WO2010049126A1 - Brandschutgläser mit uv-härtbarer zwischenschicht - Google Patents
Brandschutgläser mit uv-härtbarer zwischenschicht Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010049126A1 WO2010049126A1 PCT/EP2009/007680 EP2009007680W WO2010049126A1 WO 2010049126 A1 WO2010049126 A1 WO 2010049126A1 EP 2009007680 W EP2009007680 W EP 2009007680W WO 2010049126 A1 WO2010049126 A1 WO 2010049126A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- fire
- transparent fire
- resistant glazing
- panes
- Prior art date
Links
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- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M acrylate group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)[O-] NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 15
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- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002734 metacrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- NZIDBRBFGPQCRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C NZIDBRBFGPQCRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940065472 octyl acrylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ANISOHQJBAQUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C ANISOHQJBAQUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZDHCZVWCTKTBRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N omega-Hydroxydodecanoic acid Natural products OCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZDHCZVWCTKTBRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007517 polishing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000007519 polyprotic acids Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000909 polytetrahydrofuran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004436 sodium atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUELTTOHQODFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,6-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=C(N=C=O)C=CC=C1N=C=O RUELTTOHQODFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005341 toughened glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trizinc;diborate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]B([O-])[O-].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004383 yellowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- BNEMLSQAJOPTGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;dioxido(oxo)tin Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][Sn]([O-])=O BNEMLSQAJOPTGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZRXQXJGIQEYOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;oxido(oxo)borane Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]B=O.[O-]B=O PZRXQXJGIQEYOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHTBHKFULNTCHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc;tin(4+);hexahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Zn+2].[Sn+4] BHTBHKFULNTCHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
- B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10706—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer being photo-polymerized
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
- C08K5/0066—Flame-proofing or flame-retarding additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K21/00—Fireproofing materials
- C09K21/06—Organic materials
- C09K21/08—Organic materials containing halogen
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
- Y10T428/2495—Thickness [relative or absolute]
- Y10T428/24959—Thickness [relative or absolute] of adhesive layers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
- Y10T428/2495—Thickness [relative or absolute]
- Y10T428/24967—Absolute thicknesses specified
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
- Y10T428/266—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension of base or substrate
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31—Surface property or characteristic of web, sheet or block
- Y10T428/315—Surface modified glass [e.g., tempered, strengthened, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
- Y10T428/31645—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
- Y10T428/31645—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31649—Ester, halide or nitrile of addition polymer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to transparent fire-resistant glazings from at least two panes, wherein between these panes a layer of a UV-curable material is arranged in each case, methods for their production and their use as multiple glazing, in mobile units such as doors and windows or fixed as an element of walls or facades.
- Fire-resistant glazings serve, for example, as fire protection closure of an opening in a wall or else in an otherwise non-transparent filling of a door leaf.
- Fire-resistant glazing shall be designed to withstand exposure to fire and heat for a predetermined period of time, such as 30, 60, 90 or 120 or even 180 minutes, as the case may be. In particular, they may not allow the penetration of flames and may need to complete a room as an additional requirement against smoke. Furthermore, in certain applications, they must provide good insulation against heat and limit the radiant heat of a source of fire. Criteria for the requirements for fire-resistant glazing are regulated in particular in the European standards EN 1363-1 "Fire resistance tests, general requirements" and DIN EN 1634 Part 1 "Fire resistance tests for doors and shut-off equipment, Part 1 Fire closures". In addition, fire-resistant glazing should also meet other requirements, such as safety requirements, in particular requirements for shock resistance. Furthermore, fire-resistant glazing should also be suitable for sound insulation.
- PVB films polyvinyl butyrate
- the splinter-bonding effect of the film is necessary to ensure the safety glass properties.
- the PVB film decomposes and forms flammable gases, which lead to the formation of flames on the side away from the fire and thus enable the further spread of a fire.
