WO2009141412A1 - Dérivés de 3-azabicyclo [3.1.0] hexane 1,6 disubstitués destinés à être utilisés comme triples inhibiteurs de recaptage - Google Patents

Dérivés de 3-azabicyclo [3.1.0] hexane 1,6 disubstitués destinés à être utilisés comme triples inhibiteurs de recaptage Download PDF

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WO2009141412A1
WO2009141412A1 PCT/EP2009/056198 EP2009056198W WO2009141412A1 WO 2009141412 A1 WO2009141412 A1 WO 2009141412A1 EP 2009056198 W EP2009056198 W EP 2009056198W WO 2009141412 A1 WO2009141412 A1 WO 2009141412A1
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compound
disorder
methyl
compounds
salt
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PCT/EP2009/056198
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English (en)
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Giorgio Bonanomi
Luca Tarsi
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Glaxo Group Limited
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel compounds, processes for their preparation, intermediates used in these processes, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in therapy, as serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), re-uptake inhibitors.
  • serotonin 5-HT
  • DA dopamine
  • NE norepinephrine
  • Brain tissue is constituted of neuronal cells which are able to communicate with each other via specific cellular structures named synapses.
  • the exchange of signals between neurons in the synapses happens through neurochemical messengers named neurotransmitters, acting on specific target protein molecules, both post and pre-synaptic, referred to as receptors.
  • Monoamines represent a family of small neurotransmitter molecules sharing common chemical features, and include serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE).
  • Monoamine neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft between neurons and interact with receptors present on the membrane of the target cells.
  • the switch of the neurochemical signal occurs mainly by removal of the neurotransmitter molecules through other protein molecules referred to as monoamine transporters (SERT for 5-HT, DAT for DA and NET for NE).
  • Transporters are able to bind neurotransmitter molecules and move them into the presynaptic terminals, this cellular mechanism referred to as re-uptake.
  • Pharmacological inhibition of the reuptake process can cause an increase of monoamine at synaptic level and as a consequence an enhancement of the physiological activity of neurotransmitters.
  • Serotonergic neurotransmission in the brain is mediated by a large family of receptors comprising both the G-protein coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels including 14 subtypes, and is involved in a vast variety of physiologic functions.
  • Compounds endowed of inhibitory properties at the SERT are predicted to have the ability to treat in mammals, including humans, a variety of disorders associated with this neural system, for example eating disorders, major depression and mood disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, panic disorders, alcoholism, pain, memory deficits and anxiety.
  • disorders related to depression such as pseudodementia or Ganser's syndrome, migraine pain, bulimia, obesity, pre-menstrual syndrome or late luteal phase syndrome, tobacco abuse, panic disorder, post-traumatic syndrome, memory loss, dementia of ageing, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex, memory dysfunction in ageing, social phobia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, premature ejaculation, erectile difficulty, anorexia nervosa, disorders of sleep, autism, mutism or trichotillomania.
  • depression such as pseudodementia or Ganser's syndrome, migraine pain, bulimia, obesity, pre-menstrual syndrome or late luteal phase syndrome, tobacco abuse, panic disorder, post-traumatic syndrome, memory loss, dementia of ageing, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex, memory dysfunction in ageing, social phobia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, premature ejaculation, erectile difficulty, anorexia nervosa, disorders of sleep, autism,
  • Major depression is an affective disorder, or disorder of mood, characterized by several symptoms including feeling of profound sadness, worthlessness, despair and loss of interest in all pleasures (anhedonia), recurrent thoughts of death, mental slowing, loss of energy, an inability to take decision, often associated with anxiety and agitation. These symptoms are persistent and can range from mild to severe.
  • the pathophysiology of major depression is poorly understood being a multifactorial syndrome and, due to this, several neurotransmitter systems have been implicated. However, it is generally believed that the disorder stems from a decrease in the synaptic concentration of monoamine neurotransmitters, mainly NE and 5-HT, in critical brain areas, leading to the "monoamine theory" of depression.
  • NET potency > SERT many compounds, including old tricyclic antidepressants, have a mixed NET and SERT inhibition profile, like lmipramine and Amitriptyline (with SERT potency > NET) and Desipramine, Nortriptyline, and Protriptyline (NET potency > SERT).
  • the pharmacological manipulation of the DAT can in principle have the ability to elevate DA levels in the mesolimbic system, reversing the anhedonia that is a core symptom of major depression.
  • a DAT inhibition component in combination with a blockade of SERT and NET, can also have the ability to improve the lack of motivation and attention and enhance cognitive deficits seen in depressed patients.
  • blockade of DAT has to be carefully managed in order to avoid potential reinforcing effects and abuse liability.
  • compounds with DAT inhibition in their pharmacology such as Dexmethylphenidate, Methylphenidate and Bupropion, have been successfully marketed.
  • the compounds of the present invention are considered useful for the treatment of Parkinsonism, depression, obesity, narcolepsy, drug addiction or misuse, including cocaine abuse, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders, Gilles de Ia Tourettes disease and senile dementia.
  • Dopamine re-uptake inhibitors enhance indirectly via the dopamine neurones the release of acetylcholine and are therefore also useful for the treatment of memory deficits, e.g. in Alzheimers disease, presenile dementia, memory dysfunction in ageing, and chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • Noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors are considered useful for enhancing attention, alertness, arousal, vigilance and for treating depression.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide novel compounds which are serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) re-uptake inhibitors.
  • the invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof:
  • R 1 is H or C ⁇
  • R2 is phenyl optionally substituted by one or more groups independently selected from halo, cyano, C-
  • R3 is phenyl or heteroaryl, either of which is optionally substituted by one or more groups independently selected from halo, C-
  • _4alkyl substituent is a univalent radical derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from an acyclic C-
  • _4alkyl substituents include methyl and ethyl, may be straight chain (i.e. n-propyl and n-butyl) or branched chain (for example, isopropyl, isobutyl and secbutyl).
