Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/13—Amines
  • A61K31/155—Amidines (), e.g. guanidine (H2N—C(=NH)—NH2), isourea (N=C(OH)—NH2), isothiourea (—N=C(SH)—NH2)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0041—Mammary glands, e.g. breasts, udder; Intramammary administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/06—Ointments; Bases therefor; Other semi-solid forms, e.g. creams, sticks, gels
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/02—Local antiseptics

Definitions

• This invention relates to an anti-infective formulation and methods of use.
• this invention relates to an anti-infective formulation and methods of use to prevent or ameliorate mammary gland infections, including mastitis.
• bovine mastitis One of the major problems associated with dairy cows is the high occurrence of bovine mastitis, especially new infections during the dry or drying off period, when dairy cows are particularly susceptible to mastitis. This problem also applies to other lactating animals, but for the purposes of this discussion reference is made to bovine mastitis.
• the dominant pathogens associated with dry period mastitis infections may include: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae .
• Bovine mastitis is usually treated or prevented with intramammary antibiotics.
• the need to withhold milk is an inconvenience to the farmer.
• the farmer has to either ensure that the milk is diverted away from the holding tank through separate milk lines, or depending on their systems keep the treated animal(s) separate, and milk these at a separate time.
• teat seals both external and internal were developed to provide a physical barrier to prevent micro-organisms from gaining access into the teat or udder. Again, both these have significant disadvantages.
• External teat seals provide an external physical barrier across the entrance to the teat canal. The end of each teat is dipped in an acrylic, latex or polymer based teat seal after milking has finished, and the dry period commences.
• the external teat seal dries to generate a latex, acrylic or other polymer based film that prevents entry of pathogenic bacteria into the teat canal.
• a further method of preventing mastitis infection during the dry period is the use of internal teat seals.
• Internal teat seals are a thick paste that is infused into each quarter of the cow's udder at drying off.
• the internal teat seal then forms a physical barrier, either in a paste form or via solidifying in the teat canal, thereby preventing micro-organisms from accessing the teat canal.
• internal teat seals include a heavy metal salt such as bismuth sub-nitrate mixed into a gel base.
• the gel base may by polyethylene gel, which solidifies after administration.
• the gel base may also include a vehicle such as liquid paraffin.
• a vehicle such as liquid paraffin.
• external teat seals internal teat seals if used alone do not include antibiotics, and therefore do not require a withholding of milk.
• TeatsealTM an internal teat seal
• antibiotic treatment might be applied along with, or prior to administration of the internal teat sealant.
• New Zealand patent number 258199 relates to a veterinary composition containing the antibiotic cloxacillin in an aqueous suspension including a suspension aid, a buffer and a surfactant.
• the composition also includes a heavy metal salt and gel base which acts as a physical teat seal.
• This patent discloses the use of two independent compositions that are administered at the same time.
• the intramammary composition including cloxacillin is administered followed by the teat seal.
• the product disclosed in New Zealand patent number 258199 has a number of significant disadvantages.
• the most significant disadvantage is that like other antibiotic treatments the aim was for the antibiotic to be absorbed by the animal.
• the aim is not necessarily for absorption when udder infections are being treated.
• the aim is to get the antibiotic to the infected sites in the udder. So, although the aim may not be absorption, absorption does occur and this leads to residues in other tissues.
• page 8 lines 9 to 13 reads as follows: 'Within 30 minutes the antibiotic administered also crosses the blood-milk barrier establishing a drug reservoir which aids the maintenance of therapeutic levels of cloxacillin for the 72 hour treatment period. ' This product therefore still retains all the problems associated with antibiotic treatment discussed above.
• bacteriocins such as nisin and lacticin have broad spectrum action against a number of micro-organisms.
• the use of bacteriocins provides a multiple approach to prevention of mastitis, including both a physical, and a chemical feature.
• a drawback of a seal is that microbes which may already be present in the teat are sealed inside and without natural challenges may become infectious.
• the natural sealing process may also be disrupted, slowed or otherwise altered, which may cause harm to the animal.
