WO2010051648A1 - Système de guidage de fluide pour turbines - Google Patents

Système de guidage de fluide pour turbines Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010051648A1
WO2010051648A1 PCT/CA2009/001641 CA2009001641W WO2010051648A1 WO 2010051648 A1 WO2010051648 A1 WO 2010051648A1 CA 2009001641 W CA2009001641 W CA 2009001641W WO 2010051648 A1 WO2010051648 A1 WO 2010051648A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
directing
turbine
rotor
segments
base structure
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA2009/001641
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Frédérick CHURCHILL
Ion Paraschivoiu
Octavian Trifu
Original Assignee
Organoworld Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Organoworld Inc. filed Critical Organoworld Inc.
Priority to US13/128,563 priority Critical patent/US20120099977A1/en
Priority to EP09824327.2A priority patent/EP2356335A4/fr
Priority to CN200980154151XA priority patent/CN102272444B/zh
Publication of WO2010051648A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010051648A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/04—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor  having stationary wind-guiding means, e.g. with shrouds or channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B15/00—Controlling
    • F03B15/02—Controlling by varying liquid flow
    • F03B15/04—Controlling by varying liquid flow of turbines
    • F03B15/06—Regulating, i.e. acting automatically
    • F03B15/08—Regulating, i.e. acting automatically by speed, e.g. by measuring electric frequency or liquid flow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B17/00—Other machines or engines
    • F03B17/06—Other machines or engines using liquid flow with predominantly kinetic energy conversion, e.g. of swinging-flap type, "run-of-river", "ultra-low head"
    • F03B17/061—Other machines or engines using liquid flow with predominantly kinetic energy conversion, e.g. of swinging-flap type, "run-of-river", "ultra-low head" with rotation axis substantially in flow direction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B17/00—Other machines or engines
    • F03B17/06—Other machines or engines using liquid flow with predominantly kinetic energy conversion, e.g. of swinging-flap type, "run-of-river", "ultra-low head"
    • F03B17/062—Other machines or engines using liquid flow with predominantly kinetic energy conversion, e.g. of swinging-flap type, "run-of-river", "ultra-low head" with rotation axis substantially at right angle to flow direction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
    • F03B3/16—Stators
    • F03B3/18—Stator blades; Guide conduits or vanes, e.g. adjustable
    • F03B3/183—Adjustable vanes, e.g. wicket gates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2210/00—Working fluid
    • F05B2210/16—Air or water being indistinctly used as working fluid, i.e. the machine can work equally with air or water without any modification
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/10—Stators
    • F05B2240/12—Fluid guiding means, e.g. vanes
    • F05B2240/121—Baffles or ribs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/20—Rotors
    • F05B2240/21—Rotors for wind turbines
    • F05B2240/211—Rotors for wind turbines with vertical axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/20—Rotors
    • F05B2240/21—Rotors for wind turbines
    • F05B2240/211—Rotors for wind turbines with vertical axis
    • F05B2240/217—Rotors for wind turbines with vertical axis of the crossflow- or "Banki"- or "double action" type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/20—Rotors
    • F05B2240/21—Rotors for wind turbines
    • F05B2240/221—Rotors for wind turbines with horizontal axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/20—Rotors
    • F05B2240/24—Rotors for turbines
    • F05B2240/244—Rotors for turbines of the cross-flow, e.g. Banki, Ossberger type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/101—Purpose of the control system to control rotational speed (n)
    • F05B2270/1014—Purpose of the control system to control rotational speed (n) to keep rotational speed constant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05B2270/32—Wind speeds
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to both wind and water turbines. More specifically, the present invention relates to a fluid directing system for directing a fluid entering an axial flow or cross-flow turbine.
  • Wind turbines are generally rated at the wind speed at which they will produce the rated power or essentially the maximum power rating of the generator. At lower wind velocities the turbine will produce only a fraction of the rated power.
  • a technology that addresses the difficulties above would greatly improve turbine efficiency, improve the electrical stability of the production and decrease the production costs for electricity.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a directing system that satisfies at least one of the above-mentioned needs.
  • a directing system for directing fluid entering an axial flow turbine along an inlet flow direction, the turbine comprising a plurality of turbine blades, the directing system comprising: -a base structure;
  • directing segment adjustment system for adjustably positioning the directing segments between:
  • a directing system for directing fluid entering a cross-flow turbine along an inlet flow direction, the turbine comprising a rotor, the rotor comprising a plurality of turbine blades, the directing system comprising:
  • directing segment adjustment system for adjustably positioning the directing segments between:
  • directing segments in the deployed configuration, extend beyond the inlet in a direction transversal to the inlet flow direction and deflect the fluid towards a centerline of a rotor of the turbine.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus, which is able to displace part of a fluid stream just prior to reaching the turbine rotor. This displacement moves the fluid from a section of the swept area producing low torque to a section producing higher torque. The two fluid volumes are combined to increase the fluid velocity and velocity pressure over the high torque area. This principle is common to all axial flow and cross-flow turbines.