- Another commercially available fire safety glass consists of at least one heat-resistant, low-expansion glass-ceramic pane or a thermally toughened borosilicate glass, between which a fluorine-containing layer is arranged.
- a bonding agent consisting of a fluorohydrocarbon and a solvent is used to impart sufficient adhesion between the glass or glass ceramic disk and the fluorine-containing intermediate layer.
- connection of the glass ceramic or glass with films requires a complex and costly lamination process, as well as a pre-bond under Use of increased pressure and elevated temperatures and subsequent autoclave process.
- the glass ceramic pane is produced by means of a rolling process, a relatively high waviness of the glass ceramic pane occurs as a consequence.
- a fluorine-containing film with a thickness of 0.5 ⁇ m is not very suitable for producing a defect-free end product which does not show bubbles in the laminated glass, since this film can only insufficiently compensate for the irregularities in the glass ceramic pane.
- a costly and time-consuming grinding and polishing process of the glass-ceramic pane is additionally necessary.
- a further object of the present invention was to provide transparent fire-resistant glazings which ensure protection against smoke and flames in the event of fire, show safety glass properties, in particular high splinter-bond strength and high impact resistance, and have very good sound-insulating properties.
- a further object of the present invention was to be able to connect glass panes or glass ceramic panes with relatively large unevenness of up to 0.7, in particular up to 0.5 mm / m, such that this would be sufficient for impact resistance and soundproofing Have layer thickness without having to increase the layer thickness significantly.
- Another object of the present invention was to provide transparent fire-resistant glazing, which meet the highest standard in pendulum impact test according to DIN EN 12600.
- a transparent fire-resistant glazing comprising at least two panes independently selected from the group consisting of glass panes and glass ceramic panes and at least one layer (a) of a UV-curable material, wherein the layer (a) in each case between them
- Disks is arranged, characterized in that the layer (a) at least one bromine-containing flame retardant contains.
- the glasses or glass ceramics are preferably transparent, in particular highly transparent, and have a light transmission of> 80% with respect to the pane or glazing. Preferably, the transmission is at least 85%, in particular at least 88%.
- the transparent fire-resistant glazing according to the invention can also be used as safety glazing.
- the thickness of the glass pane or glass ceramic pane is preferably in the range of at least 2 mm or 2.5 mm, with at least 3 mm or 3.2 mm being particularly preferred.
- Preferred maximum thicknesses are 15 mm and 12 mm, with a maximum of 10 mm being even more preferred.
- Particularly preferred are maximum thicknesses of 7 mm and 6 mm.
- the thickness of the layer (a) is at least 0.5 or 0.6 mm, wherein at least thicknesses of 0.7 mm or
- 0.75 mm are even more preferred.
- Preferred maximum thicknesses of the layer (a) are at most 5 mm and 3 mm, respectively, with more than 2 mm or 1.5 mm being more preferred.
- the glass panes or glass ceramic panes and the layer (a) thus result in laminates with layers of different thicknesses.
- the minimum thickness of the laminates of glass panes or glass ceramic panes and the layer (a) is preferably at least 5 mm to 5.5 mm, with thicknesses of at least 6 or 7 mm being particularly preferred.
- Preferred maximum thicknesses are 15 mm and 13 mm, with maximum thicknesses of 12 mm and 11 mm being even more preferred. In particular, thicknesses of a maximum of 10 mm or 8 mm are preferred.
- the present invention thus makes it possible to provide fire-resistant glazings with a small layer thickness, for example in the range between 6 and 8 mm.
- These fire-resistant glazings show further advantages in terms of their reduced weight and their increased transparency. They can also be used instead of wire glasses in standard frames.
- the disc used in the invention usually consists of a glass or a glass ceramic.
- the glass pane or the glass ceramic pane each consists of a material selected from the group consisting of borosilicate glass and soda lime glass, which may optionally also be biased.
- the glass used in the invention may be floated or drawn.
