WO2010091583A1 - 具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池的混合电池 - Google Patents

具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池的混合电池 Download PDF

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WO2010091583A1
WO2010091583A1 PCT/CN2009/075481 CN2009075481W WO2010091583A1 WO 2010091583 A1 WO2010091583 A1 WO 2010091583A1 CN 2009075481 W CN2009075481 W CN 2009075481W WO 2010091583 A1 WO2010091583 A1 WO 2010091583A1
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Prior art keywords
battery
lead
iron phosphate
lithium iron
batteries
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PCT/CN2009/075481
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
衣守忠
胡金丰
夏鹏
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深圳市雄韬电源科技有限公司
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Publication of WO2010091583A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010091583A1/zh

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/06Lead-acid accumulators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/441Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a secondary battery, and more particularly to a complementary advantage of a lead-acid battery and a lithium iron phosphate battery, without any electronic circuit controlling the branch of the hybrid battery, and the hybrid battery itself can automatically adjust the current.
  • Lead-acid batteries have the advantages of stable voltage, safety, reliability, low price, wide application range, abundant raw materials and high recycling efficiency. They are the largest and most widely used type of batteries in the world. The pool is mainly used for backup power, telecommunications, banking and other backup power, solar and wind energy storage, automobiles, motorcycles and electric vehicles. However, lead-acid batteries have also exposed many defects during their application:
  • FIG. 1 shows the ratio of the battery capacity to the ratio of the discharge battery capacity at different rate discharges. It can be seen that as the discharge rate increases (discharge current increases), the capacity that the battery can discharge drops sharply. When the appliance used is operated at a higher power, the actual operating time of the battery is significantly shortened, resulting in a failure to reach the nominal capacity.
  • Lithium iron phosphate batteries are representative of them, and have the following remarkable features:
  • [16] Has a higher weight ratio energy, about 120WH/KG.
  • Table 3 shows the weight of the lithium iron phosphate battery unit for two different uses.
  • Lithium iron phosphate battery can be used under any state of charge, it will not affect the battery life due to the use of unsaturated charge cycle, and it is often used in the environment where the utility power and charging state are unstable.
  • lithium iron phosphate batteries also have their limitations, mainly because of the higher price, which is about 3 to 5 times that of lead-acid batteries, which limits the promotion and application of lithium iron phosphate batteries to some extent.
  • Chinese Patent Application No. CN101227096A discloses a secondary battery having a high current path, which connects a columnar battery and a pouch battery in parallel by a control component, and fills a gap in the middle of the columnar battery with a pouch battery to fully utilize the space inside the battery case.
  • This hybrid battery is only complementary in shape by parallel, which does not result in complementary performance of the parallel battery, such as the parallel output can meet the requirements of high power output and high capacity.
  • the charging/discharging of the two sets of batteries is independent of each other.
  • a protection circuit for detecting the state of charge/discharge of the battery is added to the two sets of batteries to respectively obtain the current and voltage states of the two parallel batteries.
  • U.S. Patent No. 7,463,009 discloses a system in which two secondary batteries having different performances are used in parallel to make full use of the characteristics of the two batteries.
  • the first parallel branch secondary battery includes a charging/discharging switch, a battery overcharge/overdischarge protection;
  • the second parallel branch secondary battery includes a charging/discharging switch, a battery overcharge/overdischarge protection, and is used for the first
  • the parallel branch secondary battery system maintains a voltage balanced charging equalization management module. It can realize two sets of parallel secondary battery systems for charging/discharging at the same time, but each performs charging/discharging management functions.
  • European patent EP 1892812 A2 proposes fuel cells, lithium ion batteries or batteries of different shapes and chemistry Lithium polymer battery and other parallel battery units, each branch has a current and voltage sensor, the current and voltage values are transmitted to the controller, and the controller gives a signal to turn off to prevent the batteries of the two branches from passing through. Charge / over discharge. The hybrid battery is charged in a constant current.
  • U.S. Patent No. 7,395,554 proposes to connect a high-power lithium-ion battery in parallel with a high-capacity lithium-ion battery.
  • Each branch has a series of components for controlling charging/discharging in series, and when a battery reaches a charge/discharge termination condition in a branch ⁇ , the branch stops charging/discharging.
  • U.S. Patent Application No. US00 593 983 A discloses the use of a capacity type lead-acid battery and a foil lead-acid battery in parallel in a personal portable power source, and a foil lead-acid battery can be charged for a power type battery, requiring a large current or an instantaneous peak discharge.
  • the power battery provides energy, and the voltage of this tantalum lead-acid battery is lower than that of the capacity lead-acid battery.
  • the foil-type lead-acid battery voltage is lower than that of the capacity-type lead-acid battery, and the tantalum-type lead-acid battery charges the foil-type lead-acid battery.
