracy, time, reliability, and safety.
- Non-Patent Document 1 proposes a method using LCS photons for isotope identification using NRF.
- Non-Patent Document 2 combines an energy recovery linac (ERL), which is being constructed as a next-generation electron accelerator, a state-of-the-art high-power mode-locked fiber laser, and a supercavity that accumulates a pulsed laser.
- ERP energy recovery linac
- Techniques have been reported to generate LCS photon fluxes that are much higher in intensity (approximately 10 8 times) than LCS photon fluxes, indicating that the presence of long-lived nuclides in radioactive waste can be detected in seconds.
- Non-patent Documents 3 and 4 detection of NRF gamma rays with energy of 5512 keV generated from lead 208, which is an isotope of lead, and imaging using the same, and detection of 4439 keV NRF gamma rays from carbon 12 and use of the same
- substance identification The lead 208 sample was strictly concealed inside the 1.5 cm thick iron box.
- the nuclear excitation levels of carbon 12 and lead 208 are shown in FIG.
- An LCS photon beam with a narrow energy width is used for excitation of nuclei.
- Nuclear nuclei other than hydrogen have their own excited states.
- the photon flux is irradiated to the level (for example, 5512 keV) of the nuclide (for example, lead 208) to be measured, the photons of 5512 keV are absorbed by the lead 208.
- the lead 208 emits NRF gamma rays equal to the excitation energy. By detecting this, lead 208 can be detected.
- An LCS photon beam having a desired energy is generated by irradiating a 560 MeV electron to the lead 208 and a laser having a wavelength of 1064 nm to the 510 MeV electron to the carbon 12.
- Fluorescent X-ray analysis is a technique for accurately analyzing elements contained in substances. Since fluorescent X-rays have low energy, it is not possible to measure substances concealed inside the container. In addition, since elemental analysis is performed using the atomic structure, that is, X-rays (characteristic X-rays) generated by electronic transitions represent a state unique to the atoms, elements can be identified, but isotopes cannot be identified.
- Patent Document 2 A method has been proposed in which a sample is irradiated with high-energy gamma rays, a ( ⁇ , n) reaction is induced in the isotope of interest, thereby producing a nuclear isomer, and isotope identification using the deexcited gamma rays.
- the energy width can be reduced to several percent or less.
- Patent Document 1 Non-Patent Document 1
- Non-Patent Document 2 the S / N is improved and the measurement time is shortened using the same method.
- the methods shown in these documents can excite only a narrow energy width, a plurality of elemental composition ratios cannot be examined by a single measurement.
- the carbon present in naturally occurring carbon 12 (12 C) is contained 98.89%, the nitrogen of nitrogen 14 (14 N) is, 99.64% oxygen 16 to oxygen (16 O), respectively, and 99.76% is included.
- Carbon 12 (4439 keV), nitrogen 14 (4915 keV and 7029 keV), and oxygen 16 (6917 keV, 7117 keV) are used as the level of each isotope. Since the above levels are separated in energy, the conventional method can only excite a single level, and even if the presence of carbon 12 is detected with high accuracy, it is derived from explosives. There was a drawback that it was not known whether it was derived from the surrounding structure.
- the nondestructive inspection system of the present invention includes a plate that holds a sample, a plurality of radiation detectors arranged in a predetermined direction with respect to the sample held on the plate, and a polarization plane that has different energy.
- a plurality of types of quasi-monochromatic photon beams that are coaxially irradiated onto a sample held on a plate, a drive unit that relatively moves the plate and the photon beam irradiation unit, a drive unit that controls the plurality of radiations
- the radiation detector includes a control calculation unit to which a detection signal from the detector is input and a display unit, and the radiation detector has a isotope in the sample in a direction depending on the polarization plane of the quasi-monochromatic photon beam irradiated on the sample.
- the NRF gamma ray emitted from the nuclear level is arranged in a direction that can be detected, and the control calculation unit is configured to detect the photon beam in the sample based on the detection signal of the radiation detector. Morphism identified nuclei isotope of interest present in the region, and displays the visualized spatial distribution thereof on the display unit.
- LCS photon beams it is preferable to use LCS photon beams, but other photon beams having similar polarization characteristics and energy characteristics may be used.
