WO2010041742A1 - Dotaの導入法 - Google Patents
Dotaの導入法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010041742A1 WO2010041742A1 PCT/JP2009/067647 JP2009067647W WO2010041742A1 WO 2010041742 A1 WO2010041742 A1 WO 2010041742A1 JP 2009067647 W JP2009067647 W JP 2009067647W WO 2010041742 A1 WO2010041742 A1 WO 2010041742A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
- C07K1/13—Labelling of peptides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
- A61K49/0002—General or multifunctional contrast agents, e.g. chelated agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
- A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
- A61K51/04—Organic compounds
- A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
- A61K51/10—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
- C07K1/107—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides
- C07K1/1072—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides by covalent attachment of residues or functional groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/575—Hormones
- C07K14/605—Glucagons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/575—Hormones
- C07K14/645—Secretins
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/575—Hormones
- C07K14/655—Somatostatins
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for synthesizing a compound having a DOTA moiety.
- radioactive metals are used in diagnostic methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear medicine imaging, or in treatment methods using radiopharmaceuticals.
- the radioactive metal is administered in vivo, and for that purpose, the high toxicity of the radioactive metal must be reduced by complex formation with an appropriate chelating agent.
- chelating agents include 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N, N ', N' ', N' '-tetraacetic acid. Mention may be made of (DOTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA).
- DOTA has a characteristic of forming a thermodynamically and kinetically extremely stable complex with a metal ion such as a lanthanoid, and therefore, it can be suitably used for a diagnostic contrast agent. It is known that it is superior to DTPA in its use for radiopharmaceuticals.
- an appropriate targeting vector that selectively interacts with a specific cell type or endocrine system in a living body is linked to DOTA.
- Targeting vectors are typically physiologically active substances such as peptides, monoclonal antibodies, proteins, oligonucleotides, glycoproteins, etc. Of these, peptides, in particular, have good pharmacokinetics and tumor permeability. Because it has advantages, it has high potential.
- somatostatin (DOTA-somatostatin conjugate) into which DOTA has been introduced selectively delivers a radioactive metal to tumor cells or endocrine systems expressing somatostatin receptor at high density, somatostatin receptor positive tumors Have been developed and studied to diagnose and / or treat.
- the ligand containing the DOTA group that is subjected to the conjugation reaction with the compound should be compatible with the chemical conditions used in the solid phase synthesis method of the compound and soluble. Satisfying such requirements is the tris-tert-butyl ester of DOTA. This is currently commercially available and is most often used to introduce DOTA into peptides on a solid support. It is readily soluble in most organic solvents and is certainly useful because protection with tert-butyl ester is perfectly compatible with normal solid phase synthesis techniques, but it is very useful for removal of protecting groups.
- Non-Patent Document 1 It has drawbacks such as time consuming (2 to 14 hours; see Non-Patent Document 1).
- Various DOTA derivatives have been developed in order to overcome such problems, but no sufficient solution has been reached with respect to the time required for deprotection, and there are problems such as complicated synthesis and cost problems. Since it is held, it cannot be used practically (see Non-Patent Document 2).
- DOTA which does not have a protecting group is very difficult to dissolve in an organic solvent, it has been considered impossible to use it in a solid phase synthesis method in which an aqueous solution cannot be used.
- the present invention aims to provide such a method.
- the present inventors mixed DOTA having no protecting group, which has been considered to be very insoluble in an organic solvent, with dimethyl sulfoxide (hereinafter also referred to as “DMSO”), and activated DOTA in the mixed solution.
- the DOTA was successfully introduced into the peptide by contacting and reacting the activated DOTA with a resin for solid phase synthesis carrying the peptide.
- DOTA is introduced into a peptide in such a manner, since DOTA does not have a protecting group, removal of the protecting group from the peptide and the resin for solid phase synthesis are performed in the same manner as is normally performed in the peptide solid phase synthesis method.
- the target compound can be obtained simply by cutting out the above. Therefore, the present inventors have found that DOTA can be introduced into a compound such as a peptide very simply by such a method, and the present invention has been completed.
- the present invention is as follows.
- a method of introducing 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N, N ′, N ′′, N ′ ′′-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) into a compound having a protecting group A method comprising: a first step of making a mixture of non-DOTA and dimethyl sulfoxide; and a second step of contacting the mixture with a compound supported on a solid support.
- the first step includes a treatment of activating DOTA using an activating agent.
- the compound is a peptide or a polynucleotide.
