WO2010097495A1 - Marcadores genéticos del riesgo de sufrir reestenosis - Google Patents
Marcadores genéticos del riesgo de sufrir reestenosis Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010097495A1 WO2010097495A1 PCT/ES2010/070102 ES2010070102W WO2010097495A1 WO 2010097495 A1 WO2010097495 A1 WO 2010097495A1 ES 2010070102 W ES2010070102 W ES 2010070102W WO 2010097495 A1 WO2010097495 A1 WO 2010097495A1
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Classifications
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- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
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- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/106—Pharmacogenomics, i.e. genetic variability in individual responses to drugs and drug metabolism
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers
Definitions
- the present invention has its application within the health sector, in the field of Ia
- this invention is directed to a method of diagnosing the risk of restenosis after revascularization by stent implantation based on the detection of single base polymorphisms (SNPs).
- SNPs single base polymorphisms
- APCT transluminal percutaneous angioplasty
- restenosis consisting of excessive reocclusion of the intervened vessel.
- the restenosis has a high health and socio-economic impact, since it requires repeating the APCT or subjecting the affected patient to alternative revascularization therapies (for example, aortocoronary bypass).
- alternative revascularization therapies for example, aortocoronary bypass.
- the restenotic lesion In comparison with the native atheromatous lesion, characterized by a slow development (typically over decades), the restenotic lesion usually grows during the first 4-12 months after the APCT
- Restenosis is a multifactorial process involving various cell types, mainly platelets, monocytes / macrophages, endothelial cells (ECs), and smooth muscle cells (CMLs). It is accepted that the growth of the restenotic lesion, also called neointimal lesion, is a process initiated by the mechanical damage caused by the stent implantation (Andrés, "Control of vascular cell proliferation and migration by cyclin-dependent kinase signalling: new perspectives and therapeutic potential ", Cardiovasc Res 2004, 63, 11-21, Costa and Simón," Molecular basis of restenosis and drug-eluting stents ", Circulation 2005, 111, 2257-73).
- the initial acute phase of restenosis involves platelet activation and localized thrombosis, accompanied by the recruitment of monocytes, neutrophils and circulating lymphocytes in the damaged arterial surface.
- These cell types trigger a chronic inflammatory response characterized by the activation of CMLs resident in the middle tunic, which adopt a "synthetic" phenotype characterized by morphological changes, expression of embryonic isoforms of contractile proteins, high capacity to respond to growth stimuli. and chemotactic, and abundant synthesis of extracellular matrix.
- thrombogenic factors for example, the tissue factor, thrombin receptor
- cell adhesion molecules for example, VCAM, ICAM
- LFA-1, Mac-1 signal transducers (for example, PI3K, MEK / ERK), transcription factors (for example, NF- ⁇ B, E2F, AP-1, c-myc, c-myb, YY1, Gax), proteins cell cycle regulators (e.g., pRb, p21, p27, CDK2, CDC2, cyclin B1, PCNA), growth factors (e.g., PDGF-BB, TGF ⁇ , FGF, IGF, EGF, VEGF), inflammatory cytokines (for for example, TNF ⁇ ), chemotaxis factors (for example, CCR2, MCP-1), and metalloproteases (for example, MMP-2, MMP-9).
