WO2010032075A1 - Post-tensioned concrete and steel tower for wind generators - Google Patents
Post-tensioned concrete and steel tower for wind generators Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010032075A1 WO2010032075A1 PCT/IB2008/002439 IB2008002439W WO2010032075A1 WO 2010032075 A1 WO2010032075 A1 WO 2010032075A1 IB 2008002439 W IB2008002439 W IB 2008002439W WO 2010032075 A1 WO2010032075 A1 WO 2010032075A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- tower
- concrete
- wind generators
- segments
- wind
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H12/00—Towers; Masts or poles; Chimney stacks; Water-towers; Methods of erecting such structures
- E04H12/02—Structures made of specified materials
- E04H12/08—Structures made of specified materials of metal
- E04H12/10—Truss-like structures
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D13/00—Assembly, mounting or commissioning of wind motors; Arrangements specially adapted for transporting wind motor components
- F03D13/20—Arrangements for mounting or supporting wind motors; Masts or towers for wind motors
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H12/00—Towers; Masts or poles; Chimney stacks; Water-towers; Methods of erecting such structures
- E04H12/16—Prestressed structures
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D13/00—Assembly, mounting or commissioning of wind motors; Arrangements specially adapted for transporting wind motor components
- F03D13/10—Assembly of wind motors; Arrangements for erecting wind motors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2240/00—Components
- F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
- F05B2240/91—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a stationary structure
- F05B2240/912—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a stationary structure on a tower
- F05B2240/9121—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a stationary structure on a tower on a lattice tower
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/728—Onshore wind turbines
Definitions
- This description refers to pre-tensioned concrete towers.
- it refers to the construction of segmented towers of prestressed concrete to support wind generators.
- the invention relates to a mixed structure of reinforced and pre-tensioned concrete in combination with a steel structure.
- Said structures have various disadvantages, the main one of said inconveniences being the permissible height limitation and the cost of steel. Because wind generators offer resistance to wind currents, significant vertical and horizontal loads are generated that produce torsion of the structures. In some cases, said metal structures collapse due to the action of the wind and the weight of the generators.
- Concrete towers are known for wind generators and other applications made of formwork or sliding formwork, and towers of pre-tensioned concrete are also known.
- Prestressed concrete is called a concrete which, prior to commissioning, reinforcements are introduced by means of cables or steel wires.
- the pre-tensioning effort can be transmitted to the concrete in two ways: by means of pre-tensioned reinforcements (usually wires), a method used mostly in prefabricated elements; or by post-tensioned reinforcements (generally strands, cable groups), a method used mostly in castings in situ.
- pre-tensioned reinforcements usually wires
- post-tensioned reinforcements generally strands, cable groups
- the German utility model DE 29809541 U (& EP 0 960 986) describes a sectioned tower of prestressed concrete for wind generators.
- sections of ring concrete, tapered or frustoconic are manufactured, which are subsequently mounted one on top of the other and joined by prestressing elements. According to this publication, they are able to mount towers of more than one hundred meters high and even more than two hundred meters.
- MECAL describes a tower for hybrid wind generators which comprises (a) a lower portion of pre-tensioned concrete, sectioned -in ring sections-, and also segmented -the ring sections are formed of several segments-; and (b) a tubular upper portion of steel.
- This tower has many drawbacks, among which the following are listed:
- the crane necessarily requires a foothold on the ground, otherwise the tower would collapse when lifting the first pieces. Moreover, the fact that
- the tower is tapered, it implies the use of a special crane that is capable of varying its diameter with the height. -TO-
- the inventor also fails to indicate the characteristics of the scaffolding and safety facilities indispensable for the builders to be able to perform the precision bonding of the concrete segments that is required according to the description of WO-2003069099.
- the Spanish company INNEO21 has filed patent applications for some concepts regarding the construction of prestressed, sectioned and segmented concrete towers.
- the patent application US-2006156681 A1 (& ES-1058539U) describes a sectioned and segmented concrete tower;
- Application US-2008040983A1 (& ES 1061396) describes a mold for manufacturing the concrete segments;
- patent ES-1060629 describes a union between segments by means of horizontal prestressing.
- Patent application WO-2006111597A1 (& EP-067434514 & ES 2246734A1) of CONCRETE & STEEL also describes a pre-tensioned, sectioned and segmented concrete tower for wind generators.
- the segments or sections that form the towers are manufactured in a suitable installation for this purpose, and subsequently said segments are transported to the site where the tower is erected. Subsequently each of the tower segments is mounted by means of a crane. Such transportation of the tower segments increases the manufacturing costs of the towers.
- the segments with which the concrete towers are manufactured are very heavy, consequently, the towers must be manufactured with large amounts of concrete so that they are capable of supporting their own weight. Due to the weight of these concrete segments, their assembly requires large cranes, which results in high construction costs.
- a first object of the invention is to provide a mixed tower of prestressed concrete and steel.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a tower with better use of the characteristics of the materials, which give the tower adequate resistance to winds and earthquakes.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a tower that uses only one type of mold for all the concrete segments used in the tower.
- Still another object of the invention is to provide an improved system for manufacturing and assembling a pre-tensioned concrete tower.
- a pre-tensioned concrete tower for wind generators characterized in that it comprises a foundation and a mixed, elongated structure comprising: (a) a concrete structure (20) consisting of leg portions of concrete (21, 22, 23) and consisting of a plurality of circular segments (25) made of reinforced concrete, vertically stacked and joined together, and linked to the foundation by means of prestressing elements; and (b) a metal reinforcement (30), comprising spaced portions of reinforcement (31, 32, 33), on the flat faces of the mixed polygonal cross-sectional structure, which extend along the length of the tower, the reinforcement metallic consists of a plurality of structured metal beams (35), arranged between said concrete leg portions;
- FIG. 1 illustrates the pre-tensioned concrete tower in accordance with the invention.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a top plan view of the tower of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a side elevation view of the tower in accordance with the invention.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the concrete tower with extension.
- a support tower for a wind power generation system design and construction of a support tower for a wind power generation system, its original construction development, designed to perform in a fast, fast, economical and reliable way, a mixed annular structure of reinforced and pre-tensioned concrete is described. in combination with structural steel.
- the tower has aesthetics and the slenderness necessary to support the loads to which it will be subjected, such as its own weight, the weight of the generator, the weight and movement of the blades, wind thrust and seismic forces.
- the height of the structure above the ground level can be preferably variable between 80 and 150 meters, depending on the capacity and type of generator to be used.
- the geometry of the tower is sized and modulated to meet all the service limit states and final limit states of the various current building regulations.
- a tower which comprises a body formed by a mixed structure of reinforced, elongated and prestressed concrete, preferably post-tensioned, in combination with structural steel.
- the section of the tower is variable and decreases depending on its height.
- a tower which, in elevation, has two sections distinguishable by its geometry: a body having a variable cross section from its base to approximately two thirds of its height; and an extension that has a constant cylindrical section in its upper part that is approximately one third of the total height of the tower.
- the body (12) of Ia tower (10) has an axisymmetric cross section whose perimeter can be assimilated to a polygon - illustrated as a triangle - with straight parts (16) and rounded corners (14), hereinafter referred to as the polygonal cross section.
- the polygonal cross-section of the body (12) of the tower (10) decreases as a function of the height of the tower, to form a tapered structure in elevation, that is, it becomes thinner as it gains height.
- the metal armor (30) of the body (12) consists of an open soul metal structure.
- the metal reinforcement (30) comprises three spaced portions of reinforcement (31, 32, 33), which extend along the tower in the straight part of the polygonal cross section, between the vertices and form the flat faces of the tower.
- Each of the portions (31, 32, 33) consists of a plurality of structured beams (35), preferably made of steel.
- the mixed structure of the tower (10) includes a concrete structure (20) comprising portions of concrete leg (21, 22, 23), spaced apart, which extend along the tower at the vertices of The polygonal cross-section between the reinforcement portions (31, 32, 33) of the metal reinforcement (30) and attached thereto.
- Each of the concrete leg portions (21, 22, 23) comprises a plurality of circular segments (25) made of reinforced concrete, stacked vertically and pre-tensioned.
- the metal reinforcement may include curved beams. In this way the "straight" parts of the polygonal sections would then be rounded.
- the decrease of the polygonal cross section of the tower (10) is achieved by reducing the dimensions of the beams (35) that form the corresponding reinforcement portions (31, 32, 33) of the metal reinforcement (30) until the circular segments (25) converge to become a circular ring.
- the tower also includes a ring (27) that has the function of flange for the union with the wind generator.
- the circular segments (25) that form the concrete leg portions of the mixed structure, are prefabricated and mounted on the site.
- the continuity of the concrete segments (25) is achieved through prestressing elements, such as prestressing cables or strands that are anchored in the foundation of the tower and subsequently placed and tensioned (post-tensioned) inside the segments
- the circular segments (25) are joined to the metal reinforcement (30) by means of a joint that allows them to work structurally as a single section.
