Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F5/02—Boron compounds
  • C07F5/027—Organoboranes and organoborohydrides
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
  • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10S428/917—Electroluminescent

Definitions

• the invention relates generally to compounds, and particularly to compounds comprising phenyl pyridine units and optoelectronic devices using the same.
• OLEDs Organic Light Emitting Devices
• LCDs liquid crystal displays Due to their high luminous efficiencies, OLEDs are seen as having the potential to replace incandescent, and perhaps even fluorescent, lamps for certain types of applications.
• OLEDs possess a sandwiched structure, which consists of one or more organic layers between two opposite electrodes.
• multi-layered devices usually comprise at least three layers: a hole injection/transport layer, an emissive layer and an electron transport layer (ETL).
• the hole injection/transport layer serves as an electron blocking layer and the ETL as a hole blocking layer.
• Single-layered OLEDs comprise only one layer of materials between two opposite electrodes.
• the invention relates to compounds of formula I:
• R 1 is, independently at each occurrence, a C1-C20 aliphatic radical, a C3-C20 aromatic radical, or a C3-C20 cycloaliphatic radical; a is, independently at each occurrence, an integer ranging from 0-4; b is 0, 1 or 2;
• Ar 1 is a direct bond or heteroaryl, aryl, or alkyl or cycloalkyl
• Ar 2 is heteroaryl, aryl, or alkyl or cycloalkyl; c is an integer ranging from 1-7; and n is an integer ranging from 2-4.
• the invention relates to optoelectronic devices comprising at least one compound of formula I, particularly where the compound is present in an electron-transporting layer.
• Compounds of formula I have properties useful in optoelectronic devices, e.g., organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), and are particularly well suited for use in electron-transporting layers thereof.
• OLEDs organic light emitting devices
• the present invention relates to compounds of formula II
• Ar 1 may be chosen from a direct bond and
• R is, independently at each occurrence, a C1-C20 aliphatic radical, a C3-C20 aromatic radical, a C3-C20 cycloaliphatic radical, an aryl group or a heteroaryl group.
• R 3 is, independently at each occurrence, a Ci-C 2O aliphatic radical, a C 3 -C 2 O aromatic radical, a C 3 -C 2 O cycloaliphatic radical, an aryl groups or a heteroaryl group and d is an integer ranging from 0-5.
• Ar 2 may be chosen from
• Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently chosen from
• Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently chosen from
• the compound of formula I is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoe [0013]
• R 4 is, independently at each occurrence, a C1-C20 aliphatic radical, a C3-C20 aromatic radical, a C 3 -C 20 cycloaliphatic radical, an aryl groups or a heteroaryl group and e is an integer ranging from 0-3; and m is an integer ranging from 1-7.
• the compound is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoe)-2-aminoethyl
• the compound is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoe)-2-aminoethyl
• the compounds of formula I are chosen from
• Aromatic boron compounds may be unstable in the presence of air and/or water. It has been reported that compounds having substituents adjacent to the boron atom exhibited enhanced stability under these conditions (JACS, vol. 120, page 10776 (1998)). Therefore, in some cases, it may be desirable to use compounds of formula I and II that have a substituent in one or both positions ortho- to the boron atom.
• the ortho-substituent may be any aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic radical, particularly an alkyl group, and more particularly a methyl group.
• Durability of devices of the present invention may be affected by the manner in which pyridyl groups of the phenylpyridyl groups are attached to the phenyl ring. In some cases, durability of the device may be improved when the pyridyl group is attached at a position meta to the nitrogen atom.
• the compounds of formula I and II may be prepared by employing Suzuki cross-coupling reactions.
• the general procedure for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions includes mixing an aryl halide and aryl borate (or boronic acid) in a suitable solvent, in the presence of a base and Pd catalyst. The reaction mixture is heated under an inert atmosphere for a period of time.
• Suitable solvents include but are not limited to Dioxane, THF, EtOH, toluene and mixtures thereof.
• Exemplary bases include Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 , Potassium phosphate and hydrates thereof.
• the bases can be added to the reaction as a solid powder or as an aqueous solution.
• the most commonly used catalysts include Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , or Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd(dba) 2 with the addition of a secondary ligand.
• exemplary ligands include dialkylphosphinobiphenyl ligands, such as structures IH-VII shown below, in which Cy is cyclohexyl.
• aryl halide into its corresponding aryl borate.
