WO2010072947A1 - Nouveaux biotraceurs et leurs utilisations pour le contrôle des installations de filtration - Google Patents
Nouveaux biotraceurs et leurs utilisations pour le contrôle des installations de filtration Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010072947A1 WO2010072947A1 PCT/FR2009/052571 FR2009052571W WO2010072947A1 WO 2010072947 A1 WO2010072947 A1 WO 2010072947A1 FR 2009052571 W FR2009052571 W FR 2009052571W WO 2010072947 A1 WO2010072947 A1 WO 2010072947A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
- B01D61/145—Ultrafiltration
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
- B01D61/147—Microfiltration
Definitions
- Membrane filtration processes are used in many fields to concentrate or purify liquids. In some applications
- the reduction (or retention) of a filtration system is defined by the rate of selected compounds.
- the cutoff thresholds (that is to say 90% retention of the target compound) of the membranes are currently evaluated by means of very small tracers of polymer and protein type such as PEG (polyethylene glycol) and dextrans. These tracers have properties different from those of viruses, whether in terms of size, shape or density. They are therefore not suitable for mimicking the behavior of viruses during filtration and therefore can not satisfactorily characterize the retention dynamics of the membrane systems during filtration. It is therefore necessary to provide a tracer that is easily detectable and quantifiable online and that can best mimic the filtering behavior of viruses.
- Bacteriophages are non-pathogenic bacteria viruses for humans and their environment. They are commonly used as reference microorganisms for quantifying the virus retention of membrane systems (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2005; US 5,645,984 A, and US 5,731,164 A). Indeed, they are very similar to pathogenic viruses carried by water in terms of size, shape and surface properties. However, the existing methods for quantifying bacteriophages (counting lyses plaques, quantitative PCR, flow cytometry ...) are not fast enough and representative of the volumes filtered for the targeted applications.
- modified bacteriophages were also considered as tracers (Gitis et al., Water Research, 36 (2002), 4227-4234 and WO2007 / 046095).
- One of the proposed modifications resides in the grafting of fluorochromes on the surface of MS2 bacteriophages so as to be able to directly detect said fluorimetrically modified bacteriophages. This relevant approach, however, remains limited by low analyzable volumes (at most 1 ml_, the fluorimetric cell can not be fed continuously because of the highly clogging nature of any biological suspensions).
- T4 bacteriophages The grafting of enzymes (with a molecular weight more than 200 times greater than that of fluorochromes) on the surface of T4 bacteriophages has also been envisaged.
- the limitations lie mainly in the size of the T4 phage (measuring approximately 150 nm long and 78 nm wide) thus making the use of the tracer obsolete for the ultrafiltration or nanofiltration membranes as well as in the method.
- associated detection by ECL chemiluminescence
- low volumes are analyzed (of the order of 20 microliters).
- the present invention relates to a new method for the amperometric detection of biotracers consisting of a bacteriophage marked on its surface by one or more enzymatic probe (s) grafted (s) via one or more molecule (s) activated biotin precursor (s) to one or more protein (s) of the capsid of said bacteriophage.
- the detection method in a sample to be analyzed of biotracers according to the invention preferably comprises:
- the electrolyte comprises a buffer for fixing the pH of the solution.
- the detection method according to the invention is such that the low detection threshold in biotracers is generally greater than or equal to 10 2 , more preferably greater than or equal to 10 4 pfu / ml. There is no limitation of high detection in concentration in biotracers and if necessary, a dilution of the sample can be carried out before analysis.
- any type having proteins on their surface may be suitable.
- the phage used will preferably be chosen from phages that can easily be amplified in bacterial strains. Preferably, the selected phages have replication cycles in non-pathogenic bacteria. These phage can be selected from all known phage families.
- the type of phage (size) will in particular be chosen according to the type of filtration to be characterized (in particular vis-à-vis the cutoff threshold of the membrane). For filtration of the microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and / or nanofiltration (NF) type, the phage used is very preferably the MS2 phage. But phages of higher molecular weight and size may also be suitable for the microfiltration process.
- MS2 phage in particular are spherical viruses with an average diameter of 30 nm, covered with a protein shell called capsid and are suitable for the invention.
- Bacteriophages can be obtained from approved organisms such as the ATCC or the Institut Pasteur.
- bacteriophage MS2 corresponds to strain ATCC15 597-B1.
- phrases so marked are also called biotracers.
