WO2009136629A1 - 生活習慣病予防・治療剤 - Google Patents
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) containing, as an active ingredient, a compound that exhibits androgen action on adipocytes, bones, muscles, etc. without stimulating the prostate gland.
- SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
- Androgens serve various functions in promoting sex differentiation and inducing male phenotypes.
- the highly active endogenous androgens that mediate these effects are testosterone (T) and 5 ⁇ -dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
- the decrease in bioavailable T is thought to be related to changes in body fat distribution, decreased energy consumption, decreased muscle strength and bone density, decreased physical function, decreased sexual function, and depressed mood (J. Gerontol., 57A , M76-M99, Endocrine Rev., 26 , 833-876, Med. Hypoth., 60 , 448-452, J.
- Metab., 282 E601-E607, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 288 , 2282-2292, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 284 , E120-E128, J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab., 90 , 678-688, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 90 , 1502-1510).
- testosterone replacement therapy for older men is often associated with potential side effects such as prostate overstimulation, increased hematocrit, liver dysfunction and sleep apnea syndrome. Limited (Am. J. Med., 110 , 563-572, J. Am. Geriat. Soc., 51 , 101-115, N. Engl. J. Med., 350 , 482-492, J. Clin Endocrinol. Metab., 89 , 4789-4796, Ann. Rev. Med., 56 , 117-137). Above all, there is a concern that overstimulation of the prostate may induce latent and asymptomatic benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) or prostate cancer.
- BPH benign prostate hypertrophy
- SARMs selective androgen receptor modulators
- AR The Androgen Receptor
- reproductive and non-reproductive tissues such as prostate and seminal vesicles, male and female external genitalia, testis, ovary, skin, heart muscle, skeletal muscle, liver, brain cortex and subcortical regions.
- the natural ligand dihydrotestosterone and the synthetic AR ligand show different effects. This is because the type and concentration of the coupling factor (coactivator, corepressor) present in the cell nucleus differs depending on the type of tissue or cell, and complex formation due to the binding of the coactivator or corepressor As a result, AR selectively controls individual genes in specific tissues.
- SARMs are also known (for example, JP 2007-211024, JP 2007-526336, JP 2008-501800, etc.).
- the purpose of action of SARMs varies, but for example, for older men with osteopenia or osteoporosis, the target site is the bone of the man and has a clear effect on the bones and muscles and the prostate and other A more anabolic SARM with lower activity against sexual appendages is desirable.
- the present inventors In order to search for a compound having SARM activity from among many synthetic AR ligands and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) derivatives, the present inventors first have prostate cancer cell prostate specific antigen (prostate specific antigen: Compounds that did not stimulate PSA) expression levels were screened. Next, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) related to energy consumption and lipid metabolism was selected as a second screening marker. UCP-1 is thought to uncouple energy substrate oxidation from mitochondrial ATP production, resulting in thermal energy consumption and weight loss (J. Appl. Physiol., 92 , 2187-2198).
- the present inventors have previously shown that androgen receptor knockout (ARKO) male mice have significantly reduced UCP-1 mRNA expression, indicating delayed obesity due to suppression of energy consumption, and DHT-AR has been found to have a direct stimulatory effect on UCP-1 expression (Diabetes, 54 , 1000-1008). Based on this finding, as a second screening, the test compound was tested for UCP-1 expression. As a result, some compounds having a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism were found.
- ARKO androgen receptor knockout
- changes in prostate weight, prostate specific antigen mRNA expression level or prostate specific antigen production level in the prostate levator ani muscle weight change, femur bone density change, vertebra bone density change, Changes in plasma gonadotropin levels, changes in plasma adiponectin levels, changes in plasma insulin levels, changes in plasma triglyceride levels, changes in plasma cholesterol levels, sterol regulatory element binding proteins in liver and visceral fat -1c mRNA expression level, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 mRNA expression level in visceral fat, fatty acid synthase mRNA expression level in liver and visceral fat, body weight and bone mineral content when fed a high fat diet Changes in fat distribution, exercise volume, serum glucose concentration and serum insulin concentration Measured and examined further effects of the compounds.
- a method for screening a compound having a selective androgen receptor modulating action comprising the following steps: (1) adding a test substance to cultured prostate cancer cells and measuring the expression level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) mRNA or the production level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in the cultured prostate cancer cells; ) A step of measuring the expression level of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) mRNA or the production level of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) in the cultured fat cells by adding a test substance to the cultured fat cells .
