Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
  • B01J23/26—Chromium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/87—Gallosilicates; Aluminogallosilicates; Galloborosilicates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
  • B01J37/031—Precipitation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
  • C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
  • C01B39/06—Preparation of isomorphous zeolites characterised by measures to replace the aluminium or silicon atoms in the lattice framework by atoms of other elements, i.e. by direct or secondary synthesis
  • C01B39/08—Preparation of isomorphous zeolites characterised by measures to replace the aluminium or silicon atoms in the lattice framework by atoms of other elements, i.e. by direct or secondary synthesis the aluminium atoms being wholly replaced
  • C01B39/082—Gallosilicates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
  • C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
  • C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
  • C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
  • C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
  • C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
  • C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G2/334—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing molecular sieve catalysts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/61—Surface area
  • B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/16—Reducing
  • B01J37/18—Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for converting synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons using a zeolite- methanol catalyst system containing a methanol catalyst and a molecular sieve zeolite catalyst.
• Processes are known in which a gaseous feedstock is converted to an intermediate product and the intermediate product is converted to a liquid hydrocarbon fuel product simultaneously through the use of catalyst systems comprising mixtures of catalysts.
• Zeolite-methanol catalyst systems have been used for producing hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range from synthesis gas, also referred to as syngas.
• Such catalyst systems contain a high-temperature methanol catalyst, such as ZnO-Cr 2 Os, capable of converting the syngas to methanol, and a molecular sieve zeolite catalyst, such as ZSM-5, capable of converting the methanol to hydrocarbons.
• U.S. Patent Numbers 4,011 ,275 and 4,180,516 and 4,331 ,774 each disclose catalyst systems comprising such combinations in order to obtain highly aromatic hydrocarbon products.
• Zeolite catalysts are well-known in the processing of petroleum and in the production of various petrochemicals.
• ZSM-5 disclosed and claimed in U.S. Patent Number 3,702,886, is a widely used zeolite catalyst.
• ZSM-5 catalysts are generally characterized by tetrahedral frameworks primarily composed of SiO 2 with occasional aluminum substitutions. Because of their shape selectivity as molecular sieves and high degree of thermal stability, ZSM-5 catalysts are known for use in many hydrocarbon conversion reactions. It is advantageous at times to synthesize a catalyst so that its activity is directed to a specific hydrocarbon reaction.
• Patent Number 4,968,650 discloses two methods for preparing ZSM-5 catalysts containing gallium primarily present in the framework of the catalyst and the use of such catalysts to produce high octane aromatics.
• the catalyst is disclosed for use in cracking and light paraffin upgrading, particularly converting C2-C12 paraffins, olefins and naphthenes to high octane aromatics.
• the invention is directed to a process for converting synthesis gas feedstock comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide at a molar ratio between about 1.5:1 and about 2.5:1 to predominately hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range, the process comprising: contacting the synthesis gas feedstock with a catalyst system comprising GaZSM-5 catalyst and a methanol catalyst at a temperature between about 330° C and about 370° C and a pressure between about 20 atm and about 100 atm for a time sufficient to produce hydrocarbons; wherein the hydrocarbons produced contain less than about 10% by volume aromatic hydrocarbons and at least about 75% by volume C 5 + liquid hydrocarbons.
• the invention is directed to a catalyst system for converting synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide at a molar ratio between about 1.5:1 and about 2.5:1 to predominately gasoline boiling range hydrocarbons, the catalyst system comprising a mixture of acidic GaZSM-5 catalyst and a methanol catalyst comprising ZnO-Cr 2 O 3 having a Zn:Cr atomic ratio of between about 0.5 and about 2 and having a surface area of between about 100 m 2 /g and about 240 m 2 /g, wherein the weight ratio of methanol catalyst to acidic GaZSM-5 catalyst is between about 10:90 and about 90:10.
• Figure 1 is a graph of the percent by volume of hydrocarbon fractions produced by conversion of syngas using a catalyst system according to the prior art.
• Figure 2 is a graph of the percent by volume of hydrocarbon fractions produced by conversion of syngas using a catalyst system according to the invention.
• the process of the invention is useful for converting synthesis gas (also referred to as syngas) to hydrocarbons at intermediate temperatures and moderately high pressures using a catalyst system comprising a mixture of a methanol synthesis catalyst; comprising ZnO-Cr 2 Os for converting syngas to methanol and a ZSM-5 catalyst synthesized with Ga in at least a portion of its lattice framework positions (also referred to as GaZSM-5) for converting the methanol to liquid hydrocarbon fuel.