- signal transducers for example, PI3K, MEK / ERK
- transcription factors for example, NF- ⁇ B, E2F, AP-1, c-myc, c-myb, YY1, Gax
- proteins cell cycle regulators e
- CDK inhibitors CDK inhibitors
- CKIs CDK inhibitors
- INK4 INK4
- ST-DA antiproliferative drug-releasing stents
- sirolimus-releasing stents also called rapamycin or rapamune
- paclitaxel also called taxol
- SNP single nucleotide polymorphism
- SNPs have been identified in various human genes that are associated with the susceptibility to develop restenosis, including the beta2-adrenergic receptor gene, CD14, colony stimulation factor (CSF: colony stimulating factor), eotaxin, caspase- 1, P2RY12 receptor, interleukin-10 that have shown an association with greater or lesser risk of restenosis (Monraats et al. "Inflammation and apoptosis genes and the risk of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention", Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006, 16, 747-754 ; Monraats et al. "Interleukin 10: a new risk marker for the development of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention",
- the authors of the present invention after an important research work, have identified different SNPs in various regulatory genes of the cell cycle with potential diagnosis of the risk of restenosis. Specifically, they have identified the SNPs rs164390, rs350099, rs350104, rs875459, in the CCNB1 gene (cyclin B1 protein); rs228241 1, in the CCNA1 gene (cyclin A1 protein) and rs733590, in the CDKN1A gene (p21 Kip1 / Cip1 protein) as diagnostic markers of the risk of restenosis.
- FIG. 1 Summary table of the 25 polymorphisms analyzed in cyclin genes.
- FIG. 2 Summary table of the 22 polymorphisms analyzed in cell growth suppressor genes.
- FIG. 3 Summary table of the 6 SNPs associated in a statistically significant way with risk of restenosis after stent implantation.
- FIG. 4 Table of the results of the logistic regression analysis using the SNPStat program of the SNPs associated with risk of restenosis after stent implantation.
- FIG. 5 Scheme of the location of SNPs rs350099 (SNP1) and rs350104 (SNP2) and
- FIG. 6 List of probes used in the delayed electrophoretic mobility tests ("Electrophoretic Mobility ShiftAssaf, EMSA).
- FIG. 7 EMSA test resulting from the incubation of the NF-Ycons, SNP1-T and SNP1-C probes radioactively labeled and extracts of the soluble nuclear fraction of human cells derived from cervical cancer (HeLa).
- the "supershift” (super-delay) tests were carried out by incubation with the anti-NF-YB and anti-CREBII antibodies (the latter used as a specificity control).
- FIG. 9 Competition test carried out by means of the EMSA technique resulting from the incubation of extracts of the soluble nuclear fraction of human cells derived from cervical cancer (HeLa) with the NF-Y probe (-30 / - 10) radioactively labeled and an excess of the double stranded oligonucleotides NF-Y (-30 / -10), SNP1-T and SNP1-C not radiolabelled.
- FIG. 10 a) Competition test carried out by means of the EMSA technique resulting from the incubation of extracts from the soluble nuclear fraction of human osteosarcoma epithelial cells ("Human Bone Osteosarcoma Epithelial CeIIs", U2OS) with the AP-1 probe cons radioactively labeled and an excess of the double-chain oligonucleotides AP-1cons, SNP2-C and SNP2-T not radiolabelled, b) Relative intensities of DNA-protein complexes of an average of five EMSAs and statistical analysis by ANOVA of a Bonferroni factor and correction, * p ⁇ 0.05, ** p ⁇ 0.01, band intensity in test with competitor versus band intensity without competitor.
- FIG. 11 Nucleotide sequences adjacent to the 6 SNPs that show statistically significant association with risk of restenosis after stent implantation.
- FIG. 12 Dissociation curves of SNP1. a) Representation of the normal and altered curves by the presence of the polymorphism (depending on the temperature), b) Representation of the difference between normal and altered curves by the presence of the polymorphism (depending on the temperature). The differences in the dissociation curves are the result of the differences between variations in the sequence of the PCR products, the samples being grouped according to each genotype.
- FIG. 13 Dissociation curves of SNP2. a) Representation of the normal and altered curves by the presence of the polymorphism (depending on the temperature), b) Representation of the difference between normal and altered curves by the presence of the polymorphism (depending on the temperature). The differences in the dissociation curves are the result of the differences between variations in the sequence of the PCR products, the samples being grouped according to each genotype.
- FIG. 14 Dissociation curves of SNP3. a) Representation of the normal and altered curves by the presence of the polymorphism (depending on the temperature), b) Representation of the difference between normal and altered curves by the presence of the polymorphism (depending on the temperature). The differences in the dissociation curves are the result of the differences between variations in the sequence of the PCR products, the samples being grouped according to each genotype.
