WO2009150503A1 - Procédé de préparation de surfaces hydrophobes - Google Patents

Procédé de préparation de surfaces hydrophobes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009150503A1
WO2009150503A1 PCT/IB2009/005791 IB2009005791W WO2009150503A1 WO 2009150503 A1 WO2009150503 A1 WO 2009150503A1 IB 2009005791 W IB2009005791 W IB 2009005791W WO 2009150503 A1 WO2009150503 A1 WO 2009150503A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
substrate
layer
silicon
plasma
treatment
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2009/005791
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Nicolas Peclard
Khalid Radouane
Gweltaz Gaudin
Ionut Radu
Sébastien Kerdiles
Original Assignee
S.O.I. Tec Silicon On Insulator Technologies
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from EP08290533A external-priority patent/EP2091074A1/fr
Application filed by S.O.I. Tec Silicon On Insulator Technologies filed Critical S.O.I. Tec Silicon On Insulator Technologies
Publication of WO2009150503A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009150503A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02041—Cleaning
    • H01L21/02043—Cleaning before device manufacture, i.e. Begin-Of-Line process
    • H01L21/02046—Dry cleaning only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
    • H01L21/76—Making of isolation regions between components
    • H01L21/762—Dielectric regions, e.g. EPIC dielectric isolation, LOCOS; Trench refilling techniques, SOI technology, use of channel stoppers
    • H01L21/7624—Dielectric regions, e.g. EPIC dielectric isolation, LOCOS; Trench refilling techniques, SOI technology, use of channel stoppers using semiconductor on insulator [SOI] technology
    • H01L21/76251—Dielectric regions, e.g. EPIC dielectric isolation, LOCOS; Trench refilling techniques, SOI technology, use of channel stoppers using semiconductor on insulator [SOI] technology using bonding techniques
    • H01L21/76254—Dielectric regions, e.g. EPIC dielectric isolation, LOCOS; Trench refilling techniques, SOI technology, use of channel stoppers using semiconductor on insulator [SOI] technology using bonding techniques with separation/delamination along an ion implanted layer, e.g. Smart-cut, Unibond

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for preparing a hydrophobic surface of a substrate which subsequently can undergo a bonding process or a process of growing a strained material layer on the hydrophobic surface.
  • a hydrophobic treatment of a substrate like a Si, wafer, is applied to limit the oxygen quantity on the surface of this substrate.
  • the surface of the substrate presents hydrogen terminated or dangling bonds and the growth of a native oxide can be suppressed.
  • a hydrophilic surface essentially has OH terminated bonds and a native oxide is present.
  • the typical way to determine whether a surface has hydrophobic or hydrophilic character is to measure the contact angle of a water drop on the surface. A contact angle of more than 30° indicates a hydrophobic surface.
  • a method to obtain hydrophobic surfaces is known in the art.
  • the treatment consists of applying a fluoric acid (HF) to form a surface state which prevents the growth of a native oxide.
  • HF fluoric acid
  • the HF treatment is followed by an additional thermal treatment at high temperature (over 75O 0 C) using hydrogen (H 2 ), which is also called a H 2 bake.
  • H 2 hydrogen
  • This standard method has, however, the problem that, in case one wants to bond two hydrophobic surfaces, e.g. in the Smart CutTM process during which, prior to bonding, a predetermined splitting area is created inside one of the to be bonded substrates by ion implantation, only a low bonding energy can be achieved as no sufficiently high temperatures can be applied to remove the remaining oxygen on the surfaces of the to be bonded substrates.
  • a high temperature treatment prior to bonding would not be suitable in this kind of process as the implanted ions would gather to bubbles which could lead to a premature detaching or blistering of the surface prior to bonding.
  • the hydrophobic treatment known in the art is also not suitable for the preparation of high quality strained epitaxial silicon layers.
  • the strained silicon layer is epitaxially grown on a hydrophobic surface. Due to the H 2 bake at high temperatures of the underlying substrate, defects occur on the hydrophobic surface which lead to threading dislocations in the strained silicon layer at high densities. Furthermore, oxygen residues present in the aqueous mixture used for the HF treatment lead to surface defec ts leading, for example, to the formation of so called watermarks.
  • the strained silicon layers epitaxially grown on these substrates should be rather thin (200A), these defects cannot be suppressed by growing the layers to a thickness at which the defects disappear.
  • the inventive method for preparing a hydrophobic surface comprises the steps of providing a substrate, in particular a silicon (110) or (100) wafer, subjecting the substrate to a mixed plasma treatment, wherein the mixed plasma treatment comprises a reducing gas plasma, in particular H 2 , and an inert gas plasma, in particular argon and/or helium.