  • the apparatus In the case of axial flow turbines, the apparatus consists of a central conically or semi-circular shaped cone that directs the fluid stream from the center towards the periphery of the rotor.
  • the cone retracts or deploys overlapping wall segments creating an annular shaped channel for the fluid stream to pass through the rotor blades.
  • the exterior of the turbine is shrouded to prevent the velocity pressure increase from spilling over the tips of the turbine blades.
  • the sectoring cone occupies preferably between 50 and 75% of the total swept area of the rotor.
  • a mechanism Located behind the walls of the sectoring cone, where it is protected from the fluid stream, a mechanism is installed that permits to expand or deploy overlapping wall segments. As the segments are expanded, the sectored or blocked area of the rotor is increased to 100%. A sectoring of 90 to 99% of the available swept area is applied when the nominal fluid velocity is low, whereas a sectoring of 0 to 10% of the available swept area corresponds to a high nominal fluid speed.
  • aerodynamic side deflectors are installed that can be extended or rotated into the fluid stream.
  • the side deflectors are attached to the turbine shrouds that serve as a housing in front of the upstream and downstream faces of the rotor.
  • the shrouds or sidewalls are required to prevent the increase in velocity pressure from spilling around the edges of the rotor blades.
  • Actuators attached to the turbine frame push against the deflectors that rotate into the fluid stream and decrease the width of the opening.
  • the low torque sectors of the rotor decrease and the fluid stream is concentrated in the high torque sector.
  • the high torque area receives almost all the fluid whereas the low torque sector receives very little or no fluid.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view of the zones (sectors) of low and high torques on the swept area of an axial flow turbine.
  • Figure 2 is a side cut view of a directing system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention for a shrouded axial flow turbine.
  • Figure 3 is a side cut view of a directing system according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention for an augmented axial flow turbine.
  • Figure 4 is a perspective view of a one-piece directing system according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, with segments deployed.
  • Figure 5 is a perspective view of the directing system shown in Figure 4, with segments retracted.
  • Figures 6A to 6E are three perspective interior views and two detailed views respectively of the directing system shown in Figures 4 and 5 in fully deployed, 50% deployed and retracted configurations respectively.
  • Figure 7 is a perspective view of a directing system according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, equipped with a variable speed compressor fan.
  • Figure 8 is a perspective view of a two-piece directing system according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, with segments deployed.
  • Figure 9 is a perspective view of a two-piece directing system according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, with segments retracted.
  • Figures 10A to 10C are perspective interior views of the directing system shown in Figures 8 and 9 in fully deployed, 50% deployed and retracted configurations respectively.
  • Figure 11 is a perspective view of a two-piece directing system according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, equipped with a variable speed compressor fan.
  • Figure 12 is a graph of power vs. sectoring ratio at three nominal wind speeds for a shrouded axial flow turbine with a directing system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 13 is a graph of chord and twist angle distribution along the blade used for a simulation of operation of a standard twisted horizontal axis wind turbine rotor.
  • Figure 14 is a schematic view illustrating zones (sectors) of low and high torques on the swept area of a cross-flow turbine
  • Figure 15 is a graph illustrating the azimuthal variation of tangential force (FT) of a generic cross-flow turbine
  • Figure 16 is a top cut view of a directing system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention in use with a shrouded cross-flow turbine.
  • Figure 17 is a top cut view of a directing system according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention in use with an augmented cross-flow turbine.
  • Figure 18 is a perspective view of a directing system according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 19 is a graph of power vs. sectoring ratio at three nominal wind speeds for a shrouded axial flow turbine with a directing system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • a directing system 1000 for directing fluid entering an axial flow turbine 1002 along an inlet flow direction.
  • the turbine 1002 comprises a plurality of turbine blades 1004.
  • the directing system 1000 includes a central base structure 1006, and a plurality of directing segments 1008 attached to the central base structure 1006.
  • the directing system also includes a directing segment adjustment system 1010 for adjustably positioning the directing segments 1008 between a retracted configuration (shown in Figure 5) and a deployed configuration (shown in Figure 4).
  • the directing segments 1008, in the deployed configuration extend beyond the base structure 1006 in a direction transversal to the inlet flow direction and deflect the fluid towards an outer circumference of the plurality of turbine blades 1004.
  • the base structure 1006 is fixed to a central rotating shaft of the turbine 1002.