- the method of the present invention makes it possible to easily and efficiently introduce DOTA into a compound (eg, peptide) on a solid support. Particularly, since DOTA having no protecting group is used in the method of the present invention, the time required for final deprotection is greatly reduced as compared with the conventional method using DOTA having a protecting group. Further, according to the method of the present invention, DOTA can be easily introduced into a peptide supported on a solid phase carrier synthesized by a peptide solid phase synthesis method (SPPS) which is a standard technique in peptide synthesis. The present invention can provide a very practical method of DOTA-peptide conjugate synthesis. Furthermore, DOTA that does not have a protecting group is very inexpensive (about 1/10) compared to DOTA that has a protecting group, and can greatly reduce the cost in the synthesis of DOTA-introduced compounds.
- SPPS peptide solid phase synthesis method
- the present invention is a method for introducing DOTA into a compound, comprising a first step of preparing a mixed solution of DOTA and dimethyl sulfoxide having no protecting group, and the mixed solution supported on a solid support. And a second step of contacting with the compound.
- DOTA without a protecting group used in the method of the present invention refers to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N, N ′, N ′′, N ′ ′′-tetraacetic acid And the following formula:
- DOTA can be synthesized according to a method described in the literature, and examples thereof include Bioconjugate Chemistry, vol. 12, p. 7-34 (2001). Alternatively, DOTA that is commercially available from Macrocyclics or the like can also be used.
- introducing DOTA into a compound means synthesizing a substance in which DOTA and a compound are bonded by a condensation reaction of DOTA and the compound.
- the condensation may be, for example, condensation between the carboxyl group of DOTA and the amino group of the compound, or may be condensation between the carboxyl group of DOTA and the hydroxyl group of the compound.
- DOTA and a compound can be bonded at various positions in the compound (eg, N-terminal of peptide compound, lysine residue in compound, etc.).
- the bonding position between DOTA and the compound is not particularly limited. As described later, the method of the present invention can be suitably applied to, for example, a peptide compound.
- DOTA is usually introduced at the N-terminus of the peptide compound.
- DOTA is preferably activated by using an activator or the like before contacting DOTA with the compound to be introduced. The activation of DOTA will be described later.
- the “contact” in the second step is not particularly limited as long as it allows a chemical reaction between DOTA and the compound into which DOTA is introduced.
- the mixed liquid obtained in the first step and the solid support carrying the compound are placed in a container and stirred, or the solid support carrying the compound is packed in a column, The process etc. which flow the liquid mixture obtained at the said 1st step can be mentioned. Further, the mixed solution may be dropped or flowed on a substrate on which a solid phase carrier layer carrying the compound is formed.
- the compound into which DOTA is introduced may be any compound as long as it has a functional group (eg, amino group, hydroxyl group) that can be used for the condensation reaction and can be supported on a solid phase carrier. It is appropriately selected depending on. Such compounds can be, for example, peptides, polynucleotides, polysaccharides, low molecular weight organic compounds, etc., but are preferably peptides.
- compounds that do not have a functional group (eg, amino group, hydroxyl group) that can be used in the above condensation reaction can also be obtained by introducing, for example, an amino group or a hydroxyl group in advance using a known method. The method can be used as an applicable compound.
- the amino acid phenylalanine does not have an amino group in the side chain, but by introducing an amino group into the side chain using a coupling agent or the like to form aminophenylalanine, the method of the present invention adds the amino group to the side chain.
- DOTA can be introduced.
- the method for obtaining the compound as described above is not limited as long as it is supported on the solid phase carrier at the stage of introducing DOTA.
- an organic synthetic chemical method eg, solid phase synthesis method (eg, peptide solid phase) is used.
- a compound library prepared using combinatorial chemistry technology more specifically, a compound library on a solid phase prepared by a solid phase synthesis method (eg, peptide solid phase synthesis method) or a phage display method ( The method of the present invention can also be applied to examples, peptide libraries, antibody libraries, and the like.
- a library may be one produced by itself or one that is generally commercially available.
- the “compound library” means an assembly of individual compounds supported on a suitable solid phase carrier, and the solid phase carrier is a compound of the compound according to the method of the present invention.
- the compound is not particularly limited as long as DOTA can be introduced into the group, and the compound is typically a peptide or antibody, but is not limited thereto, and the assembly is typically 1 to about It contains 100,000 compounds, preferably 2 to about 10,000 compounds, more preferably 2 to about 1000 compounds, and even more preferably 5 to about 100 compounds as constituents.
- Methods for preparing a compound library are known in the art, and the compound library that can be used in the method of the present invention may be prepared by any method.