- the photon beam irradiation unit uses laser Compton scattering to generate a plurality of LCS photon beams having a single or several energies and controlled polarization planes on the same axis. That is, the photon beam irradiation unit has an electron beam accelerator that generates an electron beam of a predetermined energy, a first laser light source that generates laser light having a first wavelength having a first polarization, and a second polarization. A second laser light source that generates a laser beam having a second wavelength, and collides with the electron beam at a first angle using the first wavelength laser beam and the second wavelength laser beam as coaxial light.
- the first polarized LCS photon beam caused by the first wavelength laser beam generated by the laser Compton scattering and the second polarized LCS photon beam caused by the second wavelength laser beam are applied to the electron beam. Take out through a collimator arranged in the second angular direction.
- the first laser light source and the second laser light source are controlled by a control calculation unit to generate pulsed light having different time structures.
- the planes of polarization of the LCS photon beam may be parallel or perpendicular to the plane of polarization of one of the LCS photon beams.
- the radiation detector is arranged in a direction parallel to and / or perpendicular to the polarization plane of the LCS photon beam irradiated to the sample.
- the NRF gamma ray emission direction is controlled by switching the polarization plane of the LCS photon beam, and each NRF gamma ray is emitted in a previously assumed direction. We have devised a method to detect sac with high accuracy.
- the LCS photon beam irradiated to the sample is polarized, and the radiation detector is arranged in a certain angle direction with respect to the polarization plane.
- NRF gamma rays are emitted from the sample, each of which is emitted in a specific direction with respect to the plane of polarization of the LCS photon depending on the type of transition. This makes it possible to measure the energy spectrum of NRF gamma rays emitted from a plurality of isotopes and nuclear levels in the vicinity of energy levels with high efficiency and high accuracy using a plurality of radiation detectors.
- the counting rate per radiation detector is lowered by dispersing the emission direction of the NRF gamma rays emitted from the nuclear level of the isotope in the sample depending on the polarization plane of the photon beam irradiated to the sample. be able to.
- Explanatory drawing of the isotope detection method using NRF Explanatory drawing of the dynamical system of laser Compton scattering. The figure which shows the relationship between the energy and scattering angle of the LCS photon obtained by irradiating the electron of energy 641MeV with the laser of wavelength 1064nm and 1550nm.
- 1 is a schematic view of a nondestructive inspection system according to the present invention. It shows the excitation level of the element used in explosives detection (12 C, 14 N, 16 O). The figure which shows the energy spectrum of 2 wavelength LCS photon beam.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a system configuration example for carrying out the nondestructive inspection method according to the present invention.
- isotopes in a sample are identified by NRF scattering using LCS photons, and their spatial distribution is imaged and displayed.
- the nondestructive inspection apparatus of the present embodiment includes an electron beam accelerator 11, laser light sources 13 and 17, a collimator 23, radiation detectors 32 and 33 for detecting NRF gamma rays generated from a sample, and a sample as an LCS photon beam irradiation unit.
- a photon intensity monitor 34 for monitoring the intensity of the photon beam transmitted through the.
- the sample 31 is disposed on the movable plate 35. By moving the movable plate 35 two-dimensionally in the direction parallel to the paper surface and in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface by the drive unit 36, the sample 31 can be two-dimensionally scanned with respect to the irradiated LCS photon beam.
- the laser light sources 13 and 17 and the drive unit 36 are controlled by a control calculation unit 37.
- the outputs of the radiation detectors 32 and 33 and the photon intensity monitor 34 are processed by a control calculation unit 37 to detect the presence of single or plural isotopes of interest in the sample 31 at each moving position of the movable plate 35. Then, the abundance ratio is quantified, and the spatial distribution is imaged and displayed on the screen of the monitor 38.
- the radiation detectors 32 and 33 and the photon intensity monitor 34 may be mounted on the movable plate 35. FIG. 5 shows such a case.
- laser beams 16 and 20 having the same or different wavelengths are generated from the laser light sources 13 and 17.
- the polarization planes of the laser beams 16 and 20 are adjusted by the wave plates 14 and 18.
- the laser beam 16 is longitudinally polarized light having an electric field vector in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface
- the laser light 20 is transversely polarized light having a polarization surface in a plane parallel to the paper surface.
- the polarization plane of the laser light may be circularly polarized light or random polarized light in addition to linearly polarized light.