  • the plurality of directing segments 1008 are overlapping segments radially positioned around the base structure 1006.
  • the directing segment adjustment system 1010 comprises a set of tension rods 1012 holding the directing segments 1008 in place and a motorized threaded nut system 1014 traveling along a threaded portion of the central rotating shaft and controlling pressure being applied on the tension rods 1012.
  • the turbine blades 1004 are housed between an inner annular shroud 1016 and an outer annular shroud 1018.
  • the base structure 1006 can extend radially up to the inner annular shroud 1016 and the directing segments 1008 extend to a maximum diameter corresponding to a diameter of the outer annular shroud 1018.
  • a diameter of the base structure is at least 0.3 times a diameter of a rotor of the turbine.
  • the directing system 1000 further includes a compressor fan 1020 positioned upstream of the base structure 1006 and increasing velocity of the fluid entering the turbine.
  • the directing segment adjustment system comprises a controller and the directing system further comprises a fluid velocity measurement system located upstream of the base structure.
  • the measurement system produces a signal indicative of fluid velocity entering the turbine.
  • the controller then adjusts the directing segment adjustment system based on the signal indicative of fluid velocity entering the turbine.
  • a rotor-sectoring apparatus for axial flow turbines for use with at least one turbine to increase the velocity pressure of the air stream contacting the blades of the wind turbine, the rotor-sectoring apparatus comprising:
  • an electronic controller programmed to read the wind speed from the wind velocity instrument and adjust the position of the motorized nut to control the wind speed at the face of the said rotor blades; and (k) a compressor fan with an adjustable speed drive that fits over the end of the rotor shaft and serves to increase the velocity pressure at the face of the said rotor blades.
  • the shrouded wind turbine rotor has a minimum of three blades and a maximum of 50 blades all having the same nominal diameter as the shrouded section.
  • the rotor-sectoring device produces an annular shaped channel at the face of the rotor blades of variable dimensions by increasing or decreasing the diameter of the sectoring device.
  • the rotor-sectoring apparatus is capable of adjusting its diameter between 0.30 and 1.0 times the diameter of the turbine rotor.
  • the sectoring cone is of such dimensions that it can be mounted on the shaft of the turbine rotor in order to rotate with the turbine into the wind.
  • the rotor-sectioning cone has an aerodynamic form that maximizes the wind pressure at the face of the rotor blades.
  • the rotor-sectioning cone preferably uses the rotational speed of the rotor shaft to deploy the overlapping segments.
  • the rotor-sectioning cone increases its diameter without increasing the distance between the base of the cone and the rotor.
  • the rotor-sectioning device directs the air stream to the optimum section of the rotor blades to develop the maximum torque per unit of air volume at all wind speeds.
  • the rotor-sectioning cone can increase the power generated significantly by a conventional HAWT or axial flow turbine at evaluated wind speeds of 4.0, 7.0 and 12.0 m/s.
  • the rotor-sectioning apparatus can increase the power output of existing HAWT wind turbines by retrofitting the apparatus to the existing rotor or turbine.
  • the rotor-sectioning apparatus performs satisfactorily with non- augmented or augmented axial flow wind turbines.
  • the rotor-sectioning apparatus incorporates a motorized fan on the end of the rotor shaft to increase the velocity pressure at the face of the rotor blades.
  • the aforesaid and other objectives of the present invention are realized by generally providing a rotor-sectoring apparatus for use with a wind turbine to increase the velocity pressure of the air contacting the blades.
  • the rotor-sectoring apparatus comprises shrouded rotor with a curve-shaped adapter at the entrance and conical or curved adapter at the exit, a sectoring cone with overlapping segments supported by the shaft of the rotor, a cone deployment mechanism employing tension arms located behind the sectoring cone segments, a series of overlapping outer segments with outside radius when extended essentially the same as the radius of the turbine rotor, an actuator mounted on the rotor shaft to deploy the segments in synchronous fashion, a wind measurement device located upstream of the rotor-sectoring apparatus entrance, and an actuator or series of actuators which respond to a controller programmed to hold the wind speed constant by adjusting the deployment of the cone segments.
  • the idea behind the concept consists in using an adequate flow control system to direct the incoming air stream towards those zones of the rotor swept area that are the most efficient in terms of energy conversion.
  • this concept may be applied to conventional non-augmented wind turbines as well as to augmented wind turbines which are operated inside a wind augmenting system.
  • a wind augmentation system ensures an increase in the velocity pressure of the wind in front of the turbine rotor.
  • the increase in velocity pressure may be small of the order of fractions of inches of water or may be quite large of the order of several feet of water and requiring the application of a large convergent-divergent.
  • the sectoring can be done with the aid of a cone-like or semi-circular body, with variable geometry capability, installed in front of the rotor.