- a planar glass with parallel and fire polished surfaces of high surface quality is used.
- the glass used is prestressed, preferably by means of thermal or chemical processes.
- soda-lime glasses are understood as meaning those which are produced essentially from the starting materials silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), lime (CaCO 3 ) and soda (Na 2 CO 3 ).
- Flooded soda-lime glass can also be thermally prestressed and thus meets the requirements placed on safety glass.
- This thermal bias it is known that cut slices of float glass heated to about 600 0 C to 700 0 C and then cooled very rapidly by a cold air flow. This warm-up and rapid cooling process produces strong compressive stresses in the surface of the glass and tensile stresses in the interior. This results in a considerable increase in the bending tensile strength of the glass, a formation of insensitivity to rapid temperature fluctuations and in a high resilience. Under the strongest stress breaks such a tempered glass in a variety of little sharp-edged crumbs.
- the compressive stress in the surface of the glass is achieved by ion exchange.
- ion exchange is carried out with alkali atoms, either in molten salts or with applied pastes.
- the usual treatment is with potassium atoms, which are exchanged for sodium atoms in the glass. It is important that the treatment takes place below the transformation temperature of the glass, because otherwise the compressive stress degrades thermally.
- a soda-lime glass may likewise comprise Na 2 O, K 2 O, MgO, ZrO 2 , CaO, SrO, BaO, ZnO, P 2 O 5 , TiO 2 and SnO 2 .
- a typical soda-lime glass as defined as DGG's standard glass, consists of the following components:
- the viscosity is typically:
- borosilicate glass As borosilicate glass is called a silicate glass, which usually contains between 7% and 15% boron oxide. Due to its composition it has a high temperature resistance to change and very high hydrolytic and acid resistance. Like the soda-lime glass, it is floatable and, for example, is refined with sodium chloride during production. Borated silicate glasses are used where higher chemical resistance and higher temperature resistance are required. Borosilicate glasses may also be thermally toughened. Borosilicate glasses preferably have a transformation temperature between 535 ° C. and 850 ° C., a softening point above 830 ° C. and a processing temperature below 1300 ° C.
- a borosilicate glass may also have Na 2 O, K 2 O, MgO, ZrO 2 , CaO, SrO, BaO, ZnO, P 2 O 5 , TiO 2 and SnO 2 .
- a typical borosilicate glass consists of 70-78 wt.% SiO 2 , 7-15 wt.% B 2 O 3 , 0-8 wt.% Na 2 O, 0-8 wt.% K 2 O, 0 - 8 wt .-% HO 2 O 3 and optionally up to 8 wt .-% further ingredients.
- the fire protection glazings according to the invention preferably have a high light transmission.
- They are preferably at least 85%, in particular at least 88%, for a glazing with borosilicate according to the invention and at least 90% for a soda-lime glass according to the invention for a glass-ceramic according to the invention.
- the glass sheets used according to the invention are typically characterized by a thermal expansion coefficients a 2 o / 3oo between 2.8, in particular between 3 and 10.0 x 10 '6 / K.
- Typical values are, for example, Boro 33 (pyran White) 3.3 x 10 -6 / K, for a soda-lime glass approximately 9.O x 10 "6 / K and 40 Boro (pyran) 4.0 x 10 -6 / K.
- the transparent fire-resistant glazing may have glass ceramic panes.
- Glass ceramic consisting of a crystalline and a residual glass phase.
- the starting glass is first obtained on the way through normal glass manufacturing processes. After melting and refining, the glass usually undergoes hot forming by rolling, casting or pressing. Thereafter, the glass is subjected to a heat treatment, whereby the glass is controlled partly converted into a fine-grained, crystalline phase.
- the glass ceramic panes used according to the invention In a temperature range from room temperature to about 700 ° C., the glass ceramic panes used according to the invention have an extremely low thermal expansion coefficient CC 2 0/7 00 ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ 10 -6 / K. Therefore, glass-ceramic panes in a transparent form are particularly suitable for use in fire-resistant glazings.