- PSA prostate specific antigen
- PSA prostate specific antigen
- the following steps (A) administering a test substance to an orchidectomized animal and measuring a change in the weight of the prostate of the animal; (B) administering a test substance to an orchidectomized animal and measuring the expression level of prostate-specific antigen mRNA or the production level of prostate-specific antigen in the prostate of the animal; (C) administering a test substance to an orchidectomized animal and measuring a change in the weight of the levator ani muscle of the animal; (D) a step of administering a test substance to an orchidectomized animal and measuring a change in bone density of the femur of the animal; (E) administering a test substance to an orchidectomized animal and measuring a change in bone density of the vertebrae of the animal; (F) a step of administering a test substance to an orchidectomized animal and measuring a change in the amount of gonadotropin in the plasma of the animal; (G)
- the present invention is obtained by the screening method described in (1) and (2) above or the screening method in which at least one of (a) to (n) above is further added to (1) and (2) above.
- a selective androgen receptor modulator comprising a compound having a selective androgen receptor modulatory action as an active ingredient is also included.
- R 1 to R 9 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a C 1-4 alkyl group, and X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.
- a selective androgen receptor modulator comprising a compound represented by any of the following formulas as an active ingredient is further provided, and further, the following formulas (Ia) to (IIIa) A selective androgen receptor modulator containing a compound represented by any of the above as an active ingredient is provided.
- a compound having a selective androgen receptor modulating action obtained by the screening method of the present invention, a compound represented by any one of the above formulas (I) to (III), or the above formulas (Ia) to (IIIa)
- a composition for preventing or treating lifestyle-related diseases characterized by containing a selective androgen receptor modulator containing a compound represented by any one of
- a composition for preventing or treating lifestyle-related diseases that are at least one disease selected from the group consisting of obesity, insulin resistance (type 2) diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hypertension.
- a compound having a selective androgen receptor modulating action obtained by the screening method of the present invention, a compound represented by the above formulas (I) to (III) or the above formula (Ia) to (IIIa)
- the prostate is not affected.
- FIG. 1 is an image obtained by treating LNCaP cells transfected with AR-GFP with 10 ⁇ 7 M dihydrotestosterone and observing them with a laser confocal fluorescence microscope.
- FIG. 2 is an image of LNCaP cells transfected with AR-GFP treated with 10 ⁇ 5 M of the compound of formula (I) and observed with a laser confocal fluorescence microscope.
- FIG. 3 is an image of NIH-3T3-L1 cells transfected with AR-GFP treated with 10 ⁇ 7 M dihydrotestosterone and observed with a laser confocal fluorescence microscope.
- FIG. 1 is an image obtained by treating LNCaP cells transfected with AR-GFP with 10 ⁇ 7 M dihydrotestosterone and observing them with a laser confocal fluorescence microscope.
- FIG. 2 is an image of LNCaP cells transfected with AR-GFP treated with 10 ⁇ 5 M of the compound of formula (I) and observed with
- FIG. 4 is an image obtained by treating NIH-3T3-L1 cells transfected with AR-GFP with 10 ⁇ 5 M of the compound of formula (I) and observing them with a laser confocal fluorescence microscope.
- FIG. 5 shows a control group, a high-fat diet group, and a high-fat diet + formula (Ia) when 9 weeks old B6 mice were administered a high-fat diet or a compound of formula (Ia) over a period of 16 weeks.
- the left is a control group
- the middle is a high-fat diet group
- the right is a high-fat diet + compound group of formula (Ia).
- FIG. 5 shows a control group, a high-fat diet group, and a high-fat diet + formula (Ia) when 9 weeks old B6 mice were administered a high-fat diet or a compound of formula (Ia) over a period of 16 weeks.
- the left is a control group
- the middle is a high-fat diet group
- the right
- FIG. 6 shows a control group, a high fat diet group, and a high fat diet + formula (Ia) when a 9-week-old B6 mouse was administered a high fat diet or a compound of the formula (Ia) over 16 weeks.
- the left side is a control group
- the middle is a high-fat diet group
- the right is a high-fat diet + compound group of formula (Ia).
- preferable actions include, for example, an action of increasing the expression level of uncoupling protein-1 mRNA or the production level of uncoupling protein-1 in adipocytes, Action to increase weight, increase bone density, increase insulin sensitivity, decrease plasma triglyceride level, increase carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 mRNA expression level in liver and / or visceral fat Examples thereof include an action of reducing the weight of the prostate, and may have a plurality of preferable actions.