- a method for preparing a compound library is described in, for example, “Combinatorial Chemistry—From Introduction to Application (Chemical Doujinshi) (1997)”.
- peptide broadly means a substance in which two or more amino acids are linked by an amide bond, and is usually a substance called a protein in which tens to hundreds or thousands of amino acids are linked. including.
- Examples of peptides into which DOTA is introduced by the method of the present invention include those synthesized by a known peptide solid phase synthesis method (SPPS). In this case, the number of peptides is usually from 2 to about 100.
- SPPS peptide solid phase synthesis method
- the amino acids constituting the peptide include natural L-amino acids, natural D-amino acids, and unnatural amino acids (not only known compounds such as phenylglycine and p-hydroxyphenylglycine but also amino acids derived from amino acids).
- peptide any compound having a carboxyl group.
- a substance in which a sugar and / or lipid is bound to a substance in which two or more amino acids are linked by an amide bond is also encompassed in the “peptide” as used herein.
- Specific examples of the peptide include somatostatin, secretin, octreotide, exenatide, and QBP1 (Polyglutamine binding peptide 1).
- Methods for synthesizing peptides by organic synthetic chemistry eg, solid phase synthesis, liquid phase synthesis, etc.
- methods for synthesizing peptides by biotechnology eg, genetic engineering synthesis, etc.
- peptide solid phase automatic synthesizers e.g., peptide solid phase automatic synthesizers
- kits for performing such operations are generally commercially available.
- the peptides used in the method of the present invention can be obtained using known methods and means such as these.
- an antibody into which DOTA has been introduced is currently used for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, and therefore, as a suitable example of a peptide to which the method of the present invention can be applied, an antibody can be mentioned.
- antibody means an immunoglobulin (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM and their Fab fragment, F (ab ′) 2 fragment, Fc fragment), and examples include polyclonal antibodies, Monoclonal antibodies, single chain antibodies, anti-idiotype antibodies, humanized antibodies and the like can be mentioned, and monoclonal antibodies are preferred.
- Antibody production can be performed using various methods known per se. Specific examples of antibodies into which DOTA is introduced using the method of the present invention include, but are not limited to, cetuximab and the like.
- polynucleotide broadly means a substance in which two or more nucleotides are linked, and may be single-stranded or double-stranded, and may be polydeoxynucleotide. It may be a polyribonucleotide. Further, chimeras of DNA and RNA, peptide nucleic acids, and the like are also included in the “polynucleotide” in the present specification. Polynucleotides include those that are relatively short in length (typically 50 bases or less) and usually called oligonucleotides, and longer DNAs and RNAs.
- the polynucleotide may contain a modified base, for example, a non-naturally occurring base such as inosine, or a tritylated base.
- Short polynucleotides (usually 2 to about 50 bases) can be chemically synthesized by known methods such as triester method, phosphite method, phosphoamidite method, phosphonate method and the like. Such synthesis can usually be performed on a modified solid support, and automated synthesizers for that are generally commercially available.
- the polynucleotide into which DOTA is introduced by the method of the present invention is preferably a polynucleotide synthesized on a solid phase carrier by a solid phase synthesis method having a length of 2 to about 50 bases.
- the first step can be performed by simply mixing DOTA having no protecting group and dimethyl sulfoxide.
- DOTA is very difficult to dissolve in DMSO, a suspension is usually obtained by the above process.
- the said 1st step includes the process which activates DOTA using an activator.
- treatment for activating DOTA includes, for example, reactive ester reaction by reacting DOTA with an appropriate active esterification component (eg, N-hydroxyamines such as succinimide, phenols).
- an active esterification component means a substance capable of bringing DOTA into an activated state by forming an ester with DOTA.
- the activated DOTA can be used to introduce DOTA into the compound by subjecting it to a condensation reaction with the compound as described above.
- DOTA activated in a mixed solution with DMSO can be prepared as follows. That is, after adding an active esterification component (eg, N-hydroxyamines such as succinimide, phenols), an activator, and DOTA to DMSO, the mixture is left for an appropriate time (eg, 3-6 hours).
- the activation reaction may be performed with stirring.
- the order of addition of each compound is not particularly limited, and the reaction can be performed, for example, at room temperature.
- the “activator” means a substance for promoting the esterification reaction between DOTA and the active esterification component. Any activator can be used as long as it can achieve the desired purpose, but an unnecessary by-product that can give a high yield when used in DMSO and inhibits the reaction.
- water-soluble carbodiimide such as 1-ethyl-3- (dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide.