- FIG. 15 Dissociation curves of SNP4. a) Representation of the normal and altered curves by the presence of the polymorphism (depending on the temperature), b) Representation of the difference between normal and altered curves by the presence of the polymorphism (depending on the temperature).
- the differences in the dissociation curves are the result of the differences between variations in the sequence of the PCR products, the samples being grouped according to each genotype.
- FIG. 16 Dissociation curves of SNP5. a) Representation of the normal and altered curves by the presence of the polymorphism (depending on the temperature), b) Representation of the difference between normal and altered curves by the presence of the polymorphism (depending on the temperature). The differences in the dissociation curves are the result of the differences between variations in the sequence of the PCR products, the samples being grouped according to each genotype.
- FIG. 17 Dissociation curves of SNP6. a) Representation of normal and altered curves due to the presence of polymorphism (depending on the temperature), b)
- the object of the invention is a method for determining the risk of an individual suffering from restenosis after implantation of a stent based on the analysis of a sample to determine the genotype in at least one single base polymorphism (SNP) selected from rs350099, rs350104, rs164390 and rs875459, in the CCNB1 gene. and, optionally of rs228241 1 and / or rs733590, in the genes CCNA1 and CDKN1 A. respectively, where the presence of certain alleles in any of these polymorphisms, as indicated below, is indicative of the risk of restenosis.
- SNP single base polymorphism
- kits for carrying out said method comprising a set of probes and reagents suitable for the determination of the genotype of the polymorphisms mentioned.
- the object of the invention is the use of one or more of the aforementioned polymorphisms, rs350099, rs350104, rs164390, rs875459 and, optionally, rs228241 1 and rs733590, as markers of an individual's risk of restenosis after implantation of a stent .
- a method for determining the risk of an individual suffering from restenosis after implantation of a stent comprising: a) obtaining the genomic DNA of a sample of the individual; b) analyze the DNA of the sample to determine the genotype of at least one single base polymorphism (SNP) in the CCNB1 gene. selected from rs350099 (SNP1), rs350104
- SNP2 rs164390
- SNP3 rs875459
- SNP4 rs875459
- step b) comprises analyzing the DNA of the sample to determine the combination of genotypes of the SNP1 and SNP2 polymorphisms.
- the rs350099 Polymorphism (SNP1) (See figure 3), is located in the promoter region, at -957 from the beginning of the transcription of the CCNB1 gene, which codes for the cyclin B1 protein, a positive regulator essential for cell proliferation in various contexts pathophysiological ⁇ Santamar ⁇ a and Ortega, "Cyclins and CDKS in development and cancer: lessons from genetically modified mice", Front Biosci 2006, 11, 1164-88), including the development of the neointimal lesion induced by mechanical vascular damage (Mor ⁇ shita, Gibbons, Kaneda, Ogihara and Dzau, "Pharmacokinetics of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (cyclin B1 and CDC 2 kinase) in the vessel wall in vivo: enhanced therapeutic utility for restenosis by HVJ-liposome delivery", Gene 1994, 149,
- the position -957 corresponds in turn with the base in position 36 of the sequence of 1,172 base pairs (bp) of the CCNB1 gene (access number U22364 in the GenBank database). Its use as a diagnostic marker of risk of restenosis after stent implantation in a human being, is determined by the detection of the T allele in homozygosis (T / T genotype) of this SNP (See Figure 4).
- the NF-Y transcription factor through its binding to two cis-regulatory sequences located in the -150 to +182 region of the human CCNB1 gene promoter, is essential for its transcriptional activation in cells with high proliferative rate (Sciortino, Gurtner, Manni, Fontemaggi, Dey, Sacchi, Ozato and Piaggio, "The cyclin B1 gene is actively transcribed during mitosis in HeLa cells", EMBO Rep 2001, 2, 1018-23, Fari ⁇ a, Manni, Fontemaggi, Tiainen, Cenciarelli, Bellorini , Mantovani, Sacchi and Piaggio,
- Figure 5 shows a scheme of the promoter region of the human CCNB1 gene with the location of the SNPs studied by the EMSA assay (SNP1 and SNP2).