• the catalyst system provides improved selectivities for hydrocarbons having boiling temperatures in the gasoline range when compared with a catalyst system comprising a mixture of standard ZSM-5 and ZnO-Cr 2 Os catalysts at similar temperatures and pressures.
• hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range include hydrocarbons having a T10 point or 10% recovered boiling point of between about 122°F and about 158° F, a T90 point or 90% recovered boiling point of between about 365°F and about 374°F, and an end point or final boiling point of about 437°F, as determined according to ASTM D86, Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure.
• Such hydrocarbons generally contain C 5 -Cg components, with a very small fraction of Cio-
• the methanol catalyst for converting syngas to methanol is a ZnO-Cr 2 Os catalyst having a Zn:Cr atomic ratio of between about 0.5:1 and about 2:1.
• the methanol catalyst advantageously has a BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) surface area of between about 100 m 2 /g and about 240 m 2 /g, even between about 180 m 2 /g and about 240 m 2 /g.
• BET surface area is determined by volumetric nitrogen physisorption with automatic dosing at liquid nitrogen temperature analyzed by a commercial instrument according to the BET equation, using a multipoint analysis in the normalized pressure range P/P o of 0.05 to 0.20, wherein P 0 is the saturation nitrogen pressure, approximately equal to the barometric pressure.
• the GaZSM-5 catalyst for converting methanol to gasoline is a crystalline gallium silicate zeolite in the acid form which functions as a molecular sieve.
• the ratio of Si/Ga is between about 10 and about 120, even between about 20 and about 80, as determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).
• the as-made form of the GaZSM-5 catalyst contains gallium primarily in the zeolite lattice positions rather than in ion exchange positions or outside the lattice altogether. It is believed that gallium in the lattice position is more resistant to reduction.
• the GaZSM-5 catalyst can be characterized by its X-ray diffraction pattern.
• the X-ray diffraction pattern lines of Table 1 are representative of as-synthesized GaZSM-5 made in accordance with this invention.
• Minor variations in the diffraction pattern can result from variations in the mole ratios of the framework species of the particular sample due to changes in lattice constants. In addition, sufficiently small crystals will affect the shape and intensity of peaks, leading to significant peak broadening. Minor variations in the diffraction pattern can also result from variations in the organic compound used in the preparation and from variations in the Y/W mole ratio from sample to sample. Calcination can also cause minor shifts in the X-ray diffraction pattern.
• the X-ray diffraction pattern lines of Table 2 are representative of calcined GaZSM-5 made in accordance with this invention.
• the powder X-ray diffraction patterns presented herein were determined by standard techniques.
• the radiation was CuK- ⁇ radiation.
• the peak heights and the positions, as a function of 2 ⁇ where ⁇ is the Bragg angle, were read from the relative intensities of the peaks (adjusting for background), and d, the interplanar spacing in Angstroms corresponding to the recorded lines, can be calculated.
• the X-ray patterns provided are based on the following relative intensity scale in which the strongest line in the X-ray pattern is assigned a value of 100:
• the two catalysts of the catalyst system are combined within a reactor by any suitable known method to form the catalyst system.
• the catalysts can be arranged with respect to each other in a variety of ways.
• the catalysts can be coarsely or finely blended.
• the two catalysts can alternatively be arranged in alternating layers, in which case the syngas would initially be contacted by a methanol synthesis catalyst layer and finally be contacted by a zeolite catalyst layer.
• the catalyst particles can be in any known form, including finely divided powders, granules, tablets and extrudates.
• the catalyst particles are preferably one to several millimeters in diameter.
• the individual particles can be comprised entirely of one of the two catalysts, or the particles can be comprised of a mixture of the two catalysts.
• the weight ratio of ZnO- Cr 2 ⁇ 3 to GaZSM-5 is between about 10:90 and about 90:10, even between about 40:60 and about 80:20.
• Syngas feedstock containing, but not limited to, hydrogen and carbon monoxide is introduced to a reactor, e.g., a fixed bed reactor or a fluid bed reactor.
• the gas may be introduced in any suitable direction, e.g., upward or downward.
• the molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide is between about 1.5:1 and about 2.5:1.
• the gas is brought into contact with the catalyst system of the invention at a temperature between about 330 0 C and about 370 0 C and a pressure between about 20 atm and about 100 atm.
• the flow rate expressed as gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) is between about 2000/hour and about 4000/hour. As defined herein, GHSV is the volume of reactant mixture passed through a volume of catalyst per hour.
• the conversion process of the invention results in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range useful as fuel having an improved distribution of hydrocarbon components.