  • _4alkyl substituent is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl.
  • _4alkoxy substituent is a group of formula "R-O-" where R is C- ⁇ 4alkyl as defined above.
  • alkoxy substituents include methoxy and ethoxy and may be straight chain (i.e. n-propoxy and n-butoxy) or branched chain (for example, isopropoxy, isobutoxy, secbutoxy and tert-butoxy).
  • _4alkoxy substituent is methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy or isopropoxy.
  • _4haloalkyl substituent is a C-
  • _4haloalkyl substituents include monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and 1-chloro-2-fluoroethyl.
  • _4haloalkyl substituent is monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl.
  • _4haloalkoxy substituent is of formula "R x -O-" where R x is C- ⁇ 4haloalkyl as defined above.
  • _4haloalkoxy substituents include monofluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy and 1-chloro-2-fluoroethoxy and may be straight chain or branched chain.
  • .ghaloalkoxy substituent is monofluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy or trifluoromethoxy.
  • a halo substituent refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo radicals. In an embodiment, unless otherwise indicated, any halo substituent is fluoro or chloro.
  • _4alkanoyl substituent refers to C-
  • _4alkanoyl substituent is acetyl, ethylcarbonyl, n-propylcarbonyl, i-propylcarbonyl, n-butylcarbonyl or t-butylcarbonyl.
  • R ⁇ and H i.e. the radicals attached to the two fused carbons
  • R ⁇ and H possess a cis relationship, i.e. both R ⁇ and H are on the same face of the bicyclic ring system.
  • the skilled chemist will also appreciate from formula (I) that there are three chiral carbon atoms and that this results in four possible stereoisomers (IA, IB, IC and ID).
  • Stereoisomers (IA) and (ID) are enantiomers and are referred to herein as the exo enantiomers.
  • Stereoisomers (IB) and (IC) are enantiomers and are referred to herein as the endo enantiomers.
  • Exo enantiomers (IA) and (ID) have diferrent physiochemical properties from endo enantiomers (IB) and (IC) and may be separated using standard chromatographic methods using for example silica gel chromatography. Mixtures of enantiomers, eg. exo enantiomers (IA) and (ID), and may be separated by appropriate optical resolution techniques (for example chiral HPLC).
  • the compound of formula (I) is a mixture of compounds of formula (IA), (IB), (IC) and (ID).
  • the compound of formula (I) is a mixture of compounds of exo enantiomers (IA) and (ID).
  • the compound of formula (I) is a racemic mixture of compounds of exo enantiomers (IB) and (IC).
  • the compound of formula (I) is of formula (IA).
  • the enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of (IA) over (ID) is greater than or equal to 90%.
  • the e.e. of (IA) over (ID) is greater than or equal to 95%.
  • the e.e. of (IA) over (ID) is greater than or equal to 99%.
  • the compound of formula (I) is of formula (ID).
  • the enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of (ID) over (IA) is greater than or equal to 90%.
  • the e.e. of (ID) over (IA) is greater than or equal to 95%.
  • the e.e. of (ID) over (IA) is greater than or equal to 99%.
  • R ⁇ is hydrogen or methyl. In a further embodiment, R ⁇ is hydrogen.
  • R ⁇ is phenyl substituted by one or two groups independently selected from halo and haloC-1.4 alkyl; or R ⁇ is unsubstituted naphthyl.
  • R ⁇ is phenyl substituted by one or two groups independently selected from halo and haloC-1.4 alkyl. In a still further embodiment, R ⁇ is 3,4-dichlorophenyl.
  • R3 is heteroaryl, it refers to a univalent radical derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a heteroaromatic ring system.
  • the heteroaromatic ring system may be monocyclic or bicyclic.
  • the heteroaryl substituent is monocyclic, it comprises one or more carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms interconnected to form a ring.
  • the heteroatoms are independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur.
  • the monocyclic heteroaryl substituent is furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, azepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl or diazepinyl.
  • the monocyclic heteroaryl substituent is furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or tetrazolyl.
  • the heteroaryl substituent is bicyclic, one of the rings may contain from 5 to 7 atoms interconnected to form a ring and the other ring may contain from 5 or 6 carbons interconnected to form a ring.
  • the rings may contain 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur.
  • the heteroaryl substituent is fused bicyclic, one of the rings is aromatic and the other is saturated, unsaturated or aromatic.
  • the bicyclic heteroaryl substituent is indolizinyl; indolyl; isoindolyl; 3H-indolyl; indolinyl; indolizinyl; benzo[b]furyl; benzo[b]thienyl; 1 H-indazolyl; 2H-indazolyl; benzimidazolyl; benzthiazolyl; purinyl; 4H-quninolinyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl; cinnolinyl; phthalazinyl; quinazolinyl; quinoxalinyl; 1 ,8-naththyridinyl; pteridyl;
  • the bicyclic heteroaryl substituent is indolizinyl; indolyl; isoindolyl; 3H- indolyl; indolinyl; benzo[b]furyl; benzo[b]thienyl; 1 H-indazolyl; 2H-indazolyl; benzimidazolyl; benzthiazolyl; 2,4,6,7-tetrahydropyrano[4,3-c]pyrazolyl; 1 ,3a,4,6,7,7a-hexahydropyrano[4,3-c]pyrazolyl; 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1 H-indazolyl; or 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazolyl.