- the glass ceramic pane used according to the invention was produced in a float process and subsequently ceramized in a gas film levitation process or by means of contact ceramicization.
- the layer (a) contains at least one bromine-containing flame retardant.
- the layer (a) contains exclusively bromine-containing flame retardants.
- Suitable flame retardants are, for example, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) such as decabromodiphenyl ether, brominated alcohols such as dibromoneopentyl alcohol, tribromoneopentyl alcohol, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA) and dibromobutiol, polybrominated cycloalkanes such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and in each case their derivatives and / or mixtures.
- PBDEs polybrominated diphenyl ethers
- brominated alcohols such as dibromoneopentyl alcohol, tribromoneopentyl alcohol, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA) and dibromobutiol
- TBBA tetrabromobisphenol A
- HBCD hexabromocyclododecane
- mixed esters of tetrabromophthalic with diethylene glycol and propylene glycol are suitable, such as SAYTEX ® RB-79 Albemarle Corporation, mixed ester of tetrabromophthalic with aromatic diols such as SAYTEX ® RB-8000 Albemarle Corporation or SAYTEX ® RB-9130 and SAYTEX ® RB-9170th
- the layer (a) contains no phosphorus-containing flame retardants. Under the influence of heat, phosphorus compounds lead to decomposition products which attack glass panes or glass ceramic panes and cause them to burst if they are hit by water jets.
- the layer (a) also contains no fluorine-containing flame retardants, since their degradation products glass or glass ceramic attack.
- the bromine-containing flame retardant is compatible with the other components of the UV-curable material in that, after curing, a transparent product is obtained in each case.
- the bromine-containing flame retardants do not polymerize with the other components of the UV-curable material.
- the UV-curable material comprises at least one oligomer selected from the group comprising monoacrylate oligomer and multi-acrylate oligomer and at least one monomer having an acrylate functionality.
- the UV-curable material comprises at least one oligomer selected from the group comprising monoacrylate oligomer and multi-acrylate oligomer and at least one monomer having an acrylate functionality.
- other sufficiently temperature-stable resins can be used.
- the oligomer is first prepared, optionally in the presence of a reactive diluent. Then, the oligomer formulation is further formulated by blending it with other ingredients, such as reactive diluents, that is, monomers, one or more photoinitiators, and additives. When multiple oligomers are desired, individual oligomers can be synthesized separately and then mixed, or they can be synthesized together in a single pot synthesis.
- the amount of oligomers in the UV-curable material is preferably 10 wt .-% to about 90 wt .-%, more preferably 15 wt .-% to 80 wt .-% and most preferably 20 wt .-% to 70 wt. -%.
- the molecular weight of the oligomers is not particularly limited.
- the number average molecular weight of the oligomers may generally be less than about 25,000 g / mole, and preferably less than about 10,000 g / mole, and especially preferably less than about 5,000 g / mole.
- the molecular weight is generally preferably greater than about 500 g / mol.
- a monoacrylate oligomer is an oligomer that has only one acrylate functional group.
- the monoacrylate can form the main chain for the polymer which forms when mixed with an acrylate copolymer and a multi-acrylate oligomer.
- a multi-acrylate oligomer is an oligomer having at least two acrylate functional groups.
- the acrylate functionalities may be end groups, or they may be grafted to a site within the oligomer chain.
- the multi-acrylate oligomer When blended with the other components of the composition, the multi-acrylate oligomer provides the crosslinks or branches needed to form a network with the monoacrylate oligomer backbone.
- the monoacrylate oligomers and multi-acrylate oligomers are selected and provided in amounts such that the UV curable material has the desired cohesive strength.
- the oligomers are also present in amounts such that the transparency and a heat. Moisture stability can be ensured.