- the NF-Ybs box represents the CCAAT region, the binding site of the NF-Y transcriptional factor, located in the -21 / -17 position of the promoter.
- the beginning of the transcription is designated with the value +1 and is represented by the curved arrow.
- the rs350104 polymorphism (SNP2), (See Figure 3), is located in the promoter region, at -475 from the beginning of the transcription of the CCNB1 gene, which codes for the cyclin B1 protein. Position -475 corresponds in turn to the base at position 519 of the sequence of 1,172 bp of the CCNB1 gene (Accession number U22364 in the GenBank database). Its use as a diagnostic marker of the risk of restenosis after implantation of a sient in a human being, is determined by the detection of the C allele in homozygosis (genotype C / C) of this SNP (See Figure 4). In addition, the authors of the invention have identified in the sequence with the C allele an AP-1 binding site of greater affinity with respect to the sequence with the T allele (See Figure 10).
- AP-1 is a transcription factor widely related to the regulatory processes of activation of large numbers of cell cycle genes, including cyclin (Shaulian and Karin, "AP-1 in cell proliferation and survival", Oncogene 2001, 20, 2390- 400)
- the rs164390 polymorphism (SNP3), (See Figure 3), is located in the +102 position, 5 'untranslated region, of the CCNB1 gene, which codes for the cyclin B1 protein.
- the position +102 corresponds in turn with the base in position 104 of the sequence of 1 1 160 bp of the CCNB1 gene (Accession number NC_000005 in the GenBank database). Its use as a diagnostic marker of the risk of restenosis is determined by the detection of the G allele in homozygosis (genotype G / G) of this SNP (See Figure 4).
- the rs875459 Polymorphism (See Figure 3), is located at +7010 with respect to the beginning of the transcription of the CCNB1 gene, which codes for the cyclin B1 protein.
- the position +7010 corresponds in turn with the base in position 7012 of the sequence of 1 1 160 bp of the CCNB1 gene (Accession number NC_000005 in the GenBank database). Its use as a diagnostic marker of the risk of restenosis after implantation of a stent in a human being is determined by the detection of the G allele in homozygosis (G / G genotype) of this SNP (See Figure 4).
- step b) of the method further comprises determining the genotype of the rs228241 1 (SNP5) polymorphism of the CCNA1 gene, as defined in Figure 3.
- the Polymorphism rs228241 1 (SNP5), (See Figure 3), is located at +7733 with respect to the start of the transcription of the CCNA1 gene, which codes for the Cyclin A1 protein, also a positive regulator of the cell cycle (Santamar ⁇ a and Ortega, " Cyclins and
- Position +7733 corresponds in turn to the base at position 7735 of the 10376 bp sequence of the CCNA1 gene (Number of access NC_000013 of the GenBank database.) Its use as a diagnostic marker of the risk of restenosis after stent implantation in a human being, is determined by the detection of the T allele in homozygosis or heterozygosis (TT or CT genotypes), in a codominance model, or the detection of the G allele in homozygosis in a dominance model (GG genotype), of this SNP (See figure 4).
- step b) of the method further comprises determining the genotype of the rs733590 (SNP6) polymorphism of the CDKN1 A gene, as defined in Figure 3.
- the rs733590 Polymorphism (SNP6), (See Figure 3), is located in the promoter region, at -1284 of the start of the transcription of the CDKN1A gene, which codes for the p2i protein K ⁇ p1 / C ⁇ p1 !
- the base in position 57 of the sequence of 10907 bp of the CDKN1 A gene (Accession number: AF497972 of the GenBank database). Its use as a diagnostic marker of the risk of restenosis after stent implantation in a human being, includes the detection of the T allele in homozygosis (TVT genotype), both in a dominant and codominant model, of this SNP (See Figure 4).