  • the cone will direct the air flux toward the high torque zone and will prevent it to pass through its low efficiency central zone, while also accelerating the air stream.
  • the flow regime upstream of the rotor is basically a subsonic incompressible one (V ⁇ 100 m/s)
  • the body placed in front of the rotor for sectoring purposes preferably has a semi-spherical shape.
  • FIG. 2 The construction principle of the rotor swept area "sectoring" concept is illustrated in Figure 2 for the case of a shrouded HAWT (including a shroud inlet 210, turbine shroud 200 and shroud outlet 220) and Figure 3 for the case of a HAWT employing an augmented wind energy system (including a turbine 300, convergent inlet 310, a diffuser 320, upwind cone 312 adjustable between wrapped 340 and deployed 360 configurations, a strut 322, a turbine section 314, and an adjustable downwind cone 324).
  • an augmented wind energy system including a turbine 300, convergent inlet 310, a diffuser 320, upwind cone 312 adjustable between wrapped 340 and deployed 360 configurations, a strut 322, a turbine section 314, and an adjustable downwind cone 324).
  • the entrance and exit adapters are located at the ends of the shrouds or turbine section and in the case of augmented turbines after the convergent and before the diffuser. Both adapters are designed specially to reduce the entrance and exit losses.
  • the length, width and shape of the entrance and exit adapters are designed using standard air handling design practices and do not increase the velocity pressure of either the incoming or outgoing air stream.
  • the inside diameter of both is essentially the diameter of the shroud.
  • the entrance and exit areas are preferably between 1.2 and 1.7 times the rotor area.
  • the shroud has essentially the same diameter as the rotor to avoid air stream bypassing the rotor blades.
  • the sectoring cone reduces progressively the swept area and this increases the velocity pressure upstream of the blades.
  • the role of the shroud is to prevent the increase in velocity pressure from spilling around the blade tips and uniform the wind direction upstream and downstream of the blades.
  • the length of the shroud is a function of the velocity pressure upstream of the blades. At higher velocities the shroud needs to be longer than at lower velocities, as the velocity pressure is higher.
  • SR sectoring ratio
  • the retracted position of the cone will stop once the determined high torque zone is completely open to the air stream.
  • the length of travel of the tension rods corresponds to a SR of 0.70 to 0.0.
  • the rotor swept area is fully sectored and airflow is stopped, at 0.50 the sectored area is equal to 50% of the rotor swept area.
  • the sectoring cone can be built in two-pieces instead of one-piece.
  • the head of the cone is fixed and only the base of the cone deploys. This shortens the length of the cone arms and provides a more precise control of the SR.
  • the force required to retract the segments is obtained by installing a motorized nut on a threaded section of the rotor shaft. As the nut turns it will increase the overall height of the cone. The circular collecting plate at the apex of the cone that holds the tension arms in place will be raised or lowered through the displacement of the motorized nut along the threaded shaft.
  • the sectoring cone design rather than being one-piece can be designed as two unequal pieces as shown in Figures 8 to 11.
  • the first piece is immovable, has a fixed diameter and is mounted on the end of the rotor shaft or to the frame supporting the turbine rotor.
  • the second piece is a series of deployable overlapping segments and is installed in the wind shadow of the first piece.
  • the form of the deployable segments is basically the same form as the lower section of the first half. As a result the deployable segments when fully retracted are protected or covered from the air stream.
  • the segments deploy the diameter of the cone increases and the extremities of the segments approach the rotor blades.
  • the most outer edge of the segments may be rounded or streamlined in the direction of the airflow in order to reduce turbulence at the blades.
  • a motorized nut located on the shaft of the sectoring cone pushes the head of the cone farther away from the blades. The pressure of the oncoming wind will always push the cone towards the blades. When fully deployed, the segments will reduce the sectored area up to
  • the actuators which deploy the segments, may be pneumatic, hydraulic or electric. As they deploy, the segments slide along tracks designed to withstand the forces exerted by the incoming wind.
  • the sectoring cone is normally circular and fixed to the rotor shaft it creates an annular shaped sectored area, which grows in diameter as the segments deploy. This annular configuration is important as it directs the air stream equally to the outermost radius of the blades and it is an efficient form for increasing the velocity pressure by decreasing the swept area and this with minimal friction losses.
  • the sectoring device may be attached to the shaft of an existing three-blade rotor. This will require the addition of an outer shroud to prevent the loss of the additional wind pressure generated by the sectoring device spilling over the tips of the blades. A second inner shroud is added to prevent the increase in velocity pressure from entering the low torque zone centered on the rotor shaft.
  • This device provides the same benefits: it increases the total energy of the wind through the blades, it directs the air stream to the optimum area of the high torque zone and it allows for a precise control of the velocity through the blades.
