WO2010034155A1 - 一种通过检测样品中eglf7来诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒 - Google Patents

一种通过检测样品中eglf7来诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒 Download PDF

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WO2010034155A1
WO2010034155A1 PCT/CN2008/072530 CN2008072530W WO2010034155A1 WO 2010034155 A1 WO2010034155 A1 WO 2010034155A1 CN 2008072530 W CN2008072530 W CN 2008072530W WO 2010034155 A1 WO2010034155 A1 WO 2010034155A1
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hepatocellular carcinoma
egfl7
kit
diagnosing
patients
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PCT/CN2008/072530
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French (fr)
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杨连粤
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中南大学湘雅医院
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/22Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against growth factors ; against growth regulators
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/574Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
    • G01N33/57407Specifically defined cancers
    • G01N33/57438Specifically defined cancers of liver, pancreas or kidney

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a kit for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • the invention also relates to other uses of the kit. Background technique
  • Hepatocellular Carcinoma ranks fifth in common malignancies and is the third leading cause of malignant tumors [1] .
  • Surgical resection is currently the most effective means of treating hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • the surgical resection rate of hepatocellular carcinoma has been significantly improved, but the overall treatment level of hepatocellular carcinoma in China has not been significantly improved by the 5-year survival rate.
  • the reason is mainly due to the inability to effectively diagnose and timely treat hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • a large proportion of patients have had intrahepatic or distant metastases at the time of presentation, thus missing the best period for effective surgical treatment. . Therefore, effective early diagnosis and monitoring of recurrence and metastasis are of great significance for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • hepatic cell carcinoma is mainly screened by combined detection of tumor markers and ultrasound imaging [2] . If the serum AFP persists in patients with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis, it strongly predicts the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma, which can be verified by imaging examination; also for those patients whose clinical symptoms are not obvious or the imaging examination cannot identify benign or malignant masses. Patients are also identified by this method [3] .
  • AFP has poor sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma and a small part of small hepatocellular carcinoma, and it cannot evaluate the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. These limitations of AFP directly lead to the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • histopathological diagnosis is the gold standard for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Pathological histological diagnosis by biopsy guided by imaging methods such as ultrasound and CT is technically feasible, and the degree of tumor differentiation can be clarified.
  • this type of examination method is invasive, and the biopsy operation itself is easy to cause serious complications such as dissemination of tumor along the needle, bleeding and so on [4 is therefore not suitable for screening, early diagnosis and postoperative recurrence and metastasis monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma. .
  • Tumor markers play an important role in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. They can be mutually confirmed with imaging examinations such as ultrasound, CT, MRI, etc., even if some markers are detected separately or jointly. It can screen out patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. It can be seen that the improvement of the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma depends largely on whether a suitable and highly effective tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma can be found.
  • Tissue markers require access to tissue specimens, making it difficult to perform preoperative testing and have limited clinical value.
  • the detection of serum markers is very convenient. It is easy for patients with non-invasive examinations to obtain tissue samples. It is completely suitable for screening high-risk groups of hepatocellular carcinoma, early diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and dynamic monitoring of recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after operation. Therefore, its clinical value is more significant.
  • hepatocellular carcinoma tumor tissue markers and serum markers represented by AFP, which can be roughly divided into tumor embryo antigens and glycoprotein antigens, enzymes and isozymes, genes and
  • AFP hepatocellular carcinoma tumor tissue markers
  • serum markers represented by AFP
  • cytokines There are four major categories of cytokines, and studies have shown that these markers contribute to the improvement of early diagnosis and postoperative recurrence and metastasis monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • the available data indicate that most of these markers have not been widely accepted in the clinic due to their defects in specificity and sensitivity. Only a few markers such as AFP are widely recognized and used in clinical diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. in. Even so, these markers, which are currently highly recognized by everyone, have obvious limitations.
  • AFP as an example, it is synthesized from embryonic liver during embryonic period, and the serum content after birth is significantly decreased, reaching normal adult level ( ⁇ 20ng/ml) within one year, and it will rise sharply in the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma, which is currently recognized application.
  • AFP also mildly rises in certain non-hepatocellular carcinomas (such as pregnancy, germline tumors, hepatitis, etc.), but not in some small hepatocellular carcinomas or early hepatocellular carcinomas. It does not rise at all.
  • Statistics show that its sensitivity to early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is only 20-40% [6] .
  • the level of AFP in the serum of patients does not reflect the severity of the patient's condition, nor can it assess the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Other recently found hepatocellular carcinoma serum markers such as DCP, although studies have shown that they may be superior to AFP in the early diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, but lack the support of further large-sample multi-center studies.
  • Clinical application value has not been recognized. Therefore, if you can find a diagnostic index that is sensitive to the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of hepatocellular carcinoma alone, or in combination with AFP, it can improve the diagnostic efficiency of early hepatocellular carcinoma, and at the same time better predict the prognosis of patients and can be widely used.
  • Serological markers for clinical diagnosis will have far-reaching implications.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a kit for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma with higher sensitivity and accuracy; another object of the present invention is to provide a kit for monitoring recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma;
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a kit for predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • the technical solution of the present invention is: An antibody or a fragment thereof capable of specifically binding to an EGFL7 protein is included in the kit.
  • EGFL7 is an EGF-related protein widely distributed in various tissues of the body. It has been shown that it may have biological functions such as promoting angiogenesis and damage repair. The applicants used RT-PCR and Western-blot methods to detect the expression of EGFL7 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and corresponding adjacent liver tissues. The results showed that EGFL7 was highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues (see Figure 1). ). Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin sections of hepatocellular carcinoma tissues revealed that EGFL7 protein was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and its expression intensity was significantly higher than that in peripheral vascular endothelium (see Figure 2).
  • the kit provided by the present invention can sensitively diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma, and has high diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy when it is diagnosed separately from hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • the diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy of EGFL7 are significantly higher than AFP on the basis of specificity.
  • the sensitivity and accuracy of EGFL7 and AFP in parallel diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma were significantly higher than those of AFP alone.
  • the invention also encompasses polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, particularly monoclonal antibodies, that are specific for a polypeptide encoded by EGFL7 DNA or a fragment thereof.
  • specific antibodies are those which bind to the EGFL7 gene product or fragment but do not recognize and bind to other non-related antigen molecules.
  • Antibodies of the invention can be prepared by a variety of techniques known to those skilled in the art. According to a known antigen (for example, a full-length EGFL7 recombinant protein prepared by Abnova), a desired monoclonal antibody can be obtained by a method for producing a monoclonal antibody.
  • Monoclonal antibodies such as the EGFL7 murine monoclonal antibody (M01) prepared by Abnova; EGFL7 rabbit anti-human polyclonal antibody (H-90) prepared by Santa Cruz Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the like.
  • the present invention includes not only comprehensive monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies, but also immunologically active antibody fragments such as Fab' or (Fab) 2 fragments; antibody heavy chains; antibody light chains; genetically engineered single-chain Fv molecules ; or chimeric antibodies.
  • immunologically active antibody fragments such as Fab' or (Fab) 2 fragments; antibody heavy chains; antibody light chains; genetically engineered single-chain Fv molecules ; or chimeric antibodies.
  • Antibodies against EGFL7 can be used in immunohistochemistry to detect EGFL7 protein in biopsies or excised specimens.
  • the antibody can be detected by ELISA, Western blotting, or coupled to a detection group by chemiluminescence or the like.
  • Direct measurement of EGFL7 in body fluids can be used as an indicator for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and as a basis for early diagnosis of tumors.
  • kits as well as any of the methods described herein.
  • the kit will contain one or more of these agents in a suitable container form.
  • the kit may also contain reagents, labels, and the like for the isolation of R A , the purification of R A in cells, and the like.
  • EGFL7 is a secreted protein that is detectable in body fluids and highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, this provides the possibility of easy detection for clinical testing of the kit.
  • the present invention shows that the kit can be used for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma, and the sample to be tested can be a body fluid.
  • the present inventors have also discovered that the dynamic measurement of postoperative EGFL7 levels in patients can be monitored for postoperative recurrence in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • the present inventors have also found that, in further clinical follow-up, the postoperative survival rate of patients with high expression of EGFL7 in hepatocellular carcinoma is significantly lower than that of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with low expression of EGFL7.
  • the detection kit provided by the invention can also be used for monitoring the recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by detecting EGFL7 in the sample, and can also be used for predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma by detecting EGFL7 in the sample. Kit.
  • the present invention provides a kit for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma with high sensitivity, high specificity and high accuracy.
  • the kit can also be used to monitor postoperative recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma and to judge prognosis.