- the circular segments (25) that make up the concrete structure (20) have the same dimensions and shape.
- segments of 120 ° are used.
- the tower will be manufactured with a square, rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal or any other polygonal configuration, then segments with the necessary angle are used so that said segments converge in a circular ring in the upper portion of the tower, for example , (a) rectangular section, requires four leg portions made from 90 ° segments; (b) pentagonal section, requires five leg portions made from 72 ° segments; etc.
- the segments In the case of a tower of circular or elliptical cross-section, depending on the number of leg portions to be used, the segments must have the necessary angle to converge on the upper circular ring. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, 17 short segments are illustrated.
- each segment can be replaced by longer segments, so that the tower includes, for example, 7 long segments.
- the dimensions of each segment depend on the design of the tower.
- a special mold is not required to manufacture each segment of the tower (25).
- only a single type of mold is used to manufacture all the circular segments (25).
- not only a physical mold is used, but a plurality of molds having the same characteristics, that is, the same type of mold.
- the metal reinforcement is assembled by welding and / or screws or bolts, with or without reinforcement elements. So that each and every one of the segments (25) are attached to the metal reinforcement.
- the beams can be structured to form a particular arrangement, for example a honeycomb structure or an inclined beam structure as shown in FIGS. 1, 3 and 4, where the beams are inclined and join alternating circular segments (25).
- each circular segment (25) is connected to the adjacent upper and / or lower segment.
- the preferred polygonal cross section is the triangular section, which exhibits a better performance with respect to the circular, elliptical, square and polygonal cross sections.
- reinforcement beams joining the segments (25) that are opposite For example, in a tower with 1, 2, 3 and 4 leg portions, in addition to providing beams (metal armor) between adjacent concrete leg portions 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1, it is it is necessary to join with beams the segments (25) of the leg portions 1 and 3, as well as 2 and 4.
- the metal armor is first assembled at the site of the tower.
- the metal reinforcement then serves to support the prefabricated concrete segments, for the assembly of the tower it is sufficient to use a light crane, it should be mentioned that the weight of the circular segments 25 is approximately 1/6 of the weight of a full-frustoconic ring section of a tower of the prior art. So its handling is facilitated.
- the molds or formwork can be attached to the metal reinforcement so that the circular segments (25) are successively cast in their final position.
- a system of formwork or sliding formwork can be used to form integral portions of concrete leg.
- the tower Once the tower is built and in use, it functions as a tripie (in the case of the realization with three portions of concrete leg).
- the weight of the tower and the nacelle is distributed between the portions of concrete leg (21, 22, 23) that transmit the loads (weight and vertical loads due to wind) to the foundation, while the metal structure (30 ) holds the leg portions together.
- the metal reinforcement provides resistance to vertical and horizontal loads, mainly the loads derived from the movement of the blades, the thrust of winds and the seismic forces.
- the metal reinforcement serves a double purpose: to form a support for the placement of the molds and the casting of the circular segments (25) and to provide structural support for the tower during its operation.
- the hollow core metal armor (30) allows the passage of air through it and therefore offers less resistance to wind currents and therefore becomes more resistant to wind force.
- closing covers can be included to close the open spaces of the reinforcement portions (31, 32, 33) of the metal reinforcement. These covers can consist of sheets of steel, aluminum, plastic, Gypsum plaster, concrete or brick and mortar walls.
- the concrete legs of the concrete structure provide the tower with the necessary resistance to support the weight of the generator, the same weight of the tower and the horizontal loads due to wind and / or seismic action.
- the tower includes an extension (19).
- the extension (19) of the tower consists of a cylindrical portion of prestressed concrete.
- the cylindrical portion may consist of a metal tube.
- Said extension can be manufactured in one piece, or in segments.
- a steel cylinder is manufactured from steel sheets, which are in turn rolled and welded.
- the upper end of the cylindrical extension section includes a ring (28) that serves as a flange for the placement of the wind generator.
- Said extension (19) consists of a cylindrical member that has a constant diameter up to the maximum height of the tower.
- the materials used in the design are reinforced and pre-tensioned concrete and / or structural steel.
- the extension (19) consists of a plurality of cylindrical modules (29) of post-tensioned concrete joined together by means of pre-stress elements, such as cables or strands that are placed (hardened) and pre-tensioned (post-tensioned) inside the walls of the modules (not illustrated).
- pre-stress elements such as cables or strands that are placed (hardened) and pre-tensioned (post-tensioned) inside the walls of the modules (not illustrated).
- the cylindrical segments may be manufactured and, in turn, hoisted by means of a crane, placed and attached to the tower by means of pre-stress elements, such as cables or strands that are placed (hardened) and pre-tensioned (post-tensioned) inside the walls of the segments in a manner well known to a person skilled in the art.
- pre-stress elements such as cables or strands that are placed (hardened) and pre-tensioned (post-tensioned) inside the walls of the segments in a manner well known to a person skilled in the art.
- the extension can be a tube or duct of square or polygonal section.
- the molds are conditioned by incorporating the tubes for post-tensioning as well as the necessary accessories, and then a vertical casting is carried out and can be demoulded the next day, so that the molds are used every third day.
- the number of molds is unlimited and the number of units to be used depends on the magnitude of the work and its construction program.
- the molding and casting of the concrete circular segments (25) and the assembly and assembly of the tower (10) is carried out at the site according to the following process:
- the mold for manufacturing Given the precision required for the prefabricated parts, the mold for manufacturing The circular concrete sector is carried out in a workshop following the established design and tolerances, the mold is preferably manufactured based on profiles, plates and sheets of steel and responds to a pre-established modular design according to the height of the tower, in general, the Tower height is designed in circular segments whose height varies between 3 and 15 m.
- the substructure or foundation of the tower is built on the site.
- This element is made of reinforced concrete and is sized according to the mechanical characteristics of the soil. In general, this element functions as a "pedestal" of the tower and transmits to the ground the reactions of the same one that occur before seismic and wind solicitations. In this element all the necessary inserts and steps are disposed to subsequently include the pre-strain cables to achieve the continuity of the structure.
- the metal structure is assembled with the appropriate equipment by moving it in the foundation and joining its parts to complete the pyramid formed by its parts.
- the towers for wind generators of the present invention are built more quickly and with simpler means compared to the towers of the prior art.
- the above advantages result in a tower with quality characteristics similar to the towers of
- a feature of the invention is that the quantity of the materials is used more efficiently. Thanks to the metal parts that are mounted in the first instance with light equipment, it is possible to achieve the geometry and the resistance necessary to mount the concrete segments
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Abstract
A concrete tower for wind generators is described, said tower being characterized in that it comprises a foundation and a mixed concrete and steel structure composed of: (a) a concrete structure (20), which consists of concrete leg portions extending along the tower and comprising a plurality of circular segments (25) made of reinforced concrete, vertically stacked and joined together so as to be fastened to each other and to the foundation by means of pre-stressing elements, and, (b) a metal framework (30), which comprises framework portions which extend along the tower and comprise a plurality of structured metal beams (35), said framework portions being arranged between the concrete leg portions and joined thereto.
Description
TORRE DE CONCRETO POSTENSADO Y ACERO PARA GENERADORES EÓLICOS POST-CONCRETE AND STEEL CONCRETE TOWER FOR WIND GENERATORS
ANTECEDENTES.BACKGROUND.
1. Campo de Ia invención.1. Field of the invention.
Esta descripción se refiere a torres de concreto pre-tensado. En particular, se refiere a Ia construcción de torres segmentadas de concreto pre- tensado para soporte de generadores eólicos. Más particularmente Ia invención se refiere a una estructura mixta de concreto reforzado y pre-tensado en combinación con una estructura de acero.This description refers to pre-tensioned concrete towers. In particular, it refers to the construction of segmented towers of prestressed concrete to support wind generators. More particularly, the invention relates to a mixed structure of reinforced and pre-tensioned concrete in combination with a steel structure.
2. Antecedentes generales de Ia invención.2. General background of the invention.
Se han propuesto diferentes torres para generadores eólicos. Por ejemplo se han construido diversas torres con estructuras metálicas armadas que consisten de una pluralidad de travesanos y postes metálicos. Además, se han construido estructuras de acero tubulares para los mismos objetivos.Different towers for wind generators have been proposed. For example, various towers have been constructed with reinforced metal structures consisting of a plurality of crossbars and metal posts. In addition, tubular steel structures have been built for the same purposes.
Dichas estructuras tienen diversos inconvenientes, siendo el principal de dichos inconvenientes Ia limitación de altura permisible y el costo del acero. En virtud de que los generadores eólicos ofrecen una resistencia a las corrientes de viento, se generan importantes cargas verticales y horizontales que producen torsión de las estructuras. En algunos casos dichas estructuras metálicas se colapsan por Ia acción del viento y el peso de los generadores.Said structures have various disadvantages, the main one of said inconveniences being the permissible height limitation and the cost of steel. Because wind generators offer resistance to wind currents, significant vertical and horizontal loads are generated that produce torsion of the structures. In some cases, said metal structures collapse due to the action of the wind and the weight of the generators.
