WO2010030358A1 - Support pour orientation d’échantillons de tissus - Google Patents
Support pour orientation d’échantillons de tissus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010030358A1 WO2010030358A1 PCT/US2009/005081 US2009005081W WO2010030358A1 WO 2010030358 A1 WO2010030358 A1 WO 2010030358A1 US 2009005081 W US2009005081 W US 2009005081W WO 2010030358 A1 WO2010030358 A1 WO 2010030358A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- scaffold
- tissue sample
- tissue
- scaffold according
- temperature range
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L27/52—Hydrogels or hydrocolloids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/30—Staining; Impregnating ; Fixation; Dehydration; Multistep processes for preparing samples of tissue, cell or nucleic acid material and the like for analysis
- G01N1/31—Apparatus therefor
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of tissue sample analyses, and to the particular field of obtaining, handling and processing tissue biopsy samples.
- NTB needle core biopsy
- the length of most breast and prostate NCBs is generally between one half and one inch (approximately 12 to 25 millimeters), and their diameter is generally between twenty-five and seventy-five thousandths of an inch (approximately 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters).
- a typical prostate NCB is about 15 millimeters long, and about 1 millimeter in diameter.
- NCBs are intended to be precise procedures, actual evidence of disease ⁇ e.g. cancerous cells) may be present in only a small portion of the biopsy. This may happen because the lesion itself is small, or because the needle passed through only a small part of the lesion. As a result, for accurate diagnosis, it is essential that as much of the needle core biopsy be made available for examination as possible.
- NCBs are generally treated according to the following multi-step protocol.
- fixation involves removing the NCB from the needle (or similar such harvesting device), and then placing in a solution, usually 10% neutral buffered formalin, which denatures enzymes in the tissue and thereby stops all metabolic processes. This is intended to prevent the tissue from decomposing before it can be examined.
- the needle core biopsy is processed so that it can be cut into thin sections.
- This processing generally involves immersing tissues first in alcohol, then in xylene, and finally in liquid paraffin. During processing, the water inside the cells of the tissue is replaced by progressively less hydrophilic liquids, the last of which is paraffin.
- Tissues cannot be cut by a microtome or similar device into thin sections in their native state, .Le. they are not “microtome sectionable” as this term has been used in the art.
- the tissue is then cooled to a temperature at which the paraffin solidifies, the tissue can then be cut into thin sections, and is therefore "microtome sectionable”.
- the fixed, processed NCB is embedded by. placing it in warm, liquid paraffin, and then permitting it to cool and form a solid rectangular block of paraffin containing the fixed, processed, NCB.
- the paraffin block containing the fixed, processed NCB is sectioned (Le. cut into thin strips) by a microtome or similar such device. Those strips that contain fragments of the NCB are placed on a glass slide.
- the density of the material surrounding the tissue should be as close as possible to the density of the processed tissue.
- both the .tissue and the material surrounding should be composed primarily of the same material, e.g. paraffin.
- the material on the glass slide is stained with various pigments that make the structure of the tissue, and the individual cells of which it is composed, easier to see.
- the stained tissue on the glass slide is examined by a physician, who makes a diagnosis based, at least in part, on the appearance of the tissue that is available for review.
- vit ⁇ . embedding and sectioning there is a problem with the existing technology. More specifically, when a tissue sample is held or supported by a conventional tissue biopsy support, uniform sections of the NCB are difficult to obtain. This is because convention tissue biopsy supports are made of materials other than paraffin, such as fluoropolymers, which have densities and/or hardnesses different from the tissue and/ or the paraffin. These materials present a different resistance to the cutting blade than the paraffin or the tissue, which causes imperfect sectioning.
- tissue when materials with densities or other properties different from paraffin surround a tissue in a paraffin block, there is an increased chance that the cut slice will disintegrate. That is, the tissue may separate from these other materials when or after the paraffin block is sectioned, or the combination of these other materials and the tissue will separate from the paraffin when or after the paraffin block is sectioned.
- the maximum surface area of the biopsy available for examination on a single slide would be 13.3 mm 2 , or 87% of the simulated needle core biopsy's maximum cross- sectional area.