  • a sectoring device is added to the downstream face of the rotor. This reduces the frictional losses, turbulence and loss of velocity pressure downstream of the rotor blades.
  • the upstream air speed measurement consists of an instrument mounted on an extension to the rotor shaft. It is wireless and mounted on a bearing to avoid rotating with the shaft. As wind speeds of 12 m/s are common an extension of 3 meters will permit a reaction time for the controller and actuators responsible for deploying the outer segments of the order of 0.25 seconds.
  • adjustable liners may be installed on the inner rim of the rotor and deploy at the same vertical speed as the cone segments.
  • the role of these inner liners is simply to reduce turbulence as the air flows between the blades close to the inner rim.
  • the inner segments are not required to section the rotor. They are installed on the inner rim to reduce the friction losses as the wind passes between the rotor blades. Essentially both the inner liners and sectoring cone segments deploy together to provide a more even channel flow through and after the blades.
  • a motorized variable speed compressor fan is attached to the rotor shaft above the sectoring cone.
  • the compressor fan accelerates the speed and volume of the air stream being displaced from the low torque zone to the high torque zone.
  • the turbines can be augmented or non-augmented although the results with augmented turbines are more impressive given the higher wind speeds.
  • the rotors of existing turbines can be replaced by this new technology to improve their performance. Otherwise this technology is implemented in the manufacture of new sectored and shrouded air and water turbines.
  • Figures 2 and 3 show the principal sections of the rotor-sectoring device, which include firstly the axial flow turbine rotor, the rotor blades and their swept area and secondly the sectoring cone apparatus.
  • Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the sectoring cone outer shroud (1 ), the rotor blades mounted on a blade shaft (2) the sectoring cone inner shroud (3), the rotor spokes (4) the rotor hub (5) and the turbine drive shaft (6).
  • Figures 4 and 5 show the adjustable outer edge of the overlapping segments forming the body of the cone
  • Figures 4 and 5 also show the non-dimensional references of the variable outside radius of the sectoring cone (R3), the outside radius of the rotor blades (R2) and the inside radius of the rotor blades (R1 ).
  • Figure 2 shows the non-dimensional reference to the adjustable variable outside radius of the sectoring cone (R3).
  • the reference to the adjustable edge of the overlapping segments (7) and the reference (R3) to the adjustable outside radius of the sectoring cone is synonymous.
  • Figures 6A to 6E show the deployment mechanism of the sectoring cone that includes curved tension rods that hold the overlapping segments in position (10), the outer rim of the sectoring cone (11 ), the spokes of the sectoring mechanism (12) and the sliding connection that permits the overlapping segments to deploy and retract by allowing the slip connection to travel along the spokes of the sectoring mechanism (13).
  • Figure 7 illustrates a sectored HAWT with a motorized drive (14) for a compressor fan (15) mounted on the end of the rotor shaft.
  • Figure 8 illustrates a fully deployed two-piece sectoring apparatus.
  • the overlapping segments (7) are deployed from the fixed upper cone (8) and the sectoring cone shaft (9).
  • Figure 9 illustrates a two-piece sectoring device with the segments fully retracted.
  • a motorized nut (15) turns on the shaft of the sectoring device to allow it to remain at a constant distance from the blades as the segments deploy.
  • Figures 1OA to 1OC illustrate the inside framing of the two-piece sectoring mechanism.
  • the segment actuators (14) are fixed to the vertical spokes of the sectoring device. As the actuators extend the segments deploy, as the actuators retract the segments retract.
  • Figure 1OA illustrates fully or 100% deployed segments
  • Figure 10B a 50% deployment of segments
  • Figure 10C a 0.0% deployment of segments.
  • the segment guides (10) hold the segments in place
  • the outer ring (11 ) fastens the base of the cone to the inside face of the shroud
  • the actuator support rods (12) support the actuators
  • the actuator rods (13) extend and retract from the actuator housing (14).
  • Figure 11 illustrates a two-zone sectoring apparatus equipped with a motorized fan drive (14), compressor fan (15) two upstream wind measurement devices (17), the vertical holding rod (16) that keeps the measurement devices outside the effects of the compressor fan, and the dead weight (18) that keeps the holding rod stationary. It is the shaft that connects the vertical holding rod to the turbine rotor shaft that is equipped with an internal roller bearing that permits the holding rod to remain vertical.
  • WT Pert uses blade-element momentum (BEM) theory to predict the performance of HAWT. It was developed at National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) from the code PROP, originally set up by Oregon State University decades ago. The staff at the National Wind Technology Center from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA, has recently modernized PROP by adding new functionalities developed into the current WT Perf.