- phages and bacteriophages are interchangeable and refer to viruses that infect bacteria
- a biotin molecule is attached to one or more phage capsid proteins.
- the biotin used is modified so as to have a reactive terminal function.
- the biotin thus modified is here called activated biotin.
- Biotin is an extremely small molecule and hydrophilic, which allows it to easily spread to its sites hooked to react. She is widely used in biochemical tests for its ability to form covalent bonds with proteins and because of its small size. A spacer may also be introduced before the reactive terminal function of the activated biotin.
- the biotin molecules used are activated to react with preferred sites of the phage protein capsid used.
- biotin molecules activated to react with the primary amino groups -NH 2, in particular present in the lysine amino acids, have been chosen for phage MS2 so as to establish an amide-type covalent bond.
- the phage capsid may be composed of proteins containing at least one lysine. This is particularly the case for MS2 phage whose capsid is composed of 180 identical proteins each having a lysine site accessible for this type of grafting (Lin et al., J. Mol Biol., 1967, 25 (3), 455- 463).
- Activated biotin molecules can be obtained from commercial companies such as Perbio Science, such as for illustrative purposes, the EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin biotins.
- the enzymatic probes are attached to activated biotin by a very strong interaction (characterized by a high association constant), comparable to a covalent bond over a wide pH range and temperatures.
- any complex composed of: a support protein capable of interacting with activated biotin, and
- the choice of the enzymatic probe generally depends on: the final size of the desired biotracer with respect to the membrane to be characterized,
- Said enzymatic probe support proteins may for example be chosen from neutravidin, avidin or streptavidin.
- HRP horse radish peroxidase oxido-reductase
- the neutravidine-HRP complex marketed by Perbio Science for example, is particularly preferred.
- biotracers according to the invention are such that:
- phage-grafted enzyme probes are between 20 and 150, preferably between 40 and 60 depending on the synthesis conditions, and or
- the average catalytic activity of the biotracers k ca t is between 2.10 4 and 4.10 4 min -1 .
- an oxidation reaction of the electron donor (R) occurs in the presence of the oxidant and the biotraceur according to the invention, in the corresponding oxidized donor (O), said oxidation reaction being catalyzed by said biotracer. More specifically, the oxidation reaction is irreversibly catalyzed by the enzymatic enzyme enzyme of the biotracer.
- the oxidized donor (O) thus formed diffuses to the working electrode.
- a bias voltage "Vpoia ⁇ sation”, lower than the equilibrium potential of the oxidized donor (O) / electron donor (R), is applied between the working electrode and the reference electrode, so that the oxidized donor (O), which has arrived in the vicinity of the working electrode, is reduced to an electron donor compound (R), thereby generating a reduction current I (called current cathode).
- the reduction current I measured over time, is directly proportional to the oxidized donor concentration (O) formed in solution, therefore to the total amount of enzymatic probes grafted and therefore to the total amount of grafted enzymes. Said detection method can therefore be qualitative or quantitative.
- electron donors (R) there may be mentioned iodide or 3,3 ', 5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (commonly called TMB).
- TMB 3,3 ', 5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine
- HRP hydrogen peroxide
- the HRP enzyme irreversibly catalyzes the oxidation reaction of (R), in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, so as to form the corresponding oxidized donor (O) and water, according to the reaction: Donor of electrons (R) + H 2 O 2 -> Oxidized electron donor (O) + H 2 O
- the ratio of the oxidant concentration to the electron donor concentration (R) may vary from 1 to 10. This choice contributes in particular to limiting the spontaneous reaction of oxidation of the electron donor (R) in the presence of the oxidant.
- the electrolytes may be selected from any commonly used electrolyte, such as NaCl, KCl.
- concentration of the electrolyte is generally less than 1 M, preferably less than 0.3 M.
- the pH of the solution to be analyzed is chosen in such a way that the activity of the grafted enzyme is the most favored and that the spontaneous oxidation of the electron donor (R) is the most disadvantaged. In the case where the enzyme is HRP and the electron donor is TMB, the pH can be set between 5 and 7.
- the buffers suitable for the invention may be chosen from any buffer usually used, such as citrate phosphate, phosphate, etc.
- the working electrode is advantageously a rotary disc working electrode (EDT) which can be constituted in particular of platinum, of vitreous carbon or gold. It will be noted that the dimensioning of the active surface of the working electrode depends on the amount of oxidized donor (O) present in solution and therefore on the volume of the solution to be analyzed: the larger the volume of solution and the larger the active surface can be chosen great.