- the maximum surface area of the biopsy available for examination on a single slide would be 9.01 mm 2 , or 60% of the simulated needle core biopsy's maximum cross- sectional area.
- the maximum surface area of the biopsy available for examination on a single slide would be 4.52 mm 2 , or 30% of the simulated needle core biopsy's maximum cross- sectional area.
- Breast and prostate biopsies comprise only about half of all biopsies performed. There are approximately as many skin biopsies performed as breast biopsies each year. The number of muscle, nerve, liver, kidney, intestine, testis, cervix, uterus, lung, heart, and even brain biopsies performed each year approximates the number of skin, breast, or prostate biopsies performed each year. The same considerations about orientation of breast and prostate tissues apply to these tissues as well. In addition, skin biopsies must be oriented so that a full-thickness cross-section of the tissue appears on each slide, because diseases of the skin are often diagnosed by the presence of disease in one layer of skin and the absence of disease in another layer.
- biopsies While some biopsies are obtained with hollow-bore needles, other biopsies (such as skin) are obtained with punch needles and s ⁇ l others are obtained by cutting wedges of a tissue with a knife or similar device. Orientation is equally important regardless of the method by which the tissue is obtained.
- paraffin is the most common embedding agent in current use, it is not the only such agent
- methacrylates are used in preparing tissues for electron microscopy examinations. AU these embedding agents work in the same way, vit ⁇ . they replace water in the tissues, thereby making the tissues sectionable in a microtome.
- tissue sample support material cucumber slices, as "there is no interference with the staining procedure. The unit is oriented in the liquid paraffin so that when the block is mounted, the microtome will cut perpendicular to the biopsy. Orientation is preserved . . . thus eliminating one more stumbling block toward the more accurate diagnosis of available tissue.”
- cucumber slices were those that they require a substantial dehydration process prior to use as a tissue sample support and orientation material.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,817,032 and U.S. Patent No. 7,156,814 describe and claim "a microtome sectionable tissue support" which is formed of "material which can be successfully sectioned in a microtome, is resistant to histological stains, and is resistant to degradation from solvents and chemicals used to fix, process, and stain tissue" along with a suitable embedding material.
- These patents disclose polymers, particularly fluoropolymers, as the material for use in these devices.
- a problem encountered with each of these devices is that they are all formed of materials which differ in density and/ or hardness from paraffin and/or tissue. As a result, the use of these devices frequently suffer from the problems noted above, vi ⁇ , (1) it is difficult to obtain uniform slices because of the difference in hardness and/ or density between the tissue support device and the paraffin and/or the tissue; (2) the material comprising the tissue support device may not adhere adequately to the tissue sample and/ or to the paraffin, or even to the slide on which the sample is to be examined; and (3) the tissue support device can interfere with the interaction between the paraffin and the tissue sample, including inhibition of the replacement of water or other fluid in the tissue with paraffin (this is particular true of the devices in the '032 and '814 patents, which are designed to be interposed between the tissue sample and the embedding paraffin).
- Paraffin however, cannot itself be used as the material for a tissue orientation device because paraffin is a brittle solid at room temperature.
- Still other objects of the present invention are directed to methods of using the foregoing tissue sample support and orientation devices.
- a first embodiment of the present invention is directed a scaffold for orienting a tissue sample comprising at least one hydrogel or organogel or hydrocolloid, which contains at least one component that is substantially liquid in the temperature range of 4°C to 37 0 C.
- the inventive scaffold is: (a) sufficiendy flexible in the temperature range to permit the scaffold to be to be bent (or otherwise manipulated) and yet then return to- substantially the same shape; (b) sufficiently rigid in the temperature range to maintain a tissue sample in a particular pre-determined orientation; and (c) not microtome sectionable.
- the component which is substantially liquid in the inventive scaffold can be replaced during fixing and processing of said tissue with one or more components that are substantially solid in the temperature range. The "scaffold" and tissue sample are then microtome sectionable.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of processing tissue for examination using a scaffold of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a front view of a first embodiment of a scaffold of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a side view of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1.