  • R ⁇ is a monocyclic heteroaryl substituent selected from the list furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl and tetrazolyl, any of which substituents are optionally substituted by one or more groups independently selected from halogen, C-
  • R3 is pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl or oxazolyl any of which substituents are optionally substituted by one or more groups independently selected from halogen, C-
  • the compound defined in the first aspect is selected from the list: 1 ,1-dimethylethyl (1 S,5S,6S / 1 R,5R,6R)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6-(5-methyl-1 ,3- oxazol-2-yl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate (racemate of exo enantiomers) (Compound 1 );
  • Examples include the HCI, HBr, HI, sulfate or bisulfate, nitrate, phosphate or hydrogen phosphate, acetate, benzoate, succinate, saccharate, fumarate, maleate, lactate, citrate, tartrate, gluconate, camsylate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate and pamoate salts.
  • suitable pharmaceutical salts see Berge et al, J.
  • the salt is pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • pro-drugs examples include Drugs of Today, Volume 19, Number 9, 1983, pp 499 - 538 and in Topics in Chemistry, Chapter 31 , pp 306 - 316 and in "Design of Prodrugs" by H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985, Chapter 1 (the disclosures in which documents are incorporated herein by reference). It will further be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that certain moieties, known to those skilled in the art as “pro- moieties”, for example as described by H. Bundgaard in "Design of Prodrugs” (the disclosure in which document is incorporated herein by reference) may be placed on appropriate functionalities when such functionalities are present within the compounds defined in the first aspect. Therefore, in a further aspect, the invention provides a prodrug of a compound defined in the first aspect.
  • the compounds defined in the first aspect, their salts or prodrugs may exist in solvated or hydrated form. Therefore, in a further aspect, the invention provides a solvate or hydrate of a compound defined in the first aspect or a salt thereof.
  • the compounds of formula (I) and their salts, as defined in the first aspect or solvates or hydrates of either, may exist in one or more polymorphic form. Therefore, in a further aspect, the invention provides a polymorph of a compound of formula (I) defined in the first aspect or their salts, or a polymorph of a solvate or hydrate of a compound of formula (I) defined in the first aspect, or a salt thereof.
  • compounds of formula (I) as defined in the first aspect their salts and prodrugs; any solvates or hydrates of any salt or prodrug; and any polymorph of any compound, salt, solvate or hydrate are referred to as "compounds of the invention”.
  • the term “compounds of the invention” also includes all embodiments of the first aspect.
  • the compounds of the invention may exist in one or more tautomeric forms. All tautomers and mixtures thereof are included in the scope of the present invention. For example, a claim to 2-hydroxyquinolinyl would also cover its tautomeric form, ⁇ - quinolinonyl.
  • the invention also includes all suitable isotopic variations of a compound of the invention.
  • An isotopic variation of a compound of the invention is defined as one in which at least one atom is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number but an atomic mass different from the atomic mass usually found in nature.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, fluorine and chlorine such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 17 0, 18 0, 35 S, 18 F and 36 CI, respectively.
  • isotopic variations of the invention for example, those in which a radioactive isotope such as 3 H or 14 C is incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. Tritiated, i.e., 3 H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14 C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2 H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
  • Isotopic variations of the compounds of the invention can generally be prepared by conventional procedures such as by the illustrative methods or by the preparations described in the Experimental section hereafter using appropriate isotopic variations of suitable reagents.
  • Compounds of the invention may be prepared in a variety of ways. In the following reaction schemes and hereafter, unless otherwise stated R ⁇ to R ⁇ and n are as defined in the first aspect.
  • Typical deprotection conditions comprise treatment with TFA in DCM at a temperature between O 0 C and room temperature.
  • compounds of formula (II) may be prepared in a number of ways familiar to the skilled person.
  • compounds of formula (Na) i.e. compounds of formula (II) wherein R ⁇ is 5-methyl-oxazol-2-yl
  • reaction scheme 3 by reacting compounds of formula (III) with propargyl amine followed by cyclisation.
  • Typical cyclisation conditions comprise heating in the presence of mercury (II) acetate.
  • Compounds of formula (V) may be obtained from compounds of formula (Vl), according to Scheme 7, by hydroboration of compounds of formula (Vl) with borane- THF complex in THF at a temperature between O 0 C and room temperature followed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide at O 0 C.
  • Compounds of formula (VIII) may be obtained, according to Scheme 10, from compounds of formula (IX).
  • Typical reaction conditions comprise subjecting compounds of formula (IX) to an exhaustive reduction procedure using borane-THF complex, in an aprotic solvent (such as THF), at reflux temperature, followed by introduction of a suitable protecting group, such as Boc.
  • Typical conditions for introducing a Boc group comprises reaction with Boc anhydride in DCM at a temperature between O 0 C and room temperature.
  • Compounds of formula (II) may be prepared by treating compounds of formula (Xl) where L is a leaving group (such as mesylate) with organometalic compounds (XII) according to reaction scheme 13.
  • organometallic compounds included Grignard reagents and organolithium derivatives, the preparation of which will be familiar to the skilled person.
  • a specific enantiomer or diastereoisomer of a compound of the invention may be obtained for example by optical resolution of a mixture of enantiomers or diastereoisomers using conventional methods, such as chiral chromatography.
  • the affinity of compounds of the invention for SERT, NET and DAT may be tested in one or other of the following affinity assays.
  • LLCPK Porcine tubule Kidney
  • Stable cell lines may be generated as follows: i) hSERT - generated by transfecting LLC-PK1 or LLCPK cells with hSERT cloned into the mammalian expression vector pCDNA3.1 Hygro(+); ii) hNET - generated by transfecting LLCPK cells with hNET cloned into the mammalian expression vector pRC/CMV; iii) hDAT- generated by transfecting LLCPK cells with hDAT cloned into the mammalian expression vector pDESTCDNA3.1 (an example of a procedure for transfecting LLCPK cells with hDAT, hSERT and hNET may be found in H. Gu, S. C. Wall and G. Rudnick, J. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269 : 7124-7130.)
  • Each cell line is cultured independently in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% of Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS) supplemented with 400 ⁇ g/ml hygromicin (hSERT) or geneticin at 500 ⁇ g/ml (hNET) or at 1000 ⁇ g/ml (hDAT).