  • US Patent Application US00593983A relates to reasonable performance supplementation based on the characteristics of a capacity type lead-acid battery and a power type lead-acid battery, but the disadvantage of this parallel method is that the two parallel battery voltages are the same, at high power discharge ⁇ The power battery voltage drops faster, and the capacity battery lags behind the capacity of the power battery. Only after the power battery is discharged, the voltage is lower than the capacity battery and charged.
  • the present invention is directed to solving the above problems, and provides a hybrid battery of a lead-acid battery and a lithium iron phosphate battery having a self-regulating function, so as to realize a mixed battery without any mechanical or electronic control circuit
  • the automatic adjustment of the current level makes the voltages of the branches consistent, and charges and discharges the parallel lead-acid battery and the lithium iron phosphate battery under the same voltage, and simultaneously utilizes the advantages of the lithium iron phosphate battery to fully realize the lead acid.
  • the use of the battery protects, reduces costs, and extends the life of both batteries.
  • the present invention provides a hybrid battery of a lead-acid battery and a lithium iron phosphate battery having a self-regulating function, the hybrid battery comprising at least one group of lead-acid batteries and at least one group of lithium iron phosphate batteries,
  • the lead-acid battery and the lithium iron phosphate battery are connected in parallel, and the open circuit voltages of the two batteries connected in parallel are substantially the same, and the mixed battery in parallel can automatically adjust the discharge currents of the two battery branches, so that the voltages of the two branch batteries are always the same.
  • the lithium iron phosphate battery circuit preferentially provides high-power discharge; the parallel mixed battery can automatically adjust the charging current of the two battery branches, so that the voltages of the two branch batteries are always the same, and the lead-acid battery is preferentially charged.
  • the open circuit voltage of the lead-acid battery and the lithium iron phosphate battery is substantially the same by adjusting the electrolyte density of the lead-acid battery.
  • the hybrid battery automatically adjusts the discharge current of the two battery branches.
  • the output energy of the lithium iron phosphate battery is mainly used, and the output energy of the lead-acid battery is supplemented, and the same from the two branches.
  • the road outputs energy externally, and the output voltages of the two branches are consistent.
  • the output energy of the lithium iron phosphate battery is mainly in the early stage, and the output energy of the lead-acid battery is supplemented, and the discharge voltage is lowered later. Gradually enter the lead-acid battery output energy, supplemented by the output energy of lithium iron phosphate battery.
  • the hybrid battery automatically adjusts the charging current of the two battery branches. After the initial charging, the lead-acid battery is mainly charged. As the lead-acid battery voltage increases, it gradually turns into a lithium iron phosphate battery. Charging mainly
  • the charging current of the hybrid battery is limited to less than 0.3 times the capacity of the hybrid battery.
  • the charging cut-off mode is determined based on the final current. When the final charging current is 0.05 to 0.2 times the mixed battery capacity, the charging is stopped.
  • V (0.85 + d) volts, where V is the open circuit voltage of the lead-acid battery, 0.85 is the empirical coefficient, d is the acid concentration of the lead-acid battery, and d is in the range of 1.30 ⁇ 1.33g/mL, The corresponding voltage V is 2.15 ⁇ 2.18 volts [38]
  • the capacity ratio of the lead-acid battery and the lithium iron phosphate battery in parallel can be selected from 0: 100 to 100: 0.
  • the contribution of the present invention is that it effectively solves the problem of monitoring the voltage and current of a battery through a complicated control circuit in the prior art.
  • the invention fully utilizes the respective characteristics of the lead-acid battery and the lithium iron phosphate battery, so that the discharge current of each branch is automatically adjusted by the hybrid battery itself without any additional electronic circuit, so that the voltage of the two branch batteries is always The same, and the lithium iron phosphate battery circuit preferentially provides high power discharge capability, avoiding the damage caused by the high current discharge of the lead acid battery, and prolonging its life.
  • the invention can also automatically adjust the charging current of each branch, so that the voltages of the two branch batteries are always the same, and the lead-acid battery which is easy to damage is always in the state of full charge cycle, which prolongs its life.
  • the invention makes the advantages of the two batteries complementary, realizes the full utilization of the advantages of one of the battery cells, and avoids the defects of the other branch battery.
  • the invention also has the characteristics of simple structure, easy implementation, low cost and the like.
  • Figure 1 is the lead-acid battery with different magnification (C X A) discharge capacity and magnification (dA) discharge capacity: ratio.
  • Figure 2 is a graph showing the cycle life of lithium iron phosphate battery under normal temperature conditions.
  • Figure 3 is a comparison of the capacity of the lithium iron phosphate battery with different magnification (C X A) discharge capacity and capacity (dA) discharge.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a parallel connection of a lead acid battery and a lithium iron phosphate battery of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the voltage change of the battery with the same capacity of the lead-acid battery and the hybrid battery discharged at the same power.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the variation of the branch current of the lead-acid battery and the lithium iron phosphate battery of the present invention with the turn-to-turn.