- the polarized laser beams 16 and 20 are deflected by mirrors 15 and 19 and collide with the electron beam 12 at an angle ⁇ 1 as shown in FIG.
- a dielectric multilayer mirror or the like having a narrow wavelength band for the mirror 15, it can be made transparent to the laser light 20, so that the two laser lights 16 and 20 can be coaxial.
- each laser beam is condensed at a point where it collides with the electron beam 12 using a condensing optical element or the like, and an LCS photon beam is effectively generated.
- the laser beams 16 and 20 generate pulse LCS photon beams 21 and 22 at the same scattering angle ⁇ 2 by irradiating the electron beam 12 in the form of pulses having different time structures such as pulse frequency and generation timing, respectively.
- the pulse LCS photon beams 21 and 22 may have different energies.
- the polarization plane of the laser is directly used as the polarization plane of the LCS photon (Equation (6), which will be described later), so that a high-energy photon beam whose polarization is freely controlled can be generated.
- the pulsed LCS photon beams 21 and 22 having different polarization planes form energy and spatial distribution by the collimator 23, and then irradiate the sample 31 to generate NRF gamma rays 39 and 40.
- Only the polarized pulse LCS photon beam 21 can excite the reaction that generates the focused NRF gamma ray 39 of the focused isotope contained in the sample 31.
- only the polarized pulsed LCS photon beam 22 can excite the reaction in the sample 31 that generates the focused NRF gamma ray 40 of another focused isotope.
- the type of isotope may be different or the same, but the type of transition of the excited level must be different. The type of transition will be described later.
- the NRF gamma ray 39 is emitted only in the direction of the radiation detector 32 due to factors resulting from the nuclear structure, and is detected by the radiation detector 32. In this case, no signal is generated in the radiation detector 33.
- the NRF gamma ray 40 is emitted only in the direction of the radiation detector 33 and is detected by the radiation detector 33. In this case, no signal is generated in the radiation detector 32.
- the interaction cross section and energy of NRF scattering are known.
- the spatial distribution of a plurality of focused isotopes can be imaged by moving the pulse LCS photon beams 21 and 22 and the collimator 23 simultaneously to scan the sample 31 or moving the sample 31.
- the movable plate 35 on which the sample 31 is placed is driven by the drive unit 36 with respect to the collimator 23, thereby scanning the sample 31 with the pulsed LCS photon beams 21 and 22.
- the intensity of the pulsed LCS photon beams 21 and 22 can be adjusted, and the abundance ratios of the plurality of isotopes contained in the sample 31 can be quantified.
- single or multiple wavelength LCS photon beams having the same beam axis and divergence angle are generated by irradiating a single or a plurality of wavelengths of laser light to the same electron beam.
- Single or multiple levels of one or more isotopes are selectively and simultaneously excited.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-318746 discloses quasi-monochromatic X-rays of 100 keV or less at multiple wavelengths by LCS using a small electron accelerator and pulse lasers of several different wavelengths for use in medical imaging such as cardiac catheterization. The method of generating is described.
- the present invention accurately and safely quantifies the existence, spatial distribution, and ratio of the isotopes concealed in strict shielding boxes with a maximum iron thickness of several centimeters, such as containers and fuel cladding tubes.
- the purpose is to generate high-energy photon beams and to detect them with high efficiency by using the anisotropy of the nuclear reaction to discriminate them for each pulse in time and space. Different.
- the detection sensitivity of a specific level of an isotope of interest is improved by controlling the polarization plane of the laser to be irradiated.
- Some nuclear levels emit NRF gamma rays in a specific direction depending on the plane of polarization of the photon beam to be excited. For example, an electric dipole (E1) transition, a magnetic dipole (M1) transition, an electric quadrupole (E2) transition, etc. emit NRF gamma rays only in a direction perpendicular or horizontal to an electric field or a magnetic field, respectively.
- Desired NRF gamma rays can be detected with sufficient accuracy and spatial discrimination.
- Compton scattering has the property of preserving the polarization of photons before and after scattering. This is explained by describing the polarization degree of the electromagnetic wave using the stokes parameter (a x , a y , a z ). The direction in which the laser beam travels is taken as the z axis, and the x and y axes are set perpendicular to it.