• One method involves the generation of a carbanion either by using BuLi to effect a lithio-halogen exchange or by using Mg to generate a Grignard reagent, followed by quenching of the carbanion with a borate such as trimethylborate, triethylborate or tri(isopropyl)borate and the like.
• a typical procedure involves combining the starting materials in dry solvents such as THF or diethylether under anhydrous and inert conditions.
• the reaction is cooled to -100 0 C or -8O 0 C and BuLi is added dropwise and stirred at this temperature for a certain amount of time (1-5 hours). After which time the intermediate carbanion is quenched with a suitable borate ester. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature (RT), and, after stirring for 30 minutes at RT, the mixture is treated with a solution of saturated NH 4 Cl (0.5 rnL) and concentrated to dryness to afford a crude product.
• RT room temperature
• the second method employs Pd-catalyzed borylation.
• a typical procedure includes combining an aryl halide and pinacolate diborane, anhydrous base and a dialkylphosphinobiphenyl ligand under dry and inert atmospheric conditions. The flask is protected from the atmosphere and charged with anhydrous solvent. After the solution is degassed for 15-30 minutes, the reaction mixture is charged with Pd catalyst and heated at reflux for an extended period by monitoring the disappearance of the starting aryl halide. Afterwards, the reaction mixture is cooled to RT and filtered. Upon concentration, the crude reaction product is afforded.
• Exemplary anhydrous bases include NaHCC> 3 , KHCO 3 , and KOAc, particularly KOAc.
• Exemplary ligands include dialkylphosphinobiphenyl ligands, such as structures III- VII and trans-dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II).
• An optoelectronic device typically includes in the simplest case, an anode layer and a corresponding cathode layer with an organic electroluminescent layer disposed between said anode and said cathode.
• an OLED typically includes in the simplest case, an anode layer and a corresponding cathode layer with an organic electroluminescent layer disposed between said anode and said cathode.
• a voltage bias is applied across the electrodes, electrons are injected by the cathode into the electroluminescent layer while electrons are removed from (or "holes" are “injected” into) the electroluminescent layer from the anode.
• Light emission occurs as holes combine with electrons within the electroluminescent layer to form singlet or triplet excitons, light emission occurring as singlet and/or triplet excitons decay to their ground states via radiative decay.
• OLEDs comprising the compounds of the invention may be a fluorescent OLED comprising a singlet emitter.
• the OLEDs comprising the compounds of the invention may be a phosphorescent OLED comprising at least one triplet emitter.
• the OLEDs comprising the compounds of the invention comprise at least one singlet emitter and at least one triplet emitter.
• the OLEDs comprising the compounds of the invention may contain one or more, any or a combination of blue, yellow, orange, red phosphorescent dyes, including complexes of transition metals such as Ir, Os and Pt.
• electrophosphorescent and electrofluorescent metal complexes such as those supplied by American Dye Source, Inc., Quebec, Canada may be used.
• Compounds of the formula I and II may be part of an emissive layer, or hole transporting layer or electron transporting layer, or electron injection layer of an OLED or any combination thereof.
• the organic electroluminescent layer i.e., the emissive layer
• the organic electroluminescent layer is a layer within an organic light emitting device which when in operation contains a significant concentration of both electrons and holes and provides sites for exciton formation and light emission.
• a hole injection layer is a layer in contact with the anode which promotes the injection of holes from the anode into the interior layers of the OLED; and an electron injection layer is a layer in contact with the cathode that promotes the injection of electrons from the cathode into the OLED;
• an electron transport layer is a layer which facilitates conduction of electrons from the cathode and/or the electron injection layer to a charge recombination site.
• a hole transporting layer is a layer which when the OLED is in operation facilitates conduction of holes from the anode and/or the hole injection layer to charge recombination sites and which need not be in direct contact with the anode.
• a hole transporting emission layer is a layer in which when the OLED is in operation facilitates the conduction of holes to charge recombination sites, and in which the majority of charge carriers are holes, and in which emission occurs not only through recombination with residual electrons, but also through the transfer of energy from a charge recombination zone elsewhere in the device.
• An electron transporting emission layer is a layer in which when the OLED is in operation facilitates the conduction of electrons to charge recombination sites, and in which the majority of charge carriers are electrons, and in which emission occurs not only through recombination with residual holes, but also through the transfer of energy from a charge recombination zone elsewhere in the device.