- an action to increase the expression level of prostate-specific antigen mRNA in prostate cancer cells or the production level of prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific antigen in prostate tissue An action to increase the expression level of mRNA or a production level of prostate specific antigen, an action to increase prostate weight, an action to increase plasma gonadotropin level, an action to increase plasma and / or serum insulin level, liver and / or Or an action to increase the expression level of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c mRNA in visceral fat, an action to increase the expression level of fatty acid synthase mRNA in liver and / or visceral fat, an action to increase body weight, visceral fat Increase action, increase serum glucose level For example.
- the selective androgen receptor modulator of the present invention may have some undesirable effects, but at least the expression level of prostate specific antigen mRNA or the level of prostate specific antigen production in prostate cancer cells It is preferable that it does not have the effect
- modulation in the “selective androgen receptor modulator” includes not only an agonistic action and an antagonistic action but also a case where no action is exerted.
- Lifestyle-related diseases are defined as “a disease group in which lifestyle habits such as eating habits, exercise habits, rest, smoking, alcohol drinking, etc. are involved in the onset / progression”, and include, for example, obesity, insulin resistance (Type 2) Diabetes, hyperlipidemia (excluding familial), hypertension, hyperuricemia, cardiovascular disease (excluding congenital), colon cancer (excluding familial), squamous cell lung cancer, chronic bronchi Diseases such as inflammation, emphysema, alcoholic liver injury, osteoporosis and periodontal disease are included.
- the selective androgen receptor modulator of the present invention is particularly effective for the prevention or treatment of obesity, insulin resistance (type 2) diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension.
- the compound of the formula (Ia) is described in, for example, Journal of Chemical Research, 7 , 417-419 (2006), and the compound of the formula (I) is prepared according to the production method described in the document. Can be easily manufactured. Further, the compound of the formula (IIa) is described in, for example, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 28 , 233-239 (1985), etc., and according to the production method described in the document, the compound of the formula (II) This compound can be easily produced.
- the compound of the formula (IIIa) is a novel compound, and is easily produced, for example, by the method as described in the following method (a), that is, by methylating the hydroxyl group in the compound of the following formula (IIIb) be able to.
- the compound having a selective androgen receptor modulating action obtained by the screening method of the present invention particularly the action of LNCaP cell and NIH-3T3-L1 cell, and the action of the compounds of formulas (Ia) to (IIIa)
- the effect on the tissue can be demonstrated by the experiments described below.
- the value of the firefly luciferase activity was standardized according to the internal standard of Renilla, and was shown as relative luciferase activity. As shown in Table 1 above, the PSA promoter activity is stimulated almost 9-fold by 10 -7 M or 10 -8 M dihydrotestosterone, but the compounds of formulas (Ia) to (IIIa) have almost no PSA promoter activity. Did not raise.
- RNA LNCaP cells and NIH-3T3-L1 cells co-transfected in (1) -3) above were cultured in 6-well plates, and then treated with dextran charcoal 10% fetal bovine serum and test The cells were cultured in EMEM or RPMI 1640 containing the compound (dissolved in a small amount of DMSO) for 24 hours. Thereafter, total RNA was extracted using ISOGEN (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries).
- ⁇ -actin mRNA was also amplified as an internal standard.
- the forward / reverse primer sequences for each target transcript are shown in Table 2 below. Real-time PCR values for each transcript were calculated as a relative ratio to ⁇ -actin.
- Dihydrotestosterone induces the formation of 250-400 fine and distinct nuclear AR forsy (dots) that accompany this process with steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), TIF-2 and CBP Coactivators such as (CREB-binding protein) are recruited.
- AR binds to antiandrogens such as hydroxyflutamide, but does not form forsy (dots) with these, so the clear forsy (dot) formation of agonist-bound steroid hormone receptors in the nucleus is transcribed. It is an indicator of the active state.
- the compound of formula (Ia) the localization of GFP (green fluorescence protein) -AR in the nucleus was examined.
- NIH-3T3-L1 cells and LNCaP cells were cultured in a 35-mm glass dish (2 ⁇ 10 5 cells / dish; manufactured by Asahi Techno Glass Co., Ltd.), and then fuAR HD kit (Roche Diagnostics) was used.
- the GFP plasmid was transfected at a rate of 2 ⁇ g / dish. After culturing for 24 hours, the cells were treated with dihydrotestosterone or the compound of formula (Ia) and observed 3 hours later using an LSM 510 META microscope (Carl Zeiss).