• a formulation for administration to the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern of a mammary gland of an animal, wherein the formulation prior to delivery is in the form of a paste, the formulation including: an oil-based physical barrier material which is able to form a cohesive mass in the teat canal and/or the lower portion of the teat cistern, and
• At least one antiseptic compound mixed with the barrier material at least one antiseptic compound mixed with the barrier material.
• a formulation as substantially described above in the manufacture of a medicament to prevent or ameliorate infection within the teat cistern of a mammary gland.
• the term 'infection' or grammatical variations thereof refers to the invasion of an animal's body by micro-organisms.
• the term 'prevent' or grammatical variations thereof refers to keeping, averting or hindering an infection from occurring.
• 'mammary gland' or grammatical variations thereof refers to the whole of the udder of an animal, including the secreting tissue, connective tissue, glands and teats.
• 'teat canal' or grammatical variations thereof refers to the teat canal or aperture from the teat cistern, where the milk is extracted from.
• the term 'antiseptic' or grammatical variations thereof refers to any agent that kills or prevents the spreading of infectious organisms in order to prevent the spread of infections. Antiseptics are generally applied to the external surface tissue. Whereas the term 'antibiotic' refers to a drug that treats infections internally within the body. The term 'gelling compound' or grammatical variations thereof refers to compounds that promote coagulation or thickening of one or more further compounds together.
• 'dry period' or grammatical variations thereof refers to the period where milking for the lactation season has ceased as the cows have no milk to expel and are therefore 'dry'. A person skilled in the art will understand that this time period may commence is early to mid summer until spring, when the cows calve.
• the term 'temporary' or grammatical variations thereof refers to the physical barrier as not lasting or not being permanent.
• the formulation prior to use, is a paste.
• the paste is administered into the teat canal, for example through a tube or syringe. Once administered, the formulation solidifies in the teat canal to form a substantially solid and coherent temporary physical barrier.
• the paste has a viscosity range between 800,000 - 3,000,000 cps @ 20 0 C using a Brookfield LVT on a Helipath stand, spindle TF at 0.3 RPM.
• this viscosity range is advantageous as it helps form a solid product that effectively seals the teat, thereby helping to prevent microbes from entering the canal to cause mastitis.
• the inventors have found that if the paste's viscosity is lower than 800,000 cps, the paste tends to be runny, and unlikely to be able to form such a seal.
• the paste is too thick (e.g. above 3,000,000, the inventors have found the paste often is not capable of moulding to the shape of the teat canal to form a plug after it has been administered. Further, a high viscosity paste can be difficult to administer to canal - requiring some force from the farmer.
• this viscosity range discussed above may be advantageous as it helps to provide the dissolution profile of the active, preferably chlorhexidine. If the paste's viscosity was outside of the range discussed above, the active would likely be released to quickly or to slowly for desired outcome.
• the physical barrier may have sufficient coherence to allow it to flex with movement of the sides of the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern. It would be appreciated that this increases the seal created by the formulation and/or physical barrier and the side of the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern, to decrease the channel between the seal and the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern.
• such a gap shall be referred to as a channel, this should be taken to include, any gap, moisture film or passageway between the formulation and the side of the teat canal.
• any such channels provide a means by which micro-organisms can enter the teat canal and migrate into the teat cistern. Micro-organisms that enter the teat cistern may then cause new infections, including mastitis.
• This ineffectiveness of previous physical teat seals and formulations indicate that sealing is not complete or consistent, and that gaps or a channel is present between the formulation and the side of the teat canal. This defeats the purpose of the seal to some extent, and limits its viability and effectiveness.
• the inventors consider that there may be a narrow, moisture filled channel, or film between the administered formulation and the side of the teat canal, which allows the migration of micro-organisms from the exterior of the teat into the teat cistern. Therefore, the present formulation has sufficient elasticity to increase the physical barrier within the canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern, and therefore prevent the migration of micro-organisms into the teat cistern.
• the present invention may work by not necessarily stopping migration of all microbes past the teat seal within the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern, but once microorganisms enter the teat cistern, the antiseptic may then operate on them.
• the formulation of the present invention may be used to prevent and/or ameliorate mastitis.
• the formulation may be used to prevent and/or ameliorate mastitis in milking animals, preferably the formulation may be administered to sheep and goats or cows, preferably dairy cows.