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
  • FBS Foetal Bovine Serum
  • hSERT hygromicin
  • hNET ⁇ g/ml
  • hDAT ⁇ g/ml
  • the culture medium is removed and the cells harvested with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 5 mM EDTA.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the cell suspension is centrifuged at 90Og for 5 minutes at 4 0 C.
  • the resultant pellets are re-suspended in 30-50 volumes of Assay Buffer (5OmM Tris pH 7.7 containing
  • the competition binding assay is conducted in deep-well 96 well plates (1 ml, NUNC, cod.260252) in a total volume of 400 ⁇ l, with each concentration in duplicate.
  • 4 ⁇ l of test compound 100X solution in neat DMSO as 7 point curve ranging from 10 "6 to 10 "12 M, final concentration) or DMSO (to define total binding) or a final concentration of 10 ⁇ M fluoxetine in DMSO (to define non-specific binding, NSB) are added to wells; after this, 200 ⁇ l of [N-Methyl- 3 H]citalopram (Amersham Biosciences, 80 Ci/mmol) at the final concentration of 0.25nM in Assay Buffer, is added to all wells and finally the reaction is started by adding 200 ⁇ l/well of membranes diluted 1 :80 in Assay Buffer at concentration of about 2.5 ⁇ g/well of protein.
  • the reaction is carried out at room temperature for 2 hours and then stopped by rapid filtration through GF/B Unifilter 96-filterplate (Perkin-Elmer) pre-soaked in 0.5% polyethylenimmine (PEI) using a Perkin-Elmer FilterMat-196 harvester. Filterplate is washed 3 times with 1 ml/well ice-cold 0.9% NaCI solution. The plate is dried in an oven for 60 min at 50 0 C then opaque bottom-seal is placed on the underside of the plate and 50 ⁇ l of Microscint 20 (Perkin-Elmer) added to each well. Plate is sealed with a TopSeal and the radioactivity in the samples is counted for 4 min using TopCount liquid scintillation counter (Packard-Perkin-Elmer) and recorded as counts per minute (CPM).
  • TopCount liquid scintillation counter Packard-Perkin-Elmer
  • Competition binding assay for hNET may be conducted essentially as previously reported for hSERT in 96 well format and in a final assay volume of 400 ⁇ l, except for the use of hNET-LLCPK cell membranes (1 :40 dilution i.e. 4.8 ⁇ g of protein/well) and [ 3 H]nisoxetine as radioligand (1.5nM [N-methyl- 3 H]nisoxetine, Amersham Biosciences, 84 Ci/mmol). 10 ⁇ M desipramine is used for NSB.
  • Competition binding assay for hDAT may also be conducted essentially as previously reported for hSERT and hNET in 96 well format and in a final assay volume of 400 ⁇ l, except for the use of hDAT-LLCPK cell membranes (1 :20 i.e. 9.6 ⁇ g of protein/well) and [ 3 H]WI N-35,428 as radioligand (1OnM [N-Methyl- 3 H]WIN-35,428, Perkin Elmer, 85.6 Ci/mmol). Furthermore, 10 ⁇ M GBR-12909 is used for NSB and the incubation time of the binding reaction is 1 hour at room temperature.
  • SPA Scintillation Proximity Assay
  • Membranes for the SPA-binding assays are produced by HEK-293F cell infection with BacMam viruses generated for each single human SERT, NET, and DAT transporter.
  • hSERT and hDAT are cloned into pFBMRfA vector whereas hNET is cloned into pFASTBacMami vector.
  • the generation and use of BacMam viruses is described in Condreay JP et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96:127-132 and Hassan NJ et al, Protein Expression and Purification, 47(2): 591-598, 2006.
  • the HEK-293F suspension cell line (Invitrogen) is routinely grown in 293_Freestyle Expression media (Invitrogen) in shake flask suspension culture.
  • the culture is transduced with the appropriate transporter BacMam at a MOI (multiplicity of infection) of 100 virus particles per cell and incubated for 48hrs at 37 0 C, 5% CO 2 in air, shaken at 90rpm in a humidified shaker incubator.
  • the culture is then harvested by centrifugation at 1000g, 4 0 C, for 10 minutes and the cell pellet stored at -8O 0 C until required.
  • the affinity of the compounds of the invention for hSERT, hNET or hDAT may also be assessed by using the [ 3 H]citalopram, [ 3 H]nisoxetine or [ 3 H]WI N-35, 428 binding assays with the SPA technology on BacMam-recombinant human SERT, NET and DAT membranes produced as described before.
  • SPA technology GE Healthcare, Amersham
  • only transporter-bound radioactivity can elicit bead excitation thus no separation of the bound/ unbound radioligand is required.
  • the protocol for hSERT binding SPA is based on Trilux beta-counter (Wallac, Perkin- Elmer).
  • test compound in neat DMSO (or 1 ⁇ M fluoxetine as positive control) is added by 50 ⁇ l_ of the SPA mixture, containing 2mg/ml_ SPA beads (Amersham RPNQ0001 ), 4 ⁇ g/ml_ hSERT Bacmam membranes, 0.01% pluronic F- 127, 2.5nM [ 3 H]citalopram in the assay buffer (2OmM HEPES, 145mM NaCI, 5mM KCI, pH 7.3). Incubation are performed at room temperature for at least 2 hours. Counts are stable and could be read up to 3 days.
  • hDAT hNET and hSERT SPA-binding assays are performed by using a Viewlux beta-counter (Wallac, Perkin-Elmer) with imaging PS-WGA beads (Amersham RPNQ0260) in a final assay volume of 30 ⁇ l_ and in a 384-well plate format (Greiner 781075).