- FIG 3 is a top view of the embodiment of the scaffold illustrated in Figures. 1 and 2.
- FIGS 1, 2 and 3 show a scaffold for tissue sample orientation 10 according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- this scaffold for tissue sample orientation comprises: (i) a generally flat base member 12; and (ii) a plurality of support members 14 arranged on the base member 12 in a predetermined spaced relationship.
- the support members 14 may be arranged in substantially parallel rows on the base member 12. According to alternative, but equally preferred, embodiments, the support members may be arranged in staggered rows on base member 12.
- the base member 12 may be of any suitable dimensions for the intended use thereof. For example, when the inventive scaffold for tissue sample orientation is to be used in conjunction with a standard tissue cassette, the inventive scaffold for tissue sample orientation is preferably dimensioned to fit within such a standard tissue cassette without any bending, folding or cutting. Illustrative values for the dimensions of base member 12 in such an embodiment are about 25 mm x 25 mm x 1 mm.
- the base member 12 also preferably includes a plurality of holes and/or slits dimensioned to permit liquid to pass through.
- the rows of support members are generally spaced apart a suitable distance for their intended purpose. That is, the rows of support members are spaced apart a sufficient distance to allow a tissue sample to be placed between two adjacent rows and to maintain that tissue sample in the same orientation during further processing, while not adversely affecting the tissue sample.
- the support members within any particular row may be a uniform or a varying distance from one another.
- at least a plurality of support members within a particular row are a uniform distance from one another.
- the rows of support members are preferably spaced between 1.0 and 2.5 mm apart, e.g. 1.2 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.8 mm or 2.0 mm apart. Within a given row, the support members are preferably spaced between 0.1 and 1.0 mm apart, e.g. 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm or 0.5 mm apart.
- One skilled in the art may determine the particular dimensions of the spaced relationship of the support members empirically, based, for example, on the size, or sizes, of the tissue sample(s) to be examined.
- FIG. 3 a preferred exemplary arrangement of a plurality of support members 14 on a base member 12 is illustrated.
- the support members 14 are arranged in a plurality of substantially parallel rows along the directions of both the x-axis and the y-axis of the base member 12.
- the base member 12 may be about 25 mm x 25 mm and the parallel rows of support members 14 are separated along the x-axis by two possible spacing arrangements — one spacing being sufficient to receive a tissue sample from a 14 gauge needle (100) and the other spacing being sufficient to receive a tissue sample from a 16 gauge needle (200).
- a third spacing is provided along the y- axis (300), this one being sufficient to receive a tissue sample from an 18 gauge needle.
- a single, continuous row of support members is provided around the perimeter of the base of the scaffold for tissue sample orientation to facilitate retention of the tissue sample(s) during subsequent processing.
- Each of the support members 14 has a stem portion 16 projecting substantially upright from the base 12, and a head portion 18 formed at a distal end of the stem portion 16.
- the head portion 18 is dimensioned to engage and retain a tissue sample during processing.
- the stem portion 16 has a proximal end 22 connected to the major surface 20 of the base 12, and a distal end 24 connected to the head portion 18.
- the scaffold for tissue sample orientation may have any suitable dimensions and/or shape.
- the base member 12 may be formed in any suitable dimension and shape that can firmly support the support members 14, such as a rectangular, circular, or elliptical shape.
- base member 12 is approximately square in shape.
- the thickness of the base member 12 is preferably in a range of 0.5 mm through 5.0 mm, although this may be varied as desired depending upon the particular use of the inventive device.
- the inventive scaffold for tissue sample orientation is dimensioned such that it can fit within a tissue cassette for further processing.
- the stem portion 16 of the support member 14 may have various shapes, such as a cylindrical, prism or frustoconical shape, and more than one stem portion may be provided for each head portion 18. Further, a radiused corner having a predetermined radius of curvature may be provided to a junction area between the proximal end 22 of the stem portion 16 and the major surface 20 of the base member 12, for attenuating a stress concentration caused by the deflection of a support member 14.