  • the area under the EGFL7 diagnostic curve is 4.0% higher than AFP; (0.902 vs 0.868)
  • kit provided by the present invention is diagnosed in parallel with the AFP
  • the parallel diagnostic sensitivity of the two is 25.0% higher than that of AFP alone; (88.2% vs 63.2%)
  • the expression level of EGFL7 falls below the cut-off value on the 10th day after hepatocellular carcinoma, and rises to the cutoff value again after recurrence and metastasis. It has the ability to monitor postoperative recurrence, and the monitoring period is relatively short;
  • EGFL7 expression level was significantly correlated with hepatocellular carcinoma diameter, Edmondson-Steiner classification, and vascular invasion;
  • FIG. 1 Expression levels of EGFL7 mR A and protein in normal liver tissue and hepatocellular carcinoma A Expression level of EGFL7 m NA in hepatocellular carcinoma, paracancerous liver tissue and normal liver tissue; B EGFL7 protein in hepatocellular carcinoma, Expression levels in paracancerous liver tissues and normal liver tissues; C independent sample test showed that EGFL7 was highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues.
  • hepatocellular carcinoma tissue
  • paracancerous liver tissue
  • NL normal liver tissue
  • M Marke Figure 2. Immunohistochemical detection of EGFL7 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and corresponding adjacent liver tissues (SP method, x400 ).
  • A EGFL7 positive staining in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues is mainly located in the cytoplasm of hepatocellular carcinoma cells; B: EGFL7-free positive expression in paracancerous liver tissues; C: a small number of EGFL7-positive staining in vascular endothelium of hepatocellular carcinoma tissues Cells; D: No expression of EGFL7 was observed in vascular endothelial cells of hepatic cavernous hemangioma.
  • FIG. 3 Expression levels of EGFL7 mRNA and protein in normal liver cell lines and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
  • A Expression level of EGFL7 mRNA in normal liver cell lines and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
  • B Expression level of EGFL7 protein in normal liver cell lines and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
  • C Independent sample test showed that the expression level of EGFL7 in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines was significantly higher than that in normal hepatic cell lines, and EGFL7 was expressed at a higher level in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines with high invasion and metastatic potential.
  • CCL13 normal hepatic cell line; HepG2, MHCC97-L and HCCLM3: three hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines with increased invasion and metastatic potential; M: Marke
  • Figure 4 Comparison of survival rates in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the EGFL7 high expression group and the EGFL7 low expression group.
  • Figure 5. Standard protein fit curve for serum EGFL7.
  • Figure 6 Comparison of serum EGFL7 levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and normal, chronic liver disease, benign liver tumors, and other digestive tumors.
  • FIG. 8 Serum EGFL7, AFP independent and combined diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma receiver operating characteristics (ROC curve).
  • AUC area under the curve
  • Figure 10 Comparison of postoperative survival time between serum EGFL7 high expression group and low expression group.
  • the fresh tissue of hepatocellular carcinoma was obtained from 31 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (should avoiding necrotic tissue) surgically resected from Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from November 2005 to September 2006, and the corresponding non-cancer outside the cancer Liver tissue (paracancerous liver tissue); Normal liver tissue was taken from 5 cases of hepatic hemangioma patients with paraneoplastic liver tissue, and no hepatitis B virus infection and cirrhosis. After the specimen was removed from the body, it was immediately stored in liquid nitrogen and then transferred to a -80 ° C deep-temperature refrigerator for storage.
  • the other part was fixed with 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and subjected to HE or immunohistochemical staining. All patients did not receive treatment including transcatheter arterial chemoembolization before surgery. Of the 31 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 27 were male and 4 were female; aged 25-62 years, with a median age of 46 years. The degree of cell differentiation was 13 cases of grade I ⁇ 11, 18 cases of grade III ⁇ IV; 24 cases of tumor diameter greater than 5cm, 7 cases of diameter less than or equal to 5cm; 19 cases of macroscopic or microscopic infiltration, no venous infiltration 12 cases.
  • the HCCLM3 cell line and MHCC97-L cell line used in this laboratory were purchased from the Institute of Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Fudan University; the CCL13 cell line was purchased from ATCC (American Standard Biological Collection Center); the HepG2 cell line was obtained from the cell experiment of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. Center gift.
  • experimental DMEM, D-Hanks solution and trypsin reference is made to Molecular Cloning (Second Edition). All of the above cell lines were cultured in low glucose DMEM medium and special fetal bovine serum at 37 ° C and 5% CO 2 concentration. The cells are then cryopreserved, resuscitated and subcultured. Serum specimen
  • Blood samples were obtained from 136 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma approved by the Xiangya Ethics Committee and signed a consent form (confirmed by AFP, imaging and histopathology), 34 patients with chronic liver disease, 16 patients with benign liver tumor, and 62 patients. Gastrointestinal cancer group, and 132 healthy blood donors. Serum from patients diagnosed with non-malignant liver disease was included in the study only if there were no indications of malignant disease 6 months after collection. Primary reagents and experimental materials
  • EGFL7 monoclonal antibody M01
  • clone 2H6 Cat.H00051162-M01, Abnova, Taiwan, China
  • EGFL7 polyclonal antibody (H-90) (Cat. SC-66874, Santa Cruz, USA)
  • TMB substrate solution (Cat.PAl 07-01, Tiangen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China)
  • Tissue and cell total RNA extraction the main steps are as follows: Cut 50-100mg fresh tissue, put it into the homogenizer and add 1 ml Trizol Reagent RNA extraction reagent (Invitrogen, USA) and homogenize on ice until See obvious tissue fragments. After standing on ice for 5 minutes, the homogenate was poured into an EP tube, 0.2 ml of chloroform was added, shaken vigorously for 30 seconds, and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Collect 300 ul of the upper aqueous phase onto the new EP tube, taking care not to pick up the material in the middle layer. Add 0.3 ml of isopropanol, shake well, and incubate for 5 minutes on ice.
  • Trizol Reagent RNA extraction reagent Invitrogen, USA
  • the reaction mixture was mixed, centrifuged, and incubated at 37 ° C for 5 minutes, and placed on ice for cooling. Finally, M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, USA) lul was added. This 20 ⁇ l reaction was incubated at 42 ° C for 60 minutes and then incubated at 70 ° C for 10 minutes. PCR amplification is then performed. The PCR cycle conditions were: denaturation at 94 ° C for 5 minutes, subsequent denaturation at 94 ° C for 50 seconds, annealing at 48 ° C for 1 minute, and extension at 72 ° C for 1 minute, for 30 cycles. The PCR product was electrophoresed on a 2% (mass/volume) agarose gel and observed under UV light.
  • the total protein of 100 ⁇ g was denatured at 100 ° C for 10 min, with 8% polyacrylamide ( Sigma, USA) Gels were separated by electrophoresis using a vertical electrophoresis cell (Bio-Rad, USA) and transferred to an NC membrane (48 mmol/L TrisH2Cl (pH 8.4), 192 mmol/L Glycini) by electrotransfer.
  • Each subject was extracted from the morning 5n peripheral venous whole blood in a medical sterile coagulation tube, shaken gently for 3 times, and then placed in a 4°C refrigerator for 8 hours, then centrifuged at room temperature for 20 min.
  • the blood-free and lipemia specimens were selected, and the upper serum was dispensed into a sterile tube and placed at -80 ° C for use.
  • the levels of AFP in serum samples from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic liver disease and normal controls were determined by double-blind Roche electrochemiluminescence.
  • the normal reference value was 0-20 ng/ml.
  • the EGFL7 protein content in all hepatocellular carcinoma patients and control group serum samples was detected by double antibody sandwich ELISA.
  • the specimen collection personnel prepared the serum to be tested in Arabic numerals. The testers did not know the source of the specimen and measured it under double-blind conditions.
  • the standard protein concentration-OD value standard curve (concentration is the abscissa, OD value is the ordinate), according to The formula calculates the EGFL7 protein content of each serum sample.
  • the homogeneity test of variance uses the F test and the Levene test;
  • EGFL7 protein in hepatocellular carcinoma has been detected by RT-PCR and Western-blot, respectively.
  • the expression of EGFL7 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and corresponding adjacent liver tissues has been found. Significantly high expression in tissues (see Figure 1).
  • EGFL7 protein is mainly localized in the cytoplasm of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and its expression intensity is significantly higher than that in peripheral vascular endothelium (see Figure 2).
  • the median tumor-free survival time of the EGFL7 high expression group was 180 days, and the median tumor-free survival time of the EGFL7 low expression group was 512 days. There was a significant difference in postoperative tumor-free survival between the two groups ( ⁇ 0.05). . This result suggests that high expression of EGFL7 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (see Figure 4).