  • a hybrid battery 100 of a lead-acid battery and a lithium iron phosphate battery having a self-regulating function is formed by a group of lead-acid batteries 10 and a group of lithium iron phosphate batteries 20 in parallel, each group of lead
  • the acid storage battery 10 and the lithium iron phosphate battery 20 can be connected by a plurality of single cells, respectively.
  • Provided on the hybrid battery 100 is similar The output interface and charging interface of the common hybrid battery (not shown).
  • the gist of the present invention is that in the parallel configuration of the lead-acid battery 10 and the lithium iron phosphate battery 20, first, the open circuit voltages of the two types of batteries connected in parallel are substantially the same. Since the lithium iron phosphate battery is a kind of lithium ion secondary battery, the electrolyte concentration has little influence on the open circuit voltage, and it is not meaningful to adjust the electrolyte concentration.
  • the open circuit voltage of the lithium iron phosphate battery is about 3.34 volts. However, the electrolyte density of the lead-acid battery has a significant influence on the open circuit voltage.
  • the voltage of the lead-acid battery can be changed by adjusting the electrolyte density of the lead-acid battery to match the open circuit voltage of the lithium iron phosphate battery 20. More specifically, the open circuit voltage of the lead acid battery cell can be calculated and adjusted according to the following formula:
  • V (0.85 + d) volts
  • V the open circuit voltage of the lead-acid battery
  • 0.85 is the empirical coefficient
  • d is the acid concentration of the lead-acid battery
  • d is in the range of 1.30 ⁇ 1.33g/mL
  • the corresponding voltage V is 2.15 ⁇ 2.18 volts
  • the lead-acid battery 10 when the lead-acid battery 10 is connected in parallel with the lithium iron phosphate battery 20, the initial voltages of the two branches are different, so that a current is generated in the parallel circuit, and the current is electrically connected to each branch of the parallel branch.
  • Resistance related Usually, the internal resistance of the lithium iron phosphate battery is on the order of ⁇ , and the internal resistance of the lead-acid battery is on the order of 0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ . According to the example in Table 4, the internal resistance and initial instantaneous current of the parallel circuit are shown in Table 5.
  • the initial instantaneous current of the two branch batteries after parallel connection can be adjusted, so that an appropriate initial can be selected. Instantaneous current, protection of the parallel circuit is not damaged by the large initial transient current.
  • the lithium iron phosphate battery charges the lead acid battery. When the lead acid battery voltage rises and the lithium iron phosphate battery voltage drops to the same value, it stops. This daytime lasts less than one second, and in fact does not cause the lead-acid battery to be overcharged.
  • Another point of the present invention is that a relatively low-cost capacity lead-acid battery 10 and a relatively expensive power type lithium iron phosphate battery 20 are connected in parallel to form a hybrid battery, and the hybrid battery in parallel can automatically adjust two types.
  • the discharge current of the battery branch makes the voltage of the two branch batteries always the same, and the lithium iron phosphate battery circuit preferentially provides high power discharge.
  • the discharge platform voltage of the lithium iron phosphate battery 20 is higher than that of the lead-acid battery, it can provide more power than the lead-acid battery under the same discharge current condition. Therefore, a parallel battery consisting of a lead-acid battery and a lithium iron phosphate battery can provide more energy than a lead-acid battery of the same capacity, and the excess energy is related to the proportion of lithium iron phosphate in the hybrid battery. The higher the proportion of lithium iron phosphate battery capacity in the battery, the higher the energy that the hybrid battery can provide. Therefore, the hybrid battery 100 of the present invention can select a lead acid battery and a lithium iron phosphate battery with different capacity ratios in parallel.
  • the mixing ratio of the lead acid battery and the lithium iron phosphate battery can be 0: 100 to 100: 0. A larger range is selected, and the preferred mixing ratio is 30: 70 to 70: 30.
  • the lead-acid battery capacity: lithium iron phosphate battery capacity 5: 5 ⁇
  • the current distribution of the two parallel branch discharge ports of the hybrid battery is as shown in Fig. 6. Shown.
  • the discharge platform voltage of lithium iron phosphate battery is higher than that of lead-acid batteries, and its high current discharge capacity is also higher than that of lead-acid batteries. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 6, the hybrid battery of the present invention is mainly discharged by the lithium iron phosphate battery 20 in the discharge stage, that is, the lithium iron phosphate battery circuit preferentially provides high power discharge. In the later stage of discharge, the lead-acid battery 10 is mainly discharged. The current distribution during discharge is automatically adjusted and does not require any electronic circuitry for control.
  • the lithium iron phosphate battery branch B provides more current than the lead-acid battery branch A, thus avoiding the lead-acid battery for large current discharge and protecting the lead-acid battery. Extends its life.
  • the currents of the two branches of the lead-acid battery branch and the lithium iron phosphate battery branch are automatically adjusted according to the energy provided by the respective branches, and the voltages of the two branches are always the same.