  • BEM blade-element momentum
  • CARDAAV is a computer code developed by Ion Paraschivoiu for the prediction of the aerodynamic qualities and the performances of the vertical axis wind turbines.
  • CARDAAV is based on the Double-Multiple-Streamtube model with variable upwind- and downwind-induced velocities in each streamtube (DMSV). Due to this model and to a quite large number of options regarding the geometrical configuration, the operational conditions and the control of the simulation process, CARDAAV proves to be an efficient software package, appropriate for the needs of VAWT designers. It computes the aerodynamic forces and power output for VAWTs of arbitrary geometry at given operational conditions.
  • VAWT The numerous parameters that are necessary to fully describe the analyzed VAWT provide a rather large freedom in specifying its geometry. Among the most important in this category are: the rotor height and diameter, the number of blades and the type of airfoil defining their cross-section, the diameter of the central column (tower), the size and position of the struts, the size of the spoilers, etc. Virtually any blade shape can be analyzed, including, of course, the straight one. Moreover, the blade can be made of segments having different chord lengths and cross-sections (airfoils).
  • the airfoil data-base of the code includes some of the well known symmetrical NACA shapes (NACA 0012, NACA 0015, NACA 0018, NACA 0021 ) as well as several of those specially designed for VAWTs at Sandia National Laboratories (SNLA 0015, SNLA 0018, SNLA 0021 ). If the user wants to perform the analysis with an airfoil that is not among those already available, this can be done quite simply, by including the values of its experimentally determined lift and drag coefficients in the actual airfoil data base. These data must be given for several Reynolds numbers that correspond to those attained on the revolving blades and cover (at each Re) the full 360° range for the angle of incidence (0° ⁇ a ⁇ 360°).
  • the code requires the number of half cycle (azimuthal) divisions and vertical divisions which define the total number of stream tubes that are going to be considered in the computations as well as the number of integration points over the width of each tube.
  • the user has to specify the maximum number of iterations in the computation of the upwind and downwind interference factors along with the convergence criteria (relative error levels that must be satisfied when computing the interference factors and the dynamic stall).
  • the decision on whether to apply or not the aerodynamic corrections related to the blade-tip effects and those due to the occurrence of the dynamic stall must be taken when the control parameters are specified.
  • Four dynamic stall models are available, three derived from Gormont's method and the "indicial" model.
  • CARDAAV Running under the Microsoft Windows environment, CARDAAV is user-friendly, being provided with a graphical interface so that all the input data that need to be frequently changed for a comprehensive performance analysis (rotor geometry, operational and control parameters) is easily modified.
  • the local induced velocities, Reynolds number and angle of attack, the blade loads and the azimuthal torque and power coefficients are the output data.
  • the simulation was performed using as the reference a standard 22-meter diameter HAWT blade.
  • the simulations were carried out on shrouded rotors at wind speeds of 4, 7 and 12 m/s.
  • the sectoring ratio was varied between 1.0 and 0.25. The effect and advantages of sectoring the rotor are clearly illustrated by the test results as shown in Figure 12.
  • the form of the sectoring device for the simulation was a cone shape.
  • the effect of changing the form of the sectoring device was not evaluated, only the effect of the change in swept area.
  • Many different forms of sectoring device are applicable including parabolas, cones and semi-circles and the form may improve slightly the result.
  • the important variable remains the change in the sectored area that has the effect of increasing the wind pressure at the face of the blades and the application of this wind pressure to the optimum high torque zone of the rotor.
  • Example 1 a HAWT sectored rotor at 4.0 m/s
  • the sectoring ratio was varied between 1.0 and 0.25.
  • the power produced increased from 10 to 55 kW or an increase of 5.5 fold.
  • Example 2 a HAWT sectored rotor at 7.0 m/s
  • the sectoring ratio was varied between 1.0 and 0.25.
  • the power produced increased from 30 to 300 kW or an increase of 10 fold.
  • Example 3 a HAWT sectored rotor at 12.0 m/s
  • the sectoring ratio was varied between 1.0 and 0.25.
  • the power produced increased from 190 to 1500 kW or an increase of 7.7 fold.
  • the parameters of the sectoring cone may differ from the examples shown in this document.
  • the mechanism for adjusting the opening of the aperture or flow channel may differ based on the fluids, operating conditions and turbine apparatus.
  • a directing system 1800 for directing fluid entering a cross-flow turbine along an inlet flow direction.
  • the turbine comprises a rotor.
  • the rotor comprises a plurality of turbine blades 1802.
  • the directing system 1800 comprises an inlet 1808 directing fluid towards the turbine, and a plurality of directing segments 1804 attached to the inlet 1808, downstream of the inlet.