• the formulation of the present invention is administered at substantially the start of a dry period, during the drying off period or prior to first calving in primiparous heifers.
• the physical barrier includes barium based compound which may be a barium salt.
• the barium salt may be barium sulphate. Barium sulphate is advantageous in that it is cheaper and more environmentally friendly compound than previously used compounds, such as bismuth sub-nitrate.
• the barium based compound is micronised.
• the barium sulphate is present in the formulation at a concentration of approximately 40% to 85% w/w. More preferably, the barium sulphate may be present in the formulation at a concentration of approximately 67% w/w.
• the barium sulphate particles settle into the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern, contribute to substantially sealing off the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern with the temporary physical barrier.
• the antiseptic may be substantially incapable of being absorbed into the body/cells or metabolised in the teat sinus (or udder).
• An advantage with this feature is that the antiseptic is readily removed so as not to contaminate the milk supply. This is highly desirable, as the antiseptic remains in the localised area and is virtually incapable of entering the cow's body physiology.
• the antiseptic may be at least active against the major and minor pathogens associated with bovine mastitis. This allows the antiseptic to be active against a wide range of micro-organisms, and overcome some of the associated problems with the use of antibiotics - that these are targeted to, and active against an individual, or small related group of micro-organism.
• the antiseptic may have one or more of the following properties:
• the chemical has antimicrobial activity at physiological pH, and the pH of milk, and/or
• the antiseptic has a release rate such that the concentration in the aqueous channel is greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for at least 2-4 weeks, and/or
• the antiseptic is not readily absorbed by the cow's body, and/or
• the antiseptic is reasonably stable, and/or
• the antiseptic is non-irritant to the cow's body.
• the antiseptic is chlorhexidine.
• the chlorhexidine may be in the form of the base or HCI salt of chlorhexidine, or any other salt which is physiologically equivalent, or can provide the desired characteristics to the formulation.
• chlorhexidine provides a further advantage, in that this compound is acceptable for veterinary use and has been used in dairy practices for sometime.
• Chlorhexidine, or formulations containing the compound, for example are used by farmers to clean and sterilize milking machines, and is used as a teat spray after milking. Teat spraying after milking helps to prevent the entry of micro-organisms into the teat canal which remains open for a period of time after milking has finished.
• these compounds are well known and tested. It is well known that they are acceptable for use around and alongside current diary practices. It is also stable and non-toxic to the animal.
• chlorhexidine is that according to current literature, and based on its known chemical structure, it is not believed to be absorbed through the teat wall into the body.
• chlorhexidine should not be seen as limiting, as any other antiseptic with the desired characteristics may be utilised with the present invention.
• Antiseptic with poor absorption characteristics are preferred, these may include, for example ionised anti-septic.
• quaternary ammonium compounds may be suitable, including, but not limited to Cetrimide and BZK.
• povidone- iodine which is currently used in the dairy industry may be suitable.
• the antiseptic, once released or diffused from the formulation may be localised into the area between the physical barrier and the side of the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern.
• the antiseptic may be released from the formulation at such a concentration that it provides a localised concentration of antiseptic in the area between the formulation and the side of the teat canal, or/and lower portion of teat cistern which is sufficient to prevent the passage of, kill, or deactivate any microorganisms that are present in the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern.
• Release of the antiseptic from the formulation is by diffusion of the small amount of chlorhexidine which is dissolved in the base compound of the formulation to the surface of the formulation and then partitioning into the aqueous channel.
• the formulation may include the use of the more insoluble salts of chlorhexidine.
• the use of these salts may be utilised to reduce the release rate of chlorhexidine from the formulation.
• the formulation may also include a complexing agent. It will be appreciated that the complexing agent may assist with stabilising the antiseptic within the formulation.
• the antiseptic may be retained in the formulation, at least in part due to suspension in the viscous formulation.
• Complexion of chlorhexidine may reduce the free concentration of chlorhexidine in the base compound which would slow release and also possibly reduce the equilibrium concentration in the aqueous channel.
• Chlorhexidine is cationic, therefore it may be possible to utilise this organic ion to form an ion pair within the oil or formulation which may lead to a greater retention of antiseptic in the teat.