Se conocen torres de concreto (o hormigón) para generadores eólicos y otras aplicaciones fabricados con cimbras o encofrados deslizantes y también se conocen torres de concreto pre-tensado. Se denomina concreto pretensado a un hormigón al que, antes de Ia puesta en servicio, se Ie introducen refuerzos mediante cables o alambres de acero. El esfuerzo de pre-tensado se puede transmitir al hormigón de dos formas: mediante armaduras pre-tensionadas (generalmente alambres), método utilizado mayoritariamente en elementos prefabricados; o mediante armaduras pos-tensadas (generalmente torones, grupos de cables), método utilizado mayoritariamente en piezas coladas in situ.
Por ejemplo, el modelo de utilidad alemán DE 29809541 U (&EP 0 960 986) describen una torre seccionada de concreto pretensado para generadores eólicos. Conforme a dicha publicación, se fabrican secciones de concreto de anillo, ahusadas ó frustocónicas, que posteriormente son montadas una sobre otra y unidas por elementos de preesfuerzo. Conforme a dicha publicación, se consiguen montar torres de más de cien metros de altura e incluso de más de doscientos metros.Concrete towers (or concrete) are known for wind generators and other applications made of formwork or sliding formwork, and towers of pre-tensioned concrete are also known. Prestressed concrete is called a concrete which, prior to commissioning, reinforcements are introduced by means of cables or steel wires. The pre-tensioning effort can be transmitted to the concrete in two ways: by means of pre-tensioned reinforcements (usually wires), a method used mostly in prefabricated elements; or by post-tensioned reinforcements (generally strands, cable groups), a method used mostly in castings in situ. For example, the German utility model DE 29809541 U (& EP 0 960 986) describes a sectioned tower of prestressed concrete for wind generators. According to said publication, sections of ring concrete, tapered or frustoconic, are manufactured, which are subsequently mounted one on top of the other and joined by prestressing elements. According to this publication, they are able to mount towers of more than one hundred meters high and even more than two hundred meters.
Por su parte, Ia publicación de Ia solicitud de patente internacional No. WO-2004007955 a nombre de Aloys Wobben, de Ia empresa ENERCON, también describe un sistema de construcción de torres seccionadas. Dicha publicación describe el empleo de moldes para fabricar cada sección de concreto de Ia torre en un taller. Antes de colar el concreto, se introducen en el molde ductos tubulares que quedan inmersos en el concreto a través de los cuales posteriormente son introducidos -entubados- los cables de preesfuerzo, de manera que las secciones de anillo formadas tienen una alta calidad y precisión. La empresa ENERCON, para montar las torres, forma las primeras - (y más grandes) 4 ó 5 secciones de torre err mitades, o bien en secciones completas que luego son divididas para transportarlas al lugar de destino. Luego, dichas mitades son ensambladas y las secciones son montadas unas sobre otras, ver THE WINDBLAT, THE ENERCON MAGAZINE, Hugue Building Blocks, ejemplar 03/2001 , 22 de septiembre de 2001 , páginas 8 y 9.For its part, the publication of the international patent application No. WO-2004007955 in the name of Aloys Wobben, of the ENERCON company, also describes a construction system for sectioned towers. Said publication describes the use of molds to manufacture each concrete section of the tower in a workshop. Before casting the concrete, tubular ducts that are immersed in the concrete are introduced into the mold through which the prestressing cables are subsequently introduced-covered, so that the formed ring sections have high quality and precision. The ENERCON company, to assemble the towers, forms the first - (and larger) 4 or 5 sections of the err halves tower, or in complete sections that are then divided to transport them to the destination. Then, these halves are assembled and the sections are mounted on each other, see THE WINDBLAT, THE ENERCON MAGAZINE, Hugue Building Blocks, copy 03/2001, September 22, 2001, pages 8 and 9.
La solicitud de patente WO-2003069099 (& US-7, 160,085 & EP 1 474 579) MECAL describe una torre para generadores eólicos híbrida qye comprende (a) una porción inferior de concreto pre-tensado, seccionada -en secciones de anillo-, y además segmentada -las secciones de anillo se forman de varios segmentos-; y (b) una porción superior tubular de acero. Dicha torre tiene muchos inconvenientes, entre los que se listan los siguientes:Patent application WO-2003069099 (& US-7, 160,085 & EP 1 474 579) MECAL describes a tower for hybrid wind generators which comprises (a) a lower portion of pre-tensioned concrete, sectioned -in ring sections-, and also segmented -the ring sections are formed of several segments-; and (b) a tubular upper portion of steel. This tower has many drawbacks, among which the following are listed:
a) En virtud de que Ia torre es ahusada, para fabricar Ia torre se requiere de un molde para cada segmento.
b) Debido a que los segmentos tienen bordes laterales escalonados que deben posteriormente ser cementados. La unión lateral de los segmentos de concreto debe ser muy precisa. Dicha unión puede realizarse sin problemas a nivel de piso pero a más de diez metros es un verdadero problema realizar dichas uniones. En particular a más de sesenta metros de altura y con un viento de más de 40 Km por hora del lugar seleccionado para Ia construcción y funcionamiento óptimo de turbinas eólicas, Ia tarea de ensamble de precisión es muy complicada.a) By virtue of the fact that the tower is tapered, to make the tower a mold is required for each segment. b) Because the segments have staggered side edges that must subsequently be cemented. The lateral junction of the concrete segments must be very precise. This union can be done without problems at floor level but more than ten meters it is a real problem to make such joints. Particularly more than sixty meters high and with a wind of more than 40 km per hour from the place selected for the construction and optimal operation of wind turbines, the task of precision assembly is very complicated.
c) Debido a que los segmentos de concreto son fabricados de manera independiente, es aún más difícil hacer que los mismos coincidan.c) Because the concrete segments are manufactured independently, it is even more difficult to match them.
d) La vibración de Ia turbina se pretende sea absorbida por un elemento metálico que conecta las secciones de concreto con las secciones de metal, las torres metálicas generalmente son débiles. Es frecuente que no soporten el peso del nácelo (o generador eólico) y colapsen. Además, debido a Ia vibración pueden entrar en resonancia y colapsar. De esta manera, Ia torre de Ia patente WO-2003069099 (& US-7, 160,085 & EP 1 474 579) incorpora todas las desventajas de las torres de metal en una torre de concreto. Dicha torre es particularmente inadecuada para zonas de alta sismicidad, como Io es el territorio mexicano, el oeste de los Estados Unidos y en general los países de Ia Cuenca del Pacífico, en donde los movimientos telúricos son frecuentes.d) The vibration of the turbine is intended to be absorbed by a metallic element that connects the concrete sections with the metal sections, the metal towers are generally weak. They often do not support the weight of the nacellus (or wind generator) and collapse. In addition, due to the vibration they can enter resonance and collapse. In this way, the tower of patent WO-2003069099 (& US-7, 160,085 & EP 1 474 579) incorporates all the disadvantages of metal towers in a concrete tower. This tower is particularly unsuitable for areas of high seismicity, such as the Mexican territory, the western United States and in general the countries of the Pacific Basin, where telluric movements are frequent.
En Ia página 6 líneas 22 a 29 de Ia publicación WO-2003069099, el solicitante señala que para el montaje de Ia torre se utiliza una grúa que trepa por dentro o fuera del cuerpo de Ia torre. Tal proceso de construcción es impráctico. El solicitante pierde de vista que los segmentos de concreto son de más de diez metros de largo con un peso de varias toneladas, de manera queOn page 6 lines 22 to 29 of publication WO-2003069099, the applicant indicates that for the assembly of the tower a crane is used that climbs inside or outside the body of the tower. Such a construction process is impractical. The applicant loses sight of the fact that the concrete segments are more than ten meters long with a weight of several tons, so that
Ia grúa requiere necesariamente un punto de apoyo en el suelo de Io contrario Ia torre colapsaría al elevar las primeras piezas. Por otra parte, el hecho de queThe crane necessarily requires a foothold on the ground, otherwise the tower would collapse when lifting the first pieces. Moreover, the fact that
Ia torre sea ahusada, implica el empleo de una grúa especial que sea capaz de variar su diámetro con Ia altura.
-A-The tower is tapered, it implies the use of a special crane that is capable of varying its diameter with the height. -TO-
El inventor además falla en indicar las características de los andamiajes e instalaciones de seguridad indispensables para que los constructores puedan realizar Ia unión de precisión de los segmentos de concreto que es requerida según Ia descripción del documento WO-2003069099.The inventor also fails to indicate the characteristics of the scaffolding and safety facilities indispensable for the builders to be able to perform the precision bonding of the concrete segments that is required according to the description of WO-2003069099.