- the counter-electrode is advantageously a platinum electrode.
- the surface of the working electrode has a small surface area relative to the surface of the counter electrode.
- the surface of the platinum counter-electrode may be 5 to 10 times larger than that of the working electrode.
- the reference electrode may be chosen from reference electrodes commonly used in electrochemistry (such as Ag / AgCl).
- the polarization voltage is generally such that the spontaneous oxidation of the electron donor (R) is the most disadvantaged and that the reduction of the oxidized donor (O) to the working electrode is the most favored.
- Any potentiostat-galvanostat assembly operating in potentiostat or galvanostat mode can be used; however, the galvanostat mode for measuring the current is preferred.
- the time of the analysis is generally between 1 and 30 minutes.
- the present invention also relates to the filtration system control method.
- Said method comprises:
- biotraceur consisting of a labeled bacteriophage comprising on its surface one or more enzymatic probe (s) grafted via one or more molecule (s) of biotin activated beforehand fixed (s) to one or more protein (s) of the capsid of said bacteriophage in the diet of said system,
- the step of detecting biotracers in the permeate (or retentate) is carried out in a sample of said permeate.
- the detection of current in the sample to be analyzed (for example a sample of the permeate) makes it possible to identify the presence of the biotracers mimicking the viruses in the exit waters.
- said control method makes it possible to determine the abatement of said filtration system.
- the Ab decimal logarithm of the ratio of Ca biotracer feed concentration to the concentration of biotracers in Cp permeate is defined by abatement Ab:
- said method further comprises:
- the step of detecting biotracers in the permeate and / or retentate of said system and then comparing the current in the permeate (or retentate) with the current obtained in the feed.
- the diet and the permeate (or retentate) are sampled but the analysis could be carried out online using a conventional flow amperometric cell.
- the present invention also relates to the use of conventional amperometric cells for the detection of enzymatic activities.
- Biotracers consisting of a labeled MS2 bacteriophage, such as:
- said bacteriophage has proteins on the surface of its capsid
- an activated biotin molecule is grafted to one or more of said proteins
- One or more enzymatic probe (s) is (are) fixed on said biotin.
- the present invention thus relates to a biotraceur consisting of a labeled bacteriophage, such that said bacteriophage is a phage MS2 which comprises on its surface one or more enzymatic probe (s) grafted (s) by the intermediate of one or more molecule (s) of activated biotin previously fixed (s) to one or more protein (s) of the capsid of said bacteriophage.
- the biotraceur according to the invention may comprise the embodiments described above with reference to the method according to the invention.
- the present invention also relates to the process for preparing said biotracers.
- said method comprises the following steps:
- the method according to the invention further comprises the step of quantifying the average number of probe (s) grafted (s) by bacteriophage.
- the method according to the invention then makes it possible to characterize said biotracers.
- the said Activated biotin molecules are attached to the lysines of the bacteriophage surface proteins.
- one operates in excess of biotin so that an activated biotin molecule is attached to each accessible lysine of the proteins on the surface of the bacteriophage to be labeled.
- the method may also comprise the subsequent purification step, preferably by steric exclusion liquid chromatography (also known as HPLC-SEC), in order to separate, collect and assay the free enzymatic probes.
- the mass of grafted probes can then be deduced by difference between the known mass of enzymatic probes injected into the chromatography column and the mass of free enzyme probes collected at the column outlet. Knowledge of the mass of enzymatic probes grafted can thus make it possible to evaluate the average number of phage-grafted enzyme probes.
- Such quantification can not be conducted in particular if the purification is performed by dialysis because the probes are too diluted in the dialysis water to be assayed.
- a purification step can be carried out after the attachment of the phage activated biotin, the phages then being separated from the non-grafted activated biotin molecules. This purification step is advantageously carried out by HPLC-SEC.
- the method may, in a preferred embodiment, include a preliminary step of producing the phages to be labeled.
- This production step comprises the steps of:
- Phages are amplified in the presence of host bacteria, for example according to the solid protocol recommended by the ATCC. It should be noted that this amplification can be carried out in a liquid or solid medium. The time and the Amplification conditions will depend on the type of phage used and can easily be determined by those skilled in the art.
- Phages thus amplified are then resuspended in a liquid medium, for example in physiological saline or preferably in neutral phosphate buffer (commonly called PBS) to be purified.