  • the substrate could also be one of silicon germanium (SiGe), germanium (Ge) or a Ml-V type semiconductor materials or SiO2 on silicon with Si-H non polar termination.
  • the components of a mixed plasma fulfill the following roles.
  • the reducing plasma leads to the etching of the native oxide on the surface of the substrate.
  • the hydrogen is furthermore used to form the desired Si-H bonds at the surface.
  • the dilution of the reducing plasma with inert gas plasma, in particular argon and/or helium, serves to limit the surface roughness of the substrate, to improve the uniformity of the treatment and also to assist the etching of the surface. It appeared that, for silicon wafers, optimized results have been achieved with a helium inert gas plasma which lead to improved and stable roughness values over the entire surface of the substrate after the treatment.
  • the method can further comprise a cleaning step prior to the plasma treatment. A cleaning process prior to the application of the mixed plasma accentuates the advantageous effects achieved with the mixed plasma.
  • the cleaning step can be at least one of a hydrophilic and hydrophobic cleaning.
  • the hydrophobic cleaning e.g. the already mentioned HF treatment already reduces at least partially the native oxide present on the surface of the substrate.
  • a hydrophilic cleaning for example a RCA, SC1 , SC2 treatment, keeps the native oxide on the surface of the substrate but provides a better starting point for the plasma treatment which, in the end ⁇ leads to improved and stable results.
  • the invention also relates to a method for preparing a direct silicon bonding (DSB) substrate comprising providing a first substrate, in particular a silicon (110) wafer prepared as described above, providing a second substrate, in particular a silicon (100) wafer prepared as described above and attaching, preferably by bonding, the first substrate to the second substrate.
  • a bonding energy in the range of 4 - 20 mJ/m 2 is achieved without having to carry out a high temperature treatment.
  • the attachment step can be further optimized by applying an annealing step at temperatures going up to 400 0 C.
  • the method can further comprise a step of providing a predetermined splitting area inside the first or second substrate prior to attaching and detaching at the predetermined splitting area to transfer a layer of the first or second substrate onto the second or first substrate respectively.
  • inventive method of applying a mixed plasma enables a surface preparation at low temperatures so that the above described Smart CutTM technology can be advantageously applied to direct silicon bonding structures.
  • a graded silicon germanium layer relates to a layer in which the amount of germanium rises from about 0% at the interface towards the base substrate, typically silicon, to about 20 - 50% of germanium at the interface towards the strained layer or the silicon germanium buffer layer.
  • a hydrophobic surface on the graded silicon germanium layer or the silicon germanium buffer layer if present can be achieved using the reducing gas plasma, while at the same time the amount of defects, like threading dislocations, can be kept low due to the inert gas plasma of the mixed plasma.
  • the H 2 bake at high temperature like necessary in the prior art is no longer necessary.
  • the method can furthermore comprise an oxygen containing layer removing step, in particular an HF cleaning step, prior to applying the mixed plasma.
  • an oxygen containing layer removing step in particular an HF cleaning step, prior to applying the mixed plasma.
  • the method can further comprise providing the strained silicon, in particular by epitaxial growth, over the mixed plasma treated silicon germanium surface of the silicon germanium layer or the silicon germanium buffer layer if present.
  • the improved surface quality of the silicon germanium layer e.g. reduced watermarks and a reduced threading dislocation density
  • a thin strained silicon layer with a thickness of less than 200 A can be provided with in turn improved crystalline qualities compared to the strained silicon layers prepared with methods known in the art.
  • the method can furthermore comprise the steps of providing a predetermined splitting area inside the strained silicon layer or the buffer layer or the graded silicon germanium layer, attaching, preferably by bonding, the strained silicon layer to a handle substrate, in particular a silicon wafer with .a dielectric layer, detaching at the predetermined splitting area to at least transfer a part of the strained silicon layer onto the handle substrate to thereby form a strained silicon on insulator substrate, and subjecting the strained silicon on insulator substrate to a mixed plasma treatment wherein the mixed plasma comprises a reducing gas plasma, in particular H 2 , and an inert gas plasma, in particular argon and/or helium.
  • the mixed plasma comprises a reducing gas plasma, in particular H 2 , and an inert gas plasma, in particular argon and/or helium.
  • this method can furthermore comprise a step of forming a thicker strained silicon layer by epitaxial growth starting from the transferred strained silicon layer.
  • a thick strained silicon layer can be provided with improved crystalline qualities.