- the linear polarization degree of the laser light is P 1 i and is expressed by the equation (4).
- K 0 and K represent the energy of the laser and the LCS photon in the electron static system.
- K f and K f_max are the LCS photon energy and maximum energy in the laboratory system, and ⁇ is their ratio.
- the present invention focuses on sufficiently reliable isotope levels described in nuclear data tables, etc., and selectively excites them to accurately detect isotopes and abundance ratios.
- the purpose is that.
- An important point of practical use of the present invention is that an unknown element is mixed in the sample of interest, and even if the level of the element is close to the isotope of interest, the parity and quantum number If they are different, it is possible to discriminate them with sufficiently high accuracy.
- the detector in the direction in which the NRF gamma rays are emitted and controlling the polarization plane of the LCS photon, even if there are isotopes close in level, the isotope identification can be performed with high reliability. Quantification of abundance ratios and their imaging can be performed.
- the present invention is different from the conventional method in that the object is to dramatically increase the accuracy of detection.
- fissile materials such as uranium concealed inside the container, nuclear fuel materials, explosives and their raw materials, and all other materials other than hydrogen are non-destructive and safe from outside the container.
- Detection, and the spatial distribution of isotope nuclei can be measured with high spatial resolution, and the purpose of strictly restricting and managing the transport of nuclear materials, and preventing terrorism using explosives, etc., are safe. ⁇ A safe society can be realized.
- carbon 12, oxygen 16 and nitrogen 14 are detected using a two-wavelength LCS photon beam, and the abundance ratio is measured.
- two levels of LCS photons with different energy of 7250 keV and 5000 keV (energy spread of about 12%) are generated, and all these levels are set.
- FIG. 7 shows the energy spectrum of the two-wavelength LCS photon beam generated by such a method.
- LCS photon beam Since the LCS photon beam is generated in the traveling direction of the electron beam at a divergence angle determined by the electron beam, if the electron beam is common, LCS photon beams of different wavelengths are also generated on the same axis, and the properties as a beam are almost the same. It will be the same.
- a laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm uses an Nd: YAG or Nd: YVO 4 laser, and a laser with a wavelength of 1550 nm uses a pulse fiber laser doped with Er.
- a desired LCS photon beam having two wavelengths can be generated on the same beam axis, and the NRF gamma rays of the respective isotopes can be detected.
- the laser is vertically polarized, and the radiation detector is arranged vertically and horizontally, that is, in a direction perpendicular to and parallel to the polarization plane of the laser light used to generate the LCS photons 51 and 52. .
- the LCS photon beams 51 and 52 are also linearly polarized.
- the NRF gamma ray 53 of 4439 keV for carbon 12, 6917 keV for oxygen 16 and 7029 keV for nitrogen 14 is shown in FIG.
- the NRF gamma rays 54 of 4915 keV of nitrogen 14 and 7117 keV of oxygen 16 are detected by the left and right radiation detectors 66 as shown in FIG.
- the Each NRF gamma ray 51, 52 is generated by a different laser pulse and has a temporally different structure.
- a radiation detector having an energy resolution of 100 keV or less is sufficient.
- the energy resolution of the high-purity germanium detector is about 10 keV at 5000 keV, which is sufficient for this measurement.
- the irradiation LCS photon beam intensity is measured by a photon intensity monitor 65 disposed behind the sample 61. In order to increase the measurement accuracy, the irradiation LCS photon beam intensity is synchronized with a laser pulse to reduce the influence of background radiation and the like.
- either the radiation detector 64 or 66 can be omitted by switching the polarization plane of the LCS photon beam to the vertical or horizontal direction.
- the abundance ratios of carbon 12, oxygen 16 and nitrogen 14 are 98.89%, 99.762% and 99.634%, respectively, the respective abundance ratios can be measured by the NRF gamma ray intensity ratio.
- FIG. 9 shows various explosives, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C / N), and the ratio of oxygen to nitrogen (O / N).
- the type of explosive can be identified. It should be noted that not only explosives, but also any substances concealed in containers, such as radioactive waste, nuclear fuel, prohibited drugs and their raw materials, can be detected by applying the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing how a concealment is detected according to the present invention.
- an isotope of a certain nucleus is contained as a concealment 72 in a thick iron shielding box 71.