- the monoacrylate oligomers or multi-acrylate oligomers may be, for example, urethane acrylate oligomers. These oligomers can be obtained by reacting polyester polyols and polyisocyanates.
- a polyester polyol may be obtained by reacting a polybasic acid, for example, terephthalic acid or maleic acid a polyhydric alcohol, for example, ethylene glycol or 1,6-hexanediol.
- a polyether polyol used to prepare the urethane acrylate oligomers may be selected, for example, from polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, poly (tetrahydrofuran), poly (2-methyltetrahydrofuran), poly (3-methyltetrahydrofuran) and the like. to be selected.
- Urethane acrylate oligomers may then be used e.g. by reacting a polyisocyanate or other polyfunctional isocyanate compound with a polyhydric polyol to provide an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer. Subsequently, acrylates or methacrylates having a hydroxyl group can be reacted with the terminal isocyanate groups of the prepolymer. Both aromatic and aliphatic isocyanates can be used to react with the urethane to obtain the oligomer.
- diisocyanates which can be used to prepare the acrylated oligomers are 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 1,3-xylene diisocyanate, 1,4-xylene diisocyanate, 1,6-
- hydroxy-terminated acrylates which can be used for the preparation of the acrylated oligomers include, but are not limited to, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, 4
- a urethane acrylic oligomer includes an acrylate group and at least one urethane group.
- the monoacrylate oligomers or multi-acrylate oligomers may be polyester acrylate oligomers, acrylated acrylomers or polyether acrylate oligomers.
- the UV-curable material contains as a further component a monomer having an acrylate functionality. The acrylate functionality allows the monomers to be polymerized using UV radiation.
- the UV-curable material contains 10 wt .-% to 90 wt .-%, more preferably 20 wt .-% to 80 wt .-% and most preferably 30 to 70 wt .-% monomers.
- the monomers preferably have a molecular weight of not more than 550 or a viscosity at room temperature of not more than 300 mPa ⁇ s (measured in 100% monomer).
- the monomer having an acrylate functionality is capable of copoly- merization with a monoacrylate oligomer or a multi-acrylate oligomer.
- the monomer having an acrylate functionality is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ⁇ -carboxyethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, octyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, octyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate , 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, phenoxyethyl acrylate, phenoxyethyl methacrylate, nonylphenolethoxylate monoacrylate, nonylphenol ethoxylate monomethacrylate, ⁇ -carbonylethyl acrylate, 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate
- the UV-curable material also contains a photoinitiator.
- a suitable photoinitiator is chosen as a function of the absorption behavior of the glass with respect to UV radiation so that a sufficient amount of UV radiation can penetrate the glass pane or glass ceramic pane and the polymerization starts by activation of the photoinitiator.
- photoinitiators are not limited. Conventional photoinitiators can be used. Examples include benzophenone and / or acetophenone derivatives such as ⁇ -hydroxyalkyl phenyl ketone, benzoic alkyl ethers and benzyl ketones, monoacyl phosphine oxides and bisacyl phosphine oxides. Preferred photoinitiators are 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone
- the amount of the photoinitiator is not particularly limited. An optimum amount of photoinitiator is chosen for fast cure speed, reasonable cost, good surface area, and through cure, which also prevents yellowing on aging.
- In the UV-curable composition are in the range between 0.3 wt .-% to 10 wt .-% and preferably in the range between 1 wt .-% and 5 wt .-%.
- the UV-curable material contains other conventional additives in effective amounts.
- additives such as stabilizers to prevent gelling, UV screening compounds, leveling agents, polymerization inhibitors, adhesion promoters, light stabilizers, chain transfer agents, colorants, including pigments and dyes, plasticizers, fillers, wetting agents and release additives, and preservatives.