  • Viewlux beta-counter Wallac, Perkin-Elmer
  • PS-WGA beads Amersham RPNQ0260
  • the compounds of the invention may be used to treat diseases or conditions mediated by inhibition of monoamine neurotransmitter re-uptake, i.e. inhibition of one or more of SERT, hNET and hDAT. Therefore according to a further aspect, the invention provides a compound of the invention for use in treating a disease or condition.
  • the disease or condition is a human disease or condition.
  • the disease or condition is mediated by inhibition of monoamine neurotransmitter re-uptake, i.e. inhibition of one or more of SERT, hNET and hDAT.
  • the disease or condition mediated by inhibition of monoamine neurotransmitter re-uptake i.e. inhibition of one or more of SERT, hNET and hDAT
  • DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, published by the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV) and/or the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (ICD-10).
  • DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association
  • ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition
  • compression includes:
  • Depression and mood disorders including Major Depressive Episode, Manic Episode, Mixed Episode and Hypomanic Episode; Depressive Disorders including Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder (300.4), Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (311 );
  • Other Mood Disorders including Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition (293.83) which includes the subtypes With Depressive Features, With Major Depressive-like Episode, With Manic Features and With Mixed Features), Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (including the subtypes With Depressive Features, With Manic Features and With Mixed Features) and Mood Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (296.90).
  • Bipolar Disorders including Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar Il Disorder (Recurrent Major Depressive Episodes with Hypomanic Episodes) (296.89), Cyclothymic Disorder (301.13) and Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (296.80);
  • anxiety disorders includes:
  • subject related disorder includes:
  • Substance-related disorders including Substance Use Disorders such as Substance Dependence, Substance Craving and Substance Abuse; Substance-Induced Disorders such as Substance Intoxication, Substance Withdrawal, Substance- Induced Delirium, Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia, Substance-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder, Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder, Substance- Induced Mood Disorder, Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Substance-Induced sexual Dysfunction, Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder and Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (Flashbacks); Alcohol-Related Disorders such as Alcohol Dependence (303.90), Alcohol Abuse (305.00), Alcohol Intoxication (303.00), Alcohol Withdrawal (291.81 ), Alcohol Intoxication Delirium, Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium, Alcohol-Induced Persisting Dementia, Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder, Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder,
  • Sleep disorder includes:
  • Sleep disorders including primary sleep disorders such as Dyssomnias such as Primary Insomnia (307.42), Primary Hypersomnia (307.44), Narcolepsy (347), Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders (780.59), Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder (307.45) and Dyssomnia Not Otherwise Specified (307.47); primary sleep disorders such as Parasomnias such as Nightmare Disorder (307.47), Sleep Terror Disorder (307.46), Sleepwalking Disorder (307.46) and Parasomnia Not Otherwise Specified (307.47); Sleep Disorders Related to Another Mental Disorder such as Insomnia Related to Another Mental Disorder (307.42) and Hypersomnia Related to Another Mental Disorder (307.44); Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition; and Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder including the subtypes Insomnia Type, Hypersomnia Type, Parasomnia Type and Mixed Type;
  • the term "eating disorder” includes:
  • Eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa (307.1 ) including the subtypes Restricting Type and Binge-Eating/Purging Type; Bulimia Nervosa (307.51 ) including the subtypes Purging Type and Nonpurging Type; Obesity; Compulsive Eating Disorder; Binge Eating Disorder; and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (307.50):
  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder includes:
  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder including the subtypes Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Combined Type (314.01 ), Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Type (314.00), Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Hyperactive-Impulse Type (314.01 ) and Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (314.9); Hyperkinetic Disorder; Disruptive
  • Behaviour Disorders such as Conduct Disorder including the subtypes childhood- onset type (321.81 ), Adolescent-Onset Type (312.82) and Unspecified Onset (312.89), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (313.81 ) and Disruptive Behaviour Disorder Not Otherwise Specified; and Tic Disorders such as Tourette's Disorder (307.23);
  • Cognitive impairment includes:
  • Cognition impairment including cognition impairment in other diseases such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, other psychiatric disorders and psychotic conditions associated with cognitive impairment, e.g. Alzheimer's disease;
  • Sexual dysfunctions including sexual Desire Disorders such as Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (302.71 ), and sexual Aversion Disorder (302.79); sexual arousal disorders such as Female sexual Arousal Disorder (302.72) and Male Erectile Disorder (302.72); orgasmic disorders such as Female Orgasmic Disorder (302.73), Male Orgasmic Disorder (302.74) and Premature Ejaculation (302.75); sexual pain disorder such as Dyspareunia (302.76) and Vaginismus (306.51 ); Sexual Dysfunction Not Otherwise Specified (302.70); paraphilias such as Exhibitionism (302.4), Fetishism (302.81 ), Frotteurism (302.89), Pedophilia (302.2), Sexual Masochism (302.83), sexual Sadism (302.84), Transvestic Fetishism (302.3), Voyeurism (302.82) and Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified (302.9); gender identity disorders such as Gender Identity Disorder in Children (302.6) and Gender Identity Disorder in Adolescents or Adults (302.85); and
  • Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder includes:
  • Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder including Obsessive compulsive disorders (300.3), somatoform disorders including body dysmorphic disorder (300.7) and hyperchondriasis (300.7), bulimia nervosa (307.51 ), anorexia nervosa (307.1 ), eating disorders not elsewhere classified (307.50) such as binge eating, impulse control disorders not elsewhere classified (including intermitted explosive disorder (312.34), compulsive buying or shopping, repetitive self-mutilation, onychophagia, psychogenic excoriation, kleptomania (312.32), pathological gambling (312.31 ), trichotillomania (312.39) and internet addiction), paraphilia (302.70) and nonparaphilic sexual addictions, Sydeham's chorea, torticollis, autistic disorders (299.0), compulsive hoarding, and movement disorders, including Tourette's syndrome (307.23).
  • somatoform disorders including body dysmorphic disorder (300.7) and hyperchondriasis (300.7
  • compounds of the invention may be useful as analgesics.