  • a directing segment adjustment system 1806 is also provided for adjustably positioning the directing segments 1804 between a retracted configuration and a deployed configuration.
  • the directing segments, in the deployed configuration extend beyond the inlet 1808 in a direction transversal to the inlet flow direction and deflect the fluid towards a centerline 1801 of a rotor of the turbine.
  • the plurality of directing segments 1804 are two inlet side deflectors pivotably attached to the inlet and the directing segment adjustment system 1806 comprises a pair of actuators for pivoting the two side deflectors with respect to the inlet.
  • the directing system further comprises an outlet 1809 directing fluid away from the turbine, a second set of two outlet side deflectors 1805 pivotably attached to the outlet and a second pair of actuators for pivoting the second set of the two outlet side deflectors with respect to the outlet.
  • the directing system further comprises a set of adjustably positionable side baffle plates 1803 concentrically positioned within an outer circumference of the rotor of the turbine.
  • the directing system further comprises a set of baffle plate actuators for adjustably positioning the side baffle plates 1803 based on a corresponding configuration of the inlet side deflectors or directing segments 1804.
  • the set of adjustable baffle plates are supported by a set of support bars 1807 attached to a shroud surrounding the turbine.
  • the directing segment adjustment system comprises a controller and the directing system further comprises a fluid velocity measurement system located upstream of the inlet and producing a signal indicative of fluid velocity entering the turbine, and wherein the controller adjusts the directing segment adjustment system based on the signal indicative of fluid velocity entering the turbine.
  • a rotor-sectoring device for use with at least one wind turbine to increase the velocity pressure and maximize the torque produced by the wind contacting the blades of the wind rotor, the rotor-sectoring device comprising: (a) a shrouded tunnel section, the tunnel section comprising four walls an entry and an exit, the entry having an area equal or slightly lower than the exit;
  • a set of actuators to position the side wall baffles in synchronous fashion with the side wall deflectors;
  • a wind measurement instrument located upstream of the entrance adapter and providing a continuous measurement of wind speed to a programmable controller;
  • the programmable controller adjusting the position of the deflectors and the side baffles to control the sectoring ratio and the speed through the adjustable flow aperture.
  • the rotor-sectoring device produces a square or rectangular shaped channel at the face of the rotor blades of variable dimensions by increasing or decreasing the width of said sectoring device.
  • the rotor-sectoring apparatus is capable of adjusting the area of the flow aperture of the turbine rotor.
  • the sectoring cone is of such dimensions that it can be mounted on the shrouds of the turbine rotor in order to rotate with the turbine into the wind.
  • the rotor-sectioning device has an aerodynamic form that maximizes the wind pressure at the face of the rotor blades.
  • the rotor-sectioning cone optimizes the production of power by limiting the flow aperture to dimensions that maximize the torque produced by decreasing the low torque zone.
  • the rotor-sectioning device directs the air stream to the optimum section of the rotor blades to develop the maximum torque per unit of air volume at all wind speeds.
  • the rotor-sectioning cone can increase the power generated significantly by a conventional VAWT or cross-flow turbine at evaluated wind speeds of 4.0, 7.0 and 12.0 m/s.
  • the rotor-sectioning apparatus can increase the power output of existing VAWT wind turbines by retrofitting the apparatus to the existing VAWT rotor or turbine.
  • the rotor-sectioning apparatus performs satisfactorily with non- augmented or augmented axial flow wind turbines.
  • the rotor-sectioning apparatus by dynamic similitude, will provide very similar overall performance when either water or air are the fluids passing through the turbine.
  • the blades of a cross-flow turbine such as a VAWT do not provide a continuous level of torque over each revolution. Whether the rotor is shrouded or operating in an open channel the torque developed varies as the blades travel around their 360-degree path. Similar to the HAWT, as shown in Figure 14, there exists a low torque area 1420 and a high torque area 1410. When looking at a vertical cross- flow rotor along the direction of its shaft, the high torque sector of the upwind and downwind arcs is centered on the 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock positions. The low torque sectors are centered on the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock positions.
  • the purpose of installing a sectoring apparatus on a VAWT is to direct air away from the low torque area and into the high torque area. Computer simulations have permitted to determine that the power produced will continue to increase until the area sectored represents 67% of the total swept area. Above 67% the power output falls rapidly.
  • the sectoring device creates an adjustable rectangular or square opening at the upwind and downwind faces of the rotor.
  • the side deflectors are adjustable to decrease the width of the aperture. Essentially this removes airflow from the walls or the low torque areas and directs it to the high torque area located along the rotor centerline. The reduction in the area of the aperture increases the wind velocity pressure.
  • the rotor is shrouded in order to prevent the air from spilling around the edge of the blades.