- the LCS photon beam is irradiated there.
- the LCS photon beam A passes through the shielding box 71 without causing any interaction.
- the LCS photon beam B causes NRF in the concealed material (nuclear isotope) in the shielding box, and the NRF gamma ray 74 is discriminated in wave height by the detector 73.
- the other LCS photon beam C causes NRF in the shielding box 71, and the NRF gamma ray 75 is also discriminated by the detector 73. Since the NRF gamma ray 75 is NRF from the shielding box constituent element, it has energy different from that of the NRF gamma ray 74. Therefore, both can be easily identified by the pulse height discrimination method.
- FIG. 11 is a 4439 keV NRF gamma ray energy spectrum of carbon 12 measured by a high purity germanium detector arranged in a horizontal direction. Thus, a clear peak was observed at 4439 keV.
- FIG. 10 The shielding box containing the concealment shown in FIG. 10 was installed on the movable plate of the nondestructive inspection system described with reference to FIG. 5, and the shielding box was line-scanned with the LCS photon beam.
- a heavy element that simulates nuclear material was selected as the concealment, Pb-208, which is a lead isotope, was used, and 5512 keV was used as the excitation level.
- the same level is known to have an E1 transition, and NRF gamma rays are emitted in a direction perpendicular to the LCS photon polarization plane. Therefore, the radiation detector was placed in the horizontal direction and the LCS photon beam polarization plane was set in the vertical direction.
- Pb-208 was concealed in an iron box having a thickness of 1.5 cm and irradiated with a vertically polarized LCS photon beam having an energy of 5.7 MeV.
- the energy of the electron beam, the wavelength of the laser beam, and the polarization plane are 570 MeV, 1064 nm, and the vertical direction, respectively.
- the scattering direction of NRF gamma rays was cut out with an angular spread of about 330 microradians from the 180 degree direction as the center. The energy spread by this is about 7% in full width at half maximum.
- a high-purity germanium detector was used as a radiation detector, the energy spectrum was measured for about 30 minutes, and then the sample on the movable plate was moved in the vertical direction. The energy spectrum was measured again at the moved position, and the correlation between the N512 gamma ray count of 5512 keV and the sample position was measured by repeating this.
- the diameter of the LCS photon beam is 3 mm at the sample location.
- the NRF gamma ray of the lead isotope Pb-208 is strongly detected in the range of ⁇ 10 mm from the reference position, and the NRF gamma ray of the lead isotope Pb-208 concealed in the 15 mm thick iron box. We succeeded in imaging the spatial distribution of concealment in one dimension.
- a high-purity germanium detector cannot be used at a high count rate, and the upper limit count rate is about 10 kHz or less.
- the high count rate that is, the NRF gamma ray intensity is high, measurement cannot be performed with high accuracy.
- Non-Patent Document 2 When screening is performed by irradiating an LCS photon beam having a diameter of 1 mm every 1 cm, the irradiation time per point is 0.005 to 0.1 seconds. Although detailed examination is described in Non-Patent Document 2, it is now possible to identify isotopes in less than 0.1 seconds using an LCS photon beam with a sufficiently technically feasible intensity. It can be seen that the present invention can be applied to freight shipping container inspection. Since the maximum counting rate expected in this case is 10 kHz or more, a high-purity germanium detector cannot be used.
- a scintillation detector using an inorganic scintillation material called LaBr 3 (Ce) can be used.
- This can correspond to a count rate (10 MHz) that is about three orders of magnitude higher than that of a high-purity germanium detector.
- the energy resolution is 1 to 3%, which is 1/10 or less of a high-purity germanium detector, but is sufficient for identifying explosives.
- the polarization plane of the LCS photon beam preserves the polarization plane of the irradiating laser as it is, the direction in which the NRF gamma rays are emitted can be controlled, thereby increasing the measurement accuracy, inspection throughput, and cost performance. That is, by scattering NRF gamma rays close to the energy level in different directions depending on the polarization plane, sufficiently high accuracy and inspection throughput can be obtained even when using an inexpensive detector with low energy resolution such as a scintillator. An inspection system can be constructed.
- the nondestructive inspection according to the present invention can be divided into primary screening and secondary inspection in practice.