- succinimide, DOTA and DMSO for example, 10 ⁇ mol of 1-ethyl-3- (dimethylaminopropyl) with respect to 1 mL of DMSO.
- the activation reaction can be carried out by adding carbodiimide, 10 ⁇ mol succinimide and 10 ⁇ mol DOTA and stirring the mixture for 3 hours at room temperature.
- the mixed liquid obtained in the first step is brought into contact with a solid support carrying the compound, and DOTA is introduced into the compound. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare in advance a solid phase carrier carrying the compound.
- the compound may be obtained from nature or synthesized by an appropriate synthesis method on a solid support by any known method, or may be immobilized by a solid phase synthesis method. You may synthesize
- the “compound supported on a solid phase carrier” is immobilized on the surface of an appropriate solid phase carrier as described later by some physical or chemical means, and It means a compound that can remain immobilized on the solid support during the DOTA introduction (conjugation) step.
- the means may be any method known in the art, and is not limited to the following. For example, covalent bond with a compound constituting a solid phase carrier, biotin-avidin bond, biotin-streptavidin bond, etc. Is mentioned.
- a peptide synthesized by a standard peptide solid phase synthesis method is finally cleaved from a solid phase carrier by an appropriate treatment, but the peptide before cleaving is referred to as “supported on a solid phase carrier” in the present invention.
- a method for immobilizing an antibody on an appropriate solid phase carrier such as a bead is known in the art, and an antibody immobilized on a solid phase carrier by such a method is also referred to in the present invention.
- a compound carried on a solid support is also referred to in the present invention.
- solid phase carrier means an inert material capable of supporting a compound into which DOTA is introduced directly or via a binding arm.
- the solid phase carrier can be appropriately selected from all materials usually used for binding peptides, polynucleotides, polysaccharides, organic low molecular weight compounds and the like in this technical field.
- the solid phase carrier examples include, but are not limited to, for example, chloromethyl resin, hydroxymethyl resin, benzhydrylamine resin, aminomethyl resin, 4-benzyloxybenzyl alcohol resin, 4-methylbenzhydrylamine resin, PAM resin, 4-hydroxymethylmethylphenylacetamidomethyl resin, polyacrylamide resin, 4- (2 ′, 4′-dimethoxyphenyl-hydroxymethyl) phenoxy resin, and 4- (2 ′, 4′-dimethoxyphenyl-Fmocaminoethyl) phenoxy
- resins such as resins, and polymers such as polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, saturated cyclic polyolefin, polypentene, polyamide, and copolymers thereof.
- the solid phase carrier may be in any form as long as it can be used in the method of the present invention, such as a flat substrate, a microwell plate, or a microbead.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes a method of introducing DOTA into a peptide on a solid phase carrier synthesized by a known peptide solid phase synthesis method.
- One feature of the present invention is that DOTA-peptide conjugates are important in diagnosis and treatment, that peptide solid-phase synthesis methods are already well established, and that DOTA is introduced onto a solid-phase carrier.
- Such an embodiment is very useful from the viewpoint of being utilized. In particular, therefore, such embodiments are described in detail below. However, the present invention is not limited to such an embodiment.
- an oligonucleotide solid phase synthesis method or a polysaccharide solid phase synthesis method known in the art may be used, or
- a person skilled in the art can, based on the following description, obtain a desired substance into which DOTA has been introduced. It will be clear that can be obtained.
- the method of the present invention can be applied to any peptide solid phase synthesis method commonly used in the art, but the Fmoc method and the Boc method are preferable, and the Fmoc method is more preferable.
- the Fmoc synthesis method includes a batch method in which a resin and an amino acid are put in a container and stirred and reacted, and a continuous flow method in which a resin is packed in a column and the amino acid is allowed to flow to react.
- a batch method can be preferably used.
- any carrier resin for solid-phase synthesis methods commercially available in a form in which a C-terminal amino acid derivative has been introduced in advance can be preferably used.
- carrier resin for example, Wang resin and 2-chlorotrityl resin (for batch method) as carrier resin used in Fmoc method; KA resin and PA resin (for continuous flow method); TGT resin and TGA Examples of the resin (for batch method and continuous flow method) can be given, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- Examples of the resin used in the Boc method include, but are not limited to, Merrifield resin and PAM resin.
- any of the carrier resins exemplified above can be obtained from, for example, Calbiochem-Novabiochem Japan, in which various amino acid derivatives are introduced so that they can be applied to any peptide to be synthesized. It is.
- an amino acid having an ⁇ -amino group and a side chain functional group appropriately protected is condensed on the resin according to various known condensation methods according to the sequence of the target peptide.