Por Io anterior, Ia torre de Ia patente WO-2003069099 (& US-7, 160,085 ' & EP 1 474 579), tiene muchos inconvenientes que Ia convierten en irrealizable.Therefore, the tower of the patent WO-2003069099 (& US-7, 160,085 '& EP 1 474 579), has many drawbacks that make it unworkable.
Por su parte, Ia empresa española INNEO21 ha presentado solicitudes de patente para algunos conceptos respecto de Ia construcción de torres de concreto pretensado, seccionadas y segmentadas. De esta manera, Ia solicitud de patente US-2006156681 A1 (& ES-1058539U) describe una torre de concreto seccionada y segmentada; Ia solicitud US-2008040983A1 (& ES 1061396) describe un molde para fabricar los segmentos de concreto; y Ia patente ES-1060629 describe una unión entre segmentos por medio de pretensado horizontal.For its part, the Spanish company INNEO21 has filed patent applications for some concepts regarding the construction of prestressed, sectioned and segmented concrete towers. Thus, the patent application US-2006156681 A1 (& ES-1058539U) describes a sectioned and segmented concrete tower; Application US-2008040983A1 (& ES 1061396) describes a mold for manufacturing the concrete segments; and patent ES-1060629 describes a union between segments by means of horizontal prestressing.
La solicitud de patente WO-2006111597A1 (& EP-067434514 & ES 2246734A1) de CONCRETE & STEEL también describe una torre de concreto pre-tensada, seccionada y segmentada para generadores eólicos.Patent application WO-2006111597A1 (& EP-067434514 & ES 2246734A1) of CONCRETE & STEEL also describes a pre-tensioned, sectioned and segmented concrete tower for wind generators.
Las torres de ENERCON1 MECAL, INNEO21 y CONCRETE & STEEL antes mencionadas comparten los siguientes inconvenientes:The ENERCON 1 MECAL, INNEO21 and CONCRETE & STEEL towers mentioned above share the following drawbacks:
a) De acuerdo con esta técnica de construcción, los segmentos o secciones que forman las torres son fabricados en alguna instalación adecuada para ello, y posteriormente dichos segmentos son transportados al sitio en donde es erigida Ia torre. Posteriormente cada uno de los segmentos de torre es montado por medio de una grúa. Tal transporte de los segmentos de torre incrementa los costos de fabricación de las torres.a) In accordance with this construction technique, the segments or sections that form the towers are manufactured in a suitable installation for this purpose, and subsequently said segments are transported to the site where the tower is erected. Subsequently each of the tower segments is mounted by means of a crane. Such transportation of the tower segments increases the manufacturing costs of the towers.
b) Las torres el estado de Ia técnica antes mencionado son generalmen-
te ahusadas. Es decir, tienen un estrechamiento progresivo, de tal manera que Ia base tiene generalmente un diámetro mayor que el extremo superior de Ia torre en donde se monta el nácelo ó generador eléctrico. Tal característica resulta en Ia necesidad de construir un molde particular para fabricar cada segmento frustocónico de concreto. La necesidad de producir un molde para fabricar cada segmento de concreto resulta en una desventaja adicional de dichos sistemas constructivos. Por otra parte, el ajuste de los tubos colados dentro de dichos sistema resulta también en un problema. La patente WO2002004766 de ENERCON aborda dicho problema.b) The towers of the state of the art mentioned above are generally you taper That is, they have a progressive narrowing, so that the base generally has a diameter greater than the upper end of the tower where the nacelle or electric generator is mounted. Such characteristic results in the need to build a particular mold to manufacture each frustoconic concrete segment. The need to produce a mold to manufacture each concrete segment results in an additional disadvantage of said construction systems. On the other hand, the adjustment of the cast pipes within said system also results in a problem. ENERCON WO2002004766 patent addresses this problem.
Además, los segmentos con que se fabrican las torres de concreto son muy pesados, en consecuencia, las torres deben ser fabricadas con grandes cantidades de concreto para que sean capaces de soportar su propio peso. En virtud del peso de dichos segmentos de concreto, el montaje de los mismos requiere grúas de grandes dimensiones, Io que resulta en altos costos de construcción.In addition, the segments with which the concrete towers are manufactured are very heavy, consequently, the towers must be manufactured with large amounts of concrete so that they are capable of supporting their own weight. Due to the weight of these concrete segments, their assembly requires large cranes, which results in high construction costs.
SUMARIO DE LA INVENCIÓNSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Un primer objeto de Ia invención consiste en proporcionar una torre mixta de concreto pretensado y acero.A first object of the invention is to provide a mixed tower of prestressed concrete and steel.
Otro objeto de Ia invención consiste en proporcionar una torre con mejor aprovechamiento de las características de los materiales, que Ie confieren a Ia torre una adecuada resistencia ante los vientos y a los sismos.Another object of the invention is to provide a tower with better use of the characteristics of the materials, which give the tower adequate resistance to winds and earthquakes.
Otro objeto de Ia invención consiste en proporcionar una torre que utiliza únicamente un tipo de molde para todos los segmentos de concreto empleados en Ia torre.Another object of the invention is to provide a tower that uses only one type of mold for all the concrete segments used in the tower.
Un objeto adicional de Ia invención consiste en proporcionar un procedimiento mejorado para construir y montar una torre de concreto pretensado segmentada en el mismo lugar en donde Ia torre es erigida.
Todavía otro objeto de Ia invención consiste en proporcionar un método de construcción de una torre que no requiere el empleo de equipo pesado de construcción.A further object of the invention is to provide an improved method for constructing and assembling a segmented prestressed concrete tower in the same place where the tower is erected. Still another object of the invention is to provide a method of building a tower that does not require the use of heavy construction equipment.
Aún otro objeto de Ia invención consiste en proporcionar un sistema mejorado de fabricación y montaje de una torre de concreto pre-tensado.Still another object of the invention is to provide an improved system for manufacturing and assembling a pre-tensioned concrete tower.
Los anteriores objetivos de Ia invención se consiguen proporcionando una torre de concreto pre-tensado para generadores eólicos, caracterizada porque comprende una cimentación y una estructura mixta, alargada que comprende: (a) una estructura de concreto (20) que consiste de porciones de pierna de concreto (21 , 22, 23) y que consisten de una pluralidad de segmentos circulares (25) fabricados en concreto reforzado, verticalmente apilados y unidos entre sí, y ligados a Ia cimentación mediante elementos de preesfuerzo; y (b) una armadura metálica (30), que comprende porciones de armadura (31 , 32, 33) espaciadas, en las caras planas de Ia estructura mixta de sección transversal poligonal, que se extienden a Io largo de Ia torre, Ia armadura metálica consiste de una pluralidad de vigas metálicas (35) estructuradas, dispuestas entre dichas porciones de pierna de concreto;The previous objectives of the invention are achieved by providing a pre-tensioned concrete tower for wind generators, characterized in that it comprises a foundation and a mixed, elongated structure comprising: (a) a concrete structure (20) consisting of leg portions of concrete (21, 22, 23) and consisting of a plurality of circular segments (25) made of reinforced concrete, vertically stacked and joined together, and linked to the foundation by means of prestressing elements; and (b) a metal reinforcement (30), comprising spaced portions of reinforcement (31, 32, 33), on the flat faces of the mixed polygonal cross-sectional structure, which extend along the length of the tower, the reinforcement metallic consists of a plurality of structured metal beams (35), arranged between said concrete leg portions;
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS DIBUJOSBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A modo de ejemplo, se hace ahora referencia a los dibujos que se acompañan.As an example, reference is now made to the accompanying drawings.
La FIG. 1 ilustra Ia torre de concreto pre-tensado de conformidad con Ia invención.FIG. 1 illustrates the pre-tensioned concrete tower in accordance with the invention.
La FIG. 2 ilustra una vista de planta superior de Ia torre de Ia presente invención.FIG. 2 illustrates a top plan view of the tower of the present invention.
La FIG. 3 ilustra una vista en elevación lateral de Ia torre de conformidad con Ia invención.
La FIG. 4 ilustra una modalidad de Ia torre de concreto con extensión.FIG. 3 illustrates a side elevation view of the tower in accordance with the invention. FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the concrete tower with extension.
DESCRIPCIÓN DETALLADA DE LA INVENCIÓNDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Se describe el diseño y Ia construcción de una torre de soporte para un sistema eólico de generación de energía, su desarrollo constructivo original, diseñado para realizar de manera ágil, rápida, económica y confiable, una estructura mixta anular de concreto reforzado y pre-tensado en combinación con acero estructural. La torre posee estética y Ia esbeltez necesaria para soportar las cargas a las que estará sometida, tales como su peso propio, el peso del generador, el peso y movimiento de las aspas, empuje de vientos y fuerzas sísmicas.The design and construction of a support tower for a wind power generation system, its original construction development, designed to perform in a fast, fast, economical and reliable way, a mixed annular structure of reinforced and pre-tensioned concrete is described. in combination with structural steel. The tower has aesthetics and the slenderness necessary to support the loads to which it will be subjected, such as its own weight, the weight of the generator, the weight and movement of the blades, wind thrust and seismic forces.