  • the voltage of the external output is also the same.
  • the gist of the present invention is also that the parallel battery can automatically adjust the charging current of the two battery branches so that the voltages of the two branch batteries are always the same, and the lead acid battery is preferentially charged.
  • the lead-acid battery 10 and the lithium iron phosphate battery 20 have substantially the same charging voltage, and can be charged using the same charging voltage.
  • the hybrid battery is charged at a constant voltage, but the charging current is limited.
  • the charging voltage can use the charging voltage in Table 6, and the charging current is limited to 0.3 times the capacity of the hybrid battery.
  • the charging cut-off mode can be determined according to the final current. When the final charging current is 0.05 ⁇ 0.2 times of the mixed battery capacity, Terminate charging. If the lead-acid battery is recycled with unsaturated charge, In the formation of sulphation, the battery capacity and life decay will be accelerated, so in the use of ⁇ should try to ensure that the lead-acid battery is fully charged after each discharge.
  • the lithium iron phosphate battery is not sensitive to the state of charge, and recycling with unsaturated charge does not affect its life. Therefore, the hybrid battery of the present invention always gives priority to ensure that the lead-acid battery is fully charged, thereby protecting the lead-acid battery and significantly prolonging the service life of the lead-acid bypass battery.

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Abstract

一种具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池的混合电池,该混合电池包括至少一组铅酸蓄电池和至少一组磷酸铁锂电池,所述铅酸蓄电池和磷酸铁锂电池并联连接,所并联的两种电池的开路电压大致相同,并联后的混合电池可自动调节两种电池支路的放电电流,使两个支路电池电压始终相同,且磷酸铁锂电池回路优先提供高功率放电;并联后的混合电池可自动调节两种电池支路的充电电流,使两个支路电池电压始终相同,且优先对铅酸电池充电。本发明在不附加任何机械或电子控制电路的情况下,通过混合电池自身对电流大小的自动调节,实现了在同一电压下对并联的铅酸电池和磷酸铁锂电池进行充放电,以及对铅酸电池的使用保护,并降低成本,延长两种电池的使用寿命。

Description

说明书
Title of Invention:具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池的 混合电池
具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池的混合电池
[1] 【技术领域】
[2] 本发明涉及二次电池, 特别是涉及一种使铅酸蓄电池和磷酸铁锂电池的优势互 补, 无须任何电子电路对混合电池支路进行控制, 且混合电池自身可以自动调 节电流大小, 使各支路电压一致的具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电 池的混合电池。