• Materials suitable for use as the anode includes materials having a bulk resistivity of preferred about 1000 ohms per square, as measured by a four-point probe technique.
• Indium tin oxide (ITO) is frequently used as the anode because it is substantially transparent to light transmission and thus facilitates the escape of light emitted from electro-active organic layer.
• Other materials, which may be utilized as the anode layer include tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc indium tin oxide, antimony oxide, and mixtures thereof.
• Materials suitable for use as the cathode include general electrical conductors including, but not limited to metals and metal oxides such as ITO etc which can inject negative charge carriers (electrons) into the inner layer(s) of the OLED.
• Various metals suitable for use as the cathode 20 include K, Li, Na, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ag, Au, In, Sn, Zn, Zr, Sc, Y, elements of the lanthanide series, alloys thereof, and mixtures thereof.
• Suitable alloy materials for use as the cathode layer include Ag-Mg, Al-Li, In-Mg, Al-Ca, and Al-Au alloys.
• Layered non-alloy structures may also be employed in the cathode, such as a thin layer of a metal such as calcium, or a metal fluoride, such as LiF, covered by a thicker layer of a metal, such as aluminum or silver.
• the cathode may be composed of a single metal, and especially of aluminum metal.
• Compounds of formula I and II may be used in electron transport layers in place of, or in addition to traditional materials such as poly(9,9-dioctyl fluorene), tris(8-hydroxyquinolato) aluminum (AIq 3 ), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-l,l- phenanthroline, 4,7-diphenyl- 1 , 10-phenanthroline, 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-t- butylphenyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazole, 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)- 1,2,4- triazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole-containing polymers, 1,3,4-triazole-containing polymers, quinoxaline-containing polymers, and cyano-PPV.
• traditional materials such as poly(9,9-dioctyl fluorene), tris(8-hydroxyquino
• Materials suitable for use in hole transporting layers include l,l-bis((di-4- tolylamino) phenyl)cyclohexane, N 5 N'- bis(4-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(4-ethylphenyl)- (l,r-(3,3'-dimethyl)biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, tetrakis-(3-methylphenyl)-N,N,N',N'-2,5- phenylenediamine, phenyl-4-N,N-diphenylaminostyrene, p-(diethylamino) benzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone, triphenylamine, l-phenyl-3-(p-
• Materials suitable for use in the light emitting layer include electroluminescent polymers such as polyfluorenes, preferably poly(9,9-dioctyl fluorene) and copolymers thereof, such as poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-co-bis-JV,JV '-(4-butylphenyl)diphenylamine) (F8-TFB); poly(vinylcarbazole) and polyphenylenevinylene and their derivatives.
• the light emitting layer may include a blue, yellow, orange, green or red phosphorescent dye or metal complex, or a combination thereof.
• Materials suitable for use as the phosphorescent dye include, but are not limited to, tris(l- phenylisoquinoline) iridium (III) (red dye), tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium (green dye) and Iridium (III) bis(2-(4,6-difluorephenyl)pyridinato-N,C2) (blue dye).
• Commercially available electrofluorescent and electrophosphorescent metal complexes from ADS may also be used.
• ADS green dyes include ADS060GE, ADS061GE, ADS063GE, and ADS066GE, ADS078GE, and ADS090GE.
• ADS blue dyes include ADS064BE, ADS065BE, and ADS070BE.
• ADS red dyes include ADS067RE, ADS068RE, ADS069RE, ADS075RE,
• Compounds of formula I and II may form part of the electron transport layer or electron injection layer or light emissive layer.
• the present invention relates to more efficient optoelectronic devices, e.g., OLEDs comprising compounds of formula I and II.
• the OLEDs may be phosphorescent containing one or more, any or a combination of, blue, yellow, orange, red phosphorescent dyes.
• aromatic radical refers to an array of atoms having a valence of at least one comprising at least one aromatic group.
• the array of atoms having a valence of at least one comprising at least one aromatic group may include heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, silicon and oxygen, or may be composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.
• aromatic radical includes but is not limited to phenyl, pyridyl, furanyl, thienyl, naphthyl, phenylene, and biphenyl radicals.
• the aromatic radical contains at least one aromatic group.
• the aromatic radical may also include nonaromatic components.
• a benzyl group is an aromatic radical which comprises a phenyl ring (the aromatic group) and a methylene group (the nonaromatic component).