- GFP-AR When GFP-AR was transfected into LNCaP cells, GFP-AR was diffused and distributed in the cytoplasm, but when treated with dihydrotestosterone (10 -7 M), it rapidly migrated into the nucleus, and forsai ( Dots) were formed (FIG. 1). On the other hand, when this was treated with the compound of formula (Ia) (10 -5 M), GFP-AR also migrated into the nucleus, but no clear forsy (dot) was formed, and A diffuse distribution pattern was shown (FIG. 2).
- dihydrotestosterone and the compound of formula (Ia) both bind to the AR and act differently in LNCaP cells, but work similarly in NIH-3T3-L1 preadipocytes, PSA or UCP-1 It can be seen that the effects of these AR ligands on the expression of are not the same.
- GFP fluorescence was excited using a laser with a wavelength of 488 nm from an air-cooled fiber-coupled argon laser. In order to observe a logical intracellular interaction, it was necessary to match the expression level of the transfected protein. When co-transfected, the amount of each AR-GFP plasmid was equal on a molar basis. Cells with appropriate expression levels of the protein of interest were selected under the microscope. LSM images were exported as TIF files, and final images were created using Adobe® Illustrator and Adobe® Photoshop (manufactured by Adobe® Systems).
- Test compound injection from the day after surgery (test compound dissolved in a small amount of DMSO and diluted with olive oil for animal experiments (olive oil 95% and DMSO 5%) as test compound injection) once a day Injected subcutaneously at a rate of 0.1 ml / 100 g body weight.
- the rats were euthanized by whole blood collection from the abdominal artery, the ventral prostate and levator ani muscle were excised, weighed, and then immersed in RNAlater (Nacalai Tesque) for RNA extraction.
- the soft tissue was removed from the right femur, immersed in 75% ethanol, and stored for bone mineral density measurement.
- liver and visceral adipose tissue were also collected and soaked in RNAlater for RNA extraction.
- RNA in each tissue of ORX rat was isolated using RNeasy Mini Kit or RNeasy Fiberous Tissue Mini Kit (Qiagen). Of these, 1 ⁇ g of total RNA was subjected to reverse transcription using the QuantiaTect Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen). The cDNA was then subjected to real-time PCR analysis using a LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics) to quantify various transcripts.
- PCR was performed in 20 ⁇ l of reaction mixture using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (Takara Biotechnology) under the following conditions: 95 ° C., denaturation for 5 seconds, 60 ° C., annealing for 20 seconds, 50 cycles of stretching at 72 ° C for 25 seconds.
- GPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- PSA mRNA expression level in ORX rat prostate The PSA mRNA expression level in ORX rat prostate obtained in (4) -1) was measured by the method of (4) -3) above. The results are shown in Table 6 below. PSA mRNA levels were dramatically reduced by testis removal compared to the sham-treated group, but dihydrotestosterone administration increased about 1.8-fold compared to sham-treated rats. On the other hand, in the group treated with the compound of formula (Ia), no change was observed in the PSA mRNA level.
- the levator ani muscle is a typical skeletal muscle that surrounds the rat rectum and is considered to be sensitive to male steroid hormones.
- the levator ani muscle is considerably smaller in testis-deprived rats than in normal male rats, but it is well known that it can be restored to normal weight by administration of androgen (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , 91 , 38-44).
- the measurement results of the weight of the levator ani muscle of the ORX rat obtained in (4) -1) are shown in Table 7 below.
- the expression level of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-delta (PPAR ⁇ ) mRNA in the levator ani muscle was also measured.
- Femoral BMD decreased slightly from 517.1 mg / cm 3 (sham) to 465.3 mg / cm 3 after testis removal.
- Dihydrotestosterone increased this value, reduced by testicular removal, to 473.6 mg / cm 3 at a dose of 10 mg / kg, but did not recover to the level of the sham group.
- the compound of formula (Ia) also increased the value of BMD depending on the dose and increased it to 475.9 mg / cm 3 at a dose of 30 mg / kg. However, this number was not statistically significant.
- Vertebral BMD was slightly decreased 770.8mg / cm 3 by the testes removed from (Siam) to 762.7mg / cm 3.
- Dihydrotestosterone had no effect on vertebra BMD, but the compound of formula (Ia) showed a tendency to increase BMD in a dose-dependent manner, increasing BMD to 775.1 mg / cm 3 at a dose of 30 mg / kg . However, this value was not statistically significant.
- Plasma testosterone levels are low in the ORX rats ( ⁇ 0.1 ng / ml) and normal in the sham-treated group (1.275 ng / ml), indicating that the testicular removal of the rats was successful and the results of this study are reliable. ing.