  • Serum EGFL7 detection helps to improve the ability of clinical diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Double antibody sandwich ELISA was used to detect serum EGFL7 levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Linear analysis of the experiment is required before the results are interpreted. Standard proteins of different concentrations are added to each plate, and then the standard fitting curve of EGFL7 is plotted. The curve shows that the concentration of EGFL7 protein is within a certain range and measured. The OD value is linear and the correlation index R 2 is calculated (see Figure 5). The analysis results were linearized within the range of detection, and the concentration of the serum samples was calculated according to the standard curve formula.
  • the serum EGFL7 concentration was 2.14 ⁇ 1.26 g/ml in 2 cases of hepatic cystadenoma and 1 case of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver.
  • the serum EGFL7 concentration in 62 patients with gastrointestinal malignant tumor was 2.62 ⁇ 1.62 ⁇ ⁇ / ⁇ 1, 136
  • the serum EGFL7 concentration in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was 4.19 ⁇ 1.76 ug / ml.
  • the LSD test between the groups showed that there was a significant difference between the control group and the hepatocellular carcinoma group ( ⁇ 0.001).
  • ELISA ELISA to detect 380 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and control samples. It was found that EGFL7 levels in hepatocellular carcinoma group were significantly higher than those in chronic liver disease group, benign liver tumor group, gastrointestinal cancer group and normal group ( ⁇ 0.001), indicating EGFL7. It has good hepatocellular carcinoma tissue specificity and can be used to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma. Based on 136 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and 132 normal human EGFL7 expression levels, the ROC curve was plotted and the cut-off value was calculated by the Yoden index method and determined to be 3100 ng/ml.
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma patients were divided into EGFL7 positive expression group and EGFL7 negative expression group by this value; the cutoff value was also determined according to the clinical AFP normal value range, and the cutoff value was 20 ng/ml. It is divided into AFP positive expression group and AFP negative expression group.
  • the expression of EGFL7 and AFP in the hepatocellular carcinoma group (136 cases) and the normal group (132 cases) were calculated, and then the efficacy of the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was evaluated (see Table 1).
  • Table 1 EGFL7 and AFP Diagnostics HCC Efficacy Evaluation (%) Item EGFL7 AFP Parallel Diagnostics Series Diagnostics Sensitivity 72.8 63.2 88.2 47.8
  • Negative predictive value 76.0 71.3 88.0 63.6 As can be seen from the above table: The diagnostic sensitivity of EGFL7 is significantly higher than that of AFP, that is, the missed diagnosis rate of EGFL7 diagnosis is lower than AFP. The diagnostic accuracy of EGFL7 is higher than that of AFP, which means that the ratio of the number of hepatocellular carcinoma cases and the number of non-hepatocellular carcinoma cases correctly diagnosed by EGFL7 diagnostic test is higher than that of AFP. The EGFL7 negative likelihood ratio is lower than AFP, indicating that the ratio of the likelihood of a negative judgment in the EGFL7 diagnostic test to the likelihood of a negative judgment is less than AFP. The smaller the negative likelihood ratio, the higher the diagnostic value of the diagnostic test.
  • the predicted value also known as the diagnostic value, indicates the actual clinical significance of the diagnosis.
  • the negative predictive value of EGFL7 is higher than that of AFP, indicating that the probability of true hepatocellular carcinoma in the negative result of EGFL7 diagnostic test is higher than that of AFP.
  • the sensitivity, accuracy and negative predictive value of parallel diagnosis have been greatly improved, and the negative likelihood ratio is also significantly reduced.
  • Serum EGFL7 has the ability to monitor postoperative recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • the expression of EGFL7 is down-regulated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and it is reduced to below its cut-off value on the 10th day after surgery. The monitoring period is relatively short; After the 10th day, it did not fall to the normal value.