- a liquid medium for example in physiological saline or preferably in neutral phosphate buffer (commonly called PBS) to be purified.
- PBS neutral phosphate buffer
- the purification step may comprise lysis of the bacteria, for example with chloroform and one or more centrifugation steps followed by filtrations. Phages thus purified can be stored in a liquid medium, preferably in PBS.
- the method may also comprise the enumeration of the phages thus amplified and purified, for example by HPLC-SEC or by phage enumeration techniques in an aqueous medium (in particular according to the ISO 10705-1 standard).
- the present invention also relates to a kit comprising:
- a solution comprising at least one biotraceur consisting of a labeled bacteriophage comprising on its surface one or more enzymatic probe (s) grafted via one or more activated biotin molecule (s) previously fixed (s) to one or more protein (s) of the capsid of said bacteriophage; and
- an amperometric cell comprising a working electrode, a counter-electrode and a reference electrode,
- the electron donors, the oxidants, the electrolytes, the buffers, the working electrode, the counter-electrode and the reference electrode may be chosen from those preferred for the method for detecting biotracers according to the invention.
- the solution may contain a concentration of biotracers of up to 12 pfu / mL.
- the electrolyte comprises a buffer.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents a biotracer according to the invention, where
- (1) represents the folding capsid protein, (2) the activated biotin molecule, (4) the enzymatic probe support protein (for example the neutravidin molecule) covalently linked to one or two molecules enzyme
- Figure 2 shows the size distribution of a phage pool obtained according to Example 1 (after amplification and extraction with chloroform).
- Figure 3 shows chromatograms at 254 nm of amplified and chloroform-extracted native phage suspensions at CO, CO / 4 and CO / 10 concentrations, where (1) represents the peak of native phages and (2) the protein domain.
- Figure 4 shows the chromatograms obtained at 254 nm of biotin alone (curve 1), native phage (curve 2), phage labeled with biotin (curve 3).
- FIG. 5 shows the 210 nm chromatograms of the enzymatic probe alone (curve 1), a purified suspension of biotin-labeled phages (curve 2), a mixture of biotracers and probes in excess (curve 3) , a mixture of biotracers and phages labeled with biotin in the case where the probes are in default (curve 4).
- FIG. 6 shows the schematic description of a detection method, where, for illustrative purposes, MS2 phage is used and the permeate is analyzed. Alternatively, the retentate or diet could also be analyzed, and another phage could be used.
- FIG. 7a represents an example of amperometric curves of the same tracer feed (4 increasing sampled volumes);
- FIG. 7b represents the calibration line associated with the example (giving the measured slopes as a function of the tracer concentrations in the measuring cell, expressed in counting unit of native phages).
- FIG. 8 shows the 210 nm chromatogram of a mixture of tracers and probes in excess (curve 3 of FIG. 5), the peaks of tracers and probes in excess of T1 and S1, respectively, and the volumes collected from each peak.
- Figure 9 illustrates the detailed methodology applied to access the probe mass grafted on phages.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of amperometric responses obtained by analyzing the feed and the permeates collected at the end of filtration for a microfiltration membrane (MF) and an ultrafiltration membrane (UF).
- MF microfiltration membrane
- UF ultrafiltration membrane
- FIG. 11 shows an example of characterization of the dynamic retention obtained with a damaged module of hollow ultrafiltration fibers used in the production of drinking water.
- This module consisting of 15 fibers was deliberately compromised by the laser embodiment of a circular defect of 25 microns on one of the 15 fibers.
- a tracer step was in particular applied to about one-third of the total filtration time (which was conducted in frontal to constant transmembrane pressure) and the permeate was collected during filtration for analysis. The tracer concentrations measured in the permeate collected during filtration are given as a function of the filtration time.
- Bacteriophage MS2 (ATCC, strain 597-B1),
- the first step of producing the tracers is to obtain concentrated, purified and enumerated phage suspensions.
- the obtaining of concentrated phages can be carried out according to known methods such as the ATCC protocol. Purification of amplified phage suspensions is necessary to remove any bacterial debris and / or release phages still contained in host bacteria. Indeed, bacterial debris also have lysine sites, which can react with the activated biotin molecules.
- the first step is a chloroform extraction step to lyse the remaining bacteria without altering the bacteriophages (Adams, Bacteriophages, Intersciences Publishers, 1959).
- Size exclusion liquid chromatography may also be used to quantify the phage concentration in the suspensions obtained (FIG. 3).