- Figure 1 1 shows the 6 nucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NO 1-6) adjacent to the 6 SNPs (SNP1-SNP6), according to information recorded in the public GenBank database ("National Center of Biotechnology Information”). NCBI). The two polymorphic variants of each SNP are shown in brackets.
- the method can be applied to DNA obtained from different patient samples, such as saliva, blood or leukocytes purified from blood.
- the genotyping of the SNPs object of this invention is used in the development of a diagnostic kit for the risk of restenosis after stent implantation.
- the most appropriate methodologies for the determination of SNPs are mini-sequencing (use of probes prior to polymorphisms and extension with fluorescently labeled ddNTPs to visualize them in an automatic sequencer); The quantitative PCR (amplification of the region where each polymorphism is found and identify them either by different types of probes, or by dissociation curves); The PCR and restriction digestion (use as primers in the PCR reaction modified oligonucleotides to create restriction sites to amplify the region where the polymorphism is and digestion with the restriction enzyme appropriate for viewing with an automatic sequencer, agarose gels, etc.); and the allele-specific amplification and visualization in a sequencer, agarose gels, etc.
- the methodology of dissociation curves has been used by means of the "high resolution melting curves" system, in which the DNA of the region where the polymorphisms of interest are located is amplified and analyzed the dissociation curves in a quantitative thermal cycler. It is a simple, fast and reliable methodology, consisting of amplification with suitable oligonucleotides of the region containing the polymorphisms, the latter being subsequently identified by dissociation curves obtained by subjecting the product obtained to a temperature ramp according to the characteristics of the system used This allows simple and reliable diagnostic tests.
- the kit for carrying out the method of the invention comprising a set of oligonucleotides and reagents suitable for the determination of the genotype of a polymorphism of the CCNB1 gene, selected from SNP1, SNP2, SNP3 , SNP4, and their combinations.
- the pair of oligonucleotides (primers) used for the genotyping of SNP1 has the sequences SEQ ID NO 7 (sense) and SEQ ID NO 8 (antisense) (See table 3).
- the pair of oligonucleotides used for the genotyping of SNP2 has the sequences SEQ ID NO 9 (sense) and SEQ ID NO 10 (antisense) (See table 3).
- the pair of oligonucleotides used for the genotyping of SNP3 has the sequences SEQ ID NO 1 1 (sense) and SEQ ID NO 12 (antisense) (See table 3).
- the oligonucleotide pair used for the genotyping of SNP4 has the sequences SEQ ID NO 13 (sense) and SEQ ID NO 14
- the kit may further include oligonucleotides suitable for genotyping of SNP5, of the CCNA1 gene.
- the oligonucleotides used have the sequences SEQ ID NO 15 (sense) and 16 (antisense) (See table 3).
- the kit may also include oligonucleotides suitable for genotyping of SNP6, of the CDKN1 A gene.
- the oligonucleotides used have the sequences SEQ ID NO 17 (sense) and 18 (antisense) (See table 3) .
- Another main aspect of the invention refers to the use of one or more of the polymorphisms SNP1, SNP2, SNP3, SNP4 and, optionally, SNP5 and SNP6, as defined in Figure 3, as risk markers of a individual suffering from restenosis after stent implantation.
- Plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol (fraction associated with high density lipoproteins), LDL cholesterol (fraction associated with low density lipoproteins) and triglycerides were determined by enzymatic techniques.
- the glomerular filtration rate estimated feGFR was calculated using the formula derived from the MDRD study ("Modified of Diet in Renal Disease"). Chronic renal disease was considered when the eGFR was less than 60 ml / min / 1 .73m 2 .
- Plasma samples were taken from the patients before the percutaneous coronary intervention. All samples were collected in tubes with trisodium citrate as anticoagulant and placed on ice immediately. At the maximum period of one hour after the extraction, blood samples were centrifuged at 4000 rpm (1400g) for 20 minutes and the plasma was collected and stored in aliquots at - 80 0 C until analysis.