[3] 【背景技术】
[4] 众所周知, 铅酸电池和磷酸铁锂电池是属于不同化学体系的二次电池, 且各有 其独自的特点。 铅酸电池和磷酸铁锂电池的简单比较见表 1 :
[5] 表 1
[6]
Figure imgf000003_0001
[7] 铅酸蓄电池具有电压平稳、 安全可靠、 价格低廉、 适用范围广、 原材料丰富和 回收再生利用率高等优点, 是世界上各类电池中产量最大、 用途最广的一种电 池, 其主要用于电信、 银行等后备电源、 太阳能和风能储能、 汽车、 摩托车以 及电动车辆。 但是, 铅酸电池在应用过程中也暴露出了很多缺陷:
[8] 1、 重量比能量太低, 仅为 30WH/KG。 表 2示出了两种不同用途的铅酸电池装 置的重量。
[9] 表 2
[10]
Figure imgf000004_0001
[11] 2、 循环寿命短, 作为电动车辆用电池, 使用约一年吋间就需要进行更换。
[12] 3、 欠充电使用吋容易造成极板硫酸盐化, 使电池寿命严重缩短。 如电动车辆 、 风能和太阳能用铅酸电池, 因经常不能及吋对电池进行满荷电充电, 使得电 池处于部分荷电状态下循环使用, 从而引起极板硫酸盐化, 导致容量衰减及寿 命缩短。
[13] 4、 不适合大电流放电。 图 1显示不同倍率放电吋, 电池容量相当于 倍率放 电电池容量的比值。 可以看出, 随着放电倍率增加 (放电电流增加) , 电池所 能放出的容量急剧下降。 当所用电器以较高功率工作吋, 电池实际工作吋间明 显缩短, 导致达不到标称的容量。
[14] 上述缺陷严重制约了铅酸电池在电动车辆、 风能及太阳能储能、 汽车及摩托车 启动等方面的应用。
[15] 为解决上述问题, 人们相继幵发了新的二次电池, 并应用于所述领域, 磷酸铁 锂电池即为其中的代表, 其具有以下显著特点:
[16] 1、 具有较高的重量比能量, 约 120WH/KG。 表 3示出了两种不同用途的磷酸铁 锂电池装置的重量。
[17] 表 3 电池系统 48V12Ah电动自行车电池 330V100Ah电动汽车电池 重量 (Kg) 6.5 370 [18] 2、 循环寿命长, 可达 1500次以上, 实际使用寿命可达 5年。 图 2示出了常温条 件下磷酸铁锂电池循环寿命曲线。
[19] 3、 磷酸铁锂电池可在任意荷电状态下使用, 不会因不饱和荷电循环使用而影 响电池寿命, 且常适合用于市电和充电状态不稳定的环境下使用。
[20] 4、 大电流放电性能优异, 不同倍率下放电电池容量差异很小, 可以 10 八〜20 dA电流持续放电, 这是铅酸电池所无法实现的。 磷酸铁锂电池在不同倍率 (Cx A) 放电吋容量与 倍率 (dA) 放电的容量对比如图 3所示。
[21] 然而, 磷酸铁锂电池也有其局限性, 主要是价格较高, 其价格约为铅酸电池的 3〜5倍, 这在一定程度上限制了磷酸铁锂电池的推广应用。
[22] 为了充分利用两种能量体系的优点, 人们寻求将不同能量体系进行并联使用。
如中国专利申请 CN101227096A公开了具有高电流通路的二次电池, 其通过控制 元器件将柱状电池和袋状电池并联起来, 用袋状电池填充柱状电池中间的空隙 , 以达到充分利用电池盒内空间的目的。 这种混合电池仅仅是通过并联实现形 状互补, 其并未导致并联电池性能的互补, 如并联后能同吋满足输出高功率和 高容量的要求。 此外, 其两组电池的充电 /放电是互相独立的。 在两组电池上分 别附加了用于侦测电池充电 /放电状态的保护线路, 以分别适吋获得并联的两路 电池的电流、 电压状态。 当任何一个支路的电流、 电压到了设定的控制值吋, 保护线路给出信号, 开关动作, 导通或者关闭其中一路的开关。 中国专利申请 C N101174712A是对 CN101227096A的补充, 其提出了准确计算混合电池剩余容量 的方法: 感应当前放电电池的放电电压、 计算至少两个放电电压电平下的满充 电容量, 并将当前放电电池的满充电容量和当前非放电电池的满充电容量加在 一起来计算混合电池的总满充电容量。
[23] 美国专利 US7463009公开了将性能不同的两种二次电池并联使用, 以充分利用 两种电池特性的系统。 其第一并联支路二次电池包括充电 /放电开关、 电池过充 / 过放保护; 第二并联支路二次电池包括充电 /放电开关、 电池过充 /过放保护、 用 于与第一并联支路二次电池系统保持电压均衡的充电均衡管理模块。 其可实现 两套并联的二次电池系统同吋进行充电 /放电, 但各自进行充电 /放电管理的功能
。 欧洲专利 EP1892812A2提出用不同形状、 化学特性的燃料电池、 锂离子电池或 锂聚合物电池等组成并联的混合电池, 每个支路都有电流和电压传感器, 将电 流电压数值传输给控制器, 由控制器给出信号进行关断, 以防止两个支路的电 池过充 /过放。 该混合电池的充电方式是釆用恒流进行。 美国专利 US7399554提 出将高功率型锂离子电池和高容量型锂离子电池并联, 每个支路里都串联有用 于控制充电 /放电的元件, 当某一支路中电池达到充电 /放电终止条件吋, 该支路 即停止充电 /放电。 美国专利申请 US00593983A公开了在个人便携电源中由容量 型铅酸电池和箔片铅酸型电池并联使用, 且箔片铅酸电池可以为功率型电池进 行充电, 在需要大电流或瞬间峰值放电吋, 功率型电池提供能量, 且此吋箔片 铅酸电池电压下降较容量型铅酸电池快。 当用电器大功率启动完成后, 箔片型 铅酸电池电压低于容量型铅酸电池, 此吋容量型铅酸电池为箔片型铅酸电池充 电。