- the analyzes are carried out with a column having a resolution range in molecular weights of between 5 and 5000 kDa (and assuming a maximum load of 40 000 kDa). Indeed, the molecular mass of the native MS2 phage is 3600 kDa (Kuzmanovic et al., Structure 2003 Nov, 11 (11): 1339-48.),
- the eluent is neutral PBS buffer. Detections are made by UV spectrophotometry. The absorbance measured in this case in UV 254 nm is given as a function of the volume eluted. The smaller the volume eluted, the more the compound corresponding to this volume has a high molecular weight.
- the elution peak (1) centered on approximately 11.3 mL corresponds to the native phages.
- the peaks (2) correspond to the proteins most likely resulting from the lysis of the bacteria or the solid culture medium entrained during the suspension of the amplified phages. As the areas of the peaks (1) are directly proportional to the concentrations of the compounds in the sample, the HPLC-SEC technique can therefore also be used to quantify phage suspensions.
- the phage suspension could also be purified from the proteins by collecting the fraction eluted between 9.5 and 14 mL. However, the purification is not completed so as not to dilute the phage suspensions.
- the precise determination of the purified phage concentration makes it possible to determine the concentration of tracers.
- An enumeration of the purified phage suspensions can be performed before the grafting step.
- the protocol followed is that of ISO 10 705-1.
- the second step in obtaining the biotraceur thus consists in labeling the phage suspensions obtained previously (ie the suspensions obtained after phage amplification, chloroform extraction, centrifugation and 0.2 ⁇ m filtration) by the biotin molecules and then eliminating them. non-grafted biotin molecules by HPLC-SEC.
- Activated biotin introduced in a very large excess, is directly dissolved in a few ml of the phage suspension to promote contact between reagents.
- the reaction is conducted in a glass container at room temperature, at neutral pH (that is to say that of phage storage) and protected from light. The mixture is stirred for one and a quarter hours and then stored as it is overnight at 4 ° C.
- the mixture after grafting reaction is purified by HPLC-SEC.
- the eluent is always neutral PBS.
- the chromatograms are shown in Figure 4.
- curve 1 chromatogram of biotin alone showing a characteristic peak of the molecule at around 20 ml
- curve 2 chromatogram of the suspension of phage before grafting, showing the peak characteristic of phages at about 1 1 3 mL and the residual proteins of the suspension starting at 20 mL,
- curve 3 chromatogram of the suspension after grafting showing a peak at about 1 1, 3 mL corresponding to the grafted phages (in fact, the biotin molecules have a molecular mass too low for the variation of molecular masses (2.8 %) between the native phages and the grafted phage is visible on the chromatograms) and a saturation peak above 20 mL corresponding to the excess of biotin.
- the fraction corresponding to the phages labeled by the biotin molecules is collected between 9.5 and 14 mL in a glass tube and stored at 4 ° C for labeling by the enzyme probes. At this stage, it is not possible to say whether the labeling by the biotin molecules has been effective. Only a characterization of the mixture after reaction with the enzymatic probes makes it possible to conclude on the effectiveness of this grafting.
- the third step then consists of fixing the enzymatic probes on the biotinylated phages obtained previously and then removing the unfixed enzymatic probes.
- the enzymatic probes are reconstituted in ultra pure water and then introduced in large excess into the fraction of phage labeled with biotin.
- the reaction is conducted at room temperature, at neutral pH, protected from light and with stirring (120 rpm) for 30 minutes.
- the post-reaction mixture is purified by HPLC-SEC.
- the molecular mass of the biotracers is estimated at more than 5000 kDa (taking into account the molecular masses of the enzymatic probes) but at less than 40 000 kDa (maximum charge of the chromatography column), which allows their recovery in the total exclusion peak.
- the eluent is always neutral PBS.
- the chromatograms (FIG. 5) obtained at 210 nm, wavelength for which the best response sensitivity of the enzymatic probes is obtained show:
- the enzymatic probe (curve 1) characterized by a peak centered on an approximate volume of 15 ml; the suspension of biotinylated phage (curve 2) purified by HPLC-SEC characterized, as above, by a peak at approximately 1 1, 3 ml,
- the collection of biotracers is carried out between 7.5 mL and 10 mL of elution volume (curve 3).