  • they may be useful in the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain (e.g. pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, gouty arthritis and juvenile arthritis); musculoskeletal pain; lower back and neck pain; sprains and strains; neuropathic pain; sympathetically maintained pain; myositis; pain associated with cancer and fibromyalgia; pain associated with migraine; pain associated with influenza or other viral infections, such as the common cold; rheumatic fever; pain associated with functional bowel disorders such as non-ulcer dyspepsia, non-cardiac chest pain and irritable bowel syndrome; pain associated with myocardial ischemia; post operative pain; headache; toothache; and dysmenorrhea.
  • chronic inflammatory pain e.g. pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid
  • Compounds of the invention may be useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
  • Neuropathic pain syndromes can develop following neuronal injury and the resulting pain may persist for months or years, even after the original injury has healed. Neuronal injury may occur in the peripheral nerves, dorsal roots, spinal cord or certain regions in the brain. Neuropathic pain syndromes are traditionally classified according to the disease or event that precipitated them. Neuropathic pain syndromes include: diabetic neuropathy; sciatica; non-specific lower back pain; multiple sclerosis pain; fibromyalgia; HIV-related neuropathy; post-herpetic neuralgia; trigeminal neuralgia; and pain resulting from physical trauma, amputation, cancer, toxins or chronic inflammatory conditions. These conditions are difficult to treat and although several drugs are known to have limited efficacy, complete pain control is rarely achieved.
  • neuropathic pain The symptoms of neuropathic pain are incredibly heterogeneous and are often described as spontaneous shooting and lancinating pain, or ongoing, burning pain.
  • pain associated with normally non-painful sensations such as "pins and needles" (paraesthesias and dysesthesias), increased sensitivity to touch (hyperesthesia), painful sensation following innocuous stimulation (dynamic, static or thermal allodynia), increased sensitivity to noxious stimuli
  • hypoalgesia thermo, cold, mechanical hyperalgesia
  • hyperpathia continuing pain sensation after removal of the stimulation
  • hypoalgesia an absence of or deficit in selective sensory pathways
  • Compounds of the invention may also be useful in the amelioration of inflammatory disorders, for example in the treatment of skin conditions (e.g. sunburn, burns, eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis); ophthalmic diseases such as glaucoma, retinitis, retinopathies, uveitis and of acute injury to the eye tissue (e.g. conjunctivitis); lung disorders (e.g. asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, allergic rhinitis, respiratory distress syndrome, pigeon fancier's disease, farmer's lung, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, (COPD); gastrointestinal tract disorders (e.g.
  • aphthous ulcer Crohn's disease, atopic gastritis, gastritis varialoforme, ulcerative colitis, coeliac disease, regional ileitis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease); other conditions with an inflammatory component such as migraine, multiple sclerosis, myocardial ischemia.
  • compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders.
  • compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of depression.
  • Treatment includes prophylaxis, where this is appropriate for the relevant condition(s).
  • the compounds of the invention may also be used in combination with other therapeutic agents.
  • the invention thus provides, in a further aspect, a combination comprising a compound of the invention together with a further therapeutic agent.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to treat or prevent psychotic disorders: i) antipsychotics; ii) drugs for extrapyramidal side effects, for example anticholinergics (such as benztropine, biperiden, procyclidine and trihexyphenidyl), antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine) and dopaminergics (such as amantadine); iii) antidepressants; iv) anxiolytics; and v) cognitive enhancers for example cholinesterase inhibitors (such as tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine).
  • anticholinergics such as benztropine, biperiden, procyclidine and trihexyphenidyl
  • antihistamines such as diphenhydramine
  • dopaminergics such as amantadine
  • antidepressants such as amantadine
  • iv) anxiolytics such as anxio
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with antidepressants to treat or prevent depression and mood disorders.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to treat or prevent bipolar disease: i) mood stabilisers; ii) antipsychotics; and iii) antidepressants.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to treat or prevent anxiety disorders: i) anxiolytics; and ii) antidepressants.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to improve nicotine withdrawal and reduce nicotine craving: i) nicotine replacement therapy for example a sublingual formulation of nicotine beta- cyclodextrin and nicotine patches; and ii) bupropion.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to improve alcohol withdrawal and reduce alcohol craving: i) NMDA receptor antagonists for example acamprosate; ii) GABA receptor agonists for example tetrabamate; and iii) Opioid receptor antagonists for example naltrexone.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to improve opiate withdrawal and reduce opiate craving: i) opioid mu receptor agonist/opioid kappa receptor antagonist for example buprenorphine; ii) opioid receptor antagonists for example naltrexone; and iii) vasodilatory antihypertensives for example lofexidine.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to treat or prevent sleeping disorders: i) benzodiazepines for example temazepam, lormetazepam, estazolam and triazolam; ii) non-benzodiazepine hypnotics for example Zolpidem, zopiclone, zaleplon and indiplon; iii) barbiturates for example aprobarbital, butabarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbita and phenobarbital; iv) antidepressants; v) other sedative-hypnotics for example chloral hydrate and chlormethiazole.
  • benzodiazepines for example temazepam, lormetazepam, estazolam and triazolam
  • non-benzodiazepine hypnotics for example Zolpidem, zopiclone, zaleplon and indiplon
  • barbiturates for example
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to treat anorexia: i) appetite stimulants for example cyproheptidine; ii) antidepressants; iii) antipsychotics; iv) zinc; and v) premenstral agents for example pyridoxine and progesterones.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to treat or prevent bulimia: i) antidepressants; ii) opioid receptor antagonists; iii) antiemetics for example ondansetron; iv) testosterone receptor antagonists for example flutamide; v) mood stabilisers; vi) zinc; and vii) premenstral agents.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to treat or prevent autism: i) antipsychotics; ii) antidepressants; iii) anxiolytics; and iv) stimulants for example methylphenidate, amphetamine formulations and pemoline.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to treat or prevent ADHD: i) stimulants for example methylphenidate, amphetamine formulations and pemoline; and ii) non-stimulants for example norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (such as atomoxetine), alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists (such as clonidine), antidepressants, modafinil, and cholinesterase inhibitors (such as galantamine and donezepil).