- MLD minimum luminal diameter
- LAD anterior descending left artery
- LCx circumflex left artery
- RCA right coronary artery.
- 47 SNPS located in 8 human genes regulating the cell cycle were analyzed, including proliferation activators (cyclin A1, E1, B1, and D1) (See Figure 1) and cell growth suppressors (p21, p27, p57, and p53) (See figure 2).
- Figure 1 shows the 25 SNPs analyzed for the cell cycle activating genes and the protein that encode in brackets: CCNA1 (Cyclin A1), CCNE1 (Cyclin E1), CCNB1 (Cyclin B1) and CCND1 (Cyclin D1).
- the "Polymorphism” column includes the position and the alleles associated with said polymorphisms. The position of the polymorphism is shown with respect to the start of gene transcription, identified as
- the polymorphism that is found before the start of transcription is specified with a negative number and with a positive number when it is located at a later position.
- the "Location” column the situation of the polymorphism with respect to the functional structure of the gene is represented.
- the "promoter region” location specifies that the polymorphism is located in the regulatory region of the gene transcript located before the start of transcription (+1).
- the “Exon” location specifies that the polymorphism is located in the coding region of the gene.
- the "Intron” location specifies that the polymorphism is located in a non-coding intronic region of the gene.
- the UTR 3 'and UTR 5' locations specify that the polymorphism is located in a sequence not translated in the 3 'or 5' region, respectively.
- Figure 2 shows the 22 SNPs analyzed for the cell cycle inhibitor genes and the protein that encode in brackets: CDKN1A (p21 Kip1 / Cip1), CDKN1 B (p27 Kip1 / Cip1), CDKN1 C (p57 Kip1 / Cip1) v TP53 (p53).
- Genotyping of the 47 SNPs was performed on samples of purified DNA from circulating leukocytes of 284 patients undergoing stent implantation, of which 168 were not affected by restenosis and 1,16 suffered from this disease. (Defining as restenosis a reduction in the internal diameter of the lumen of the vessel greater than 50% with respect to the lumen of the segment immediately adjacent to the intervened area, after Angiographic evaluation carried out in the period of 6 to 9 months after the intervention).
- Figure 3 summarizes the 6 SNPs that showed statistically significant association with the risk of restenosis after stent implantation.
- Figure 4 shows the results of the logistic regression analysis using the SNPStat program (SoIe, Wink, VaIIs, Iniesta and Moreno, "SNPStats: a web tool for the analysis of association studies", Bioinformatics 2006, 22, 1928-9 ) of SNPs associated with risk of restenosis after stent implantation and corrected for age and sex.
- the LightCycler 480 Scanning software and the LightCycler 480 High Resolution Melting Master kit were used to detect the polymorphisms and genotyping of the samples.
- the kit mixture contained the LightCycler 480 Resoüght fluorophore, which binds homogeneously to the double strand of DNA and thanks to its chemical characteristics can be used in high concentrations without inhibiting the amplification reaction.
- the formation of the amplified fragments was monitored. Samples with variations in their sequence were distinguished by discrepancies in the fusion curves. Using this technique it was possible to differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous samples and even between wild and mutant homozygotes.
- the melting temperature was indicated around 62 ° C and the size of the amplicons between 100-250 bps.
- the High Resolution the LightCycler® 480 Master kit from Roche Applied Science was used.
- the mixture was 2X and contained FastStart Taq DNA polymerase and LightCycler 480 ResoLight fluorophore in the reaction buffer without MgCl 2 . This mixture is compatible with the DMSO addition to improve the amplification of sequences rich in GC.
- FastStart Taq DNA polymerase is a chemically modified thermostable enzyme that shows no activity at temperatures up to 75 ° C. The enzyme is activated only at high temperatures, where the primers cannot be nonspecifically bound to the sequence.
- Table 4 lists the reagents used in each amplification reaction, the initial and final concentrations and the necessary volumes.