  • any one of the methods described above can be carried out at temperatures of less than 400 0 C, at least for the steps prior to bonding.
  • the above-described Smart CutTM type technology can advantageously be applied without negative impacts on the predetermined splitting area.
  • the mixed plasma treatment can be carried out at pressures between 1 - 100 mTorr and at powers of 100 Watt up to 300 Watt in a plasma chamber with the gases being introduced with flow rates going from 100 - 1000 seem. Under these conditions, an extensive ionic bombardment of the surface can be prevented to avoid the deterioration of the surface roughness while, at the same time, the removal of oxygen is achieved.
  • the mixed plasma is composed of 30 - 70% of reducing gas plasma.
  • Figs 1A - 1G illustrate a first inventive embodiment dealing with a method for preparing hydrophobic bonding surfaces
  • Figs 2A - 2C illustrate a second inventive embodiment of preparing a hydrophobic surface for the subsequent growth of a stained material layer
  • Figs 3A - 3G illustrate a third inventive embodiment dealing with a method for fabricating a strained silicon on insulator substrate.
  • Figures 1A - 1G illustrate a first embodiment of the invention dealing with a method for preparing a direct silicon bonding substrate (DSB).
  • DSB direct silicon bonding substrate
  • silicon other materials like silicon germanium (SiGe), germanium (Ge) or a Ml-V type semiconductor materials or SiO2 on silicon with Si-H non polar termination could, however, also find their application according to the invention.
  • the inventive method for preparing a hydrophobic surface according to claim 1 finds its application.
  • Figure 1A illustrates a first substrate 1 , in this example a silicon (110) wafer, with a native silicon oxide layer 3 on it. Subsequently, like illustrated in Figure 1 B, ions, for example hydrogen or helium ions, are implanted into the substrate 1 to form a predetermined splitting area 5 essentially parallel to the main surface of the substrate 1.
  • ions for example hydrogen or helium ions
  • the substrate 1 with its native oxide layer-3 is then subjected to a mixed plasma treatment, according to the invention and the result is illustrated in Figure 1 B.
  • the mixed plasma comprises a reducing gas plasma, in particular based on hydrogen, and an inert gas plasma, for example argon, helium or a combination thereof.
  • the treatment process is applied with a pressure of around 1 - 100 mTorr and the power applied in the plasma chamber where the process is carried out is around from 100 Watt to 300 Watt in case of a 300 mm wafer.
  • the hydrogen content in the gas mixture represents 30% to 70%.
  • the native oxide layer 3 is removed and a hydrophobic surface 7 ⁇ is achieved.
  • the surface 7 of substrate 1 is terminated with hydrogen or represents dangling bonds or a combination thereof.
  • Figure 1 D illustrates a second substrate 9, here silicon (100), also with a native oxide layer 11 over it.
  • the second substrate 9 is subjected to the same mixed plasma treatment like the first substrate 1. This treatment leads to a hydrophobic surface 13 on the second substrate 7, without native oxide. This situation is illustrated in Figure 1 E.
  • Wafers 1 and 9 are then attached, preferably by bonding, to each other to form a source handle compound 15 built up of the second substrate 9 and the first substrate 1 with the predetermined splitting area 5. Attachment occurs at the hydrophobic surfaces 7 and 13 of the first and second substrates 1 and 9.
  • an optional annealing step at temperatures ranging from 15O 0 C up to 400 0 C can be carried out to strengthen the bonding between the two substrates.
  • the source handle compound 15 undergoes a heat treatment during which the implanted ions in the predetermined splitting area 5 gather to form bubbles and finally, a detachment at the predetermined splitting area 5 occurs such that a layer 17 of the first substrate 1 is transferred onto the second substrate 7, like illustrated in figure 1g.
  • a direct silicon bonded substrate 19 is created in which a silicon layer 13 of one crystalline orientation, here silicon (110) is bonded to a silicon substrate with a different crystalline orientation, here silicon (100). No dielectric layer is present between the two parts of the DSB substrate 19.
  • an additional cleaning step could be applied between the steps illustrated in Figs. 1A and 1C.
  • a hydrophobic cleaning using a wet HF treatment could be applied which could already remove the native oxide 3 so that the mixed plasma treatment will essentially have the role to remove remaining oxygen to create the desired hydrophobic surface properties.
  • a hydrophilic type cleaning e.g. applying RCA, SC1 or SC2 treatment, could be applied. In this case, the native oxide layer 3 would remain.
  • the high temperature H 2 bake known in the art cannot be applied as, at temperatures of around 800 0 C, the predetermined splitting area 5 would be weakened so much that the process cannot be carried out.