- the former is a dangerous explosive by irradiating one or several LCS photon beams and measuring the isotope abundance ratios of major elements (eg carbon / nitrogen, oxygen / nitrogen, uranium / thorium, etc.) And the possibility of being nuclear material in a short time.
- a beam scan is performed to perform an imaging inspection with more detailed isotope identification.
- LCS photon beams of several energies are generated on the same beam axis, and the isotope abundance ratios of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are measured by NRF. And the accuracy was improved in the discrimination method of those NRF gamma rays.
- the apparatus configuration of the nondestructive inspection system the one shown in FIG. 5 was used.
- the radiation detectors 32 and 33 scintillation detectors having a counting rate of 10 kHz or more were used although the energy resolution was inferior to that of a high-purity germanium detector of 1 to 3%.
- the apparatus shown in FIG. 5 can be used for both primary screening and secondary inspection.
- the sample 31 is irradiated with the LCS photon beam relatively coarsely at a predetermined interval or the like, and the LCS photon beam irradiated on the sample 31 is two-dimensionally scanned only in the secondary inspection.
- the outputs of the radiation detectors 32 and 33 and the photon beam intensity monitor 34 are processed by the control calculation unit 37, and the sample 31 of a plurality of isotope nuclei of interest at each movement position of the movable plate 35.
- the abundance ratio is quantified to image the spatial distribution and displayed on the screen of the monitor 38.
- Laser beams 16 and 20 are generated from laser light sources 13 and 17 with respect to an electron beam 12 having a predetermined energy generated from the electron beam accelerator 11.
- the polarization planes of the laser beams 16 and 20 are adjusted by the wave plates 14 and 18. This can be easily realized by putting in and out the half-wave plate and rotating it.
- the plane of polarization is determined by the constituent elements of the object to be inspected and the type of isotope to be inspected.
- Polarized laser beams 16 and 20 are deflected by mirrors 15 and 19, respectively, and collide with the electron beam 12 at an angle ⁇ 1 as shown in FIG.
- ⁇ 1 is set to 180 degrees in order to maximize the photon energy.
- the two laser beams 16 and 20 can be irradiated coaxially with respect to the electron beam. Therefore, it is possible to generate two types of LCS photon beams by irradiating the same electron beam with two types of lasers without changing the properties of the electron beam.
- the intensity of each laser beam is appropriately adjusted according to the reaction cross section (interaction probability) of the isotope to be measured. In general, it is desirable to adjust the emitted NRF gamma ray intensity so that it varies within a few tens of percent.
- the laser beams 16 and 20 generate LCS photon beam pulses 21 and 22 by irradiating the electron beam 12 in the form of pulses having different time structures such as pulse frequency or generation timing, respectively.
- the LCS photon beam pulses 21 and 22 may have different energies, different polarization planes, or both.
- the LCS photon pulse beams 21 and 22 having different polarization planes pass through the collimator 23 and are then irradiated on the sample 31 to generate NRF gamma rays 39 and 40.
- the collimator 23 does not need to be adjusted when the position or direction of the electron beam does not change.
- the LCS photon beam energy is adjusted only by the laser, so that the collimator position only needs to be adjusted once before the start of measurement, and no subsequent adjustment is required.
- an LCS photon beam with an energy spread of about 0.1 to 20% can be generated with high intensity.
- the polarized LCS photon pulse beam 21 can excite the reaction that generates the focused NRF gamma ray 39 of the focused isotope contained in the sample 31.
- the polarized LCS photon pulse beam 22 that can excite the reaction in the sample 31 that generates the focused NRF gamma ray 40 of another focused isotope.
- the type of isotope may be different or the same, but the type of transition of the excited level must be different.
- the NRF gamma ray 39 is emitted only in the direction of the radiation detector 32 and is detected by the radiation detector 32. In this case, no signal is generated in the radiation detector 33.
- the NRF gamma ray 40 is emitted only in the direction of the radiation detector 33 and is detected by the radiation detector 33. In this case, no signal is generated in the radiation detector 32.
- the absolute value of the intensity of the NRF gamma rays 39 and 40 can be obtained by using the photon intensity monitor 34 located at the most downstream part of the beam, and thereby the isotope abundance ratio in the sample can be quantified. .
- Table 1 shows the NRF gamma ray energy (keV) of carbon 12, nitrogen 14, and oxygen 16 used for explosive detection, and the transition type.