• the inventors also anticipate that increasing the barium based concentration may be used to slow the release rate of the chlorhexidine.
• the formulation may include a carrier.
• the carrier may be a combination of both a gel and oil, the gel may act to increase the viscosity of the oil, on administration through the teat canal .
• the gelling compound or compounds are present at a concentration within the range of approximately 1 to 12 % w/w of the oil component. More preferably, the gel compound or compounds may be present at a concentration of approximately 5.5 to 6.0 % w/w of the oil compound.
• the gelling compound is aluminium stearate.
• the aluminium stearate may be present at a concentration of approximately 1.8 % w/w of the final product.
• the oil is preferably selected as being an oil that may be difficult for the animal to metabolise. More preferably, the oil may be non-absorbable. More preferably, the oil may act as a vehicle.
• the oil may be present at a concentration of approximately 30 % w/w. It will be appreciated that the concentration may vary depending on the other components used, and may be varied to provide the desired characteristics of the formulation. Therefore, more preferably the oil may be at a concentration determined by the calculation of: 100% minus the other components to be included.
• the oil may be liquid paraffin.
• the relationship between the ratio of oil to barium sulphate, and the particle size and shape of the barium sulphate are factors considered to be important to the effectiveness of the formulation of the present invention, as they affect how the formulation packs into a cohesive mass in the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern, and irritability of the formulation.
• the preferred physical characteristics of the formulation of the present invention may be provided by the barium sulphate, along with at least one oil and a gelling agent.
• the formulation may also include other additives to provide the required consistency, physical properties or behaviour.
• the formulation may include a thickening agent, such as Aerosil 200, and/or preservatives, such as methylparaben (as free acid) and/or propylparaben (as free acid).
• the rheology of the formulation is important, this includes such features as the ability to flow under high shear forces, being sufficiently fluid that once administered it spreads to form a reasonable seal with the side of the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern and at least some elastic properties to allow the formulation to be able to move and flex with movement of the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern.
• the present invention overcomes the inconsistent effectiveness of previous formulations and formulations used in combination with bacteriocins.
• the formulation provides a physically stable product. This is important, as it ensures the physical barrier to be effective over a set period of time. Physically stable should be taken to include the characteristics of minimal dispersion of the formulation.
• Bacteriocins may not be localised within the area of the formulation, and indeed all previous work has been directed towards increasing the release of the bacteriocin from the formulation. The applicant believes that the bacteriocin peptides may be metabolised or degraded by the animal, and the products of same may be absorbed into the animal's body.
• bacteriocins may be present within any gaps or channels between the formulation and the side of the teat canal, they are not specifically targeted to this area, nor are they limited to this area. Because of the more general release of bacteriocins, they probably only last a short time in the channel before being metabolised/degraded, it has been reported that there is no recovery of bacteriocins from formulations eight days after administration.
• the present invention overcomes problems with existing formulation/chemical preparations by providing an antiseptic which is targeted to and limited to the area between the formulation and the side of the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern.
• This is advantageous as it provides a consistent and effective barrier, both physical and chemical across the entire teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern, either preventing the passage of micro-organisms into the teat cistern or treating those that are present in the cistern.
• Limiting the antiseptic to this small area decreases the amount of antiseptic required to provide an effective concentration. This lowers the cost of the formulation, and as the antiseptic is limited to one area of relatively high concentration, the possibility of the microorganisms becoming resistant to the antiseptic is significantly reduced.
• the present invention therefore provides a number of advantages over existing formulations and methods of preventing bovine mastitis during the dry period currently available, these include the following:
• micro-organisms which are:
• Figure 1 shows how the zone of inhibition was measured
• Figure 2 shows graphs comparing of the drug (antiseptic) release rate from different formulation matrix (F16 and F17) indicated by the antibacterial activity F16-2 and F17-2 contain 0.5% CH HCI and F16- 4 and F17-4 0.5% CHX base;
• Figure 2a shows graphs relating to testing of the formulation against S. aureus
• Figure 2b shows graphs relating to testing of the formulation against S. pyogenes
• Figure 3 shows graphs comparing of the drug (antiseptic) release rate from formulations (F16 and F17) indicated by the antibacterial activity.