• the hydrocarbons produced contains greater than about 75% by volume C 5 + liquids, and advantageously between about 75% and about 85% by volume C 5 -Cg liquids.
• a C n compound refers to a hydrocarbon with n carbon atoms per molecule.
• C 5 - C 9 refers to hydrocarbons with 5 to 9 carbon atoms per molecule
• C 5 + refers to hydrocarbons having 5 or more carbon atoms per molecule.
• the C 5 + hydrocarbon component produced by the process of the invention specifically in the C 5 -Cg range, has a high octane content, mainly comprising isoparaffins and cycloparaffins and containing less than about 10% by volume aromatic hydrocarbons, therefore the hydrocarbons produced are relatively benign in terms of environmental effects and is acceptable according to current standards.
• the hydrocarbons produced contain low levels of undesirable hydrocarbon components, e.g., between about 3% and about 5% by volume CrC 2 hydrocarbons, between about 18% and about 20% C 3 -C 4 hydrocarbons, and less than about 2% Cio+ hydrocarbons.
• the hydrocarbons produced advantageously contain less than about 10% paraffins, greater than about 5% olefins and/or greater than about 15% naphthenes.
• Clara, California having a flame ionization detector for quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons, methanol, and DME; a thermal conductivity detector for quantitative analysis of H 2 , CO and CO 2 ; and a mass spectrometry detector for qualitative identification of various hydrocarbon components.
• Overall rates were checked by analysis of inlet and outlet CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , H 2 , and total hydrocarbon flows using separate continuous analyzers for each of these components.
• the analyzers are available from ABB Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland.
• the C 5 -Cg hydrocarbons produced according to the invention can be further subject to distillation to provide liquid fuel such as gasoline.
• GaZSM-5 used in the examples of the catalyst system of the invention.
• 20.15 g of 40% tetrapropylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution was mixed with 216.5 g of deionized water in a Teflon® insert cup for a 1 -liter Parr steel autoclave.
• 4.0 g of sodium hydroxide pellets was dissolved in the solution.
• 2.35 g of gallium oxide powder was then dissolved in the hydroxide solution.
• 45.0 g of Cabosil M-5 fumed silica (available from Eager Polymers) was then mixed into the solution by hand to create a uniform gel.
• the insert cup was then sealed inside the Parr autoclave equipped within an overhead stirrer.
• the autoclave was then placed inside a furnace and heated to 175°C over an 8-hour period. The temperature was then held at 175°C for 6 days. During the synthesis, the gel was mixed with the overhead stirrer at 150 rpm. The autoclave was then allowed to cool to ambient temperature and the resultant solid product was isolated by filtering the suspension through a fritted funnel. The product was washed with at least 2 liters of deionized water.
• the product from the above synthesis was next calcined by heating the zeolite in a muffle furnace in a nitrogen stream with a slight bleed of air at a rate of about 20 standard cubic feet per minute.
• the zeolite was heated to 120 0 C at 1 °C/min, allowed to remain at 120 0 C for 2 hours, heated to 595°C at 1 °C/min, and allowed to remain at 595°C for 5 hours.
• the zeolite was then allowed to cool to ambient temperature.
• the calcined zeolite was then exchanged into the ammonium form.
• An amount of ammonium nitrate equal to the mass of the zeolite to be exchanged was fully dissolved in an amount of deionized water ten times the mass of the zeolite.
• the zeolite was then added to the solution and the suspension was sealed in a polypropylene bottle and heated in an oven at 95°C overnight. The bottle was then removed from the oven, and the zeolite was recovered by filtration.
• the zeolite was washed with an amount of deionized water that is at least ten times the amount of deionized water used in the ammonium exchange solution. A second exchange was then repeated on the same zeolite as described above.
• the zeolite was allowed to dry in an oven at 95°C overnight.
• the ammonium-exchanged zeolite was converted to the acid form by calcining the zeolite in air.
• the zeolite was heated to 120 0 C at 1 °C/min, allowed to remain at 120 0 C for 2 hours, heated to 495°C at 1 °C/min, and allowed to remain at 495°C for 5 hours.
• the zeolite was then allowed to cool to ambient temperature.
• Powder x-ray diffraction pattern indicated the material to be ZSM-5 with no detectable levels of other crystalline or amorphous phases.
• the Si/Ga molar ratio of the zeolite was measured to be 26.8 by Inductively Coupled Plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
• the insert cup was then sealed inside the Parr autoclave equipped within an overhead stirrer.
• the autoclave was then placed inside a furnace and heated to 160 0 C over an 8-hour period. The temperature was then held at 160 0 C for 44 hours.