- the activity of the collected batches is characterized qualitatively by spectrophotometry by testing the chosen enzymatic activity with the adapted substrate. For example, the activity HRP (oxidoreductase) was evaluated by reaction between pyrogallol and hydrogen peroxide leading to a colored product in the presence of enzymatic activity. These positive qualitative tests quickly confirm the presence and the activity of the enzymes and attest to the good manufacturing of the biotracers.
- Biotracers are also quantitatively characterized to determine the amount of grafted probes and to measure the catalytic activity of biotracers.
- the purification of biotracers by HPLC-SEC makes it possible to collect the fraction corresponding to the excess of probes. This fraction is then determined spectrophotometrically according to a technique well known to those skilled in the art.
- the mass of grafted probes is then deduced by difference between the known mass of probes injected into the chromatography column and the quantity of excess probes collected. Knowledge of the mass of enzymatic probes grafted thus makes it possible to evaluate an average number of phage-grafted probes.
- the tracers are in particular obtained by labeling a suspension of biotinylated phages purified by excess enzyme probes at a concentration C 1 of 71.46 ⁇ 1.79 ⁇ g ml -1 (according to the protocol described above), thus leading to a mixture of tracers and probes.
- phage-grafted probes is therefore performed by spectrophotometrically assaying the mass of free probes in excess and subtracting it from the mass of probes injected into the column (initially 71.46 ⁇ 2.00 ⁇ g).
- Figure 9 illustrates the detailed methodology used to access the probe-fixed mass mT1 to tai.
- curves 1 and 3 are those of Figure 5, relating respectively to the enzyme probe alone and to a mixture of tracers and probes in excess.
- V ⁇ nj ⁇ is the volume of the mixture of tracers and probes in excess injected into the column
- the concentration [S1] CO of excess free probes is determined in the fraction of free probes S1 excess collected (between 13.50 and 18.00 ml_) after purification, by a spectrophotometric determination with pyrogallol according to a technique well known to those skilled in the art.
- the rS1 parameter makes it possible, by using the proportionality property of the HPLC-SEC peak areas with the masses, to access the total mass m S 1 total of free probes in excess.
- mS1 total mS1 collected / I " S1 (6)
- Table 1 Known or measured parameters prior to the determination of the mass mT1 to tai for this example.
- Table 2 shows the total mass of grafted probes as well as the intermediate masses that allowed them to be calculated, for three batches of tracers made from the same batch of native phages, under the same conditions of synthesis (according to FIG. previously described protocol).
- Table 2 Total masses mT1 to tai grafted probes for three batches of tracers made from the same batch of native phages, under the same conditions of synthesis.
- the molecular mass M pro be of enzymatic probes used for tracer synthesis is 140 kDa.
- N 1.67 10 14 probe molecules (1 14.3%).
- the average amount of tracers in the tracer and excess free probe mixtures to be purified is quantifiable from the average concentration of the biotinylated phage used for the labeling of the probes (ie 2.75 1 0.27 12 pfu mL -1 deduced from the measurement of the corresponding HPLC-SEC peak areas) and the injection volume Vm j ection (in view of the fact that the dilution introduced for the labeling of the probes is negligible).
- a similar study made from a lower native phage suspension showed better labeling efficiency.
- Granulometric characterization of the biotracers can be carried out.
- the biotracers synthesized from MS2 phages, labeled with biotin and with the neutravidin-HRP complex show an average diameter of 64.5 nm, which makes them perfectly relevant for ultrafiltration system characterization. or microfiltration.
- This marking technique can therefore be generalized to any protein capsid whose structures are compatible for labeling.
- [O] (t) [enzyme] totai-k ca t -t [equation 1] with: - [O] (t): oxidized donor concentration formed in solution at time t (in mol L -1 ),
- [enzyme] total total concentration of grafted enzymes present in solution (in mol L -1 ),
- kcat molar activity of the grafted enzyme (in mol mol -1, min -1 , min -1 ), 1: reaction time catalyzed by the grafted enzymes (min).
- the k cat constant more explicitly reflects the number of oxidized donor molecules formed in solution per molecule of enzyme present in solution and per unit of time.
- the enzyme functions at saturation.
- [S]> 1 Ox Km (Km Michaelis-Menten constant in mol L -1 of the chosen enzyme)
- concentration [S] fixed is always chosen to fulfill this condition regardless of the range of enzyme concentrations used.
- This law reflects the decrease of the current with the increase of the amount of oxidized donor formed over time.