- a solid phase carrier carrying the peptide can be obtained.
- carbodiimides are particularly preferable.
- the carbodiimides include dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N, N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide, N-ethyl-N ′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, and preferably N-ethyl-N ′-( 3-Dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide is used.
- a protected amino acid is added directly to the resin together with a racemization inhibitor (for example, HOBt, HOBt), or the protected amino acid is activated in advance as a symmetric anhydride, HOBt ester or HOOBt ester. It can later be added to the resin.
- a racemization inhibitor for example, HOBt, HOBt
- the solvent used for the activation of the protected amino acid and the condensation with the resin is usually DMSO.
- the reaction temperature is appropriately selected from a range that is known to be usable for peptide bond formation reaction, and is usually appropriately selected from the range of about -20 ° C to 50 ° C.
- the activated amino acid derivative is usually used in an excess of 1.5 to 4 times.
- the step of introducing DOTA into the peptide is performed using the mixed solution obtained in the first step.
- the above-mentioned DMSO suspension with respect to a solid support carrying a compound and a reaction such as a solvent or diisopropylamine for swelling a solid support such as N-methylpyrrolidone for example, the above-mentioned DMSO suspension with respect to a solid support carrying a compound and a reaction such as a solvent or diisopropylamine for swelling a solid support such as N-methylpyrrolidone.
- the condensation reaction may be performed by adding a promoter and stirring at an appropriate time (eg, 1 to 2 hours), for example, at room temperature.
- an appropriate time eg, 1 to 2 hours
- the target compound (DOTA-peptide conjugate)
- the method for performing this step is appropriately selected from the methods performed in the usual peptide solid phase synthesis method according to the type of amino acid protecting group used in the peptide solid phase synthesis and the binding mode between the solid phase carrier and the compound. It can be carried out.
- the desired compound can be obtained by isolating and purifying the target compound from which the protecting group has been removed in such a manner by a known purification method.
- examples of the purification method include solvent extraction, distillation, column chromatography, liquid chromatography, recrystallization, and combinations thereof.
- Example 1 Dissolve 2 mg of succinimide and 4 mg of 1-ethyl 3- (dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide in 2 mL of DMSO, and add 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N, N ', N'',N''' -Tetraacetic acid (DOTA) 8 mg was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours to carry out an activation reaction. This step resulted in a suspension.
- DOTA 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N, N ', N'',N''' -Tetraacetic acid
- Somatostatin was synthesized by standard Fmoc solid phase synthesis using 300 mg (0.52 mmol / g) of Fmoc-Cys (Trt)-(2-Cl) trityl resin as a starting material, and H-Ala-Gly-Cys (Trt)- Lys (Boc) -Asn (Trt) -Phe-Phe-Trp (Boc) -Lys (Boc) -Thr (tBu) -Phe-Thr (tBu) -Ser (tBu) -Cys (Trt)-(2Cl) Trt A resin was obtained.
- DOTA-somatostatin a mass spectrometer was used to confirm that the molecular weight was consistent with the calculated value.
- DOTA functions as a chelating agent by complexing positron-releasing metal nuclide 68Ga to the obtained DOTA-somatostatin.
- DOTA-somatostatin with 68Ga complex was injected into a mouse with a tumor that highly expresses somatostatin receptor, and positron was strongly detected from the tumor.
- DOTA-QBP1 (polyQ-binding peptide 1) was synthesized as follows. NovaSyn® TGA resin 370 mg (0.28 mmol / g) as a starting material, Fmoc-Asp (OtBu) -OH 169 mg (0.41 mmol), 0.5M O-benzotriazolyl-N, N, N ', N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) / DMF 0.82 mL (0.41 mmol), 0.5M 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) / DMF 0.82 mL (0.41 mmol), 4- (dimethylamino ) 0.1 mg (0.8 ⁇ mol) of pyridine was added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour.
- NovaSyn® TGA resin 370 mg (0.28 mmol / g) as a starting material
- Fmoc-Asp (OtBu) -OH 169 mg (0
- Fmoc-Asp (OtBu) -NovaSyn (registered trademark) TGA resin Fmoc-Asp (OtBu)-NovaSyn (registered trademark) TGA resin 113 mg (0.24 mmol / g) was used as a starting material by standard Fmoc method, and H-Ser (tBu) -Asn (Trt) -Trp-Lys (Boc ) -Trp-Trp-Pro-Gly-Ile-Phe-Asp (OtBu) -NovaSyn® TGA resin was obtained.