• a tetrahydronaphthyl radical is an aromatic radical comprising an aromatic group (C 6 Hs) fused to a nonaromatic component -(CH 2 ⁇ -.
• aromatic radical is defined herein to encompass a wide range of functional groups such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, haloalkyl groups, haloaromatic groups, conjugated dienyl groups, alcohol groups, ether groups, aldehydes groups, ketone groups, carboxylic acid groups, acyl groups (for example carboxylic acid derivatives such as esters and amides), amine groups, nitro groups, and the like.
• the 4-methylphenyl radical is a C 7 aromatic radical comprising a methyl group, the methyl group being a functional group which is an alkyl group.
• the 2-nitrophenyl group is a C 6 aromatic radical comprising a nitro group, the nitro group being a functional group.
• Aromatic radicals include halogenated aromatic radicals such as A- trifluoromethylphenyl, hexafluoroisopropylidenebis(4-phen- 1 -yloxy)
• aromatic radicals include A- allyloxyphen-1-oxy, 4-aminophen-l-yl (i.e., 4-H 2 NPh-), 3-aminocarbonylphen-l-yl (i.e., NH 2 COPh-), 4-benzoylphen-l-yl, dicyanomethylidenebis(4-phen-l -yloxy) (i.e., -OPhC(CN) 2 PhO-), 3-methylphen-l-yl, methylenebis(4-phen-l -yloxy) (i.e., - OPhCH 2 PhO-), 2-ethylphen-l-yl, phenylethenyl, 3-formyl-2-thienyl, 2-hexyl-5- furanyl, hexamethylene-l,6-bis(4-phen-l -yloxy) (i.e., -OPh(CH 2 ) 6 PhO-), A- hydroxymethylphen-1-oxy,
• a C 3 - Cio aromatic radical includes aromatic radicals containing at least three but no more than 10 carbon atoms.
• the aromatic radical 1-imidazolyl (C 3 H 2 N 2 -) represents a C 3 aromatic radical.
• the benzyl radical (C 7 H 7 -) represents a C 7 aromatic radical.
• cycloaliphatic radical refers to a radical having a valence of at least one, and comprising an array of atoms which is cyclic but which is not aromatic. As defined herein a “cycloaliphatic radical” does not contain an aromatic group.
• a "cycloaliphatic radical” may comprise one or more noncyclic components.
• a cyclohexylmethyl group (C 6 Hi 1 CH 2 -) is an cycloaliphatic radical which comprises a cyclohexyl ring (the array of atoms which is cyclic but which is not aromatic) and a methylene group (the noncyclic component).
• the cycloaliphatic radical may include heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, silicon and oxygen, or may be composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.
• cycloaliphatic radical is defined herein to encompass a wide range of functional groups such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, haloalkyl groups, conjugated dienyl groups, alcohol groups, ether groups, aldehyde groups, ketone groups, carboxylic acid groups, acyl groups (for example carboxylic acid derivatives such as esters and amides), amine groups, nitro groups, and the like.
• the 4-methylcyclopent-l-yl radical is a C 6 cycloaliphatic radical comprising a methyl group, the methyl group being a functional group which is an alkyl group.
• the 2-nitrocyclobut-l-yl radical is a C 4 cycloaliphatic radical comprising a nitro group, the nitro group being a functional group.
• a cycloaliphatic radical may comprise one or more halogen atoms which may be the same or different. Halogen atoms include, for example; fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
• Cycloaliphatic radicals comprising one or more halogen atoms include 2-trifluoromethylcyclohex-l-yl, 4-bromodifluoromethylcyclooct-l-yl, 2- chlorodifluoromethylcyclohex- 1 -yl, hexafluoroisopropylidene-2,2-bis (cyclohex-4-yl) (i.e., -C 6 Hi 0 C(CFs) 2 C 6 Hi 0 -), 2-chloromethylcyclohex-l-yl, 3- difluoromethylenecyclohex- 1 -yl, 4-trichloromethylcyclohex- 1 -yloxy , A- bromodichloromethylcyclohex- 1 -ylthio, 2-bromoethylcyclopent- 1 -yl, 2- bromopropylcyclohex-1 -yloxy (e.g.