  • a H 2 bake at lower temperatures one does not achieve the necessary bonding energies to obtain a stable DSB substrate.
  • the whole process prior to bonding can be carried out at low temperatures, in particular at temperatures of less than 400°C, and sufficient bonding energies in the range of about 4 - 20 mJ/m 2 are obtained.
  • the mixed plasma is carried out at a temperature between room temperature and 150 0 C.
  • the mixed plasma treatment has the following effects.
  • the reducing gas plasma i.e.
  • the hydrogen plasma leads to the etching of the native oxide but also to the formation of the desired silicon hydrogen bonds at the surface.
  • an ionic bombardment of the surface is prevented which avoids a deterioration of the surface roughness.
  • the surface properties of the treated substrate are further improved.
  • the inert gas helps in providing a uniform treatment over the entire surface and finally, also assists the etching of the surface.
  • a surface state 7, 13 is achieved which becomes suitable for hydrophobic bonding.
  • ion implantation occurred in a silicon (110) wafer but, of course, it is also possible to carry out the ion implantation into wafer 5 having a (100) surface.
  • a hydrophobic surface was achieved (contact angle measurement 75.1 degrees) with a uniform surface roughness of 1.5 A and a haze of 0.51 on a silicon (110) wafer.
  • a contact angle of 73.4 degrees was measured with a haze of 0.3 and a roughness from 1.2 - 1.9 A.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention and deals with the preparing of a strained material layer over a base substrate.
  • the strained material is silicon.
  • the invention could also be applied to other materials, e.g. . silicon germanium or germanium or Ml-V semiconductor materials.
  • the term "strained" indicates that, in the strained layer, the lattice constants do not correspond to the ones of the material in a free configuration. Strained materials show interesting properties, for example an increase in electron mobility.
  • a base substrate 21 here a silicon wafer.
  • a graded silicon germanium layer 23 is provided over the base layer 21.
  • This graded silicon germanium layer 23 has its germanium content growing from the interface towards the base substrate 21 to the other surface side.
  • a content of about 20 - 50% germanium is achieved.
  • the lattice constant changes.
  • a further silicon germanium buffer layer 25 with the same or at least similar germanium content like at the interface is provided over the graded layer 23. Nevertheless the invention is not limited to this type of graded layer and/or buffer layer.
  • This structure is terminated with a native oxide layer 27, like illustrated in Figure 2a.
  • the native oxide layer 27 needs to be removed first. According to the invention, this is achieved by applying a mixed plasma like already described in detail above in connection with preparing bonding surfaces. The description of the mixed plasma is therefore not repeated again, but is incorporated herewith by reference with respect to Figures 1A to 1G. As a result of the mixed plasma treatment, the oxide layer 27 is removed and the surface 29 of the buffer layer 27 has been turned into a hydrophobic surface having hydrogen terminated or dangling bonds, like illustrated in Figure 2B.
  • Surface 29 then serves at the starting point for an epitaxial growth of the strained material layer 31 to form a strained silicon comprising substrate 33, like illustrated in Figure 2C.
  • the density of threading dislocations present at the surface of the buffer layer 25 is lower. Furthermore, the negative effects of watermarks due to remaining oxygen is also reduced. As a consequence, a high quality strained silicon layer 31 , which can be grown at rather low thicknesses of about 200A, can be provided.
  • these steps can be carried out at low temperatures, in particular at less than 500 0 C.
  • the strained silicon layer 31 could also be provided directly on the graded layer after having carried out the inventive mixed plasma treatment.
  • Figures 3A - 3G illustrate a third inventive embodiment. This embodiment deals with the fabrication of a strained silicon on insulator substrate.
  • Figure 3A recalls the strained silicon comprising substrate illustrated 33 of Figure 2C of the second embodiment, thus comprising the base substrate 21 , the graded silicon germanium layer 23, the buffer silicon germanium layer 25 and the strained silicon layer 31.
  • This structure 33 is then subjected to a step of providing a predetermined splitting area 43, the result of which is illustrated in Figure 3B.
  • a predetermined splitting area 43 is inside the buffer layer 25. According to variants, it could also be inside the graded layer 23 itself or even inside the strained silicon layer 31 or at one of the interfaces between these layers.
  • a substrate 45 with a dielectric layer 47 for example a silicon wafer with a native silicon dioxide on top, forming a handle substrate 49 is provided (see Figure 3C).