- E1 emits NRF gamma rays in a direction perpendicular to the plane of polarization of the photon beam, and E2 and M1 emit in parallel. Means that.
- the excitation levels of the above elements are roughly in the range of 4.4 to 5 MeV and 6.9 to 7.1 MeV
- the LCS photon beam with two wavelengths of 7.25 MeV and 5 MeV (energy spread of about 20%). Are generated on the same axis, and the NRF gamma ray of each isotope is observed, whereby the elemental composition ratio can be measured. Knowing the above elemental composition ratio can identify the type of explosives, and knowing the abundance makes it possible to know the amount.
- the energy of the electron beam by the electron accelerator, the wavelength from the laser source, the laser polarization by the wave plate, and the radiation detector are combined as follows, for example: It is.
- Electron energy 641 MeV ⁇
- Laser polarization Vertical ⁇ 4439 keV (E2) of 12 C (Laser: wavelength 1550 nm, detector: vertical direction) 14 N 4915 keV (E1) (laser: wavelength 1550 nm, detector: horizontal direction) 16 O 6917 keV (E2) (laser: wavelength 1064 nm, detector: vertical direction) 14 N 7029 keV (M1) (laser: wavelength 1064 nm, detector: vertical direction) 16 O 7117 keV (E1) (laser: wavelength 1064 nm, detector: horizontal direction)
- M1 laser: wavelength 1064 nm, detector: vertical direction
- two NRF levels can be identified by combining the energy of the electron beam, the wavelength from the laser source, the laser polarization by the wave plate, and the radiation detector as follows.
- Electron energy 530 MeV ⁇
- Laser polarization Vertical ⁇ 4439keV (E2) of 12 C (Laser: wavelength 1064 nm, detector: vertical direction) 14 N 4915 keV (E1) (laser: wavelength 1064 nm, detector: horizontal direction)
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Abstract
Description
現在、世界で用いられている産業用、軍事用の主な爆発物質の化学式を検討すると爆発物のほとんどが、炭素、酸素、窒素を含むこと、及び炭素、酸素、窒素の割合は爆発物によって異なることが分かる。
・レーザー偏光:縦
・12Cの4439keV(E2)(レーザー:波長1550nm、検出器:垂直方向)
・14Nの4915keV(E1)(レーザー:波長1550nm、検出器:水平方向)
・16Oの6917keV(E2)(レーザー:波長1064nm、検出器:垂直方向)
・14Nの7029keV(M1)(レーザー:波長1064nm、検出器:垂直方向)
・16Oの7117keV(E1)(レーザー:波長1064nm、検出器:水平方向)
これにより、上記5つのNRF準位(3核種)を識別することができる。
・レーザー偏光:縦
・12Cの4439keV(E2)(レーザー:波長1064nm、検出器:垂直方向)
・14Nの4915keV(E1)(レーザー:波長1064nm、検出器:水平方向)
2 サンプル
3 同位体
4 NRFガンマ線
5 散乱X線
6 高エネルギー分解能放射線検出器
7 光子強度モニター
11 電子線加速器
12 電子ビーム
13 レーザー光源
14 波長板
15 ミラー
16 レーザー光
17 レーザー光源
18 波長板
19 ミラー
20 レーザー光
21 パルスLCS光子ビーム
22 パルスLCS光子ビーム
23 コリメータ
31 サンプル
32 放射線検出器
33 放射線検出器
34 光子強度モニター
35 可動プレート
36 駆動部
37 制御演算部
38 モニター
51 LCS光子ビーム
52 LCS光子ビーム
53 NRFガンマ線
54 NRFガンマ線
61 サンプル
64 放射線検出器
65 光子強度モニター
66 放射線検出器
71 遮蔽箱
72 隠匿物
73 検出器
Claims (19)
- サンプルを保持するプレートと、
前記プレートに保持されるサンプルに対して所定の方向に配置された複数の放射線検出器と、
異なるエネルギーを有し偏光面がそれぞれ制御された複数種類の準単色光子ビームを同軸にして前記プレートに保持されたサンプルに照射する光子ビーム照射部と、
前記プレートと前記光子ビーム照射部を相対移動させる駆動部と、
前記駆動部を制御するとともに前記複数の放射線検出器からの検出信号が入力される制御演算部と、
表示部とを有し、
前記放射線検出器は、サンプルに照射される前記準単色光子ビームの偏光面に依存する方向にサンプル中の同位体から放出されるNRFガンマ線を検出できる方向に配置され、