La altura de Ia estructura sobre el nivel de terreno puede ser variable preferentemente entre 80 y 150 metros, dependiendo de Ia capacidad y tipo de generador a emplear. La geometría de Ia torre es dimensionada y modulada para cumplir todos los estados límites de servicio y estados límites últimos de los diversos reglamentos de construcción vigentes.The height of the structure above the ground level can be preferably variable between 80 and 150 meters, depending on the capacity and type of generator to be used. The geometry of the tower is sized and modulated to meet all the service limit states and final limit states of the various current building regulations.
Conforme a Ia presente invención se describe una torre que comprende un cuerpo formado por una estructura mixta de concreto reforzado, alargada y pre-tensada, preferentemente postensada, en combinación con acero estructural. La sección de Ia torre es variable y disminuye en función de su altura.In accordance with the present invention, a tower is described which comprises a body formed by a mixed structure of reinforced, elongated and prestressed concrete, preferably post-tensioned, in combination with structural steel. The section of the tower is variable and decreases depending on its height.
En una realización de Ia invención, además se describe una torre que en elevación presenta dos secciones distinguibles por su geometría: un cuerpo que tiene una sección transversal variable desde su base hasta aproximadamente dos tercios de su altura; y una extensión que tiene una sección cilindrica constante en su parte superior que es aproximadamente un tercio de Ia altura total de Ia torre.In an embodiment of the invention, a tower is also described which, in elevation, has two sections distinguishable by its geometry: a body having a variable cross section from its base to approximately two thirds of its height; and an extension that has a constant cylindrical section in its upper part that is approximately one third of the total height of the tower.
Como se ilustra en Ia realización de las FIGS. 1 y 2, el cuerpo (12) de Ia
torre (10) tiene una sección transversal axisimétrica cuyo perímetro puede asimilarse a un polígono -ilustrado como un triángulo- con partes rectas (16) y esquinas (14) redondeadas, en Io sucesivo referida como Ia sección transversal poligonal. La sección transversal poligonal del cuerpo (12) de Ia torre (10) disminuye en función de Ia altura de Ia torre, para formar en elevación una estructura ahusada, es decir, que se adelgaza conforme va ganando altura.As illustrated in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, the body (12) of Ia tower (10) has an axisymmetric cross section whose perimeter can be assimilated to a polygon - illustrated as a triangle - with straight parts (16) and rounded corners (14), hereinafter referred to as the polygonal cross section. The polygonal cross-section of the body (12) of the tower (10) decreases as a function of the height of the tower, to form a tapered structure in elevation, that is, it becomes thinner as it gains height.
La armadura de metálica (30) del cuerpo (12) consiste de una estructura metálica de alma abierta. La armadura metálica (30) comprende tres porciones de armadura (31 , 32, 33), espaciadas, que se extienden a Io largo de Ia torre en Ia parte recta de Ia sección transversal poligonal, entre los vértices y forman las caras planas de Ia torre. Cada una de las porciones (31 , 32, 33) consiste de una pluralidad de vigas (35) estructuradas, fabricadas preferentemente en acero.The metal armor (30) of the body (12) consists of an open soul metal structure. The metal reinforcement (30) comprises three spaced portions of reinforcement (31, 32, 33), which extend along the tower in the straight part of the polygonal cross section, between the vertices and form the flat faces of the tower. Each of the portions (31, 32, 33) consists of a plurality of structured beams (35), preferably made of steel.
La estructura mixta de Ia torre (10) incluye una estructura de concreto (20) que comprende de porciones de pierna de concreto (21 , 22, 23), espaciadas entre sí, que se extienden a Io largo de Ia torre en los vértices de Ia sección transversal poligonal entre las porciones de armadura (31 , 32, 33) de Ia armadura metálica (30) y unidas a éstas. Cada una de las porciones de pierna de concreto (21 , 22, 23) comprende una pluralidad de segmentos circulares (25) fabricados en concreto reforzado, apilados verticalmente y pre-tensados.The mixed structure of the tower (10) includes a concrete structure (20) comprising portions of concrete leg (21, 22, 23), spaced apart, which extend along the tower at the vertices of The polygonal cross-section between the reinforcement portions (31, 32, 33) of the metal reinforcement (30) and attached thereto. Each of the concrete leg portions (21, 22, 23) comprises a plurality of circular segments (25) made of reinforced concrete, stacked vertically and pre-tensioned.
De esta manera, en las esquinas (14) de Ia sección transversal poligonal de Ia torre se define Ia estructura de concreto (20), mientras que en las partes rectas (16) de Ia sección transversal poligonal se define Ia armadura metálica (30), que se extienden a Io largo del cuerpo (12) de Ia torre (10).In this way, in the corners (14) of the polygonal cross-section of the tower the concrete structure (20) is defined, while in the straight parts (16) of the polygonal cross-section the metal reinforcement (30) is defined. , which extend along the body (12) of the tower (10).
Como será evidente a un técnico en Ia materia, Ia armadura metálica puede incluir vigas curvas. De esta manera las partes "rectas" de las secciones poligonales serían entonces redondeadas. Con esta configuración es posible construir una torre para generadores eólicos de sección transversal circular o elíptica, ahusada o toroidal.
La disminución de Ia sección transversal poligonal de Ia torre (10) se logra reduciendo las dimensiones de las vigas (35) que forman las porciones de armadura (31 , 32, 33) correspondientes de Ia armadura metálica (30) hasta que los segmentos circulares (25) converjan para convertirse en un anillo circular. Conforme a las FIGS. 1 , 2 y 3, Ia torre además incluye un anillo (27) que tiene Ia función de brida para Ia unión con el generador eólico.As will be apparent to a person skilled in the art, the metal reinforcement may include curved beams. In this way the "straight" parts of the polygonal sections would then be rounded. With this configuration it is possible to build a tower for wind generators of circular or elliptical, tapered or toroidal cross-section. The decrease of the polygonal cross section of the tower (10) is achieved by reducing the dimensions of the beams (35) that form the corresponding reinforcement portions (31, 32, 33) of the metal reinforcement (30) until the circular segments (25) converge to become a circular ring. According to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the tower also includes a ring (27) that has the function of flange for the union with the wind generator.
Los segmentos circulares (25) que forman las porciones de pierna de concreto de Ia estructura mixta, se prefabrican y montan en el sitio. La continuidad de los segmentos de concreto (25) es lograda a través de elementos de preesfuerzo, tales como cables o torones de preesfuerzo que son anclados en Ia cimentación de Ia torre y posteriormente son colocados y pre- tensados (postensados) al interior de los segmentos.The circular segments (25) that form the concrete leg portions of the mixed structure, are prefabricated and mounted on the site. The continuity of the concrete segments (25) is achieved through prestressing elements, such as prestressing cables or strands that are anchored in the foundation of the tower and subsequently placed and tensioned (post-tensioned) inside the segments
Lateralmente, los segmentos circulares (25) se unen a Ia armadura metálica (30) por medio de una unión que les permite trabajar estructuralmente como una sola sección.Laterally, the circular segments (25) are joined to the metal reinforcement (30) by means of a joint that allows them to work structurally as a single section.
Conforme a Ia presente invención se prevé que los segmentos circulares (25) que conforman Ia estructura de concreto (20) tengan las mismas dimensiones y forma. En Ia realización ilustrada en las figuras, que tienen una sección transversal triangular, se utilizan segmentos de 120°. Evidentemente si al torre se fabricará con una sección transversal cuadrada, rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal o cualquier otra configuración poligonal, entonces se utilizan segmentos con el ángulo necesario para que dichos segmentos converjan en un anillo circular en Ia porción superior de Ia torre, por ejemplo, (a) sección rectangular, requiere cuatro porciones de pierna fabricadas a partir de segmentos de 90°; (b) sección pentagonal, requiere cinco porciones de pierna fabricadas a partir de segmentos de 72°; etc. En el caso de una torre de sección transversal circular o elíptica, dependiendo del número de porciones de pierna a utilizar, los segmentos deben tener el ángulo necesario para convergir en el anillo circular superior.
En Ia realización ilustrada en Ia FIG. 1 , se ilustran 17 segmentos cortos.According to the present invention, it is provided that the circular segments (25) that make up the concrete structure (20) have the same dimensions and shape. In the embodiment illustrated in the figures, which have a triangular cross section, segments of 120 ° are used. Obviously if the tower will be manufactured with a square, rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal or any other polygonal configuration, then segments with the necessary angle are used so that said segments converge in a circular ring in the upper portion of the tower, for example , (a) rectangular section, requires four leg portions made from 90 ° segments; (b) pentagonal section, requires five leg portions made from 72 ° segments; etc. In the case of a tower of circular or elliptical cross-section, depending on the number of leg portions to be used, the segments must have the necessary angle to converge on the upper circular ring. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, 17 short segments are illustrated.