- the crude peptide was precipitated with 5 mL of cold ether, and the precipitate was dissolved in acetonitrile aqueous solution and purified by reverse phase HPLC. It was identified as DOTA-QBP1 by mass spectrometry and amino acid analysis, and 0.3 mg of the target compound could be synthesized.
- the method of the present invention makes it possible to easily and efficiently introduce DOTA into a compound (eg, peptide) on a solid support. Particularly, since DOTA having no protecting group is used in the method of the present invention, the time required for final deprotection is greatly reduced as compared with the conventional method using DOTA having a protecting group. Further, according to the method of the present invention, DOTA can be easily introduced into a peptide supported on a solid phase carrier synthesized by a peptide solid phase synthesis method (SPPS) which is a standard technique in peptide synthesis. The present invention can provide a very practical method of DOTA-peptide conjugate synthesis. Furthermore, DOTA that does not have a protecting group is very inexpensive (about 1/10) compared to DOTA that has a protecting group, and can greatly reduce the cost in the synthesis of DOTA-introduced compounds.
- SPPS peptide solid phase synthesis method
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Abstract
Description
[1]1,4,7,10-テトラアザシクロドデカン-N,N',N'',N'''-四酢酸(DOTA)を化合物に導入する方法であって、保護基を有さないDOTAとジメチルスルホキシドとの混合液を作製する第1のステップと、該混合液を、固相担体上に担持された化合物と接触させる第2のステップとを含む、方法。
[2]第1のステップが、活性化剤を用いてDOTAを活性化する処理を含む、上記[1]記載の方法。
[3]化合物がペプチドまたはポリヌクレオチドである、上記[1]または[2]記載の方法。
[4]化合物がペプチドである、上記[3]記載の方法。
[5]ペプチドが抗体である、上記[4]記載の方法。
[6]ペプチドが、ソマトスタチン、セクレチン、オクトレオチド、エクセナチドおよびQBP1の少なくともいずれか1つである、上記[4]記載の方法。
[7]化合物が該固相担体上で合成されたものである、上記[3]記載の方法。
[8]活性化剤が1-エチル-3-(ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミドである、上記[1]~[7]のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
DOTAは、文献に記載された方法に従って合成することができ、該文献としては、Bioconjugate Chemistry, vol.12, p.7-34 (2001)などを挙げることができる。或いは、DOTAは、Macrocyclics社などから一般に市販されているものを使用することもできる。
また、上記縮合反応に利用することができる官能基(例、アミノ基、ヒドロキシル基)を有しない化合物についても、公知の方法を用いてあらかじめ例えばアミノ基またはヒドロキシル基を導入することによって、本発明の方法を適用可能な化合物とすることができる。例えば、アミノ酸のフェニルアラニンは、側鎖にはアミノ基を有しないが、カップリング剤などを用いて側鎖にアミノ基を導入し、アミノフェニルアラニンにすることによって、本発明の方法により当該側鎖にDOTAを導入できるようになる。
上記のような化合物は、DOTAを導入する段階で固相担体上に担持されている限りその取得方法は限定されず、例えば、有機合成化学的方法(例、固相合成法(例、ペプチド固相合成法)、液相合成法など)により合成された化合物、生物工学的方法(例、遺伝子工学的合成法など)により合成された化合物、公知の単離精製法により天然から得られた化合物などであってもよい。