  • the expression level of EGFL7 was significantly increased again in the recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and was higher than the cut-off value. The increase was significantly greater than that of AFP, suggesting that EGFL7 has better postoperative recurrence monitoring ability than AFP (Fig. 9).
  • Table 2 Relationship between serum EGFL7 levels and clinicopathological features of liver cancer in 110 patients (mean ⁇ S) Number of clinicopathological indicators (n) EGFL7 expression level (g/ml) Gender
  • Campagnolo L, Leahy A, Chitnis S, et al. EGFL7 is a chemoattractant for endothelial cells and is up-regulated in angiogenesis and arterial injury. Am J Pathol. 2005 Jul;167(l):275-84.

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Description

说 明 书 一种通过检测样品中 EGFL7 来诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒及其应用 技术领域
本发明涉及一种诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒。
本发明还涉及该试剂盒的其他用途。 背景技术
在全世界范围内, 肝细胞癌 (Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC) 居常见恶性肿瘤的第 五位, 同时是第三大恶性肿瘤相关性死因 [1]。 外科手术切除是目前治疗肝细胞癌最有效的 手段。 尽管近年来随着肝脏外科技术的不断进步, 肝细胞癌手术切除率已有明显提高, 但 以 5年生存率衡量, 我国肝细胞癌的整体治疗水平仍无显著改善。 究其原因, 主要是由于 无法对肝细胞癌作到有效地早期诊断和及时治疗, 很大一部分患者在就诊时就已经出现肝 内或远处转移, 从而错过了进行有效外科治疗的最佳时期。 因此, 有效地进行早期诊断和 复发转移的监测对于肝细胞癌患者来说意义十分重大。
目前临床实践中, 主要采用肿瘤标志物与超声影像学的联合检测来筛查肝细胞癌 [2]。 如果肝硬化和慢性肝炎患者的血清 AFP持续性增高则强烈预示肝细胞癌的发生, 这时可以 通过影像学检查予以验证; 同样对于那些临床症状不明显或是影像学检查无法鉴别良恶性 肿块的患者也采用这种方法加以鉴别[3]。 但是 AFP对早期肝细胞癌和一部分小肝细胞癌诊 断的敏感性和特异性欠佳, 而且并不能评估肝细胞癌病人的预后, AFP的这些局限性直接 导致了目前肝细胞癌的早期发现、 早期诊断十分困难, 严重影响了肝细胞癌患者治疗效果 和生存时间。 虽然, 病理组织学诊断是肝细胞癌诊断的金标准。 通过在超声、 CT等影像学 方法引导下活检进行病理组织学诊断虽然在技术上可行, 且可以明确肿瘤的分化程度等情 况。 但该类检查方法属有创性, 穿刺活检操作本身易导致肿瘤沿针道播散、 出血等严重并 发症 [4 因而并不适用于肝细胞癌的筛查、 早期诊断及术后复发转移监测。 基于此, 如何 建立更为简便、 实用、 准确、 可靠而且无创的检测方法以进一步提高肝细胞癌早期诊断及 术后复发转移监测的效能则显得尤为重要。 长期的临床实践证明, 曾经广泛应用于肿瘤筛 查的肿瘤标志物正符合上述条件。 在肝细胞癌诊断中, 肿瘤标志物发挥了重要的作用。 它 们可以与超声、 CT、 MRI等影像学检查相互印证, 甚至某些标志物的单独或者联合检测就 可以筛查出肝细胞癌患者。 可见, 肝细胞癌早期诊断水平的提高很大程度上取决于能否找 到合适、 高效的肝细胞癌肿瘤标志物。 半个多世纪以来, 伴随着分子生物学技术的高速发 展, 人类基因组图谱的绘制完毕, 研究人员已经发现了许多有助于肝细胞癌诊断的靶点, 其大体可以分为肿瘤组织标志物和血清标志物。 组织标志物需要获取组织标本, 因此难以 在术前进行检测, 临床价值有限。 而血清标志物检测十分方便, 属于无创性检查病人易接 受, 无需获取组织标本, 完全适用于肝细胞癌高危人群的筛查, 早期诊断, 术前评估及术 后肝细胞癌复发转移的动态监测, 因此其临床价值更为显著。
近半个世纪的研究, 发现了以 AFP为代表的数十种肝细胞癌肿瘤组织标志物和血清标 志物, 大体上可以划分为肿瘤胚胎抗原和糖蛋白抗原、 酶和同工酶、 基因与细胞因子四大 类, 研究表明这些标志物有助于提高肝细胞癌早期诊断与术后复发转移监测的效果。 但现 有的资料表明, 这些标志物由于其在特异性及灵敏性方面的缺陷, 大多数尚未被临床广泛 接受, 仅 AFP等少数标志物得到广泛认同并应用于临床的肝细胞癌诊断与治疗中。 即便如 此, 这些目前得到大家高度认同的标志物也有其明显的局限性。 以 AFP为例, 其在胚胎时 期由胚肝合成, 出生后血清中含量显著下降, 一年内达到正常成人水平(<20ng/ml), 而在 肝细胞癌发生时会急剧上升,是目前公认应用最广泛的肝细胞癌临床诊断指标。然而, AFP 在某些非肝细胞癌的特殊情况 (如妊娠、 生殖系肿瘤、 肝炎等) 下也会轻度上升, 而在某 些小肝细胞癌或早期肝细胞癌中升高并不显著或根本不升高。 有统计表明其对于早期肝细 胞癌诊断的灵敏度仅为 20-40%[6]。 在另一方面, 患者血清中 AFP含量的高低并不能反应患 者病情的严重程度, 也不能评估肝细胞癌患者的预后情况。 而其他诸如 DCP等最近发现的 肝细胞癌血清标志物, 虽然有研究表明他们可能在肝细胞癌的早期诊断与预后判断上优于 AFP, 但缺乏进一步的大样本多中心研究的支持, 其在临床上的应用价值也未得到公认。 因此, 如果能找到一个单独诊断肝细胞癌敏感性、 特异性、 准确性倶佳的诊断指标, 或与 AFP联合能提高早期肝细胞癌诊断效能, 同时又能较好地预测患者预后情况并且可以广泛 应用于临床诊断的血清学标志物, 将具有十分深远的意义。
Folkman [7]于 1971年首次提出抑制肿瘤血管生成可以作为治疗实体瘤的新途径的理论, 开创了抑制肿瘤血管生成的肿瘤综合治疗的新时代。 此后在抗肿瘤血管生成的基础和临床 研究中取得了极大的进展, 并且发现了诸如 VEGF、 EGF等生长因子类蛋白在肝细胞癌的 发生、 发展中发挥了重要作用。 有研究表明, 这些功能多样性的蛋白还具有其他尚未阐明 的生物学作用。 EGFL7是一种最新发现的 EGF相关性蛋白 [8]。 目前的研究认为 EGFL7同时 是一种分泌性蛋白, 主要表达于血管内皮细胞 [8'9]。 在体内外研究中发现, 在炎症、 创伤及 肿瘤等情况下血管内皮中的 EGFL7 表达水平明显上调 [1Q], 进而促进血管中平滑肌细胞迁 徙、 诱导成管[11], 表现为周围微血管密度增加。 目前此类研究主要集中在分子机制等基础 性研究方面 [KU2^14'15], 仅有少数研究者开展了其在血管相关性病变方面的临床研究 [1δ]。 发明内容
本发明的目的就是提供一种灵敏度、 准确度更高的诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒; 本发明的另一目的是提供一种监测肝细胞癌复发转移的试剂盒;
本发明的另一目的是提供一种预测肝细胞癌手术预后的试剂盒。
本发明的技术方案是: 在所述的试剂盒中包括能与 EGFL7 蛋白特异性结合的抗体或 其片段。
EGFL7是一种 EGF相关性蛋白, 广泛分布于全身多种组织中, 已有研究表明其可能 具有促进血管生成、 损伤修复等生物学功能。 本申请人分别采用 RT-PCR、 Western-blot法 检测了 EGFL7在肝细胞癌组织及相应癌旁肝组织中的表达情况, 结果发现 EGFL7在肝细 胞癌组织中呈显著性高表达 (见图 1 )。 通过肝细胞癌组织石蜡切片的免疫组化检测发现, EGFL7 蛋白主要定位于肝细胞癌细胞的胞浆内并且其表达强度明显高于周围血管内皮中 的表达强度 (见图 2)。 在进一步的细胞学实验中, 我们还发现 EGFL7在高侵袭转移潜能 的肝细胞癌细胞系中的表达亦显著升高 (见图 3 )。 进一步的临床随访发现 EGFL7高表达 的肝细胞癌病人的术后生存率明显低于 EGFL7低表达的肝细胞癌病人 (见图 4)。 由此推 断, EGFL7作为一个新的肿瘤组织标志物对于肝细胞癌诊断有着重要意义。
根据本发明的实施例, 采用本发明提供的试剂盒能灵敏地诊断肝细胞癌, 其单独诊断 肝细胞癌时, 具有很高的诊断灵敏度和准确度。 采用本发明提供的试剂盒与目前临床最常 用的 AFP比较,其在特异度相当的基础上, EGFL7的诊断灵敏度和准确度均明显高于 AFP。 采用 EGFL7与 AFP平行诊断肝细胞癌的灵敏度、准确度较单独的 AFP检测均有较大的提 高。
另一方面, 本发明还包括对 EGFL7 DNA或是其片段编码的多肽具有特异性的多克隆 抗体和单克隆抗体, 尤其是单克隆抗体。 这里, 特异性的抗体是指那些能与 EGFL7基因 产物或片段结合但不识别和结合于其它非相关抗原分子的抗体。 关于抗体的制备, 已经是 一项十分成熟的技术。 本发明的抗体可以通过本领域技术人员已知的各种技术进行制备。 根据已知的抗原 (例如, Abnova公司制备的全长 EGFL7重组蛋白)可以通过现有的单克 隆抗体的制备方法, 获得所需单克隆抗体。 目前, 已经有用于实验的抗 EGFL7 的鼠抗人 单克隆抗体, 例如 Abnova公司制备的 EGFL7 鼠单克隆抗体 (; M01); Santa Cruz生物技术 公司制备的 EGFL7兔抗人多克隆抗体 (H-90) 等。