- the UV-curable material may also include inorganic hydroxides such as aluminum trihydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, brucite, hydromagnesite, aluminum phosphinates, mixed metal hydroxides and / or mixed metal hydroxycarbonates, inorganic oxides such as magnesium oxide, and / or antimony trioxide, silicone, silicon di and / or other organic materials such as magnesium calcium carbonate, barium metaborate, zinc borate, zinc hydroxystannate, zinc stannate, zinc metaborate, expandable graphite and / or mixtures of glassy materials which act as a flame retardant barrier.
- inorganic hydroxides such as aluminum trihydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, brucite, hydromagnesite, aluminum phosphinates, mixed metal hydroxides and / or mixed metal hydroxycarbonates
- inorganic oxides such as magnesium oxide, and / or antimony trioxide
- silicone, silicon di and / or other organic materials such as magnesium calcium carbonate, barium metaborate, zinc borate,
- the UV-curable material is chosen in each case so that the fire-resistant glazing is transparent.
- the transparent fire-resistant glazing shows at a thickness of 9 mm, preferably a transmission of at least 80%, more preferably of at least 85% and most preferably of at least 88%.
- the layer (a) of a UV-curable material preferably has a viscosity at 25 ° C in the range of about 140 mPa-s.
- the low viscosity and the associated elastic properties mean that the layer (a) allows the production of transparent fire-resistant glazing with good sound-absorbing properties.
- Another object of the present invention is a method for producing transparent fire-resistant glazing comprising the steps
- the cleaning of the discs is carried out by means of acetone or isopropanol.
- the masking of the glass panes or glass ceramic panes takes place with the aid of a double-sided adhesive tape, which also acts as a spacer. This creates a gap between the glass panes or glass ceramic panes which is filled up with the UV-curable material.
- the UV-curable material is then cured by UV radiation. The curing with UV radiation takes place for a period of 15 to 25 minutes, particularly preferably for a period of 19 to 21 minutes, with radiation having a wavelength in the range from 300 to 400 nm.
- the inventive method makes it possible to fill the gap so that no gas bubbles.
- a PVB film as an intermediate layer in a fire-resistant glazing plays with the use of UV curable material in an intermediate layer, the unevenness of the glass or glass ceramic disc is irrelevant. Therefore, glass panes or glass ceramic panes with relatively large unevenness can be connected in a simple manner in a transparent fire-resistant glazing.
- Another object of the invention is the use of transparent fire-resistant glazing as Mehrfachver glazing, in mobile units such as doors and windows or fixed as an element of walls or facades.
- a fireproof glass consisting of a pane of Pyran Patinum glass ceramic with a thickness of 5 mm and dimensions of 1,000 mm x 2,000 mm and a counter-pane made of the same glass ceramic with a thickness of 5 mm and one
- Interlayer made of a transparent PVB film with a thickness of 0.76 mm (Trosifol BG R 20, Kuraray Europe GmbH, Division TROSIFOL).
- PVB film is first carried out by means of pre-bond using 5-7 bar (pressure) and 60-70 0 C on the glass surface (temperature) and a subsequent autoclave process also under 12 bar pressure and a temperature of 14O 0 C.
- the laminate produced in this way was produced in a steel frame from Forster Rohr- und Profiltechnik AG (product name: Presto) with a circumferential glass recess of 15 mm revolving and then tested in accordance with EN 1363 in a fire furnace.
- the film After 5 minutes, the film shows bubbles, after 8 minutes, the film begins to drain between the discs. Furthermore, there is a strong air-side smoke. After 12 minutes, the gases escaped on the air side ignite. After 90 minutes, the experiment was terminated. The room was closed at this time.
- a fire-resistant glazing consisting of a glass ceramic pane with a thickness of 5 mm and dimensions of 1,000 mm x 2,000 mm, a counter-pane also made of glass ceramic with the same dimensions and an intermediate layer of 1 mm thick UV-hardened cast resin (UVEKOLS, Fa. Cytec, Wiesbaden , Germany) without flame retardants.