前記制御演算部は、前記放射線検出器の検出信号に基づいてサンプル中の光子ビーム照射領域に存在する注目する原子核同位体を同定し、前記表示部にその空間分布を可視化して表示することを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。 - 請求項1記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記光子ビーム照射部は、所定エネルギーの電子ビームを発生する電子線加速器と、第1の偏光を有する第1の波長のレーザー光を発生する第1のレーザー光源と、第2の偏光を有する第2の波長のレーザー光を発生する第2のレーザー光源と、前記第1の波長のレーザー光と前記第2の波長のレーザー光を同軸光として前記電子ビームに対して第1の角度で衝突させる光学系と、前記電子ビームと前記第1のレーザー光との衝突によって前記電子ビームに対して第2の角度方向に発生した第1の偏光光子ビーム、及び前記電子ビームと前記第2のレーザー光との衝突によって前記第2の角度方向に発生した第2の偏光光子ビームを通過させるコリメータを備えることを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項2記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記制御演算部は、前記第1のレーザー光源及び第2のレーザー光源を制御し、前記第1のレーザー光及び前記第2のレーザー光として、それぞれ時間構造が異なるパルス光を発生させることを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか1項記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記光子ビームは、当該光子ビームの照射により前記サンプル中の単一又は複数の同位体の単一又は複数の原子核準位から別々の方向に複数のNRFガンマ線が放出されるようにエネルギーと偏光面が設定されていることを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記複数の放射線検出器は、サンプルに対して当該サンプルに照射される前記光子ビームの偏光面に平行な方向及び/又は垂直な方向、あるいは任意の角度に配置されていることを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、サンプルに照射される光子ビーム強度を検出する光子強度モニターを有することを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか1項記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記注目する原子核同位体は炭素12、窒素14及び酸素16など爆発物を構成する元素の同位体であるであることを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか1項記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記光子ビーム照射部から照射される光子ビームのエネルギーは中性子放出エネルギー以下であることを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記駆動部は、前記プレートに保持されたサンプルが前記光子ビーム照射部から照射される光子ビームによって走査されるように前記プレートを駆動することを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記準単色光子ビームはLCS光子ビームであり、当該LCS光子ビームを発生するために偏光したレーザー光を用い、その偏光面を検査する物体の構成元素や検査したい同位体の種類に応じて選択することを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記サンプル中の同位体の原子核構造によって決まる遷移形式に従って所望の方向に前記NRFガンマ線が放出されるように前記光子ビームの偏光面やエネルギーを制御することを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記NRFガンマ線の放出方向の異方性を利用して、あらかじめ設定された方向に配置された放射線検出器によって当該NRFガンマ線を検出することを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記サンプル中の同位体の原子核準位から放出されるNRFガンマ線の放出方向を前記サンプルに照射される前記光子ビームの偏光面に依存させて分散させることにより前記放射線検出器一個当たりの計数率を下げたことを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、エネルギーが近接した前記同位体の原子核準位から放出された複数の前記NRFガンマ線を前記サンプルに対して異なる方向に配置された放射線検出器でそれぞれ検出することを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記放射線検出器はシンチレータ検出器であることを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記NRFガンマ線が放出される原子核準位は中性子発生しきい値以下のエネルギーであることを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項1記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記光子ビーム照射部は、所定エネルギーの電子ビームを発生する電子線加速器と、複数のレーザー光源を備え、前記複数のレーザー光源から発生された2種類以上の異なる波長の偏光したレーザー光を同軸光として前記電子ビームに対して第1の角度で衝突させ、前記衝突によって第2の角度方向に発生した複数の偏光LCS光子ビームをコリメータを通して取り出すことを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項17記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記偏光LCS光子のエネルギーの調整を前記レーザー光源のみによって行うことを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
- 請求項17記載の非破壊検査システムにおいて、前記コリメータの位置調整を測定開始前に一度だけ行うことを特徴とする非破壊検査システム。
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US20120002783A1 (en) | 2012-01-05 |
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