[24] 然而, 上述几种不同类型的二次电池的并联使用均是通过复杂的控制电路实现 的, 其存在如下问题:
[25] 1、 在它们的两个支路中都有用于监控电池电压和电流的元件, 当支路电池达 到过充 /过放条件吋, 这些检测元件给出信号, 开关元件工作, 这一支路停止充 电 /放电。
[26] 2、 它们的两个支路均有精确的电流、 电压和电量监控, 实际上是通过对各个 支路的单独控制实现输出和接受电能, 其两个并联的支路对对方并不能造成任 何影响。
[27] 3、 以上文献中并未涉及如何选择合适的、 不同类型的二次电池, 来根据各自 的特性组成较为合理、 不用电池管理元件进行充电 /放电管理的混合电池。 它们 属于较为机械、 生硬的电池并联组合。
[28] 美国专利申请 US00593983A虽然涉及了根据容量型铅酸电池和功率型铅酸电池 特点进行合理性能补充, 但这种并联方式的缺陷在于, 两种并联的电池电压一 样, 在高功率放电吋, 功率型电池电压下降较快, 而容量型电池此吋对功率型 电池的容量补充滞后, 只能在功率型电池放电完成后, 电压低于容量型电池吋 , 对其充电。
[29] 【发明内容】 [30] 本发明旨在解决上述问题, 而提供一种具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁 锂电池的混合电池, 以实现在不附加任何机械或电子控制电路的情况下, 通过 混合电池自身对电流大小的自动调节, 使得各支路电压一致, 并在同一电压下 对并联的铅酸电池和磷酸铁锂电池进行充放电, 同吋利用磷酸铁锂电池的优点 , 充分实现对铅酸电池的使用保护, 降低成本, 延长两种电池的使用寿命的目 的。
[31] 为实现上述目的, 本发明提供一种具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电 池的混合电池, 该混合电池包括至少一组铅酸蓄电池和至少一组磷酸铁锂电池 , 所述铅酸蓄电池和磷酸铁锂电池并联连接, 所并联的两种电池的开路电压大 致相同, 并联后的混合电池可自动调节两种电池支路的放电电流, 使两个支路 电池电压始终相同, 且磷酸铁锂电池回路优先提供高功率放电; 并联后的混合 电池可自动调节两种电池支路的充电电流, 使两个支路电池电压始终相同, 且 优先对铅酸电池充电。
[32] 通过调整铅酸电池电解液密度使所述铅酸蓄电池和磷酸铁锂电池的开路电压大 致相同。
[33] 该混合电池对两种电池支路的放电电流的自动调节是当高功率放电吋, 以磷酸 铁锂电池输出能量为主, 铅酸电池输出能量为辅, 并同吋从两个支路对外输出 能量, 且两个支路输出电压一致; 在以较小功率放电吋, 前期以磷酸铁锂电池 输出能量为主, 铅酸电池输出能量为辅, 后期则随着放电电压的降低, 逐渐进 入以铅酸电池输出能量为主、 磷酸铁锂电池输出能量为辅。
[34] 该混合电池对两种电池支路的充电电流的自动调节是在初始充电吋, 以铅酸电 池充电为主, 随着铅酸电池电压的升高, 逐渐转为以为磷酸铁锂电池充电为主
[35] 该混合电池的充电电流限制在混合电池容量的 0.3倍以下, 充电截至方式根据末 期电流确定, 当末期充电电流处于混合电池容量的 0.05〜0.2倍吋停止充电。
[36] 铅酸电池单体的开路电压符合如下公式:
[37] V = (0.85 + d) 伏, 其中, V为铅酸电池的开路电压, 0.85为经验系数, d为铅 酸电池的酸浓度, d的取值范围为 1.30〜1.33g/mL, 对应的电压 V为 2.15〜2.18伏 [38] 所并联的铅酸电池和磷酸铁锂电池的容量比可在 0: 100〜100: 0的范围内选择
[39] 本发明的贡献在于, 它有效解决了现有技术中通过复杂的控制电路监控电池的 电压和电流的问题。 本发明充分利用铅酸电池和磷酸铁锂电池各自的特点, 使 得在不需要任何附加电子电路的情况下, 通过该混合电池的自身自动调节各支 路放电电流, 使两个支路电池电压始终相同, 且磷酸铁锂电池回路优先提供高 功率放电能力, 避免了铅酸电池大电流放电对其的损伤, 延长了其寿命。 本发 明还可自动调节各支路充电电流, 使两个支路电池电压始终相同, 并优先保证 了易于损伤的铅酸电池始终处于满荷电循环状态, 延长了其寿命。 本发明使得 两种电池的优势互补, 实现了对其中一支路电池的优点的充分利用, 同吋避免 了另一支路电池的缺陷。 本发明还具有结构简单, 易于实施, 成本低等特点。
[40] 【附图说明】
[41] 图 1是铅酸电池不同倍率 (CXA) 放电吋容量与 倍率 (dA) 放电的容: 比图。
[42] 图 2是常温条件下磷酸铁锂电池循环寿命曲线图。