• cycloaliphatic radicals include 4-allyloxycyclohex-l-yl, A- aminocyclohex-1-yl (i.e., H 2 NC 6 Hi 0 -), 4-aminocarbonylcyclopent-l-yl (i.e., NH 2 COCsH 8 -), 4-acetyloxycyclohex- 1 -yl, 2,2-dicyanoisopropylidenebis(cyclohex-4- yloxy) (i.e., -OC 6 Hi 0 C(CN) 2 C 6 Hi 0 O-), 3-methylcyclohex-l-yl, methylenebis(cyclohex-4-yloxy) (i.e., -OC 6 Hi 0 CH 2 C 6 Hi 0 O-), 1-ethylcyclobut-l-yl, cyclopropylethenyl, 3 -formyl-2-
• a C 3 - Ci 0 cycloaliphatic radical includes cycloaliphatic radicals containing at least three but no more than 10 carbon atoms.
• the cycloaliphatic radical 2-tetrahydrofuranyl (C4H7O-) represents a C 4 cycloaliphatic radical.
• the cyclohexylmethyl radical (C 6 Hi 1 CH 2 -) represents a C 7 cycloaliphatic radical.
• aliphatic radical refers to an organic radical having a valence of at least one consisting of a linear or branched array of atoms which is not cyclic. Aliphatic radicals are defined to comprise at least one carbon atom. The array of atoms comprising the aliphatic radical may include heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, selenium and oxygen or may be composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.
• aliphatic radical is defined herein to encompass, as part of the "linear or branched array of atoms which is not cyclic" organic radicals substituted with a wide range of functional groups such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, haloalkyl groups, conjugated dienyl groups, alcohol groups, ether groups, aldehyde groups, ketone groups, carboxylic acid groups, acyl groups (for example carboxylic acid derivatives such as esters and amides), amine groups, nitro groups, and the like.
• functional groups such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, haloalkyl groups, conjugated dienyl groups, alcohol groups, ether groups, aldehyde groups, ketone groups, carboxylic acid groups, acyl groups (for example carboxylic acid derivatives such as esters and amides), amine groups, nitro groups, and the like.
• the 4-methylpent-l-yl radical is a Ce aliphatic radical comprising a methyl group, the methyl group being a functional group which is an alkyl group.
• the 4-nitrobut-l-yl group is a C 4 aliphatic radical comprising a nitro group, the nitro group being a functional group.
• An aliphatic radical may be a haloalkyl group which comprises one or more halogen atoms which may be the same or different. Halogen atoms include, for example; fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
• Aliphatic radicals comprising one or more halogen atoms include the alkyl halides trifluoromethyl, bromodifluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, hexafluoroisopropylidene, chloromethyl, difluorovinylidene, trichloromethyl, bromodichloromethyl, bromoethyl, 2-bromotrimethylene (e.g. - CH 2 CHBrCH 2 -), and the like.
• aliphatic radicals include allyl, aminocarbonyl (i.e., -CONH 2 ), carbonyl, 2,2-dicyanoisopropylidene (i.e., - CH 2 C(CN) 2 CH 2 -), methyl (i.e., -CH 3 ), methylene (i.e., -CH 2 -), ethyl, ethylene, formyl (i.e. -CHO), hexyl, hexamethylene, hydroxymethyl (i.e.
• -CH 2 OH mercaptomethyl
• -CH 2 SH mercaptomethyl
• methylthio i.e., -SCH 3
• methylthiomethyl i.e., -CH 2 SCH 3
• methoxy, methoxycarbonyl i.e., CH 3 OCO-
• nitromethyl i.e., -CH 2 NO 2
• thiocarbonyl trimethylsilyl (i.e., (CH 3 ) 3 Si-), t-butyldimethylsilyl, 3- trimethyoxysilypropyl (i.e., (CH 3 O) 3 SiCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -), vinyl, vinylidene, and the like.
• a Ci - C 10 aliphatic radical contains at least one but no more than 10 carbon atoms.
• a methyl group i.e., CH 3 -
• a decyl group i.e., CH3(CH2)c>-
• CH3(CH2)c>- is an example of a C 10 aliphatic radical.
• heteroaryl refers to aromatic or unsaturated rings in which one or more carbon atoms of the aromatic ring(s) are replaced by a heteroatom(s) such as nitrogen, oxygen, boron, selenium, phosphorus, silicon or sulfur.