本明細書において「化合物ライブラリー」とは、適当な固相担体上に担持されている個別の化合物の集合を意味しており、ここで該固相担体としては本発明の方法により該化合物の群にDOTAを導入することを可能とする限り特に限定されず、該化合物としては典型的にはペプチドまたは抗体であるがそれらに限定されず、かつ、該集合は、典型的には1から約100000種類の化合物、好ましくは2から約1万種類の化合物、より好ましくは2から約1000種類の化合物、さらに好ましくは5から約100種類の化合物をその構成要素として含む。化合物ライブラリーを作製する方法は当該技術分野で公知であり、本発明の方法で用いられうる化合物ライブラリーはいかなる方法によって作製されたものであってもよい。化合物ライブラリーを作製する方法は、例えば「コンビナトリアルケミストリー-入門から応用まで(化学同人刊)(1997年)」などに記載されている。
有機合成化学的にペプチドを合成する方法(例、固相合成法、液相合成法など)、生物工学的にペプチドを合成する方法(例、遺伝子工学的合成法など)は当該技術分野において既に確立されており、また、ペプチドの単離精製法についても既に確立されている。さらには、そのような操作を行うための様々な機器(例、ペプチド固相自動合成機など)やキットなどが一般に市販されている。本発明の方法に利用されるペプチドは、これらのような既知の方法および手段を用いて得ることができる。
本明細書において「抗体」とは、免疫グロブリン(IgA、IgD、IgE、IgG、IgMおよびこれらのFabフラグメント、F(ab’)2フラグメント、Fcフラグメント)を意味し、例としては、ポリクローナル抗体、モノクローナル抗体、単鎖抗体、抗イディオタイプ抗体およびヒト化抗体などが挙げられ、好ましくはモノクローナル抗体である。抗体の作製は、種々の自体公知の方法を用いて行うことができる。
本発明の方法を用いてDOTAを導入される抗体の具体例としては、セツキシマブなどが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
すなわち、活性エステル化成分(例、コハク酸イミドなどのN-ヒドロキシアミン類、フェノール類)、活性化剤、およびDOTAをDMSOに加えた後、混合物を適当な時間(例、3~6時間)撹拌して活性化反応を行えばよい。ここで各化合物の添加の順序は特に限定されず、また、反応は例えば室温で行うことができる。また、「活性化剤」とは、DOTAと上記活性エステル化成分とのエステル化反応を促進するための物質を意味する。活性化剤としては、所望の目的を達成しうる限り任意のものを使用することができるが、DMSO中で用いたときに高い収率を与えることができかつ反応を阻害する不要な副生成物の生成を抑えることができるという観点から、1-エチル-3-(ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミドなどの水溶性カルボジイミドを用いることが好ましい。1-エチル-3-(ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミド、コハク酸イミド、DOTAおよびDMSOを用いて当該工程を行う場合、例えば、1mLのDMSOに対して、10μmolの1-エチル-3-(ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミド、10μmolのコハク酸イミドおよび10μmolのDOTAを添加し、混合物を3時間室温で撹拌することによって上記活性化反応を行うことができる。
また、固相担体は、平板状基板、マイクロウェルプレート、またはマイクロビーズなど、本発明の方法に使用することができる限り任意の形態であってよい。
(1) M.BodanszkyおよびM.A.Ondetti, ペプチド・シンセシス (Peptide Synthesis), Interscience Publishers, New York (1966年)
(2) SchroederおよびLuebke, ザ・ペプチド (The Peptide), Academic Press, New York (1965年)
(3) 泉屋信夫他、ペプチド合成の基礎と実験、丸善(株)(1975年)
(4) 矢島治明および榊原俊平、生化学実験講座1、タンパク質の化学IV、205(1977年)
(5) 矢島治明監修、続医薬品の開発、第14巻、ペプチド合成、広川書店(1991年)
などに記載された方法に従って行うことができる。
なお、本発明の方法においては、固相担体上で合成されたペプチドの、保護基の脱離および該固相担体からの切り出しは、後述するDOTAの導入後に行うことに留意すべきである。
また、本発明の方法においては、保護アミノ酸の活性化や樹脂との縮合に用いる溶媒は、通常DMSOである。反応温度はペプチド結合形成反応に使用され得ることが知られている範囲から適宜選択され、通常約-20℃~50℃の範囲から適宜選択される。活性化されたアミノ酸誘導体は通常1.5~4倍過剰で用いられる。ニンヒドリン反応を用いたテストの結果、縮合が不十分な場合には縮合反応を繰り返すことにより十分な縮合を行なうことができる。反応を繰り返しても十分な縮合が得られないときには、無水酢酸またはアセチルイミダゾールを用いて未反応アミノ酸をアセチル化することによって、後の反応に影響を与えないようにすることができる。