Sin embargo, será evidente a un técnico en Ia materia que dichos segmentos cortos pueden substituirse por segmentos más largos, de manera que Ia torre incluya por ejemplo 7 segmentos largos. Como es evidente a un técnico en Ia materia, las dimensiones de cada segmento dependen del diseño de Ia torre.However, it will be evident to a person skilled in the art that said short segments can be replaced by longer segments, so that the tower includes, for example, 7 long segments. As is evident to a technician in the field, the dimensions of each segment depend on the design of the tower.
De esta manera, a diferencia de las torres de Ia técnica previa, no se requiere un molde especial para fabricar cada segmento de Ia torre (25). Conforme a Ia modalidad preferida de Ia presente invención, solo se utilizan un solo tipo de molde para fabricar todos los segmentos circulares (25). Como será evidente a un técnico en Ia materia, no se utiliza solamente un molde físico, sino una pluralidad de moldes que tienen las mismas características, es decir un mismo tipo de molde.Thus, unlike the towers of the prior art, a special mold is not required to manufacture each segment of the tower (25). According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, only a single type of mold is used to manufacture all the circular segments (25). As will be apparent to a person skilled in the art, not only a physical mold is used, but a plurality of molds having the same characteristics, that is, the same type of mold.
La armadura metálica es ensamblada mediante soldadura y/o tornillos o pernos, con o sin elementos de refuerzo. De manera que todos y cada uno de los segmentos (25) están unidos a Ia armadura metálica. Las vigas pueden ser estructuradas para formar un arreglo determinado, por ejemplo una estructura de panal o una estructura de vigas inclinadas como se muestra en las FIGS. 1 , 3 y 4, en donde las vigas están inclinadas y unen a segmentos circulares (25) alternados. Además cada segmento circular (25) está unido al segmento superior y/o inferior adyacente.The metal reinforcement is assembled by welding and / or screws or bolts, with or without reinforcement elements. So that each and every one of the segments (25) are attached to the metal reinforcement. The beams can be structured to form a particular arrangement, for example a honeycomb structure or an inclined beam structure as shown in FIGS. 1, 3 and 4, where the beams are inclined and join alternating circular segments (25). In addition, each circular segment (25) is connected to the adjacent upper and / or lower segment.
La sección transversal poligonal preferida es Ia sección triangular, Ia cuan exhibe un mejor desempeño respecto de las secciones transversales circulares, elípticas, cuadradas y poligonales. En el caso de torres con secciones transversales circulares, elípticas, cuadradas y poligonales (de más de tres lados) es necesario incluir vigas de refuerzo que unan los segmentos (25) que están opuestos. Por ejemplo, en una torre con 1 , 2, 3 y 4 porciones de pierna, además de proporcionar vigas (armadura metálica) entre porciones de pierna de concreto adyacentes 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 y 4-1 , es necesario unir con vigas los segmentos (25) de las porciones de pierna 1 y 3, así como 2 y 4. En torres con más porciones de piernas de concreto, se requiere incluir más vigas para Ia
unión de las porciones de pierna. De manera que una porción de pierna esté preferentemente unida con todas y cada una de las porciones restantes.The preferred polygonal cross section is the triangular section, which exhibits a better performance with respect to the circular, elliptical, square and polygonal cross sections. In the case of towers with circular, elliptical, square and polygonal cross sections (of more than three sides) it is necessary to include reinforcement beams joining the segments (25) that are opposite. For example, in a tower with 1, 2, 3 and 4 leg portions, in addition to providing beams (metal armor) between adjacent concrete leg portions 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1, it is it is necessary to join with beams the segments (25) of the leg portions 1 and 3, as well as 2 and 4. In towers with more portions of concrete legs, it is required to include more beams for the union of the leg portions. So that a leg portion is preferably joined with each and every one of the remaining portions.
Durante Ia construcción de Ia torre Ia armadura metálica primero es ensamblada en el sitio de Ia torre. La armadura metálica sirve entonces para soportar los segmentos de concreto prefabricados, para el montaje de Ia torre basta utilizar una grúa ligera, cabe mencionar que el peso de los segmentos circulares 25 es de aproximadamente 1/6 del peso de una sección de anillo completa frustocónica de una torre de Ia técnica previa. Por Io que su manejo se facilita.During the construction of the tower the metal armor is first assembled at the site of the tower. The metal reinforcement then serves to support the prefabricated concrete segments, for the assembly of the tower it is sufficient to use a light crane, it should be mentioned that the weight of the circular segments 25 is approximately 1/6 of the weight of a full-frustoconic ring section of a tower of the prior art. So its handling is facilitated.
En otra realización, los moldes o cimbras pueden ser sujetados a Ia armadura metálica para que los segmentos circulares (25) sean sucesivamente colados en su posición final.In another embodiment, the molds or formwork can be attached to the metal reinforcement so that the circular segments (25) are successively cast in their final position.
En otra realización de Ia invención, se puede utilizar un sistema de cimbra o encofrado deslizante para formar porciones integrales de pierna de concreto.In another embodiment of the invention, a system of formwork or sliding formwork can be used to form integral portions of concrete leg.
Una vez construida Ia torre y en uso, ésta funciona como un tripie (en el caso de Ia realización con tres porciones de pierna de concreto). El peso de Ia torre y el nácelo se distribuye ente las porciones de pierna de concreto (21 , 22, 23) que transmiten las cargas (peso y cargas verticales por efecto del viento) a Ia cimentación, en tanto que Ia estructura metálica (30) mantiene unidas a las porciones de pierna.Once the tower is built and in use, it functions as a tripie (in the case of the realization with three portions of concrete leg). The weight of the tower and the nacelle is distributed between the portions of concrete leg (21, 22, 23) that transmit the loads (weight and vertical loads due to wind) to the foundation, while the metal structure (30 ) holds the leg portions together.
Así, Ia armadura metálica proporciona Ia resistencia a las cargas verticales y horizontales, principalmente las cargas derivadas del movimiento de las aspas, el empuje de vientos y las fuerzas sísmicas. De esta manera, Ia armadura metálica cumple un doble propósito: formar un soporte para Ia colocación de los moldes y el colado de los segmentos circulares (25) y proporcionar soporte estructural de Ia torre durante su operación.
La armadura metálica de alma hueca (30) permite el paso del aire a través de ella y por ende ofrece una menor resistencia a las corrientes de viento y se hace por tanto más resistente a Ia fuerza del viento. Opcionalmente, puede incluirse cubiertas de cierre para cerrar los espacios abiertos de las porciones de armadura (31 , 32, 33) de Ia armadura metálica. Estas cubiertas pueden consistir de láminas de acero, aluminio, plástico, yeso Gypsum, concreto o paredes de ladrillo y mortero.Thus, the metal reinforcement provides resistance to vertical and horizontal loads, mainly the loads derived from the movement of the blades, the thrust of winds and the seismic forces. In this way, the metal reinforcement serves a double purpose: to form a support for the placement of the molds and the casting of the circular segments (25) and to provide structural support for the tower during its operation. The hollow core metal armor (30) allows the passage of air through it and therefore offers less resistance to wind currents and therefore becomes more resistant to wind force. Optionally, closing covers can be included to close the open spaces of the reinforcement portions (31, 32, 33) of the metal reinforcement. These covers can consist of sheets of steel, aluminum, plastic, Gypsum plaster, concrete or brick and mortar walls.
Por su parte, las piernas de concreto de Ia estructura de concreto proporciona a Ia torre Ia resistencia necesaria para soportar el peso del generador, el mismo peso de Ia torre y las cargas horizontales debidas al viento y/o Ia acción sísmica.On the other hand, the concrete legs of the concrete structure provide the tower with the necessary resistance to support the weight of the generator, the same weight of the tower and the horizontal loads due to wind and / or seismic action.
Conforme a una modalidad de Ia invención, ilustrada en Ia FIG. 4, Ia torre incluye una extensión (19). Preferentemente, Ia extensión (19) de Ia torre consiste de una porción cilindrica de concreto pretensado. Opcionalmente, Ia porción cilindrica puede consistir de un tubo metálico. Dicha extensión puede ser fabricada en una sola pieza, o en segmentos. Generalmente un cilindro de acero se fabrica a partir de hojas de acero, que son en turno roladas y solda- das.According to an embodiment of the invention, illustrated in FIG. 4, the tower includes an extension (19). Preferably, the extension (19) of the tower consists of a cylindrical portion of prestressed concrete. Optionally, the cylindrical portion may consist of a metal tube. Said extension can be manufactured in one piece, or in segments. Generally a steel cylinder is manufactured from steel sheets, which are in turn rolled and welded.
Además, conforme a Ia invención el extremo superior de Ia sección de extensión cilindrica incluye un anillo (28) que sirve como brida para Ia colocación del generador eólico.In addition, according to the invention, the upper end of the cylindrical extension section includes a ring (28) that serves as a flange for the placement of the wind generator.