- the transfer of the oxidized donor to the working electrode is controlled by the diffusion if the hydrodynamics within the solution is fixed by the working electrode: in this case a rotating disc electrode and the rotational speed of the electrode ⁇ (tr.min -1 ) is chosen such that, at any moment, the amount of oxidized donor O consumed at the electrode is less than 1% of the total amount of oxidized donor O present in solution.
- TMB 3,3 ', 5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine also called TMB (SIGMA Aldrich, ref 87750), Hydrogen Peroxide (ROTH, Hydrogen Peroxide 30% Stabilized, Cat No. 8070),
- the selected potentiostat is a MicroAutolab (Metrohm), having a resolution of 30 fA and measuring the nA repeatedly.
- the amperometric cell is a thermally adjustable Karl Fisher glass cell (Methrom) with a flat lid to allow easier cleaning and positioning of the electrodes, with a maximum volume of 130 mL. Two cannulas for bubbling with dinitrogen can also be positioned on the lid.
- the working electrode chosen is a Metrohm rotating disk electrode (EDT) of active surface a platinum disc of diameter 5 or 3 mm, adapted to the working volume of the cell. The working electrode has mercury contact between the rotating rod and the electrode body, thereby providing noise-minimizing signal transmission.
- EDT Metrohm rotating disk electrode
- the servo system of the EDT makes it possible to impose a rotational speed of between 100 and 10000 rpm.
- the counter-electrode is an active surface platen gate chosen 6.5 times larger than that of the working electrode.
- the reference electrode chosen is a Ag / AgCl double junction electrode. It will be noted that the cell volume, material and work electrode surface, surface and geometry parameters of the counter-electrode may vary depending on the optimization of the detection system and the different desired applications.
- the selected enzyme admits many possible electron donors.
- the electron donor used for this example is the TMB.
- the enzyme is HRP
- the oxidant is hydrogen peroxide.
- the ratio of the hydrogen peroxide concentration to the TMB concentration is set to 5.
- the maximum total volume of solution to be analyzed is set at 78 mL with this system.
- the reagent concentrations: ie TMB and hydrogen peroxide are chosen so that the enzyme operates at saturation.
- the amount of TMB is less than that of hydrogen peroxide to limit the spontaneous reaction.
- a platinum 5 mm disc is chosen as the active surface of the working electrode.
- the speed of rotation of the EDT is set at 1,130 rpm.
- an analysis of the blank (that is to say TMB and hydrogen peroxide alone) is carried out to quantify the part of the spontaneous reaction on the product stream and thus on the originally measured slopes. .
- the oxidation mechanism of TMB is a two-step mechanism
- the measurement protocol comprises:
- the TMBoxi is preferentially dosed.
- the bias voltage is set at 240 mV.
- the maximum sampleable volume is set at 60 mL.
- the volume of the cell, deduced from the volume of the reagents, is completed with buffer electrolyte.
- the EDT is rotated, this is sufficient to ensure mixing of the volume to be analyzed.
- the TMB is introduced and the hydrogen peroxide in turn. Upon the introduction of hydrogen peroxide, the acquisition starts.
- the analysis is currently conducted at room temperature without deoxygenation of the solution.
- the acquisition time for blank is set to the maximum scan time.
- the acquisition time for the analysis of the samples is chosen so that the number of points acquired is sufficient to have a good accuracy on the measurement of the slope Vo.
- the duration of the analysis varies from 1 to 15 min.
- FIG. 7a shows an example of amperometric curves.
- Four volumes of the same biotracor feed were analyzed, corresponding to four concentrations of biotracers in the measuring cell, expressed in counting units of native phages: CO, 2.00 x CO, 4.65 x CO and 5, 80 x CO.
- FIG. 7b represents the calibration line associated with the example (giving the slopes measured as a function of the tracer concentrations in the cell). The linearity of the slope with tracer concentration reflects the fact that, over this concentration range, grafting can be considered uniform.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of amperometric responses obtained by analyzing the feed and the permeates collected at the end of filtration for a microfiltration membrane (MF) and an ultrafiltration membrane (UF).
- the response obtained for the permeate MF shows that the microfiltration membrane passes tracers partially as the amperometric slope corresponding to the MF permeate is lower than the slope of the feed.
- the UF permeate response is similar to white, which means that there was no detection of tracers in the UF permeate.
- FIG. 11 shows an example of characterization of the dynamic retention obtained with a damaged module of hollow ultrafiltration fibers used in the production of drinking water.