• the suspension was mixed with the overhead stirrer at 150 rpm to form a gel.
• the autoclave was then allowed to cool to ambient temperature and the resultant solid product was isolated by filtering the suspension through a fritted funnel. The product was washed with at least 2 liters of deionized water.
• the zeolite was converted into the acid form using the above described procedure for preparing Sample A.
• Powder x-ray diffraction pattern indicated the material to be ZSM-5 with no detectable levels of other crystalline or amorphous phases.
• the Si/Ga molar ratio of the zeolite was measured to be 40.0 by ICP-MS.
• Table 3 and Table 4 include x-ray diffraction pattern data for the GaZSM-5 of Sample B and calcined GaZSM-5 of Sample B, respectively.
• the precipitate was filtered with a Buchner funnel and washed with 70 0 C water while still on the funnel, until the conductivity of the wash water fell below 100 ⁇ S. The washed precipitate was then dried for 16 hours in an oven at 80 0 C.
• the dried filter cake was broken up and sieved to less than 500 ⁇ m particle size.
• the dried 2ZnO-Cr 2 Os material was calcined in 10 g batches in shallow, 2 mm thick beds, by heating in a vacuum oven in a controlled atmosphere of forming gas containing 5 vol% hydrogen and 95 vol% nitrogen. The oven was heated at 1 °C/min. to 250 0 C and held at that temperature for 3 hours, then cooled.
• the resulting catalyst had a BET surface area of about 218 m 2 /g.
• the following procedure was followed to form examples of the catalyst system of the invention.
• the ZnO-Cr 2 Os methanol catalyst prepared as described above was ground and sieved to 125-160 ⁇ m.
• a cylindrical reactor with 4.5 mm internal diameter was packed with a physical mixture of 0.536 g of 125-160 ⁇ m 2ZnO-Cr 2 O 3 and 0.326 g of 125-160 ⁇ m GaZSM-5 (each of Sample A and Sample B described above). These weights gave approximately equal volumes of the two components.
• the total volume of the mixed catalyst bed was 1 .185 ml_. Layers of 125-160 ⁇ m corundum were placed above and below the catalyst bed, and layers of 125-160 ⁇ m steatite were placed above and below the corundum.
• the catalyst system was activated in situ in test reactors. Approximately one gram samples, 1 .2-1 .4 ml_ in volume, were loaded in reactors with diameters of 4.5 or 5.0 mm. The catalyst bed heights were 7-1 1 cm. The catalysts were reduced in pure hydrogen flowing at 100 mL/min. per reactor (GHSV of 4000-5000/hour). The pressure was increased to 40 atm, and then the catalysts were heated at about 10 0 C to 200°C. A linear temperature ramp of 1 °C/min. was then followed up to 350 0 C and the temperature was held for 10 hours.
• the resulting hydrocarbons included approximately 5% Ci+C 2 hydrocarbons, 19% C 3 + C 4 hydrocarbons and 75-76% C 5 + liquid hydrocarbons. Most of the improvement in liquids yield was in cycloparaffins production.
• Syngas having a ratio of H 2 to CO of 2 was fed to a catalyst mixture at a temperature of 350 0 C, a pressure of 40 atm, and a GHSV of 3000/hour.
• the catalyst mixture had a 50:50 volume ratio of standard ZSM-5 catalyst in its acid form (CBV 8014 obtained from Zeosit) to ZnO-Cr 2 Os catalyst having a Zn/Cr atomic ratio of 1.
• the resulting hydrocarbons included 5% Ci+C 2 hydrocarbons, 25-26% C3+C4 hydrocarbons (mainly isobutane), and 69-70% C 5 + hydrocarbons (mainly isoparaffins and cycloparaffins) after 800 hours on stream.
• the process of converting syngas using a catalyst system comprising ZnO-Cr 2 Os methanol catalyst and GaZSM-5 yields an improved gasoline composition relative to the process utilizing standard ZSM-5.
• the gasoline composition made according to the invention includes reduced levels of undesirable CrC 4 components, increased levels of desirable high-octane C 5 + components and reduced levels of undesirable high carbon number hydrocarbons and aromatics.
• the synthesis rates in Table 5 refer, respectively, to the weight of C in the hydrocarbon products synthesized per hour per weight of zinc-chromium methanol catalyst, and to the weight of carbon in the hydrocarbon products formed per hour per total volume of catalyst.

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• 2008
  • 2008-12-10 US US12/316,209 patent/US7943673B2/en active Active
• 2009
  • 2009-11-13 WO PCT/US2009/064406 patent/WO2010068364A2/en active Application Filing
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