Dicha extensión (19) consiste de un miembro cilindrico que tiene un diámetro constante hasta Ia altura máxima de Ia torre. Los materiales empleados en el diseño son el concreto reforzado y pre-tensado y/o acero estructural. Conforme a una modalidad preferida de Ia invención, ilustrada en Ia FIG. 4, Ia extensión (19) consiste de una pluralidad de módulos cilindricos (29) de concreto postensado unidos entre sí por medio de elementos de pre-esfuerzo, tales como cables o torones que son colocados (enductados) y pre-tensados (postensados) al interior de las paredes de los módulos (no ilustrados).
Conforme a la realización de Ia invención antes descrita, se prevé que los módulos cilindricos (29) que conforman Ia extensión (19) tengan las mismas dimensiones. De esta manera, solo se requiere un tipo de molde, cilindrico. Como será evidente a un técnico en Ia materia, no se utiliza solamente un ^ molde físico, sino una pluralidad de moldes que tienen las mismas características. Conforme a Ia presente invención, mientras Ia torre está siendo montada, los segmentos cilindricos pueden estar siendo fabricados y en su oportunidad, izados por medio de una grúa, colocados y unidos a Ia torre por medio de elementos de pre-esfuerzo, tales como cables o torones que son colocados (enductados) y pre-tensados (postensados) al interior de las paredes de los segmentos de una manera bien conocida para un técnico en Ia materia.Said extension (19) consists of a cylindrical member that has a constant diameter up to the maximum height of the tower. The materials used in the design are reinforced and pre-tensioned concrete and / or structural steel. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, illustrated in FIG. 4, the extension (19) consists of a plurality of cylindrical modules (29) of post-tensioned concrete joined together by means of pre-stress elements, such as cables or strands that are placed (hardened) and pre-tensioned (post-tensioned) inside the walls of the modules (not illustrated). In accordance with the embodiment of the invention described above, it is provided that the cylindrical modules (29) that make up the extension (19) have the same dimensions. In this way, only one type of mold is required, cylindrical. As will be apparent to one skilled in the art, it is not used only one ^ physical mold, but a plurality of molds having the same characteristics. In accordance with the present invention, while the tower is being assembled, the cylindrical segments may be manufactured and, in turn, hoisted by means of a crane, placed and attached to the tower by means of pre-stress elements, such as cables or strands that are placed (hardened) and pre-tensioned (post-tensioned) inside the walls of the segments in a manner well known to a person skilled in the art.
En otra realización de Ia invención, Ia extensión puede ser un tubo o ducto de sección cuadrada o poligonal.In another embodiment of the invention, the extension can be a tube or duct of square or polygonal section.
Los moldes se acondicionan incorporando los tubos para el postensado así como los accesorios necesarios, y posteriormente se realiza un colado vertical y pueden ser desmoldados al día siguiente, de manera que los moldes se utilizan cada tercer día. El número de moldes es ilimitado y el número de unidades a utilizar depende de Ia magnitud de Ia obra y de su programa de construcción.The molds are conditioned by incorporating the tubes for post-tensioning as well as the necessary accessories, and then a vertical casting is carried out and can be demoulded the next day, so that the molds are used every third day. The number of molds is unlimited and the number of units to be used depends on the magnitude of the work and its construction program.
Conforme a Ia presente invención, se utiliza un número de moides considerablemente inferior de moldes en comparación con los que se utilizan en los procedimientos de construcción de las torres tipo chimenea de Ia técnica previa.According to the present invention, a considerably lower number of moides of molds is used compared to those used in the construction procedures of the chimney-type towers of the prior art.
El moldeado y colado de los segmentos circulares (25) de concreto y el montaje y ensamblado de Ia torre (10) se realiza en el sitio según el siguiente proceso:The molding and casting of the concrete circular segments (25) and the assembly and assembly of the tower (10) is carried out at the site according to the following process:
a. Fabricación del molde para Ia fabricación de los segmentos: Dada Ia precisión requerida para las piezas prefabricadas, el molde para fabricar
el sector circular de concreto se realiza en taller siguiendo el diseño y tolerancias establecidos, el molde preferentemente es fabricado a base de perfiles, placas y láminas de acero y responde a un diseño modular preestablecido según Ia altura de Ia torre, de manera general, Ia altura de Ia torre es diseñada en segmentos circulares cuya altura varía entre 3 y 15 m.to. Manufacture of the mold for the manufacture of the segments: Given the precision required for the prefabricated parts, the mold for manufacturing The circular concrete sector is carried out in a workshop following the established design and tolerances, the mold is preferably manufactured based on profiles, plates and sheets of steel and responds to a pre-established modular design according to the height of the tower, in general, the Tower height is designed in circular segments whose height varies between 3 and 15 m.
b. Fabricación de las partes metálicas: Toda Ia estructura metálica es habilitada en taller y transportada en partes listas para ser ensambladas en el sitio. Es decir, se cortan los segmentos de vigas en las medidas necesarias, se barrenan para Ia introducción de tornillos o pernos, así como otros accesorios, como por ejemplo accesorios eléctricos, se incorporan elementos de refuerzo, etc.b. Manufacture of metal parts: All metal structure is enabled in the workshop and transported in parts ready to be assembled on site. That is, the segments of beams are cut in the necessary measures, they are drilled for the introduction of screws or bolts, as well as other accessories, such as electrical accessories, reinforcement elements are incorporated, etc.
c. Construcción de Ia subestructura de Ia torre: En el sitio se construye Ia subestructura o cimentación de Ia torre. Este elemento es realizado en concreto reforzado y se dimensiona según las características mecánicas del suelo. De manera general este elemento funciona como "pedestal" de Ia torre y transmite al suelo las reacciones de Ia misma que se produ- cen ante solicitaciones sísmicas y de viento. En este elemento se dispo- nen todos los insertos y pasos necesarios para posteriormente incluir los cables de preesfuerzo para alcanzar Ia continuidad de Ia estructura.C. Construction of the substructure of the tower: The substructure or foundation of the tower is built on the site. This element is made of reinforced concrete and is sized according to the mechanical characteristics of the soil. In general, this element functions as a "pedestal" of the tower and transmits to the ground the reactions of the same one that occur before seismic and wind solicitations. In this element all the necessary inserts and steps are disposed to subsequently include the pre-strain cables to achieve the continuity of the structure.
d. Instalación de Ia estructura metálica: La estructura metálica se monta con el equipo adecuado andándola en Ia cimentación y uniendo sus partes para completar Ia pirámide formada por sus partes.d. Installation of the metal structure: The metal structure is assembled with the appropriate equipment by moving it in the foundation and joining its parts to complete the pyramid formed by its parts.
e. Construcción de los segmentos de Ia torre: Una vez construida Ia cimentación se procede al moldeado, armado y colado de los segmentos circu- lares (25) que conforma Ia torre. Se incluyen dentro de los segmentos circulares (25) los insertos y elementos de conexión necesarios para lograr Ia unión y continuidad de los mismos.
f. Montaje y postensado de Ia estructura de concreto de Ia torre: Una vez verificado el fraguado y desmoldado de los segmentos de concreto se procede al ensamblado de los mismos con Ia ayuda de grúas de capacidad adecuada para esta labor. El montaje se realiza elevando y super- poniendo los segmentos y simultáneamente apoyándolos en Ia estructura metálica y uniéndolos a ella mediante soldadura se va realizando el postensado de los segmentos de concreto (20). Una parte del postensado es continuo desde Ia cimentación y a través de toda Ia altura de Ia torre. Las uniones entre segmentos son a base de conexiones metálicas soldadas. La armadura metálica (30) es montada en el sitio ligando sucesivamente una pluralidad de vigas con los segmentos circulares de concreto.and. Construction of the tower segments: Once the foundation is constructed, the molding, assembly and casting of the circular segments (25) that make up the tower is carried out. The inserts and connection elements necessary to achieve their union and continuity are included within the circular segments (25). F. Assembly and post-tensioning of the concrete structure of the tower: Once the setting and unmolding of the concrete segments is verified, they are assembled with the help of cranes of adequate capacity for this work. The assembly is carried out by lifting and superimposing the segments and simultaneously supporting them in the metal structure and joining them by welding the post-tensioning of the concrete segments (20) is carried out. A part of the post-tensioning is continuous from the foundation and across the entire height of the tower. The joints between segments are based on welded metal connections. The metal reinforcement (30) is mounted on the site by successively linking a plurality of beams with the circular concrete segments.
g. Montaje de Ia extensión (19) de Ia torre: Dado que este tramo de Ia parte alta de Ia torre es de sección transversal constante, puede prefabricarse en sitio si Ia decisión es realizarlo en concreto postensado y en planta, para posteriormente ser transportado y ensamblado en el sitio, en caso de que fuera de acero.g. Assembly of the extension (19) of the tower: Since this section of the upper part of the tower is of constant cross section, it can be prefabricated on site if the decision is to make it in post-tensioned concrete and in plan, to later be transported and assembled on site, in case it was steel.
h. Inyectado y protección de anclajes de postensado: Finalmente y posterior al postensado total de Ia torre se realiza Ia inyección de los ductos de preesfuerzo utilizando una lechada a base de cemento epóxico con un estabilizador de volumen. Esta lechada es continua también en toda Ia longitud de Ia torre y forma parte del sistema de unión entre segmen- tOS.h. Injected and protection of post-tensioning anchors: Finally and after the total post-tensioning of the tower, the prestressing ducts are injected using an epoxy cement-based grout with a volume stabilizer. This slurry is also continuous throughout the length of the tower and is part of the system of union between segments.