本发明不仅包括完善的单克隆抗体和多克隆抗体, 而且还包括具有免疫活性的抗体片 段, 如 Fab'或 (Fab)2片段; 抗体重链; 抗体轻链; 遗传工程改造的单链 Fv分子; 或嵌合抗 体。
抗 EGFL7的抗体可用于免疫组织化学技术中,检测活检或切除标本中的 EGFL7蛋白。 抗体可以通过 ELISA、 Western印迹分析, 或者与检测基团偶联, 通过化学发光等方法来 检测。 体液中的 EGFL7 的直接测定可以作为肝细胞癌的诊断和预后的观测指标, 也可作 为肿瘤早期诊断的依据。
本发明也包括试剂盒, 以及这里进行描述的任何方法。 其中所述试剂盒将以适当的容 器形式包含这些试剂中的一种或多种。 所述试剂盒也可包含用于 R A分离、 扩增细胞中 R A的纯化的试剂、 标记等。
根据现有的研究, EGFL7是一种分泌性蛋白, 可在体液中检测到, 而在肝细胞癌中是 高表达的。 因此, 这为试剂盒临床检测提供了简便检测的可能。 本发明研究表明, 该试剂 盒可用于诊断肝细胞癌, 所检测的样品可以为体液。
本发明还发现, 对病人术后 EGFL7水平的动态测定, 可监测肝细胞癌患者术后复发 情况。
本发明还发现, 进一步的临床随访发现 EGFL7 高表达的肝细胞癌病人的术后生存率 明显低于 EGFL7低表达的肝细胞癌病人。
因此,根据上述研究,本发明提供的检测试剂盒还可以用于通过检测样品中 EGFL7 来 监测肝细胞癌复发转移的试剂盒, 也可以用于通过检测样品中 EGFL7 来预测肝细胞癌手 术预后的试剂盒。
本发明提供了一种高灵敏性、 高特异性和高准确性诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒。 该试剂盒 尚可以用于监测肝细胞癌的术后复发转移和判断预后。
用本发明提供的试剂盒单独诊断时,
1. EGFL7诊断肝细胞癌的灵敏度比 AFP提高了 9.6%; (72.8% vs 63.2%)
2. 特异度与 AFP相当; (88.6% vs 93.9%)
3. 准确度比 AFP提高 2.2%; ( 80.6% vs 78.4%)
4. EGFL7诊断曲线下面积比 AFP提高 4.0%; (0.902 vs 0.868)
5. AFP诊断肝细胞癌患者为阴性结果时, EGFL7对其诊断为阳性的概率达到了 68.0%。 (34/50)
如果用本发明提供的试剂盒与 AFP平行诊断, 则
1. 两者平行诊断灵敏度比单用 AFP提高了 25.0%; ( 88.2% vs 63.2%)
2. EGFL7与 AFP平行诊断时, 其诊断准确度提高了 10.0%; ( 88.4% vs 78.4%)
3. EGFL7与 AFP平行诊断时, 曲线下面积达到了 0.967, 比 AFP单独诊断提高了 11.4%。
(0.967 vs 0.868)。
本发明提供的试剂盒对预后生存判断时,
1. EGFL7表达水平在肝细胞癌患者术后第 10天就降至其截断值以下, 复发转移时再次 升高至截断值以上, 具有术后复发监测的能力, 且监测周期比较短;
2. EGFL7表达水平与肝细胞癌直径大小、 Edmondson-Steiner分级、 脉管浸润显著相关;
3. EGFL7高表达组患者术后总生存时间及无瘤生存时间显著短于 EGFL7低表达组。 附图说明
图 1. 正常肝组织及肝细胞癌组织中 EGFL7 mR A 及蛋白的表达水平 A EGFL7 m NA在肝细胞癌,癌旁肝组织及正常肝组织中的表达水平; B EGFL7 蛋白在肝细胞癌, 癌旁肝组织及正常肝组织中的表达水平; C独立样本 检验显示, EGFL7在肝细胞癌组织 中呈显著高表达。 Τ: 肝细胞癌组织; Ρ: 癌旁肝组织; NL: 正常肝组织; M: Marke 图 2. 免疫组化检测 EGFL7 在肝细胞癌及相应癌旁肝组织中的表达情况 (SP法, x400)。 A: 肝细胞癌组织中的 EGFL7阳性染色主要位于肝细胞癌细胞的胞浆内; B: 癌 旁肝组织中几无 EGFL7的阳性表达; C: 少数 EGFL7阳性染色位于肝细胞癌组织的血管 内皮细胞; D: 肝海绵状血管瘤组织的血管内皮细胞则未见 EGFL7表达。
图 3. EGFL7 mRNA及蛋白在正常肝细胞系及肝细胞癌细胞系中的表达水平。 A: EGFL7 mRNA在正常肝细胞系及肝细胞癌细胞系中的表达水平。 B: EGFL7 蛋白在正常 肝细胞系及肝细胞癌细胞系中的表达水平。 C: 独立样本 检验显示肝细胞癌细胞系中 EGFL7的表达水平明显高于正常肝细胞系, 且 EGFL7在高侵袭转移潜能的肝细胞癌细胞 系中的表达水平更高。 CCL13: 正常肝细胞系; HepG2, MHCC97-L及 HCCLM3: 三种 侵袭转移潜能依次升高的肝细胞癌细胞系; M: Marke
图 4. EGFL7高表达组及 EGFL7低表达组肝细胞癌患者生存率的比较。 A : EGFL7 高 表达组病人的总体生存时间明显短于低表达组 (PO.05 ); B: EGFL7 高表达组病人的无 瘤生存时间亦明显短于低表达组 (Ρ<0.05 )。 图 5. 血清 EGFL7的标准蛋白拟合曲线。 A: lg (血清 EGFL7标准蛋白浓度) -吸光度 值拟合曲线; B: 血清 EGFL7标准蛋白浓度 -OD值标准曲线。
图 6. 肝细胞癌患者与正常人、 慢性肝病、 良性肝肿瘤及其它消化系肿瘤患者血清 EGFL7含量的比较。
图 7. 血清 EGFL7和 AFP蛋白相关性分析。
图 8. 血清 EGFL7、AFP独立及联合诊断肝细胞癌的受试者工作特征曲线 (ROC曲线)。 图中曲线的曲线下面积 (AUC) 越大, 表示诊断价值越高。
图 9. 肝细胞癌患者及对照组患者手术前后血清 EGFL7含量动态变化曲线。
图 10. 血清 EGFL7高表达组与低表达组术后生存时间的比较。 A: EGFL7高表达组患 者术后无瘤生存时间显著短于 EGFL7低表达组(Ρ=0.03 ); B: EGFL7高表达组患者术后 总生存时间显著短于 EGFL7低表达组 (Ρ=0.02)。 具体实施方式
本发明中提供具体实施内容, 不能理解为对本发明的限制。 根据本发明公开的发明内 容, 本领域技术人员可以做适当的变化, 但其没有脱离本发明的内容。 实验材料
病人组织及临床病理资料的采集
肝细胞癌新鲜组织取自中南大学湘雅医院 2005年 11月〜2006年 9月间手术切除的 31 例肝细胞癌癌组织(注意避开坏死组织)和相对应的癌旁 lcm外的非癌肝组织(癌旁肝组 织); 正常肝组织取自 5 例肝血管瘤患者瘤旁肝脏组织, 且均无乙型肝炎病毒感染及肝硬 化。 标本离体后取一部分立即液氮保存并随后转至 -80°C深低温冰箱保存备用。 另一部分 以 10%福尔马林固定, 石蜡包埋、 切片, 进行 HE或免疫组化染色。 全部病例术前均未接 受包括肝动脉化疗栓塞等在内的治疗。 31例肝细胞癌中男 27例,女 4例;年龄 25— 62岁, 中位年龄 46岁。其中细胞分化程度为 I〜11级 13例, III〜IV级 18例; 肿瘤直径大于 5cm 的 24例, 直径小于或等于 5cm的 7例; 有肉眼或镜下静脉浸润者 19例, 无静脉浸润者 12 例。另外,收集湘雅医院 2000 年 10 月至 2004 年 7 月之间行手术切除的 肝细胞癌 石 蜡标本 102例。 全组病例术前均未接受包括肝动脉栓塞化疗在内的任何其它治疗, 全部切 片均经病理组织学检查证实诊断。 细胞系
本研究室采用的 HCCLM3细胞系和 MHCC97-L细胞系购自复旦大学肝细胞癌研究所; CCL13细胞系购自 ATCC (美国标准生物品收藏中心); HepG2细胞系由中南大学湘雅医院 细胞实验中心惠赠。 实验用 DMEM、 D-Hanks液、 胰蛋白酶的配制参照 《分子克隆》(第二 版)。 以上细胞系均采用低糖 DMEM培基和特级胎牛血清, 置于 37°C和 5%C02浓度培养。 然后进行细胞的冻存、 复苏及传代培养。 血清标本
血液样本来自通过湘雅伦理委员会批准并签订同意书的 136例肝细胞癌患者 (通过联 合 AFP、 影像学和组织病理学等确诊)、 34例慢性肝病患者、 16例肝良性肿瘤组、 62例胃 肠癌组、 以及 132例健康血液捐献者。 已诊断为非恶性肝病的病人血清, 只有在收集后 6 个月无恶性疾病指征的情况下, 才纳入本研究。 主要试剂和实验材料
96 well ELISA Microplates, PS, F-bottom MICROLON, med. Binding (Cat.655001, greiner bio-one, Germany)
EGFL7 Recombinant Protein (P01)( Cat.H00051162-PO 1 , Abnova, Taiwan, China)
EGFL7 monoclonal antibody (M01), clone 2H6 (Cat.H00051162-M01, Abnova, Taiwan, China)
EGFL7 polyclonal antibody (H-90) (Cat. SC-66874, Santa Cruz, USA)
Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody, F(ab')2 fragment, Human Serum Adsorbed and Peroxidase labeled (Cat.214-1516, KPL, USA )
可溶型单组分 TMB底物溶液 (Cat.PAl 07-01, 天根生物有限公司, 北京, 中国)
1M H2S04终止液 ( Cat.SC250815 , 生物晶美, 中国)
含 0.05% PBST的洗涤液
含 4%BSA的封闭液
主要实验仪器
4°C、 -20°C及 -80°C冰箱
SPX生化培养箱
WD9405B水平摇床 ELX-808全自动酶标仪 实验方法
RT-PCR