[43] 图 3是磷酸铁锂电池不同倍率 (CXA) 放电吋容量与 倍率 (dA) 放电的容 量对比图。
[44] 图 4是本发明的铅酸电池与磷酸铁锂电池并联示意图。
[45] 图 5是容量相同的铅酸电池与混合电池以相同功率放电吋电池电压变化示意图
[46] 图 6是铅酸电池容量: 磷酸铁锂电池容量 = 5: 5, 混合电池放电, 两个并联支 路的电流分配情况示意图。
[47] 图 7是本发明的铅酸电池与磷酸铁锂电池的支路电流随吋间变化示意图。
[48] 【具体实施方式】
[49] 参阅图 4, 本发明的具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池的混合电池 1 00由一组铅酸蓄电池 10和一组磷酸铁锂电池 20并联而成, 每组铅酸蓄电池 10和 磷酸铁锂电池 20可分别由多个单体电池连接而成。 在混合电池 100上设有类似于 普通混合电池的输出接口和充电接口 (图中未示出) 。
[50] 本发明的要点在于, 铅酸蓄电池 10与磷酸铁锂电池 20的并联结构中, 首先要使 所并联的两种电池的开路电压大致相同。 由于磷酸铁锂电池是锂离子二次电池 的一种, 其电解液浓度对开路电压的影响较小, 调整电解液浓度意义不大。 磷 酸铁锂电池单体开路电压在 3.34伏左右。 而铅酸电池电解液密度对开路电压影响 显著, 因此可通过调整铅酸电池电解液密度来改变铅酸电池的电压, 使其与磷 酸铁锂电池 20的开路电压相一致。 更具体地, 铅酸电池单体的开路电压可根据 如下公式来计算调整:
[51] V = (0.85 + d) 伏, 其中, V为铅酸电池的开路电压, 0.85为经验系数, d为铅 酸电池的酸浓度, d的取值范围为 1.30〜1.33g/mL, 对应的电压 V为 2.15〜2.18伏
[52] 由上式可见, 改变其中的铅酸电池的酸浓度 d即可改变铅酸电池的开路电压¥。
[53] 具有不同单体数的铅酸电池与磷酸铁锂电池组合后的开路电压值的实施例如表 4。
[54] 表 4
Figure imgf000009_0001
实际上, 当铅酸蓄电池 10与磷酸铁锂电池 20并联吋, 两个支路的初始电压是不 同的, 因而在并联回路内会产生一个电流, 该电流与并联支路的各个支路的电 阻有关。 通常情况下, 磷酸铁锂单体电池内阻在 ΙΟηιΩ数量级, 铅酸电池内阻在 0〜10ηιΩ数量级。 按表 4的实例, 并联后回路的内阻和初始瞬间电流如表 5。
[56] 表 5
Figure imgf000010_0001
[57] 由表 4、 表 5可见, 通过调整铅酸电池 10的酸浓度来调节铅酸电池的开路电压, 可调整两个支路电池并联后初始的瞬间电流大小, 以便能选择合适的初始瞬间 电流, 保护并联的电路不至于被较大的初始瞬间电流损伤。 在两个支路电池并 联后, 相当于磷酸铁锂电池对铅酸电池进行充电, 当铅酸电池电压上升、 磷酸 铁锂电池电压下降到同一值吋, 既停止。 这个吋间持续不到 1秒种吋间, 事实上 不会造成铅酸电池过充电。
[58] 本发明的另一要点在于, 将价格较为低廉的容量型的铅酸电池 10与价格较为昂 贵的功率型磷酸铁锂电池 20并联成混合电池, 并联后的混合电池可自动调节两 种电池支路的放电电流, 使两个支路电池电压始终相同, 且磷酸铁锂电池回路 优先提供高功率放电。
[59] 参见图 5, 由于磷酸铁锂电池 20的放电平台电压较铅酸电池高, 在同样的放电 电流条件下, 其能提供的功率比铅酸电池 10多。 因此, 并联后的铅酸电池与磷 酸铁锂电池组成的混合电池较同样容量的铅酸电池能提供更多的能量, 而所多 出的能量与混合电池中磷酸铁锂所占比例有关, 混合电池中磷酸铁锂电池容量 所占比例越高, 则混合电池所能提供的能量也就越高。 为此, 本发明的混合电 池 100可以选择容量比不同的铅酸电池和磷酸铁锂电池进行并联, 具体地说, 铅 酸电池与磷酸铁锂电池的混合比例可在 0: 100〜100: 0较大范围内选择, 优选 的混合比例为 30: 70〜70: 30。 在一个优选实施例中, 当铅酸电池容量: 磷酸 铁锂电池容量 = 5 : 5吋, 混合电池的两个并联支路放电吋的电流分配情况如图 6 所示。
[60] 因磷酸铁锂电池放电平台电压较铅酸电池高, 且其大电流放电能力也较铅酸电 池高。 因此, 如图 6所示, 本发明的混合电池在放电吋, 在放电前期以磷酸铁锂 电池 20放电为主, 即磷酸铁锂电池回路优先提供高功率放电。 在放电后期则以 铅酸电池 10放电为主。 放电过程中的电流分配是自动调节的, 不需要任何电子 电路进行控制。 特别是以较大功率放电吋, 在放电前期, 磷酸铁锂电池支路 B提 供的电流较铅酸电池支路 A更多, 因而避免了铅酸电池进行大电流放电, 保护了 铅酸电池, 延长了其寿命。 该混合电池在整个放电过程中, 铅酸电池支路和磷 酸铁锂电池支路两个支路的电流是根据各自支路所提供能量的能力自动调节的 , 两个支路的电压始终是相同的, 对外输出的电压也是相同的。
[61] 本发明的要点还在于, 并联后的混合电池可自动调节两种电池支路的充电电流 , 使两个支路电池电压始终相同, 且优先对铅酸电池充电。
[62] 具有不同单体数的铅酸电池与磷酸铁锂电池组合后的充电电压实施例如表 6。