当該工程のためには、例えば、化合物が担持された固相担体に対して上記DMSO懸濁液および、例えば、N-メチルピロリドンなどの固相担体を膨潤させるための溶媒やジイソプロピルアミンなどの反応促進剤を加え、適当な時間(例、1~2時間)、例えば室温で攪拌することにより縮合反応を行えばよい。ニンヒドリン反応を用いたテストの結果、縮合が不十分な場合には縮合反応を繰り返すことにより十分な縮合を行なうことができる。反応を繰り返しても十分な縮合が得られないときには、無水酢酸またはアセチルイミダゾールを用いて未反応アミノ酸をアセチル化することによって、後の反応に影響を与えないようにすることができる。
縮合工程が完了したら、反応後の固相担体をメタノールなどにより洗浄し、減圧乾燥する。
コハク酸イミド2mgと1-エチル3-(ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミド4mgをDMSO 2mLに溶解し、そこに1,4,7,10-テトラアザシクロドデカン-N,N',N'',N'''-四酢酸(DOTA) 8mgを加えて3時間室温で攪拌し活性化反応を行った。この工程により、懸濁液が得られた。
Fmoc-Cys(Trt)-(2-Cl)トリチル樹脂300mg(0.52mmol/g)を出発原料にソマトスタチンを標準的なFmoc固相合成法により合成し、H-Ala-Gly-Cys(Trt)-Lys(Boc)-Asn(Trt)-Phe-Phe-Trp(Boc)-Lys(Boc)-Thr(tBu)-Phe-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Cys(Trt)-(2Cl)Trt樹脂を得た。
そこに上記で得た懸濁液2mLとN-メチルピロリドン2mL、ジイソプロピルアミンを100μL加え、1時間室温で攪拌した。この反応を5回繰り返し行い、ニンヒドリン反応にて固相樹脂上に未反応のアミノ基がほぼないことを確認した。反応後の樹脂をメタノールで洗浄し、減圧乾燥した。
乾燥した樹脂50mgをトリイソプロピルシラン10μL、エタンジチオール25μL、水25μL、トリフルオロ酢酸940μLを含む溶液で2時間室温にて処理し、脱保護および樹脂からの切り出しを行った。反応後、冷エーテル5mLで粗ペプチドを沈殿させ、その沈殿をアセトニトリル水溶液に溶かして逆相HPLCにて精製を行った。DOTA-ソマトスタチンを0.5mg合成することができた。
DOTA-ソマトスタチンの同定には質量分析装置を用いて分子量が計算値と一致することを確認した。また得られたDOTA-ソマトスタチンにポジトロン放出金属核種68Gaが錯形成することでDOTAがキレート化剤として機能することを確かめた。またソマトスタチン受容体を高発現する腫瘍を有するネズミに、68Gaの錯体を形成したDOTA-ソマトスタチンを注射して、腫瘍からポジトロンが強く検出できたことからソマトスタチンとしての機能を有することを確かめた。
以下のようにして、DOTA-QBP1 (polyQ-binding peptide 1)を合成した。
NovaSyn(登録商標) TGA 樹脂370 mg (0.28 mmol/g) を出発原料に、そこにFmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH 169 mg (0.41 mmol)、0.5M O-ベンゾトリアゾリル-N,N,N’,N’-テトラメチルウロニウムヘキサフルオロホスファート(HBTU) /DMF 0.82 mL(0.41 mmol)、0.5M 1-ヒドロキシベンゾトリアゾール(HOBt) /DMF 0.82 mL(0.41 mmol)、4-(ジメチルアミノ)ピリジン0.1 mg (0.8μmol)を加え室温で1時間攪拌した。反応後、無水安息香酸でキャッピングを行いFmoc-Asp(OtBu)- NovaSyn(登録商標) TGA 樹脂380 mg (0.24 mmol/g)を得た。
Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)- NovaSyn(登録商標) TGA 樹脂113 mg (0.24 mmol/g)を出発原料に標準的なFmoc法にてH-Ser(tBu)-Asn(Trt)-Trp-Lys(Boc)-Trp-Trp-Pro-Gly-Ile-Phe-Asp(OtBu)-NovaSyn(登録商標) TGA 樹脂を得た。次にコハク酸イミド 2 mgと1-エチル-3-(ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミド 4mgをDMSO 2 mLに溶解し、そこに1,4,7,10-テトラアザシクロドデカン-N,N',N'',N'''-四酢酸 (DOTA) 8mg を加えて3時間室温で攪拌し活性化反応を行った。得られた樹脂に上記の活性化反応液2 mLとN-メチルピロリドン2mL、ジイソプロピルアミンを100 μL加え1時間室温で攪拌した。この反応を5回繰り返し行い、ニンヒドリン反応にて固相樹脂上に未反応のアミノ基がほぼないことを確認した。反応後の樹脂をメタノールで洗浄し、減圧乾燥し樹脂160 mgを得た。
乾燥した樹脂50 mgをトリイソプロピルシラン10 μL、エタンジチオール 25 μL、水25 μL、トリフルオロ酢酸940 μLを含む溶液で2時間室温にて処理し、脱保護および樹脂からの切り出しを行った。反応後、冷エーテル5 mLで粗ペプチドを沈殿させ、その沈殿をアセトニトリル水溶液に溶かして逆相HPLCにて精製を行った。質量分析、アミノ酸分析によりDOTA-QBP1と同定し、目的物を0.3 mg合成することができた。
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