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to treat personality disorders: i) antipsychotics; ii) antidepressants; iii) mood stabilisers; and iv) anxiolytics.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the following agents to treat or prevent male sexual dysfunction: i) phosphodiesterase V inhibitors, for example vardenafil and sildenafil; ii) dopamine agonists/dopamine transport inhibitors for example apomorphine and buproprion; iii) alpha adrenoceptor antagonists for example phentolamine; iv) prostaglandin agonists for example alprostadil; v) testosterone agonists such as testosterone; vi) serotonin transport inhibitors for example serotonin reuptake inhibitors; vii) noradrenaline transport inhibitors for example reboxetine and viii) 5-HT1A agonists, for example flibanserine.
  • phosphodiesterase V inhibitors for example vardenafil and sildenafil
  • dopamine agonists/dopamine transport inhibitors for example apomorphine and buproprion
  • the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with the same agents specified for male sexual dysfunction to treat or prevent female sexual dysfunction, and in addition an estrogen agonist such as estradiol.
  • Antipsychotic drugs include Typical Antipsychotics (for example chlorpromazine, thioridazine, mesoridazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine, thiothixine, haloperidol, molindone and loxapine); and Atypical Antipsychotics (for example clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, aripirazole, ziprasidone and amisulpride).
  • Typical Antipsychotics for example chlorpromazine, thioridazine, mesoridazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine, thiothixine, haloperidol, molindone and loxapine
  • Atypical Antipsychotics for example clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine,
  • Antidepressant drugs include serotonin reuptake inhibitors (such as citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline); dual serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (such as venlafaxine, duloxetine and milnacipran); Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (such as reboxetine); tricyclic antidepressants (such as amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline and trimipramine); monoamine oxidase inhibitors (such as isocarboxazide, moclobemide, phenelzine and tranylcypromine); and others (such as bupropion, mianserin, mirtazapine, nefazodone and trazodone).
  • serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, parox
  • Mood stabiliser drugs include lithium, sodium valproate/valproic acid/divalproex, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, gabapentin, topiramate and tiagabine.
  • Anxiolytics include benzodiazepines such as alprazolam and lorazepam.
  • the compounds of the invention will normally, but not necessarily, be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions prior to administration to a patient by an appropriate route. Accordingly, in another aspect, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable excipient means any pharmaceutically acceptable material present in the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form other than the compound or compounds of the invention. Typically the material gives form, consistency and performance to the pharmaceutical composition.
  • compositions of the invention typically contain one compound of the invention. However, in certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention contain more than one compound of the invention. In addition, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may comprise one or more additional pharmaceutically active compounds.
  • compositions of the invention may be prepared and packaged in bulk form wherein a safe and effective amount of a compound of the invention can be dispensed and then given to the patient such as with powders or syrups.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be prepared and packaged as dosage forms wherein each physically discrete dosage form contains a safe and effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the invention provides dosage forms comprising pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Each discrete dosage form typically contains from 1 mg to 500 mg of a compound of the invention.
  • compositions of the invention will typically be formulated into dosage forms which are adapted for administration to the patient by the desired route of administration.
  • dosage forms include those adapted for (1 ) oral administration such as tablets, capsules, caplets, pills, lozenges, powders, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, solutions, emulsions, sachets and cachets; (2) parenteral administration such as sterile solutions, suspensions, implants and powders for reconstitution; (3) transdermal administration such as transdermal patches; (4) rectal and vaginal administration such as suppositories, pessaries and foams; (5) inhalation and intranasal such as dry powders, aerosols, suspensions and solutions (sprays and drops); (6) topical administration such as creams, ointments, lotions, solutions, pastes, drops, sprays, foams and gels; (7) ocular administration such as drops, ointment, sprays, suspensions and inserts; (8) buccal and sub
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients will vary depending upon the particular dosage form chosen.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be chosen for a particular function that they may serve in the composition.
  • certain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the production of uniform dosage forms.
  • Certain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the production of stable dosage forms.
  • Certain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the carrying or transporting of the compound or compounds of the invention once administered to the patient from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
  • Certain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to enhance patient compliance.
  • Certain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the release of the compound of the invention at the appropriate rate to treat the condition.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include the following types of excipients: diluents, fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, granulating agents, coating agents, wetting agents, solvents, co-solvents, suspending agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, flavouring agents, flavour masking agents, colouring agents, anticaking agents, humectants, chelating agents, plasticizers, viscosity increasing agents, rate modifying agents, antioxidants, preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants and buffering agents.
  • excipients may serve more than one function and may serve alternative functions depending on how much of the excipient is present in the formulation and what other ingredients are present in the formulation.
  • the compounds of the combination or composition may be administered simultaneously (either in the same or different pharmaceutical formulations), separately or sequentially.
  • a compound of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament in treating a disease or condition mediated by inhibition of monoamine neurotransmitter re-uptake, i.e. inhibition of one or more of SERT, hNET and hDAT.
  • the disease or condition is depression or an anxiety disorder.
  • the disease or condition is a depression or an anxiety disorder.
  • the compounds were purified using a Mass Directed Auto-Purification System (MDAP) incorporating HPLC techniques and an appropriate mass spectrometer such as the Waters® ZQ mass spectrometer.
  • MDAP Mass Directed Auto-Purification System
  • DAD chromatographic traces, mass chromatograms and mass spectrums may be taken on a on a UPLC/MS AcquityTM system coupled with a Micromass ZQTM mass spectrometer operating in ESI positive or negative.