- UVEKOLS Ultraviolet-hardened cast resin
- the connection between the panes and the casting resin took place by means of a UV curing process (25 min under UV light of 300-400 nm Pyran Platinum L).
- the laminate produced in this way was tested in a steel frame with a circumferential glass enclosure of 15 mm and then tested in accordance with EN 1363 in a fire furnace.
- a fire-resistant glazing consisting of a pane of glass-ceramic with a thickness of 5 mm and the dimensions 1,000 mx 2,000 mm and a counter-pane likewise made of glass-ceramic and a 1 mm flame-retardant UV-hardened intermediate layer with flame-retardant agents (UVE-KOL FR-C) between the slices and the intermediate layer was carried out by means of a UV curing process (25 min in the case of UV light of 300-400 nm).
- the laminate produced in this way was tested in a steel frame with a circumferential glass enclosure of 15 mm and then tested in accordance with EN 1363 in a fire furnace.
- a fire-resistant glazing consisting of a pane of glass-ceramic with a thickness of 3 mm and the dimensions 876 mm x 1,938 mm and a counter-pane likewise of 3 mm glass-ceramic with a fluorine-containing intermediate layer with a thickness of 0.5 mm (Pyran Platinum L and THV film copo lymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinylidene fluoride) was prepared in a pre-composite and autoclave process.
- the fire-resistant glazing was tested according to DIN EN 12600 (pendulum impact test) with a 50 kg impact body from a drop height of 1,200 mm. After the impact, an opening was created in the fire-resistant glazing with a dimension well over 76 mm. The test was therefore considered failed, as required by the highest category of this standard.
- a fire-resistant glazing consisting of a pane of glass ceramic (Pyran Platinum L) with a thickness of 3 mm and the dimensions 876 mm x 1,938 mm and a counter-pane also of the same glass ceramic with a thickness of 3 mm and an intermediate layer of a flame-retardant UV-curable Material containing a flame retardant (layer thickness 1 mm) was tested according to DIN EN 12600 with a 50 kg impact body from a drop height of 1200 mm.
- a pane of glass ceramic Pane of glass ceramic (Pyran Platinum L) with a thickness of 3 mm and the dimensions 876 mm x 1,938 mm and a counter-pane also of the same glass ceramic with a thickness of 3 mm and an intermediate layer of a flame-retardant UV-curable Material containing a flame retardant (layer thickness 1 mm) was tested according to DIN EN 12600 with a 50 kg impact body from a drop height of 1200 mm.
- the post-impact opening in the laminate was less than 76 mm. According to the highest category of this standard, the exam was passed.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/126,833 US8211532B2 (en) | 2008-10-31 | 2009-10-27 | Fire-resistant glasses having UV-curable intermediate layer |
AU2009309968A AU2009309968A1 (en) | 2008-10-31 | 2009-10-27 | Fire-resistant glasses having UV-curable intermediate layer |
GB1108582A GB2477675A (en) | 2008-10-31 | 2009-10-27 | Fire-resistant glasses having uv-curable intermediate layer |
US13/487,333 US8597777B2 (en) | 2008-10-31 | 2012-06-04 | Transparent fire-resistant glazing with flame retardant layer between glass or glass ceramic panes |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102008054149.4 | 2008-10-31 | ||
DE200810054149 DE102008054149A1 (de) | 2008-10-31 | 2008-10-31 | Brandschutzgläser mit UV-härtbarer Zwischenschicht |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/126,833 A-371-Of-International US8211532B2 (en) | 2008-10-31 | 2009-10-27 | Fire-resistant glasses having UV-curable intermediate layer |
US13/487,333 Division US8597777B2 (en) | 2008-10-31 | 2012-06-04 | Transparent fire-resistant glazing with flame retardant layer between glass or glass ceramic panes |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2010049126A1 true WO2010049126A1 (de) | 2010-05-06 |