组织及细胞总 RNA提取, 其主要步骤简述如下: 剪取 50-100mg新鲜组织, 放入匀浆 器中并加入 1 ml Trizol Reagent RNA提取试剂 (美国 Invitrogen公司) 后在冰上匀浆至未 见明显组织碎块。 于冰上静置 5分钟后匀浆液倒入 EP管中, 加入 0.2 ml氯仿, 剧烈摇匀 30 秒, 12000 rpm离心 10 分钟。 收集上层水相 300 ul于新的 EP管, 注意切勿吸取中间 层的物质。加入 0.3ml的异丙醇, 振荡摇匀, 冰上孵育 5 分钟。在 12000 rpm离心 5分钟, 弃上清, 向 EP管内加入 0.7ml的 75 %的乙醇并振荡, 12000 rpm离心 5分钟沉淀 R A, 弃上清。 重复用 75 %的乙醇沉淀 R A。 将 EP管倒立于滤纸上, 空气干燥 10分钟。 加入 30ul的 DEPC处理水 (上海生物工程公司) 融解 R A。 将所提取的 RNA溶液行琼脂糖凝 胶电泳, 在紫外灯下见到明显的 5S, 18S, 28S的条带则认为合格。 将合格的 R A溶液用 DU640紫外分光光度计 (Berkman公司) 比色, 计算浓度, 剩余保存。
向培养细胞至融合度为 80 %的 50ml培养瓶中加入 1ml Trizol, 吹打使混匀, 冰上静置 5-10min,裂解细胞。将裂解液倒于离心管中,加氯仿 0.2ml,震荡 15sec使混匀,室温 2-3min 后, 12000rpm, 4°C离心 15min。 吸取上层水相于另一 1.5ml离心管中, 加异丙醇 0.5ml, 混匀, 室温静 lOmin后, 12000rpm, 4°C离心 lOmin; 弃上清, 75%乙醇洗涤 R A沉淀, 7500rpm, 4°C离心 5min; 弃除乙醇, 空气干燥 R A, 加入 40ul DEPC处理水, 用吸头反 复吹打, 并置 55 °C水浴使充分溶解。
cDNA合成。
cDNA合成步骤简述如下。在 EP管中将总 R A 2ug与 Oliga ( dT) (上海生物工程公司) 0.5 ug 混合, 力 BDepc处理水至总体积 l lul, 混匀后点动离心, 于 70°C孵育 5分钟, 置于冰 上冷却。再向 EP管中依次加入 M-MLV 5X反应缓冲液 5ul, 10mMol/L的 DNTP溶液(Gibco 公司) 1.5ul, RNA酶抑制物 (Rnase inhibitor, Rnasin) ( Gibco公司) 2.5ul。 反应液混匀后 点动离心,于 37 °C孵育 5分钟,置于冰上冷却。 最后加入 M-MLV逆转录酶(美国 Promega 公司) lul。将此 20微升的反应体系在 42°C孵育 60分钟后于 70°C孵育 10分钟。 然后进行 PCR扩增。 PCR循环条件为: 94°C变性 5分钟, 后继 94°C变性 50秒, 48°C退火 1分钟, 72°C延伸 1分钟, 进行 30个循环。 PCR产物在 2 % (质量 /体积) 的琼脂糖凝胶中电泳, 在 紫外光下观察结果, 当同时出现 GAPDH ( 500bp) 条带和 EGFL7 条带 (282bp) 则判断为 阳性。 用 Eagle eyeTM II凝胶成象系统照相, 并用 Eagle eyeTM II图像分析系统对扩增产物条 带的光密度进行分析, 每例 EGFL7 mRNA表达值以 EGFL7 光密度值 /GAPDH光密度值表 示。
Western blot
取 500mg新鲜组织加入 1.5ml细胞裂解液 〔 20mmol/L TrisH2Cl (PH7.4) , 150mmol/L NaCl, lmmol/L EDTA(PH8.0),lmmol/L MgC12, 1 NP-40, 0.1%SDS, 0.01%PMSF ) ,匀浆器 研磨组织提取总蛋白, 按照 BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒说明 (Pierce公司, 美国)进行蛋白 样品定量, 取 lOOug总蛋白 100°C变性 lOmin, 以 8 %聚丙烯酰胺 (Sigma公司,美国)凝胶通 过垂直电泳槽仪 (Bio-Rad 公司, 美国) 电泳分离蛋白后经电转移槽湿转法至 NC 膜 ( 48mmol/L TrisH2Cl (PH8.4), 192mmol/L Glycini, 20 %Methanol〕。 PBST配制的 5 %脱 脂奶粉封闭 lh, NC膜置入 1 : 200稀释的一抗山羊抗人 EGFL7多克隆抗(Santa Cruz, 美 国) 稀释液中 37°°C孵育 30min, PBST洗膜 30min, 再置入 1 : 5000稀释的二抗 (兔抗山 羊 IgG, KPL公司产品,美国)室温孵育 2h, PBST洗涤 NC膜 30min后以化学发光试剂( Pierce 公司)显影曝光摄片。 同样采用 Eagleeye ll型图像分析仪(Stratagene公司, 美国)对照片 中的条带进行半定量分析, 42kDa大小 β-actin作为内参照 (Sigma公司, 美国) 。 免疫组化 免疫组织化学分析采用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白 -过氧化物酶连结法 (SP法) 。 山羊抗人 EGFL7 多克隆抗体(Santa Cruz 公司, 美国)工作浓度为 1 : 50。兔抗山羊二抗试剂盒(中 杉金桥生物技术有限公司,中国北京)操作步骤参照其说明书。选用 EDTA缓冲液(0.01 M, pH = 8.0) 经微波炉加热 15min行抗原热修复。 同时用兔血清封闭液代替一抗作为阴性对 照。 光学显微镜 (Olympus公司, 日本) 下阅片及评分。 染色判定标准参照 Shimizu方法 [37]进行评定和积分。 具体为: 1、 染色强度评分标准: 细胞浆无显色, 0分; 胞浆呈云雾状 淡黄色, 1分; 胞浆呈黄色颗粒状, 2分; 胞浆呈均匀深黄色, 3分。 2、 阳性细胞所占比 例评分标准: 阳性细胞数≤ 10者, 0 分; 10%〜40% 者, 1分; 40%〜70% 者, 2 分; ≥ 70%者, 3 分。 3、 着色强度评分 + 阳性细胞所占比例评分 = 总积分; 4、 总积分 0〜1 分为阴性, 大于 2分为阳性; 再将全组病例划为低表达组 (总积分 0〜3分) 及高表达组 (总积分 4〜6分) 比较预后情况。 改良双抗体夹心 ELISA法
1. 血清标本制备
抽取每位实验对象晨起空腹 5ml外周静脉全血于医用无菌促凝管内, 轻微振荡 3次待 血液凝固后置于 4°C冰箱中静置 8小时, 然后于常温离心机离心 20min OOOOrpm), 选取 无溶血及脂血标本, 分装上层血清于无菌管内, 并置于 -80°C备用。
2. 血清 AFP含量测定
肝细胞癌患者、慢性肝病患者及正常人血清样本中 AFP的含量均采用双盲的罗氏电化 学发光法测定, 正常参考值为 0〜20ng/ml。
3. 血清 EGFL7含量测定
所有肝细胞癌患者及对照组血清样本中 EGFL7蛋白含量通过双抗体夹心 ELISA法来 检测, 标本采集人员将待测血清按阿拉伯数字编写, 检测人员不知道标本来源, 在双盲条 件下进行测定。
具体实验步骤如下:
1) 取 ΙΟΟμΙ EGFL7 单克隆抗体稀释于 9900μ1无菌 PBS溶液中, 每孔中加入 ΙΟΟμΙ稀释 液, 4°C过夜;
2) 吸尽孔内液体,将酶标板倒扣于干净滤纸上拍干。然后每孔加入含 0.05% PBST的洗涤 液 250μ1, 置于水平摇床上洗 3次, 每次 3min, 再次拍干酶标板;
3) 每孔加入含有 4%BSA的封闭液 300μ1,置于 37°C生化培养箱中 2h,然后重复 2)步骤;
4) 将血清进行稀释 (用 PBS以 1 :250稀释), 每孔加入 ΙΟΟμΙ血清稀释液, 每个样品作复 孔。 取 2μ1重组 EGFL7蛋白标准品加至 400μ1的 PBS, 然后作倍比稀释, 共 7个标准 品。 每个标准品作复孔, 置于 37°C生化培养箱中 2h, 再次重复 2) 步骤, 洗板 4次, 每次 3min;
5) 取 EGFL7 单克隆抗体 50μ1稀释在 9950μ1 PBS溶液中, 每孔加入 ΙΟΟμΙ该稀释液, 置 于 37°C生化培养箱中 2h, 然后再次重复 2) 步骤, 洗板 5次, 每次 3min;
6) 取 HRP标记的山羊抗兔抗体 5μ1稀释在 9995μ1 PBS溶液中,每孔加入 ΙΟΟμΙ该稀释液, 置于 37°C生化培养箱中 2h, 然后再次重复 2) 步骤, 洗板 6次, 每次 3min;
7) 每孔加入 ΙΟΟμΙ ΤΜΒ底物 (避光), 置于 37°C生化培养箱中显色 30min;
8) 每孔加入 ΙΟΟμΙ的 0.5Μ H2S04终止液后, 立即以酶标仪 (主波长 450nm, 参比波长 630nm) 双波长读取 OD值;
9) 根据标准品作标准蛋白浓度 -OD值标准曲线 (浓度为横坐标, OD值为纵坐标), 根据 公式计算出每个血清样品的 EGFL7蛋白含量。
4. 统计软件及方法
统计软件: SPSS 13.0统计软件
统计方法:
1) 组间 EGFL7 表达水平的比较采用 t 检验和方差分析或者 Wilcoxon 秩和检验和 Kruskall-Wallis H检验;
2) 正态分布检验采用分位数图法 (Q-Q法);
3) ROC曲线及约登指数法确定截断值 (cutoffvalue);
4) 方差齐性检验采用 F检验和 Levene检验;
5) 配对 EGFL7表达水平的比较采用重复测量设计资料的方差分析;
6) Spearman等级相关检验分析 EGFL7与临床病理类型的关系;
7) Cox多元回归分析影响肝细胞癌预后的独立危险因素;
8) Kaplan-Meier曲线 Log-Rank检验分析预后。 实施例 1
EGFL7蛋白在肝细胞癌组织中的表达情况 前期研究已分别采用 RT-PCR、 Western-blot法检测了 EGFL7在肝细胞癌组织及相应 癌旁肝组织中的表达情况, 结果发现 EGFL7在肝细胞癌组织中显著性高表达 (见图 1 )。
通过组织石蜡切片的免疫组化检测, 发现 EGFL7 蛋白主要定位于肝细胞癌细胞的胞 浆内并且其表达强度明显高于周围血管内皮中的表达强度 (见图 2)。