[63] 表 6
Figure imgf000011_0001
由表 6可见, 铅酸电池 10和磷酸铁锂电池 20充电电压基本一样, 可以使用相同 的充电电压进行充电。 该混合电池以恒压充电, 但限制充电电流的方式进行。 其充电电压可以釆用表 6中的充电电压, 充电电流则限制在混合电池容量的 0.3倍 以下, 充电截至方式可根据末期电流确定, 当末期充电电流处于混合电池容量 的 0.05〜0.2倍吋可以终止充电。 如铅酸电池以不饱和荷电进行循环使用吋, 易 于形成硫酸盐化, 电池容量和寿命衰减会加快, 因此在使用吋应尽量保证铅酸 电池每次放完电后再充足电。 而磷酸铁锂电池对于荷电状态不敏感, 以不饱和 荷电进行循环使用并不会影响其寿命。 所以本发明的混合电池在使用中, 始终 优先保证铅酸电池充足电, 因而保护了铅酸电池, 并将明显延长铅酸支路电池 的使用寿命。
[65] 如图 7所示, 充电吋, 因为铅酸电池 10的内阻较小, 且充电平台电压较磷酸铁 锂电池 20低, 开始充电吋, 充电电流主要集中在铅酸电池支路 A。 随着铅酸电池 电压的提高, 铅酸电池电压逐渐靠近磷酸铁锂电池充电电压平台, 这个过程中 磷酸铁锂电池支路 B充电电流逐渐增加, 铅酸电池支路充电电流逐渐减小。 整个 过程是根据两个支路电池充电接受能力自动调节充电电流, 始终使两个支路的 充电电压和电池电压保持一致。
[66] 尽管通过以上实施例对本发明进行了揭示, 但本发明的范围并不局限于此, 在 本发明权利要求范围内做出的修改、 变换及变形均应落入本发明的保护范围内

Claims

权利要求书
[Claim 1] 一种具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池的混合电池, 其特征在于, 该混合电池包括至少一组铅酸蓄电池 (10) 和至少 一组磷酸铁锂电池 (20) , 所述铅酸蓄电池 (10) 和磷酸铁锂电 池 (20) 并联连接, 所并联的两种电池的开路电压大致相同, 并 联后的混合电池可自动调节两种电池支路的放电电流, 使两个支 路电池电压始终相同, 且磷酸铁锂电池回路优先提供高功率放电 ; 并联后的混合电池可自动调节两种电池支路的充电电流, 使两 个支路电池电压始终相同, 且优先对铅酸电池充电。
[Claim 2] 如权利要求 1所述的具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池 的混合电池, 其特征在于, 通过调整铅酸电池电解液密度使所述 铅酸蓄电池 (10) 和磷酸铁锂电池 (20) 的开路电压大致相同。
[Claim 3] 如权利要求 1所述的具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池 的混合电池, 其特征在于, 该混合电池对两种电池支路的放电电 流的自动调节是当高功率放电吋, 以磷酸铁锂电池输出能量为主 , 铅酸电池输出能量为辅, 并同吋从两个支路对外输出能量, 且 两个支路输出电压一致; 在以较小功率放电吋, 前期以磷酸铁锂 电池输出能量为主, 铅酸电池输出能量为辅, 后期则随着放电电 压的降低, 逐渐进入以铅酸电池输出能量为主、 磷酸铁锂电池输 出能量为辅。
[Claim 4] 如权利要求 1所述的具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池 的混合电池, 其特征在于, 该混合电池对两种电池支路的充电电 流的自动调节是在初始充电吋, 以铅酸电池充电为主, 随着铅酸 电池电压的升高, 逐渐转为以为磷酸铁锂电池充电为主。
[Claim 5] 如权利要求 4所述的具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池 的混合电池, 其特征在于, 该混合电池的充电电流限制在混合电 池容量的 0.3倍以下, 充电截至方式根据末期电流确定, 当末期充 电电流处于混合电池容量的 0.05〜0.2倍吋停止充电。
[Claim 6] 如权利要求 2所述的具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池 的混合电池, 其特征在于, 所述铅酸电池单体的开路电压符合如 下公式:
V = (0.85 + d) 伏, 其中, V为铅酸电池的开路电压, 0.85为经验 系数, d为铅酸电池的酸浓度, d的取值范围为 1.30〜1.33g/mL, 对 应的电压 V为 2.15〜2.18伏。
[Claim 7] 如权利要求 1所述的具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池 的混合电池, 其特征在于, 所并联的铅酸电池和磷酸铁锂电池的 容量比可在 0: 100〜100: 0的范围内选择。
PCT/CN2009/075481 2009-02-13 2009-12-11 具有自调节功能的铅酸蓄电池与磷酸铁锂电池的混合电池 WO2010091583A1 (zh)

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