- Table 5 shows the conditions for the amplification reaction after the optimization of different parameters.
- the estimated time of the trial was 75 min for the PCR and 15 min for the denaturation curve (High Resolution Melting).
- the reaction can be done in a conventional thermocycler and then read in a LightCycler 480 system.
- a microliter of a standard sample was added to each well Wild homozygous genotype for each polymorphism and the denaturation step was taken. In this way it was possible to distinguish clearly between the two homozygotes.
- the LightCycler® 480 Gene Scanning Software was used to determine heteroduplex structures in the samples by analyzing the experimental data generated using the LightCycler® 480 High Resolution Melting system.
- the software analyzed the shapes of the individual curves and grouped the samples with a similar fusion curve.
- the fusion curves of SNP1 and SNP2, respectively, are observed in Figures 12 and 13.
- the two fragments of the CCNB1 gene that contained both polymorphisms were amplified in different human genomic DNA samples using the "LightCycler 480 High Resolution Melting Master” kit and analyzed by the "LightCycler 480 Scanning” software.
- This software detects differences in the fusion curves, result of the differences between variations in the sequence of the PCR products and grouping the samples according to each genotype. Both genotypes clearly distinguish each genotype, especially homozygous variants (red and green).
- Figures 14, 15, 16 and 17 show the normalized fusion curves, using the same methodology described in the previous paragraph, for the rest of the polymorphisms studied: the SNP3 (figure 14) and SNP4 (figure 15) polymorphisms of the CCNB1 gene.
- SNP5 polymorphism of the CCNA1 gene (figure 16) and SNP6 of the CDKN1 A gene (figure 17).
- NF-Y and AP-1 binding sites for the nucleotide sequences containing the T and C alleles of the SNP1 and SNP2 polymorphisms respectively.
- the study of the DNA binding activity of the NF-Y and AP-1 transcriptional factors to the corresponding allelic variants was carried out by means of the EMSA technique.
- SNP2 did not predict such a binding site.
- the data obtained in the study confirmed a higher AP-1 DNA binding activity when the C allele of SNP2 in position -475 is present in the sequence with respect to the sequence containing the T allele corresponding to the same polymorphism (See figure 10) .
- EMSA radioactive marking of the probe was performed by incubating 1 pmol of the double-chain oligonucleotides, at 65 ° C for 10 min in a final volume of 10 ⁇ l_ to destabilize the possible secondary structures. It was then cooled rapidly on ice and 1 ⁇ l_ T4-polynucleotide kinase and 1 ⁇ L of [ ⁇ 32 P] -dATP (1 OmCiAnL) was added by incubating the tidal reaction at 37 ° C for 30 min. The reaction was stopped on ice, the probe was purified on a Sephadex G-50 column and brought to a final volume of 100 ⁇ L.
- Figure 6 shows the detailed relationship of the double chain oligonucleotides used as probes for EMSA assays.
- sequence the sequences of the two complementary chains of each probe are shown. The detailed description of the sequence contained in the probe is shown in the column
- the proteins of the soluble nuclear fraction of human cell nuclear extracts (3 ⁇ g) were pre-incubated for 10 min on ice in a final volume of 17 ⁇ L of EMSA Buffer (Tris-HCl pH: 7.8 mM 20, 5% glycerol, 3mM MgCI2, KCI 6OmM, 0.5mM EDTA, 0.1 mM DTT, 50 ⁇ g / mL poly (d (1C)), then 1 ⁇ l of radiolabeled double stranded oligonucleotide probe was added and incubated for 30 min on ice.
- EMSA Buffer Tris-HCl pH: 7.8 mM 20, 5% glycerol, 3mM MgCI2, KCI 6OmM, 0.5mM EDTA, 0.1 mM DTT, 50 ⁇ g / mL poly (d (1C)
- the gels were dried under vacuum at a temperature of 80 ° C for 2 hours and analyzed by autoradiography (See Figures 7- 10) For the competition trials an exc was added that of double chain oligonucleotides not radioactively labeled during the preincubation phase, before the addition of the radioactively labeled probe.