我们依据上述免疫组化的检测结果分析了 EGFL7 蛋白的表达水平与肝细胞癌临床病 理特征的相关性。 统计分析结果发现 EGFL7在蛋白的表达水平与肿瘤结节数目和有无静 脉浸润有关(Ρ<0.05 ),而与患者性别、 年龄、 肿瘤大小、 肿瘤分化程度、 包膜以及肝硬化 程度等无关。 此结果与 Western blotting结果相一致, 亦提示 EGFL7在肝细胞癌侵袭转移 中发挥了重要作用 实施例 2
EGFL7在肝细胞癌细胞系中的表达研究 进一步的细胞实验中, 采用 RT-PCR、 Western-blot法检测了 EGFL7在正常肝细胞系 和肝细胞癌细胞系中的表达情况, 结果发现肝细胞癌细胞系中 EGFL7 的表达水平明显高 于正常肝细胞系, 且 EGFL7在高转移潜能的 HCCLM3细胞系中的表达水平高于低转移潜 能的 HepG2及 MHCC97-L细胞系(见图 3 )。 因此, EGFL7作为一个新的肿瘤组织标志物 对于肝细胞癌诊断及预后判断有着重要意义。 实施例 3
EGFL7蛋白表达水平与临床预后的关系 根据免疫组化结果将 102例肝细胞癌分为 EGFL7高表达组和 EGFL7低表达组。 研究 结果显示: EGFL7高表达组 55例; EGFL7低表达组 47例。 EGFL7高表达组的中位生存 时间为 480天; EGFL7低表达组的中位生存时间为 796天。 EGFL7高表达组肝细胞癌患 者的中位生存时间低于 EGFL7低表达组肝细胞癌患者, 两组之间术后生存率差异有显著 性意义 (Ρ<0.05)。 EGFL7高表达组的中位无瘤生存时间为 180天, EGFL7低表达组的中 位无瘤生存时间为 512天, 两组之间术后无瘤生存率差异有显著性意义(Ρ<0.05)。 此结果 提示, EGFL7的高表达与肝细胞癌患者不良预后有关 (见图 4)。 实施例 4
血清 EGFL7检测有助于提高临床诊断肝细胞癌的能力 本实验采用双抗体夹心 ELISA法来检测肝细胞癌患者血清 EGFL7水平。在结果判读前 需进行实验的线性分析, 在每块酶标板上加入不同浓度的标准蛋白, 然后绘制 EGFL7的标 准拟合曲线, 由曲线可知 EGFL7 蛋白的浓度在某一范围内时与测得的 OD值呈直线关系, 计算相关指数 R2值(见图 5 )。 在检测的范围内将分析结果线性化, 根据标准曲线公式计算 出血清标本的浓度。
建立收集病人血清的实验方案, 这些病人在中南大学湘雅医院接受治疗, 并签署了同 意书。 通过使用改良夹心 ELISA测量 136例肝细胞癌患者、 34例慢性肝病患者、 16例肝 良性肿瘤患者、 62例胃肠癌患者以及 132例正常人血清中 EGFL7的水平进行了研究。 发 现 132例正常人血清 EGFL7浓度为 1.75±1.17 g/ml, 34例慢性肝病患者血清 EGFL7浓度 为 2.61±1.32 g/ml, 16例肝脏良性肿瘤患者(10例肝血管瘤患者、 3例肝脏纤维瘤样增生、 2例肝囊腺瘤、 1例肝脏局灶性结节性增生)血清 EGFL7浓度为 2.14±1.26 g/ml , 62例胃 肠道恶性肿瘤患者血清 EGFL7浓度为 2.62±1.62μ§/ηι1, 136例肝细胞癌患者血清 EGFL7 浓度为 4.19±1.76ug/ml。 组间采用 LSD检验分析发现对照组与肝细胞癌组比较有显性差异 (Ρ<0.001 )。 正常人与慢性肝病和胃肠道恶性肿瘤也存在显著差异(Ρ<0.05 ), 但正常人与 肝脏良性肿瘤之间无统计学差异(Ρ>0.05 ), 且慢性肝病、肝脏良性肿瘤和胃肠道恶性肿瘤 两两之间也无统计学差异 (Ρ>0.05 ) (见图 6)。
我们采用 ELISA法检测了 380例肝细胞癌和对照组样本, 发现肝细胞癌组 EGFL7含 量显著高于慢性肝病组、 肝良性肿瘤组、 胃肠癌组及正常组(Ρ<0.001 ), 说明 EGFL7具有 较好的肝细胞癌组织特异性, 可用来诊断肝细胞癌。 根据 136例肝细胞癌患者和 132例正 常人 EGFL7表达水平, 绘制 ROC曲线, 以约登指数法计算截断值, 确定为 3100ng/ml。 并以此值为界将肝细胞癌患者分为 EGFL7阳性表达组和 EGFL7阴性表达组; 同样根据临 床 AFP正常值范围确定其截断值为 20ng/ml, 同样以此值为界将肝细胞癌患者分为 AFP阳 性表达组和 AFP阴性表达组。分别计算肝细胞癌组( 136例)和正常组( 132例)中 EGFL7 和 AFP表达情况, 然后评价其诊断肝细胞癌的效能 (见表 1 )。 表 1. EGFL7与 AFP诊断 HCC效能评价 (%) 项目 EGFL7 AFP 平行诊断 系列诊断 灵敏度 72.8 63.2 88.2 47.8
特异度 88.6 93.9 88.6 93.9
准确度 80.6 78.4 88.4 70.5
阳性似然比 6.4 10.4 7.8 7.9
阴性似然比 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.6
阳性预测值 86.8 91.5 88.9 89.0
阴性预测值 76.0 71.3 88.0 63.6 由上表可知: EGFL7的诊断灵敏度明显高于 AFP, 即 EGFL7诊断的漏诊率低于 AFP。 EGFL7诊断准确度高于 AFP, 是指 EGFL7诊断试验正确诊断的肝细胞癌病例数与非肝细 胞癌病例数之和占所有人数之比率要高于 AFP。 EGFL7阴性似然比低于 AFP,表示 EGFL7 诊断试验错判阴性的可能性与正确判断阴性的可能性之比要小于 AFP。 阴性似然比越小, 表示诊断试验的诊断价值就越高。 预测值又称诊断价值, 表示诊断结果的实际临床意义, EGFL7的阴性预测值高于 AFP, 说明 EGFL7诊断试验阴性结果中真正无肝细胞癌的概率 要高于 AFP。 在此基础上, 我们分析了两种方法诊断肝细胞癌的相关性, 经 pearson检验 肝细胞癌组患者中血清 EGFL7与 AFP含量相关性不具有统计学意义 (r=0.004, P=0.44), 因此可将 EGFL7与 AFP进行联合诊断 (见图 7)。 由上表可知, 平行诊断其灵敏度、 准确 度及阴性预测值都有了较大的提高, 阴性似然比亦明显降低了。
我们进一步分析 AFP诊断肝细胞癌患者为阴性结果时, EGFL7对其诊断为阳性的概 率却达到了 68%, 这说明了 EGFL7可显著提高 AFP阴性肝细胞癌的检出率; 而 AFP诊断 试验是阳性时, EGFL7 也是阳性的概率达到了 75.6%, 提示两者诊断一致率较高。 绘制 EGFL7单独、 AFP单独及联合诊断原发性肝细胞癌的 ROC曲线 (见图 8), 计算曲线下面 积, AUC (EGFL7) = 0.902, AUC (AFP) = 0.868, AUC (联合)= 0.967, 可见 EGFL7独立诊 断其曲线下面积大于 AFP, 联合诊断曲线下面积达到最大。 曲线下面积越大, 表示其诊断 效能越高。 实施例 5
血清 EGFL7对肝细胞癌术后复发转移患者具有监测的能力 肝细胞癌患者术后 EGFL7表达水平明显下调, 术后第 10天就降至其截断值以下, 监 测周期比较短; 而 AFP表达水平术后第 10天未降至正常值。 肝细胞癌复发转移时 EGFL7 表达水平再次显著升高, 且高于其截断值, 上升幅度明显大于 AFP, 提示 EGFL7比 AFP 具有更好的术后复发监测能力 (见图 9)。 实施例 6
血清 EGFL7对肝细胞癌患者具有预后判断的能力 我们分析了 110例肝细胞癌患者血清 EGFL7表达水平与临床病理特征的关系时,结果 显示肿瘤直径 > 5cm的肝细胞癌患者血清中 EGFL7表达水平明显高于肿瘤直径≤5cm的肝 细胞癌患者 =0.041 ) ; Edmondson-Steiner分级 III-IV级的肝细胞癌患者血清中 EGFL7 表达水平明显高于 Edmon dson-Steiner分级 I - II级的肝细胞癌患者 (Ρ=0.021 ) , 存在静 脉浸润的肝细胞癌患者血清中 EGFL7 表达水平明显高于无静脉浸润的肝细胞癌患者 (Ρ=0.004)。 而与性别、 年龄、 乙肝病史、 肝硬化程度、 有无包膜形成、 结节数等临床病理 特征无关 (Ρ>0.05 ) (见表 2)。 同时在分析 EGFL7表达水平与临床病理特征的相关性分 析时, 提示 EGFL7的表达水平与肿瘤直径、 Edmondson-Steiner分级、 脉管浸润呈正相关。 在肝细胞癌患者预后 Cox回归单、 多因素分析时, 结果都提示了 EGFL7表达水平和脉管 浸润均为影响肝细胞癌患者无瘤生存时间和总生存时间的危险因素 (Ρ<0.05 ), 而 AFP表 达水平不影响肝细胞癌患者无瘤生存时间和总生存时间 (Ρ>0.05 )。 根据 EGFL7 截断值, 将 96例肝细胞癌患者分为 EGFL7高表达组(η=53 )和低表达组 (η=43),进一步行 log-rank 检验, 发现 EGFL7高表达组患者术后总生存时间显著短于 EGFL7低表达组 (中位生存时 间 470天 vs 680天; P=0.02); EGFL7高表达组患者术后无瘤生存时间显著短于 EGFL7低 表达组 (中位生存时间 354天 vs 600天; Ρ=0.03 ) (见图 10)。 表 2. 110例患者血清 EGFL7水平与肝癌临床病理特征的关系 (mean ± S) 临床病理学指标 例 数 (n) EGFL7表达水平 ( g/ml) 性别
男 87 4.18±1.60 0.742
女 23 4.40±1.63
年龄 (岁)
<60 81 4.05±1.59 0.111
> 60 29 4.87±1.49
乙肝病史
无 28 4.19±1.42 0.969
有 82 4.21±1.66
肝硬化
无 34 3.55±1.21 0.112
有 76 4.36±1.64
包膜
无 30 4.24±1.40 0.666
有 80 4.14±1.95
结节数目
单结节 54 4.24±1.79 0.861
多结节 56 4.17±1.36
肿瘤直径 (cm)
<5 43 3.57±1.65 0.041
> 5 67 4.47±1.54
Edmondson- Steiner分级
I - II 49 3.53±1.50 0.021
III-IV 61 4.69±1.51
脉管浸润
无 26 3.30±1.35 0.004
有 84 4.44±1.59 参考文献