  • the phases used are: A)
  • Flash silica gel chromatography was carried out on silica gel 230-400 mesh (supplied by Merck AG Darmstadt, Germany) or over Varian Mega Be-Si pre-packed cartridges or over pre-packed Biotage silica cartridges.
  • SPE-SCX cartridges are ion exchange solid phase extraction columns supplied by Varian.
  • the eluent used with SPE-SCX cartridges is methanol followed by 2N ammonia solution in methanol.
  • SPE-Si cartridges are silica solid phase extraction columns supplied by Varian.
  • a number of the supporting compounds have been prepared as racemic mixtures and a number have been prepared as single enantiomers.
  • the absolute stereochemistry of those compounds prepared as single enantiomers have not been assigned, but may be assigned using ab initio vibrational circular dichroism (VCD).
  • VCD ab initio vibrational circular dichroism
  • VCD is the differential interaction of a chiral molecule with left and right circularly polarized infrared radiation during vibrational excitation.
  • the VCD spectrum of a chiral molecule is dependent on its three-dimensional structure.
  • the VCD spectrum of a chiral molecule is a function of its absolute configuration and, in the case of flexible molecules, of its conformation. In principle, therefore, VCD permits the determination of the structure of a chiral molecule.
  • VCD spectra were first measured in the 1970s. Subsequently, VCD instrumentation has developed enormously in spectral range and in sensitivity.
  • VCD spectra of liquids and solutions can be measured over the majority of the fundamental infrared (IR) spectral range (v ⁇ 650 cm-1 ) with high sensitivity at acceptable resolution (1-5 cm-1 ) using both dispersive and Fourier Transform (FT) VCD instrumentation.
  • FT VCD instrumentation has become available, greatly enhancing the accessibility of VCD spectra.
  • VCD VCD
  • the method entails comparison of observed IR and VCD spectra with calculations of the spectra for a specific configuration and provides information both on the absolute configuration and on the solution conformation.
  • VCD spectra are always measured simultaneously with vibrational unpolarized absorption spectra ("infrared (IR) spectra") and the two vibrational spectra together provide more information than does the VCD spectrum alone.
  • vibrational unpolarized absorption spectra are automatically predicted simultaneously with VCD spectra.
  • VCD and unpolarized IR spectra were calculated using the Gaussian 98 software package.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to 10 0 C, HCI (1 N, 1 L) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 min.
  • the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (500ml) and the organic layer was washed with brine.
  • the aqueous layer was back- extracted with EtOAc (500ml) and the organics were combined and concentrated under vacuum.
  • the resulting crude material was treated with NaOH (1 N, 1 L).
  • the resulting solid material was filtered and triturated with cyclohexane. The solid was filtered and dried in an oven (40 0 C, under vacuum, overnight). Water (1 L) was added to the solid, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hr and then filtered.
  • N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (0.206 g) was added to a stirred solution of (1 S,5S,6S/1 R,5R,6R)-3- ⁇ [(1 ,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl ⁇ -1-phenyl-3- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-6-carboxylic acid (Intermediate 4, 0.390 g) in ethyl acetate (5 ml.) at RT and under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at RT. The mixture was then cooled to 0 0 C and concentrated NH 4 OH (2 ml.) was added.
  • reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at 0 0 C, then quenched by addition of isopropanol (-5 ml_). Stirring was continued for 5 min at 0 0 C.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the title compound as a white foam (0.446 g) that was pure enough to be used as a starting material without further purification; MS(m/z): 383.98 [M-H].
  • N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (0.24 g) was added to a stirred solution of (I R.SS.eS/I S.SR. ⁇ RJ-i-CS ⁇ -dichlorophenylJ-S-tKI .I-dimethylethyOoxylcarbonylJ-S- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-6-yl)acetic acid (Intermediate 10, 0.366 g) in EtOAc (5 ml.) at RT and under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 0 C and concentrated NH 4 OH (3 ml.) was added.
  • Chloroacetone (20 ⁇ l_) was added to a solution of 1 ,1-dimethylethyl (1 R,5S,6S/1 S,5R,6R)-6-(2-amino-2-thioxoethyl)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylate (Intermediate 1 1 , 75 mg) in toluene (1 ml.) and the mixture was stirred for 3 h at 80 0 C. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. Addition of EtOAc to residue resulted in a partitial dissolution.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des composés de formule (I), des compositions pharmaceutiques les contenant et leur utilisation en thérapie, sous forme d’inhibiteurs du recaptage de la sérotonine (5-HT), la dopamine (DA) et la norépinéphrine (NE).
PCT/EP2009/056198 2008-05-23 2009-05-21 Dérivés de 3-azabicyclo [3.1.0] hexane 1,6 disubstitués destinés à être utilisés comme triples inhibiteurs de recaptage WO2009141412A1 (fr)

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Cited By (1)

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WO2012042539A2 (fr) * 2010-09-28 2012-04-05 Panacea Biotec Ltd Nouveaux composés bicycliques

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US5703091A (en) * 1993-12-04 1997-12-30 Basf Aktiengesellschaft N-substituted azabicycloalkane derivatives, their preparation and use
WO2006096810A2 (fr) * 2005-03-08 2006-09-14 Dov Pharmaceutical, Inc. Procedes et compositions de production, formulation et utilisation de 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0] hexanes

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012042539A2 (fr) * 2010-09-28 2012-04-05 Panacea Biotec Ltd Nouveaux composés bicycliques
WO2012042539A3 (fr) * 2010-09-28 2012-05-31 Panacea Biotec Ltd Nouveaux composés bicycliques
JP2013542929A (ja) * 2010-09-28 2013-11-28 パナセア バイオテック リミテッド 新規ビシクロ環化合物
US9133116B2 (en) 2010-09-28 2015-09-15 Panacea Biotec Ltd. Bicyclic compounds

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