- the stem portion 16 is preferably between 0.1 and 1.0 mm in height ⁇ i.e. from the base member 12 to the bottom of head portion 18) and the head portion 18 between 0.1 and 0.5 mm high when viewed from the side as in Figures 1 and 2.
- the stem portion 16 is a cylindrical shape having a diameter preferably between 0.1 and 1.0 mm.
- the stem portion 16 may have a uniform diameter along its entire length or the diameter may vary.
- the diameter of the stem portion 16 varies along its length to form one or more grooves to facilitate the positioning of a tissue sample.
- the head portion 18 may have various shapes besides the hemispherical shape illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
- suitable shapes include, but are not limited to, shapes such as hook, conical, cylindrical, spherical, pyramidal and hemispherical (umbrella) shapes.
- Asymmetrical shaped head portions 18 ⁇ e.g. cones, pyramids and hemispheres) may be formed in any orientation on the stem portion 16, e.g. if the head portion 18 is a conical shape, the stem portion 16 may be joined to the apex of the cone, the base of the cone or the side of the cone.
- the size of the head portion 18 must be sufficient to retain a tissue sample when placed in the inventive tissue sample support and orientation device. According to certain preferred embodiments, when viewed from above (as in Figure 3), the head portion 18 is preferably not more than 0.2 mm in any direction.
- the minimum diameter of the stem portion 16 is preferably in a range of 20% to 60% of the maximum diameter of the head portion 18, in order to obtain sufficient engagement-retaining force on the tissue sample.
- the peripheral edge of the head portion 18 is preferably formed with no sharp-edges, for reducing possible damage to the tissue sample when the head portion is engaged therewith.
- the scaffold for tissue sample orientation according to the present invention may be made of any suitable material capable of imparting the desired characteristics to the inventive scaffold.
- Particularly suitable materials are hydrogels, organogels and hydrocolloids.
- a “hydrogel” is intended to mean a network of water-insoluble natural or synthetic polymer chains dispersed in an aqueous medium, such as water.
- a hydrogel includes, but are not limited to, silicones, polyacrylamides, polyethyelene oxides, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyvinyl alcohols and acrylates.
- synthetic polymers include, but are not limited to, silicones, polyacrylamides, polyethyelene oxides, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyvinyl alcohols and acrylates.
- Illustrative examples of natural polymers include, but are not limited to, agarose, cellulose, methylcellulose and hylaronan. Other suitable hydrogels are known and commercially available.
- an "organogel” is intended to mean a non-crystalline, non-glassy thermoreversible solid material composed of a liquid organic phase, such as an organic solvent, mineral oil or vegetable oil entrapped in a structuring network, such as lecithin. Suitable organogels are known and commercially available.
- hydrocolloid is intended to mean a colloid system wherein the colloid particles are dispersed in water.
- a hydrocolloid has colloid particles spread throughout water and, depending on the quantity of water available, can take on different states, including gel or sol (liquid).
- Hydocolloids can be irreversible (single state) or reversible, such as agar.
- suitable hydrocolloids include, but are not limited to, carrageenan, gelatin and pectin. Still other suitable hydrocolloids are known and commercially available.
- the base member 12 and the head portion 18 and the stem portion 16 of the support members are preferably made of the same material.
- the inventive scaffold is sufficiently flexible to permit the inventive scaffold for tissue sample orientation to be bent (or otherwise manipulated) so as to facilitate placement of the tissue sample in the device, and yet then return to substantially die same shape as it was before such bending or manipulation.
- the scaffold for tissue sample orientation may be formed by various methods known and available to ⁇ ose skilled in the art.
- To easily form support members 14 having unique shapes it is advantageous to integrally mold the base and the headed elements by an injection molding process using a destructible stem mold, as is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,242,646, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the scaffold for tissue sample orientation of the present invention is particularly useful for processing biopsy tissue samples for analysis.
- the method of preparing biopsy tissue samples for histological examination comprises: (a) removing a tissue sample from a patient; (b) placing the tissue sample onto a scaffold of die present invention; (c) processing the tissue sample.