- the test was performed by incubating 10 fmoles of the probes, NF-Ycons, SNP1-T and SNP1-C radiolabeled and extracts of the soluble nuclear fraction of HeLa cells (3 ⁇ g, 12 ⁇ g and 12 ⁇ g of protein, respectively) .
- the samples were run on polyacrylamide gel and the DNA-protein complexes were determined by autoradiography.
- the controls of the binding reaction were incubated in the absence of nuclear extract (Lanes 1, 5 and 9).
- the supershift tests were carried out with the pre-incubation for 30 minutes with the anti-NF-YB and anti-CREB-ll antibodies (the latter used as a specificity control).
- Figure 8 shows how an excess of SNP1-T probe, but not SNP1-C, competes the DNA binding activity associated with the NF-Y sequence of the NF-Ycons probe.
- the competition test was performed using the EMSA technique performed by incubating 10 fmoles of the NF-Ycons probe radiolabelled with 3 ⁇ g of protein extract of the soluble nuclear fraction of HeLa cells and an excess of the probes not radioactively labeled (probe "cold").
- the non-radioactively labeled probes used in competition trials are (the excess is shown in brackets): NF-Ycons (Lane 3: 100x), NF-Ymut (Lane 4: 100x), SNP1 -T (Lane 5 : 100x; Lane 6: 300x; Lane 7: 900x), and SNP1 -T (Lane 8: 100x; Lane 9: 300x; Lane 10: 900x).
- the samples were run on polyacrylamide gel and the DNA-protein complexes were visualized by autoradiography.
- Figure 9 shows how an excess of SNP1-T probe, but not SNP1 -C, competes the DNA binding activity associated with the NF-Y sequence of the -30 / -10 region of the CCNB1 human gene promoter.
- the analysis of the activity of the NF-Y binding sequence of the region -27 / -17 of the CCNB1 promoter is shown
- NF-Y probe (-30 / -10) competed with an excess of the "cold” probes SNP1 -T and SNP1 - C.
- the competition study was carried out using the EMSA technique incubating 10 fmoles of the radioactively labeled NF-Y probe (-30 / -10), 8 ⁇ g of protein extract of the soluble nuclear fraction of HeLa cells and an excess of the "cold" NF-Y (-30 / -10) probes ( Lane 3: 20x; Lane 4: 60x), SNP1-T (Lane 5: 20x; Lane 6: 60x), and SNP1 -C (Lane 7: 20x; Lane 8: 60x). The samples were run on polyacrylamide gel and the DNA-protein complexes were visualized by autoradiography.
- Figure 10 shows how an excess of SNP2-C probe (polymorphic variant with the C allele of SNP2) competes more effectively with the DNA binding activity associated with the AP-1 consensus probe (AP-1 cons), with respect to Ia SNP2-T probe (polymorphic variant with the T allele of SNP2).
- the test was carried out by means of the EMSA technique by incubating soluble nuclear extract of cells derived from human osteosarcoma ("Human Bone Osteosarcoma Epithelial CeIIs", U2OS) and the AP-1 probe cons radioactively labeled.
- the competition experiments were performed by incubating an excess of 25 times the AP-1 probe (Lane 3), 25 to 200 times the SNP2-C probe (Lanes 4-7) and 25 to 200 times the SNP2-T probe (Lanes 8 -1 1), not radioactively marked.
- the figure shows a representative EMSA of a total of five.
- the relative band intensity of the DNA-protein complexes in each EMSA analyzed independently was quantified by means of a computerized image analysis ⁇ "Metamorph software") and the values are represented in the graph as mean ⁇ SEM.
- the statistical analysis of the results was performed using a one-way ANOVA and a Bonferroni multiple comparison test. Comparisons with respect to the control (without competitor) are represented as: * p ⁇ 0.05, ** p ⁇ 0.01.
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