• F16-1 and F16-2 contain 0.15% and 0.5% CHX HCI respectively and F16-3 and F16-4 contain 0.15% and 0.5% CHX base respectively;
• Figure 3a shows graphs relating to testing of the formulation against S. aureus
• Figure 3b shows graphs relating to testing of the formulation against S. pyogenes
• Figure 4 shows graphs comparing the antibacterial activity against S. aureus (left) and S. pyogenes (right) of CHX HCI salt (0.15% in F16/F17- 1 and 0.5% in F16/F17-2) and CHX base (0.15% in F16/F17-3and 0.5% in F16/F17-4);
• Figure 5 shows a graph illustrating the cumulative release profiles of chlorhexidine from F 17-4 and F 16-4;
• Figure 6 shows a graph illustrating the release rate profiles of chlorhexidine from F 17-4 and F 16-4;
• Figure 7 shows a graph illustrating the post challenge combined udder mean scores by day;
• Figure 8 shows a graph illustrating the incidence of clinical mastitis per group
• Figure 9 shows a graph illustrating the group average somatic cell counts data post calving
• Figure 10 shows average clincal scores per group
• EXAMPLE 1 FORMULATION AND MANUFACTURE - NO THICKENING AGENTS
• Table 1 below provides a summary of embodiments of the formulation.
• EXAMPLE 2 FORMULATION AND MANUFACTURE - INCLUDING THICKENING AND PRESERVATIVE AGENTS
• Table 2 below outlines the preferred formulations, with the inclusion of thickening and preserving agents.
• step 3 Heat the mixture from step 2 and allow the temperature to rise to 150 0 C; 4. Hold the temperature for 2 hours with containers lidded (sterilisation). No stirring is required;
• the aim of this study was to predict the optimal antiseptic loading concentration in the formulation that can produce a chemical barrier to the bacteria ascending through the teat canal.
• Another aim was to specifically look at factors affecting antiseptic release rate, including drug concentration, chemical form (salt or base) and formulation.
• Chlorhexidine at higher concentrations acts as a bactericide to most of the bacteria.
• chlorhexidine At lower concentrations chlorhexidine (1-100 ⁇ g/ml) acts as a bacteriostatic agent (European Medicines Agency: EMEA).
• the formulation should contain such amount of chlorhexidine that after administration into the teat canal or/and lower portion of teat cistern, it will have a bactericidal concentration. An excessive higher concentration should be avoided as it will cause tissue irritation along with adding to the cost of the formulation.
• F16 and F17 contain 6 and 5.5 % aluminium stearate respectively (in relation to the paraffin oil).
• agar diffusion test was conducted. Here, a 13mm disc was cut from the agar (Tryptic Soya Agar) and 0.5g of sample was dispensed into the well. The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured with callipers to the first colonies observed around the disc.
• the mixture was dispensed in a plate and cultured in Tryptic Soya Agar (volume to Tryptic Soya Broth was 20 to 15).
• Table 4 Microbiological challenge test for antimicrobial properties by direct inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-6538). The inoculum level was approximately 5.8 * 10 5 cfu/ml. Time (hr) F16-1 F16-2 F16-3 F 16-4 F17-2 F17-4
• Table 5 Microbiological challenge tests for antimicrobial properties by direct inoculation of Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC-12344). The inoculum level was approximately 6.6 ⁇ 10 5 cfu/ml.
• the difference in effect between the two chemical forms of chlorhexidine (base and salt) is also shown in the results.
• the formulations with chlorhexidine base produced an increasing log reduction-time profile over the 48 hours against S. aureus and S. pyogenes as shown in Figure 4.
• the chlorhexidine base at 0.15- 0.5% in both formulation matrix acted as a bactericide as there was no bacterial recovered (log reduction 5.8) at 3- 24 hours after inoculation of the bacteria.
• F17-4 produced fasted bactericidal activity with no bacterial recovery at 3 hours.
• the base formulations produced a higher antibacterial activity compared with the corresponding salt formulations. Only F16-4 and F17-4 which containing 0.5% chlorhexidine base produced a zone of inhibition against the bacteria.