- processing includes subjecting both the inventive scaffold and the tissue sample immobilized thereon to a process for replacing tissue fluid with wax and diereby impregnating die tissue sample with wax, and dien embedding in a wax mold to form a solid block of wax.
- a microtome may then be used to slice the solid block of wax (including the tissue sample and inventive scaffold) into diin sections which can be used for further examination and analysis.
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Abstract
La présente invention concerne des supports pour orienter des échantillons de tissus. Les supports selon l’invention comprennent au moins un hydrogel ou un organogel ou un hydrocolloïde qui contient au moins un composant qui est essentiellement liquide dans la plage de températures allant de 40 °C à 370 °C. Les supports selon l’invention sont : (a) suffisamment flexibles dans la plage de température pour permettre au support de se plier (ou autrement manipulé) et pouvoir pourtant ensuite retrouver essentiellement la même forme ; (b) suffisamment rigide dans la plage de température pour maintenir un échantillon de tissus dans une orientation particulière prédéterminée ; et (c) ne peuvent pas être sectionnés microscopiquement. Le composant essentiellement liquide peut être remplacé pendant la fixation et le traitement desdits tissues avec un ou plusieurs composants qui sont essentiellement solides dans ladite plage de température, de sorte que ledit support puisse ensuite être sectionné microscopiquement.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13654808P | 2008-09-12 | 2008-09-12 | |
US61/136,548 | 2008-09-12 |
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US9052256B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2015-06-09 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Method for processing and embedding tissue |
US9097629B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2015-08-04 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Tissue cassette with retractable member |
US9389154B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2016-07-12 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Tissue cassette with biasing element |
US10092905B2 (en) | 2012-06-22 | 2018-10-09 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Tissue sample container and methods |
US10201331B2 (en) | 2012-06-22 | 2019-02-12 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Biopsy tissue sample transport device and method of using thereof |
US10545075B2 (en) | 2012-08-09 | 2020-01-28 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Methods and compositions for preparing biological specimens for microscopic analysis |
US10746981B2 (en) | 2014-05-30 | 2020-08-18 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Methods and devices for imaging large intact tissue samples |
US10794804B2 (en) | 2012-09-12 | 2020-10-06 | Biopath Automation, Llc | Microtome sectionable gel support structure and methods |
US11254974B2 (en) | 2016-02-10 | 2022-02-22 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | RNA fixation and detection in clarity-based hydrogel tissue |
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US10092905B2 (en) | 2012-06-22 | 2018-10-09 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Tissue sample container and methods |
US11241220B2 (en) | 2012-06-22 | 2022-02-08 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Biopsy tissue sample transport device and method of using thereof |
US10201331B2 (en) | 2012-06-22 | 2019-02-12 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Biopsy tissue sample transport device and method of using thereof |
US10545075B2 (en) | 2012-08-09 | 2020-01-28 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Methods and compositions for preparing biological specimens for microscopic analysis |
US10794804B2 (en) | 2012-09-12 | 2020-10-06 | Biopath Automation, Llc | Microtome sectionable gel support structure and methods |
EP2895270B1 (fr) * | 2012-09-12 | 2021-06-30 | BioPath Automation, L.L.C. | Méthode d'orientation, de traitement, d'intégration et de découpage au microtome d'un échantillon de tissu |
EP3895804A1 (fr) * | 2012-09-12 | 2021-10-20 | BioPath Automation, L.L.C. | Structure de support de gel sectionnable en microtome |
US9389154B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2016-07-12 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Tissue cassette with biasing element |
US10345203B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2019-07-09 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Tissue cassette with biasing element |
US9052256B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2015-06-09 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Method for processing and embedding tissue |
US9097629B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2015-08-04 | Leica Biosystems Nussloch Gmbh | Tissue cassette with retractable member |
US10746981B2 (en) | 2014-05-30 | 2020-08-18 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Methods and devices for imaging large intact tissue samples |
US11254974B2 (en) | 2016-02-10 | 2022-02-22 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | RNA fixation and detection in clarity-based hydrogel tissue |
US12098418B2 (en) | 2016-02-10 | 2024-09-24 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | RNA fixation and detection in CLARITY-based hydrogel tissue |
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