Family
ID=41650421
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2009/007680 WO2010049126A1 (de) | 2008-10-31 | 2009-10-27 | Brandschutgläser mit uv-härtbarer zwischenschicht |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US8211532B2 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2009309968A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102008054149A1 (de) |
GB (1) | GB2477675A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2010049126A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2013189821A1 (en) | 2012-06-20 | 2013-12-27 | Allnex Belgium, S.A. | Flame retardant radiation curable compositions |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2108508A1 (de) * | 2008-04-07 | 2009-10-14 | Cytec Surface Specialties, S.A. | Flammhemmende strahlenhärtbare Strukturen |
GB2571087B (en) * | 2018-02-14 | 2020-04-22 | Pyroguard Uk Ltd | Fire resistant glazing unit |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0108630A2 (de) * | 1982-11-05 | 1984-05-16 | Deltaglass S.A. | Durch Licht vernetzbare Klebemittelzusammensetzungen |
WO2000009619A1 (de) * | 1998-08-13 | 2000-02-24 | Chemetall Gmbh | Klebstoff zur herstellung von verbundglas |
US6242506B1 (en) * | 1998-07-22 | 2001-06-05 | Mingxin Fan | Flame retardant additive for radiation curable acrylic compositions |
WO2004035308A1 (en) * | 2002-10-18 | 2004-04-29 | Surface Specialties, S.A. | Flame retardant composition |
WO2007089054A1 (en) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-08-09 | Optron-Tec Co., Ltd. | Protective glass complex and method of manufacturing the same |
EP2108508A1 (de) * | 2008-04-07 | 2009-10-14 | Cytec Surface Specialties, S.A. | Flammhemmende strahlenhärtbare Strukturen |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10017701C2 (de) | 2000-04-08 | 2002-03-07 | Schott Glas | Gefloatetes Flachglas |
-
2008
- 2008-10-31 DE DE200810054149 patent/DE102008054149A1/de active Pending
-
2009
- 2009-10-27 WO PCT/EP2009/007680 patent/WO2010049126A1/de active Application Filing
- 2009-10-27 GB GB1108582A patent/GB2477675A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-10-27 AU AU2009309968A patent/AU2009309968A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-10-27 US US13/126,833 patent/US8211532B2/en active Active
-
2012
- 2012-06-04 US US13/487,333 patent/US8597777B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0108630A2 (de) * | 1982-11-05 | 1984-05-16 | Deltaglass S.A. | Durch Licht vernetzbare Klebemittelzusammensetzungen |
US6242506B1 (en) * | 1998-07-22 | 2001-06-05 | Mingxin Fan | Flame retardant additive for radiation curable acrylic compositions |
WO2000009619A1 (de) * | 1998-08-13 | 2000-02-24 | Chemetall Gmbh | Klebstoff zur herstellung von verbundglas |
WO2004035308A1 (en) * | 2002-10-18 | 2004-04-29 | Surface Specialties, S.A. | Flame retardant composition |
WO2007089054A1 (en) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-08-09 | Optron-Tec Co., Ltd. | Protective glass complex and method of manufacturing the same |
EP2108508A1 (de) * | 2008-04-07 | 2009-10-14 | Cytec Surface Specialties, S.A. | Flammhemmende strahlenhärtbare Strukturen |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2013189821A1 (en) | 2012-06-20 | 2013-12-27 | Allnex Belgium, S.A. | Flame retardant radiation curable compositions |
WO2013189537A1 (en) * | 2012-06-20 | 2013-12-27 | Allnex Belgium, S.A. | Flame retardant radiation curable compositions |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US8211532B2 (en) | 2012-07-03 |
AU2009309968A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
DE102008054149A1 (de) | 2010-05-12 |
US20110256390A1 (en) | 2011-10-20 |
GB201108582D0 (en) | 2011-07-06 |
US8597777B2 (en) | 2013-12-03 |
GB2477675A (en) | 2011-08-10 |
US20120251804A1 (en) | 2012-10-04 |
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