• Heteroaryl refers to structures that may be a single aromatic ring, multiple aromatic ring(s), or one or more aromatic rings coupled to one or more non-aromatic ring(s). In structures having multiple rings, the rings can be fused together, linked covalently, or linked to a common group such as an ether, methylene or ethylene moiety.
• the common linking group may also be a carbonyl as in phenyl pyridyl ketone.
• rings such as thiophene, pyridine, isoxazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, furan, etc. or benzo-fused analogues of these rings are defined by the term "heteroaryl.”
• aryl is used herein to refer to an aromatic substituent which may be a single aromatic ring or multiple aromatic rings which are fused together, linked covalently, or linked to a common group such as an ether, methylene or ethylene moiety.
• the aromatic ring(s) may include phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and biphenyl, among others.
• aryls have between 1 and 200 carbon atoms, between 1 and 50 carbon atoms or between 1 and 20 carbon atoms.
• alkyl is used herein to refer to a branched or unbranched, saturated or unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbon radical. Suitable alkyl radicals include, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, 2-propenyl (or allyl), vinyl, n-butyl, t- butyl, i-butyl (or 2-methylpropyl), etc. In particular embodiments, alkyls have between 1 and 200 carbon atoms, between 1 and 50 carbon atoms or between 1 and 20 carbon atoms.
• cycloalkyl is used herein to refer to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon radical having a single ring or multiple condensed rings.
• Suitable cycloalkyl radicals include, for example, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctenyl, bicyclooctyl, etc.
• cycloalkyls have between 3 and 200 carbon atoms, between 3 and 50 carbon atoms or between 3 and 20 carbon atoms.
• any numerical values recited herein include all values from the lower value to the upper value in increments of one unit provided that there is a separation of at least 2 units between any lower value and any higher value.
• the amount of a component or a value of a process variable such as, for example, temperature, pressure, time and the like is, for example, from 1 to 90, preferably from 20 to 80, more preferably from 30 to 70, it is intended that values such as 15 to 85, 22 to 68, 43 to 51, 30 to 32 etc. are expressly enumerated in this specification.
• one unit is considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1 as appropriate.
• Examples 1-11 describe the syntheses of compounds of the invention and intermediates used in making them. All reagents were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI, USA and Acros Organics unless other wise specified and were used without further purification. All compounds were characterized by 1 H- NMR and found to correspond to the structures shown.
• the mixture was degassed and purged with Ar three times. Stirring and heating started and continued at 75 0 C for 48 hours, while the flask was kept under Ar atmosphere. Then the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature, water (2OmL) was added. Organic layer was separated and aqueous phase was discarded. Organic phase was washed with water (30 mL x2) and brine (30 mL xl) and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . Then the solution was concentrated and purified using a Teledyne Isco COMBIFLASH® liquid chromatography system, using 4Og of silica gel column, ethylacetate/hexane 80-100% eluting solvent.
• Dibromo-p-xylene was recrystalized from toluene before use.
• Compound 7 (0.2 g, 0.26 mmol) was dissolved in 15 mL of toluene and drying azeotropically. Then 0.0316 g (0.12 mmol) of dibromo-p-xylene was added, with a pinch of tetrabutyl ammonium iodide. Reaction was refluxed overnight. The second day, after cool, toluene was extracted with 10 mL of water and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The crude product was afforded after roto-evaporation.
• the crude product was purified using a Teledyne Isco COMBIFLASH® liquid chromatography system, with 12g of silica gel column, THF/hexane 30-100% eluting solvent to provide compound 2 (exact mass: 1566.90).
• reaction was heated and stirred for two weeks. After the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, it was dumped into 1OmL of water. Methylene chloride (5mL) was used to extract the solid. The organic layer was washed with water 5 mL (x2), brine 5mL (xl), and dried over MgSO 4 . The solvent was removed by a roto-evaporator. The crude product was separated by silica gel column using THF/Hex (1/1-6/1) as elute. About 0.25 g of a brownish solid was obtained. This product was purified multiple times using prep TLC and a solid (20mg) of a slightly beige color was obtained (exact mass: 2729.49).
• the dioxane was removed by roto- evaporation, and the resulting mixture was re-dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (20 mL), extracted with water (20 mL x2) and brine (20 mL), and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . After concentration, the product was purified with 8Og of alumina column using a Teledyne Isco COMBIFLASH® liquid chromatography system, using hexane/ethyl acetate as the eluting solvent, afforded 0.46g of product.

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