• This study is a 'challenge study' to assess the biocompatibility (chronic irritability and acceptability) and efficacy against experimental microbial challenge of the formulation of the present invention (ATS-Barium) (see Example 2 for composition and manufacture) in comparison with the existing internal teat sealant product - TeatsealTM, marketed by Pfizer Animal Health (Teatseal), in 'drying off dairy cattle.
• the health status of the mammary gland was checked by palpation and RMT on day -6. Animals with palpable changes in any of the quarters on day -6 were excluded from the study. Some animals had a very mild precipitation on RMT Test but were included if they had an acceptable somatic cell count (SCC) from a sample collected on the same day.
• SCC somatic cell count
• a herd test including a SCC was conducted on day -12. Animals with counts >200,000 cells/mL for cows were not assigned to the study. A follow-up SCC was conducted on day -6 to ensure counts remained under 300,000 cells/mL
• teats Prior to application of treatments and starting with teats on the most distant part of the udder, teats were wiped, using the method as discusses above.
• the microbial suspension contained 1.031 x 10 8 on the day 2 challenge and 1.27 x 10 8 on day 4 challenge.
• the experimental challenge was performed in separate facilities from the normal milking shed. Each cow was identified by ear tag and checked for the presence of mastitis. Each of the four teats was dipped in microbial suspension broth for 1-2 seconds and the cows released.
• the challenge was started from the distant teats and then the nearest teats.
• One container was used for all four teats in each cow.
• 0 No or virtually no stress, irritation, pain, erythema or oedema
• a score of 3 was determined to be the score for calling an udder as mastitic.
• Allowance was made by the experienced person during examinations for any udder enlargement taking place as part of the normal drying-off process.
• test items and positive control were able to significantly prevent the development of S. uberis mastitis subsequent to challenge.
• the infection rate in the control group was 11/24 quarters.
• test items did not show any evidence of irritability as measured by daily teat examinations up to day 34 post-treatment, and somatic cell counts after calving.
• Table 9 shows a summary of the number of Microbiological cultures (clinical cases) prior to calving and daily udder check scores (>3).
• Table 10 shows the microbiological culture results from samples of cows with udder exam scores >3 during Days 2-34.
• Table 11 shows a summary of microbiological culture results of all quarters including those previously treated, post-calving.
• Table 12 shows a summary of microbiological culture results, all quarters including those previously treated post-calving.
• Table 13 shows an average daily udder exam scores by group by day.
• Table 14 shows an average Somatic Cell Counts, all quarters including those previously treated at calving.
• EXAMPLE 6 EFFICACY STUDY BETWEEN ATS-BARIUM AND TEATSEAL TM
• TeatsealTM marketed by Pfizer Animal Health (Teatseal) or the formulation of the present invention (ATS-Barium
• teats Prior to application of treatments and starting with teats on the most distant part of the udder, teats were wiped, using the previously discussed method.
• test articles were formulations manufactured commercially or in a commercial manufacturing facility.
• Somatic cells are affected by a few factors, such as stage of lactation, age of the cow, previous year somatic cell counts, dry cow treatment, stress, and finally mastitis.
• cows were blocked by results of previous year age and somatic cell counts, trying to avoid confounding of these factors.
• somatic cells post calving in all three groups, with ATS-Barium and Teatseal groups demonstrating similar results, while untreated animals (control group) have higher average somatic cell counts.
• Cows treated with the test items barium and chlorhexidine; and bismuth and chlorhexidine
• Teatseal demonstrated significantly lower scores on clinical examination compared to the cows in the negative control (untreated) subsequent to challenge. This demonstrated that barium plus chlorhexidine product provides effective sealant in early dry period with no irritability recorded.
• the viscosity of the present invention was tested against that of other teat seals. It is important to ensure that a viscosity is obtained that allows ready application of the paste to the teat canal, yet forms a cohesive mass therein.
• the viscosity range of the ATS-Barium was measured using a Brookfield LVT viscometer on Helipath stand, Spindle T-F, at 20 0 C. The ATS-Barium tests were compared to the Pfizer Teatseal in the table below. The preferred viscosity of the ATS-Barium ranges from 800,000 to 3,000,000 cps at 0.3 rpm.

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