Las torres para generadores eólicos de Ia presente invención, son construidas con mayor rapidez de montaje y con medios más simples en comparación con las torres de Ia técnica previa. Las anteriores ventajas resultan en una torre con características de calidad semejantes a las torres deThe towers for wind generators of the present invention, are built more quickly and with simpler means compared to the towers of the prior art. The above advantages result in a tower with quality characteristics similar to the towers of
Ia técnica previa, pero construidas con menores costos de producción.
Una característica de Ia invención consiste en que Ia cantidad de los materiales se utiliza más eficientemente. Gracias a las partes metálicas que se montan en primera instancia con equipo ligero, es posible conseguir Ia geometría y Ia resistencia necesaria para montar los segmentos de concretoThe prior technique, but built with lower production costs. A feature of the invention is that the quantity of the materials is used more efficiently. Thanks to the metal parts that are mounted in the first instance with light equipment, it is possible to achieve the geometry and the resistance necessary to mount the concrete segments
Habiendo descrito así Ia invención, será obvio que Ia misma podrá variarse en muchas formas. Tales variaciones no deben considerarse como que se apartan del espíritu y alcance de Ia invención, y todas las modificaciones que resulten evidentes para un técnico en Ia materia, se considera que están incluidas dentro del alcance de las siguientes reivindicaciones.
Having thus described the invention, it will be obvious that it can be varied in many ways. Such variations should not be considered as departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all modifications that are evident to a person skilled in the art, are considered to be included within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.- Una torre para generadores eólicos, caracterizada porque comprende: (a) una estructura de concreto (20) que consiste de porciones de pierna de concreto (21 , 22, 23), formadas de una pluralidad de segmentos circulares (25) fabricados en concreto reforzado, verticalmente apilados y unidos entre sí, y ligados a Ia cimentación mediante elementos de preesfuerzo; y1.- A tower for wind generators, characterized in that it comprises: (a) a concrete structure (20) consisting of concrete leg portions (21, 22, 23), formed from a plurality of circular segments (25) manufactured in reinforced concrete, vertically stacked and joined together, and linked to the foundation by means of prestressing elements; Y
(b) una armadura metálica (30), que comprende porciones de armadura (31 , 32, 33) dispuestas entre dichas porciones de pierna de concreto (21 , 22, 23) de Ia estructura de concreto (20) y unidas a estas, que se extienden a Io largo de Ia torre, formadas de una pluralidad de vigas metálicas (35) estructuradas.(b) a metal reinforcement (30), comprising portions of reinforcement (31, 32, 33) disposed between said concrete leg portions (21, 22, 23) of the concrete structure (20) and attached thereto, which extend along the tower, formed of a plurality of structured metal beams (35).
2.- La torre para generadores eólicos de conformidad con Ia reivindicación 1 , caracterizada porque los segmentos circulares (25) de las porciones de pierna de concreto (21, 22, 23) tienen Ia misma forma y dimensiones.2. The tower for wind generators according to claim 1, characterized in that the circular segments (25) of the concrete leg portions (21, 22, 23) have the same shape and dimensions.
3.- La torre para generadores eólicos de conformidad con Ia reivindica- ción 1 , caracterizada porque tiene una sección transversal que se reduce progresivamente en Ia dirección del extremo superior de Ia torre hasta que los segmentos circulares (25) convergen para unirse con un anillo circular (27).3.- The tower for wind generators in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that it has a cross section that is progressively reduced in the direction of the upper end of the tower until the circular segments (25) converge to join with a ring circular (27).
4.- La torre para generadores eólicos de conformidad con Ia reivindica- ción 1 , caracterizada porque las vigas de Ia armadura metálica son fabricadas en acero.4.- The tower for wind generators in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that the beams of the metal reinforcement are made of steel.
5.- La torre para generadores eólicos de conformidad con Ia reivindicación 1 , caracterizada porque Ia torre tiene una sección transversal poligonal o tiene una sección transversal circular o elíptica.5. The tower for wind generators according to claim 1, characterized in that the tower has a polygonal cross section or has a circular or elliptical cross section.
6.- La torre para generadores eólicos de conformidad con Ia reivindicación 5, caracterizada porque Ia torre tiene una sección transversal triangular, cuadrada, rectangular, pentagonal o hexagonal.6. The tower for wind generators according to claim 5, characterized in that the tower has a triangular cross section, square, rectangular, pentagonal or hexagonal.
7.- La torre para generadores eólicos de conformidad con Ia reivindicación 1 , caracterizada porque además comprende una extensión, sobre el cuerpo de Ia torre, que consiste de una porción cilindrica.7. The tower for wind generators according to claim 1, characterized in that it also comprises an extension, on the body of the tower, which consists of a cylindrical portion.
8.- La torre para generadores eólicos de conformidad con Ia reivindicación 7, caracterizada porque Ia porción cilindrica se selecciona de: (a) una pluralidad de módulos cilindricos (29) de concreto unidos entre sí por medio de elementos de preesfuerzo, o (b) un cilindro de acero.8. The tower for wind generators according to claim 7, characterized in that the cylindrical portion is selected from: (a) a plurality of cylindrical modules (29) of concrete joined together by means of prestressing elements, or (b ) a steel cylinder.
9.- Una instalación de generación de energía eólica que comprende un generador eólico montado sobre una torre para generadores eólicos como se define en cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 8.9. A wind power generation installation comprising a wind generator mounted on a tower for wind generators as defined in any of claims 1 to 8.
10.- Un método para fabricar una torre para generadores eólicos de las reivindicaciones 1 a 8, o Ia instalación de generación de energía eólica de Ia reivindicación 9, que comprende: a) proporcionar un molde metálico para fabricar una pluralidad de segmentos circulares (25); b) moldear, armar y colar una pluralidad de segmentos circulares (25) de concreto, incluyendo los insertos y elementos de conexión necesarios para lograr Ia unión y continuidad de los segmentos superiores y/o inferiores adyacentes, soportados en Ia armadura metálica; c) construir en el sitio una subestructura de Ia torre, incluyendo ductos para Ia introducción de elementos de preesfuerzo; d) erigir una armadura metálica (30) sobre Ia subestructura; e) ensamblar una pluralidad segmentos circulares (25) para formar porciones de pierna de concreto (21 , 22, 23), unidas a las porciones de armadura (31 , 32, 33) de Ia armadura metálica (30); y f) postensar las porciones de pierna de concreto (21 , 22, 23) de Ia estructura de concreto (20). 10. A method for manufacturing a tower for wind generators of claims 1 to 8, or the wind power generation installation of claim 9, comprising: a) providing a metal mold for manufacturing a plurality of circular segments (25 ); b) molding, assembling and casting a plurality of circular segments (25) of concrete, including the inserts and connection elements necessary to achieve the union and continuity of the adjacent upper and / or lower segments, supported in the metal reinforcement; c) build a substructure of the tower on the site, including pipelines for the introduction of prestressing elements; d) erect a metal reinforcement (30) on the substructure; e) assembling a plurality of circular segments (25) to form concrete leg portions (21, 22, 23), joined to the reinforcement portions (31, 32, 33) of the metal reinforcement (30); and f) post-tension the concrete leg portions (21, 22, 23) of the concrete structure (20).
11.- El método para fabricar una torre para generadores eólicos de conformidad con Ia reivindicación 9, caracterizado porque además comprende: h) montar una extensión de torre (19) seleccionada de: (a) una pluralidad de módulos cilindricos (29) de concreto pretensado unidos entre sí por medio de elementos de preesfuerzo, o (b) un cilindro de acero. 11. The method for manufacturing a tower for wind generators according to claim 9, characterized in that it further comprises: h) mounting a tower extension (19) selected from: (a) a plurality of cylindrical modules (29) of concrete prestressed joined together by means of prestressing elements, or (b) a steel cylinder.
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PCT/IB2008/002439 WO2010032075A1 (en) | 2008-09-19 | 2008-09-19 | Post-tensioned concrete and steel tower for wind generators |
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PCT/IB2008/002439 WO2010032075A1 (en) | 2008-09-19 | 2008-09-19 | Post-tensioned concrete and steel tower for wind generators |
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