1. Lewis R.Roberts, Ch.B. Sorafenib in Liver Cance- Just the Beginning. N Engl J Med.2008;359:4420-422.
2. Ding X, Yang LY, Huang GW, et al. Role of AFP mRNA expression in peripheral blood as a predictor for postsurgical recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol.2005 ;11(17) :2656- 2661.
3. Gogel BM, Goldstein RM, Kuhn JA, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma in a cirrhotic liver. Oncology(Huntingt)2000; 14:15.
4. John T, Garden O. Needle track seeding of primary and secondary liver carcinoma after percutaneous liver biopsy. HPB surg. 1993;6:199.
5. Durand F, Regimbeau JM, Belghiti J, et al. Assessment of the benefits and risks of percutaneous biopsy before surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2001;35;254.
6. Nguyen MH, Garcia RT, Simpson PW, et al. Racial differences in effectiveness of alpha-fetoprotein for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2002;36:410-417.
7. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implication. N.Engl. J.Med. 1971.2 85:1182-1186.
8. Soncin F, Mattot V, Lionneton F, et al. VE-statin, an endothelial repressor of smooth muscle cell migration. EMBO J. 2003. Nov 3;22(21):5700-11.
9. Fitch MJ, Campagnolo L, Kuhnert F, Stuhlmann H. EGFL7, a novel epidermal growth factor-domain gene expressed in endothelial cells. Dev Dyn. 2004 Jun;230(2):316-24.
10. Campagnolo L, Leahy A, Chitnis S, et al. EGFL7 is a chemoattractant for endothelial cells and is up-regulated in angiogenesis and arterial injury. Am J Pathol. 2005 Jul;167(l):275-84.
11. Parker LH, Schmidt M, Jin SW, et al. The endothelial-cell-derived secreted factor EGFL7 regulates vascular tube formation. Nature. 2004 Apr 15;428(6984):754-8.
12. Caetano B, Drobecq H, Soncin F. Expression and purification of recombinant vascular endothelial-statin. Protein Expr Purif. 2006 Mar;46(l): 136-42.
13. Jiang WD, Zeng JP, Qin AQ, et al. siRNA inhibits efgl7 expression in human endothelial cell line HUVEC. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2006 Jul;34(7):643-6. Schmidt M, Paes K, De Maziere A, et al. EGFL7 regulates the collective migration of endothelial cells by restricting their spatial distribution. Development. 2007 Aug; 134(16) :2913 -23.
Xu D, Perez RE, Ekekezie II, et al. Epidermal Growth Factor-like Domain 7 (EGFL7) Protects Endothelial Cells from Hyperoxia-Induced Cell Death. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008 Jan;294(l):L17-23.
Gustavsson M, Mallard C, Vannucci SJ, et al. Vascular response to hypoxic preconditioning in the immature brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007 May;27(5):928-38.

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1. 一种通过检测样品中 EGFL7 来诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒, 其特征在于包括能与 EGFL7 蛋白或其片段产生特异性结合的抗体或其片段。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒, 其特征在于还包括检测 AFP的特异性 抗体或其它用于检测 AFP的试剂或材料。
3. 根据权利要求 1至 2之一所述的诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒, 其特征在于该试剂盒所检测 的样品为体液。
4. 根据权利要求 3所述的诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒, 其特征在于所述的体液是选自血清、 血浆或全血, 优选血清或血浆。
5. 根据权利要求 3或 4所述的诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒, 其特征在于还包括确定检测结果 为阳性的 EGFL7截断值, 所述的截断值为 3100ng/ml。
6. 根据权利要求 3所述的诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒, 其特征在于所述的抗体或片段为单克 隆抗体。
7. 根据权利要求 2所述的诊断肝细胞癌的试剂盒, 其特征在于还包括诊断标准, 该诊断 为阳性的标准是任意抗体检测为阳性时, 即诊断为肝细胞癌。
8. 一种通过检测样品中 EGFL7 来诊断肝细胞癌复发转移的试剂盒, 其特征在于包括能 与 EGFL7蛋白或其片段产生特异性结合的抗体或其片段。
9. 根据权利要求 8所述的诊断肝细胞癌复发转移的试剂盒, 其特征在于该试剂盒所检测 的样品为体液。
10. 根据权利要求 9所述的诊断肝细胞癌复发的试剂盒, 其特征在于所述的体液是血清、 血浆或全血, 优选血清或血浆。
11. 根据权利要求 9或 10所述的诊断肝细胞癌复发转移的试剂盒,其特征在于还包括确定 检测结果为阳性的 EGFL7截断值, 所述的截断值为 3100ng/ml。
12. 根据权利要求 Ί所述的诊断肝细胞癌复发转移的试剂盒, 其特征在于所述的抗体或片 段为单克隆抗体。
13. 一种通过检测样品中 EGFL7 来预测肝细胞癌手术预后的试剂盒, 其特征在于包括能 与 EGFL7蛋白或其片段产生特异性结合的抗体或其片段。
14. 根据权利要求 13所述的诊断肝细胞癌手术预后的试剂盒,其特征在于该试剂盒所检测 的样品为体液。
15. 根据权利要求 14所述的诊断肝细胞癌手术预后的试剂盒,其特征在于所述的体液是血 清、 血浆或全血, 优选血清或血浆。
16. 根据权利要求 14或 15所述的诊断肝细胞癌手术预后的试剂盒, 其特征在于还包括确 定检测结果为阳性的 EGFL7截断值, 所述的截断值为 3100ng/ml。
17. 根据权利要求 11所述的诊断肝细胞癌手术预后的试剂盒,其特征在于所述的抗体或片 段为单克隆抗体。
18. 抗 EGFL7或其片段的特异性抗体或其片段在制备诊断肝细胞癌、诊断肝细胞癌复发转 移和判断肝细胞癌手术预后的试剂盒中的应用。
2
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CN1890382A (zh) * 2003-09-24 2007-01-03 肿瘤疗法科学股份有限公司 检测、诊断和治疗肝细胞癌(hcc)的方法
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CN1997394A (zh) * 2004-04-14 2007-07-11 健泰科生物技术公司 含有用于调节血管发育的egfl7拮抗剂的组合物及方法
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