  • Figure 3D illustrates the result of attaching, in particular by bonding, the handle substrate 4 to the source substrate 51. Attachment occurs at the strained silicon layer 31 and the surface of the dielectric layer 47. According to variants a dielectric layer could be present on the strained silicon layer 31 and/or substrate 45 could be bare silicon without dielectric layer.
  • This substrate 53 comprises a remainder of the buffer layer 55, the strained silicon layer 31, the dielectric layer 47 and the handle substrate 45.
  • the first strained silicon on insulator substrate 53 is then subjected to the same mixed plasma treatment as already described in the second embodiment to remove the remainder of the buffer layer 55 and to create a hydrophobic surface 57 on the strained silicon layer 31.
  • the removal of the remainder of the buffer layer 55 can also be achieved with a wet HF treatment.
  • strained silicon layer 31 with its hydrophobic surface 57 can serve as the starting point of a regrowth process step to achieve a thicker strained silicon layer with more than 200 A under optimized conditions.
  • a strained silicon on insulator substrate 55 is obtained comprising a thick strained silicon layer 61 composed of the transferred strained silicon layer 31 and the newly epitaxially grown strained silicon 63 provided on the dielectric layer 47 and the silicon wafer 45 of the handle substrate 49.
  • the inventive mixed plasma treatment is carried out twice, first of all to obtain a strained silicon layer with reduced threading dislocation densities and less defects due to watermarks and second, the surface of the strained silicon layer, which has been transferred onto the handle substrate, is subjected to the mixed plasma to serve as a starting point of regrowth of the strained silicon layer to achieve a thick strained silicon on insulator substrate with in turn also reduced threading dislocation density.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
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  • Recrystallisation Techniques (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de préparation de surfaces hydrophobes qui trouvent leur application dans une liaison directe de silicium et le développement de couche de matériau contraint. Le procédé comprend la fourniture d'un substrat et l'application d'un traitement au plasma mélangé au substrat, le plasma mélangé comprenant un plasma gazeux de réduction, en particulier du H2, et un plasma gazeux inerte, en particulier de l’Ar et/ou du He.
PCT/IB2009/005791 2008-06-10 2009-05-28 Procédé de préparation de surfaces hydrophobes WO2009150503A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08290533.2 2008-06-10
EP08290533A EP2091074A1 (fr) 2008-02-13 2008-06-10 Procédé de préparation de surfaces hydrophobes

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WO2009150503A1 true WO2009150503A1 (fr) 2009-12-17

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013066977A1 (fr) * 2011-10-31 2013-05-10 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona, Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Procédés pour liaison de tranche et pour nucléation de nanophases de liaison utilisant une mise sous pression humide et de vapeur
US9418963B2 (en) 2012-09-25 2016-08-16 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Methods for wafer bonding, and for nucleating bonding nanophases

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1598859A1 (fr) * 2003-02-28 2005-11-23 Tokyo Electron Limited Procede de traitement de substrats

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1598859A1 (fr) * 2003-02-28 2005-11-23 Tokyo Electron Limited Procede de traitement de substrats

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
ABBADIE ET AL.: "Low thermal budget surface preparation of Si and SiGe", APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE, vol. 225, no. 1, January 2004 (2004-01-01), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pages 256 - 266, XP002530620 *
CHRISTIANSEN S H ET AL: "Strained silicon on insulator (SSOI) by waferbonding", 1 February 2005, MATERIALS SCIENCE IN SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSING, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V., BARKING, UK, PAGE(S) 197 - 202, ISSN: 1369-8001, XP004743178 *
HWANG ET AL: "Mechanism of surface roughness in hydrogen plasma cleaned (100) silicon at low temperatures", JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY., vol. 144, no. 1, January 1997 (1997-01-01), ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY. MANCHESTER, NEW HAMPSHIRE., pages 335 - 339, XP002530621 *
TONG ET AL.: "The role of surface chemistry in bonding of standard silicon wafers", JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY., vol. 144, no. 1, January 1997 (1997-01-01), ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY. MANCHESTER, NEW HAMPSHIRE., pages 384 - 389, XP002530619 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013066977A1 (fr) * 2011-10-31 2013-05-10 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona, Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Procédés pour liaison de tranche et pour nucléation de nanophases de liaison utilisant une mise sous pression humide et de vapeur
US9589801B2 (en) 2011-10-31 2017-03-07 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporated Of The State Of Arizona, Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Methods for wafer bonding and for nucleating bonding nanophases using wet and steam pressurization
US9418963B2 (en) 2012-09-25 2016-08-16 Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona Acting For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Methods for wafer bonding, and for nucleating bonding nanophases

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