- a tracer step was in particular applied to about one-third of the total filtration time (which was conducted in frontal to constant transmembrane pressure) and the permeate was collected during filtration for analysis.
- the tracer concentrations measured in the permeate collected during filtration are given as a function of the filtration time.
- the results obtained show that the retention of tracers by the membrane can be dynamically monitored.
- the concentration of tracers increased initially to reach a maximum towards the middle of the duration of the injection and then decreased.
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- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA2748318A CA2748318A1 (fr) | 2008-12-22 | 2009-12-16 | Nouveaux biotraceurs et leurs utilisations pour le controle des installations de filtration |
EP09803878A EP2379737A1 (fr) | 2008-12-22 | 2009-12-16 | Nouveaux biotraceurs et leurs utilisations pour le contrôle des installations de filtration |
US13/141,262 US20120018313A1 (en) | 2008-12-22 | 2009-12-16 | Novel biotracers and uses thereof for controlling filtration plants |
JP2011542869A JP2012513598A (ja) | 2008-12-22 | 2009-12-16 | 新規生体トレーサー及びその濾過設備の制御における使用 |
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FR0858938A FR2940318B1 (fr) | 2008-12-22 | 2008-12-22 | Nouveaux biotracteurs et leurs utilisations pour le controle des installations de filtration |
FR0858938 | 2008-12-22 |
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WO2010072947A1 true WO2010072947A1 (fr) | 2010-07-01 |
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PCT/FR2009/052571 WO2010072947A1 (fr) | 2008-12-22 | 2009-12-16 | Nouveaux biotraceurs et leurs utilisations pour le contrôle des installations de filtration |
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US (1) | US20120018313A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2379737A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2012513598A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2748318A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2940318B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2010072947A1 (fr) |
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US9828626B2 (en) | 2015-07-10 | 2017-11-28 | Pall Corporation | Dendrimer conjugates for determining membrane retention level and/or pore structure |
CN105238765A (zh) * | 2015-10-29 | 2016-01-13 | 广州呼研所生物技术有限公司 | 大肠杆菌噬菌体ms2内标质控品的制备、应用和试剂盒 |
US10768177B2 (en) * | 2018-08-29 | 2020-09-08 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Bacteriophage-based electrochemical biosensor |
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US5731164A (en) | 1991-08-06 | 1998-03-24 | Sanorell Pharma Gmbh & Co. | method of checking the rate of removal of pyrogenic substances, in particular viruses, from organic material |
US20030168408A1 (en) | 2002-02-11 | 2003-09-11 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Methods and systems for membrane testing |
WO2003100420A2 (fr) * | 2002-05-29 | 2003-12-04 | Kist-Europe Forschungsgesellschaft Mbh | Dosage immuno-enzymatique electrochimique pour la detection simultanee de plusieurs substances a analyser |
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WO2007046095A2 (fr) | 2005-10-17 | 2007-04-26 | Yissum, Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem | Procede permettant de controler l'integrite des membranes |
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GB2181542A (en) * | 1984-03-19 | 1987-04-23 | Marius Constantin Teodorescu | Bacteriophages as recognition and identification agents |
JP3803945B2 (ja) * | 1997-10-02 | 2006-08-02 | 株式会社三菱化学ヤトロン | 過酸化水素分析型酵素電極 |
US8855955B2 (en) * | 2005-09-29 | 2014-10-07 | Custom Array, Inc. | Process and apparatus for measuring binding events on a microarray of electrodes |
JP4892686B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-27 | 2012-03-07 | 国立大学法人富山大学 | 酵素センサ、該酵素センサを使用した分析方法及びキット |
-
2008
- 2008-12-22 FR FR0858938A patent/FR2940318B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-12-16 WO PCT/FR2009/052571 patent/WO2010072947A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2009-12-16 CA CA2748318A patent/CA2748318A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2009-12-16 JP JP2011542869A patent/JP2012513598A/ja active Pending
- 2009-12-16 EP EP09803878A patent/EP2379737A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-12-16 US US13/141,262 patent/US20120018313A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US20030168408A1 (en) | 2002-02-11 | 2003-09-11 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Methods and systems for membrane testing |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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FR2940318A1 (fr) | 2010-06-25 |
EP2379737A1 (fr) | 2011-10-26 |
CA2748318A1 (fr) | 2010-07-01 |
JP2012513598A (ja) | 2012-06-14 |
US20120018313A1 (en) | 2012-01-26 |
FR2940318B1 (fr) | 2011-05-13 |
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