  • a bell shaped lip on the upwind entrance and an angled or round lip on the downwind exit serve to minimize the entrance and exit friction losses.
  • baffle plate is installed in line with the turbine shaft to cut the non-sectored area into two equal parts.
  • the walls of this baffle have a slight outward radius.
  • two adjustable baffles are installed inside the rotor parallel to the direction of wind flow. As the side deflectors move to increase or decrease the width of the aperture their horizontal displacement and the horizontal displacement of the baffles are synchronized. The effect is to create a more continuous flow channel up to and through the rotor blades.
  • VAWT The sectoring of VAWT is applicable for augmented and non-augmented turbines. In all cases the rotor is shrouded or ducted.
  • Figures 16 and 17 show the construction principle for non-augmented (including a turbine shroud 160, shroud inlet 162 and shroud outlet 164) and for augmented turbines (including a turbine 170, convergent inlet 172, diffuser 174, side plates 176, adjustable upwind vanes 178, adjustable downwind vanes 180) respectively.
  • Figure 18 shows the principal sections of the rotor-sectoring apparatus for cross- flow turbines which are the rotor shaft (1801 ), the rotor airfoils (1802), the adjustable baffle walls (1803), the upwind flow deflectors (1804), the downwind flow deflectors (1805), the upwind and downwind flow deflector actuators (1806), the adjustable baffle wall actuators (1807), the entrance flow adapter (1808), the exit flow adapter (1809) and the shrouds covering the top bottom and sides of the turbine section.
  • the top shroud is not shown for purposes of clarity and comprehension.
  • Example 1 a VAWT and sectored rotor at 4.0 m/s
  • the sectoring ratio was varied between 1.0 and 0.67.
  • the power produced increased from 10 to 35 kW or an increase of 3.5 fold.
  • Example 2 a VAWT and sectored rotor at 7.0 m/s
  • the sectoring ratio was varied between 1.0 and 0.67.
  • the power produced increased from 50 to 120 kW or an increase of 2.5 fold.
  • Example 3 a VAWT and sectored rotor at 12.0 m/s
  • the sectoring ratio was varied between 1.0 and 0.67.
  • the power produced increased from 200 to 625 kW or an increase of 3.1 fold.
  • the parameters of the sectoring cone may differ from the examples shown in this document.
  • the mechanism for adjusting the opening of the aperture or flow channel may differ based on the fluids, operating conditions and turbine apparatus.

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Abstract

L’invention concerne un système de guidage conçu pour guider un fluide pénétrant dans une turbine à écoulement axial dans une direction d’écoulement d’admission. La turbine comprend une pluralité d’aubes de turbine. Le système de guidage comprend une structure de base, une pluralité de segments de guidage fixés à la structure de base, en aval de la structure de base, ainsi qu’un système de réglage de segments de guidage permettant de positionner de manière réglable les segments de guidage entre une configuration rentrée et une configuration déployée. Les segments de guidage, dans la configuration déployée, s’étendent au-delà de la structure de base dans une direction transversale à la direction d’écoulement d’admission et dévient le fluide vers une circonférence externe de la pluralité d’aubes de turbine correspondant à une zone de couple supérieure des aubes. L’invention concerne également un système de guidage conçu pour guider un fluide pénétrant dans une turbine à impulsions radiales. Dans la turbine à impulsions radiales, le fluide est guidé vers une ligne centrale du rotor de la turbine, qui est une zone de couple élevée des aubes de turbine.
PCT/CA2009/001641 2008-11-10 2009-11-09 Système de guidage de fluide pour turbines WO2010051648A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/128,563 US20120099977A1 (en) 2008-11-10 2009-11-09 Fluid directing system for turbines
EP09824327.2A EP2356335A4 (fr) 2008-11-10 2009-11-09 Systeme de guidage de fluide pour turbines
CN200980154151XA CN102272444B (zh) 2008-11-10 2009-11-09 用于涡轮机的流体引导系统

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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CA2,643,567 2008-11-10
CA2643567A CA2643567A1 (fr) 2008-11-10 2008-11-10 Systeme de direction des fluides pour turbines

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EP2366892B1 (fr) * 2010-03-18 2014-07-30 Nordex Energy GmbH Pale de rotor d'éolienne
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ITMC20130058A1 (it) * 2013-09-26 2015-03-27 Faggiolati Pumps S P A Impianto generatore di energia elettrica
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Publication number Publication date
EP2356335A1 (fr) 2011-08-17
US20120099977A1 (en) 2012-04-26
CN102272444A (zh) 2011-12-07
EP2356335A4 (fr) 2014-01-22
CN102272444B (zh) 2013-12-25
CA2643567A1 (fr) 2010-05-10

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