- Adiponectin a plasma protein derived from adipocytes, is abundant in plasma and has recently attracted much attention because of its insulin-sensitive and anti-atherogenic effects (Natl. Med., 8 , 731- 737, J. Biol. Chem., 278 , 2461-2468, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 257 , 79-83).
- Testosterone inhibits adiponectin secretion from adipocytes in humans and rats, and testicular removal increases plasma adiponectin levels in mice, especially high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin levels (J. Biol. Chem., 280 (18), 18073-18080, J. Androl., 26 , 85-92).
- the present inventors measured the total plasma adiponectin level in the ORX rats treated in the above (4) -1). At the same time, plasma insulin levels were also measured. These results are shown in Table 10 below.
- Plasma triglyceride levels are usually vascularized by the balance between synthesis and secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, including VLDL-triglycerides in the liver, and peripheral lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity that hydrolyzes triglycerides in an insulin-dependent manner. Determined by the clearance from. Therefore, insulin resistance and its sequelae hyperinsulinism are often accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia, which is a condition that causes the disease state to be VLDL-triglycerides mainly through activation of SREBP-1c in the liver. (Prog. Lipid. Res., 40 , 439) and decrease in peripheral LPL activity to accumulate lipoproteins rich in triglycerides in the blood.
- LPL peripheral lipoprotein lipase
- dihydrotestosterone raised triglyceride levels and lowered cholesterol levels.
- the compound of formula (Ia) surprisingly significantly reduced triglyceride levels, but had no action on cholesterol, in contrast to the action of dihydrotestosterone. This can be explained in part by the overall beneficial effect of the compound of formula (Ia) on insulin sensitivity.
- SREBP-1c sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c
- CPT-1 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1
- Fatty acid synthase Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a fatty acid synthase targeted by SREBP-1c.
- Insulin receptor substrates are a group of proteins that are phosphorylated by activated insulin receptors, and IRS-2 is one of nine members of this group (Nature, 377 , 173-177). It has recently been shown that IRS-2 deficiency in mouse hypothalamus and ⁇ -cells causes type 2 diabetes-like symptoms (J. Clin. Invest., 114 , 917-927). IRS-2 is also known to promote ⁇ -cell proliferation / survival (Nature, 391 , 900-904).
- the expression of the SREBP-1c downstream gene in the liver was increased by treatment with the compound of formula (Ia), but decreased by dihydrotestosterone treatment.
- the suppression of SREBP-1c expression induced by the compound of formula (Ia) is thought to be closely related to the increase of IRS-2 mRNA in the liver.
- the compound of formula (Ia) may also exert an insulin-sensitive action in the liver through this IRS-2 up-regulation mechanism.
- the reduction of serum triglyceride levels by the compound of formula (Ia) can also be explained in terms of up-regulation of PPAR ⁇ in skeletal muscle.
- Activation of PPAR ⁇ results in up-regulation of genes associated with skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and uncoupling of mitochondria.
- Selective PPAR ⁇ agonists have been shown to lower triglyceride levels, increase HDL cholesterol levels and insulin sensitivity, and prevent diet-induced obesity (Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 293 , E1256-E1264) .
- the compound of formula (Ia) showed a slight tendency to increase the UCP-1 mRNA level, but it was not significant. Dihydrotestosterone had little effect on UCP-1 mRNA levels.
- mice After 16 weeks, the body weight, bone mineral content, fat distribution and exercise amount of the mice were measured, blood was collected, and finally sacrificed to collect each organ. The average values of body weight, serum glucose concentration and serum insulin concentration in each group after 16 weeks are shown in Table 17 below.
- the body weight of the compound group of the high fat diet + formula (Ia) was significantly less than that of the high fat diet group. This result suggests that the compound of formula (Ia) has an effect of suppressing weight gain.
- transition of the average value of the food intake in each group is shown in Table 18 below. There was no significant difference in food intake among the groups.
- the compound of formula (Ia) significantly suppressed the increase in serum glucose concentration and serum insulin concentration due to a high fat diet. Suppressing the increase in these values is effective for the prevention and / or treatment of lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes.
- mice were divided into 5 animals / group, 1 g / Kg was injected, and blood glucose levels were measured over time. The results are shown in Table 19 below.
- FIG. 5 is a photograph of mice in each group 16 weeks later, but the high fat diet + mouse of the compound group of formula (Ia) (right photo) is a normal diet rather than the high fat diet group (center). Appearance close to the group (left photo).
- the SARM of the present invention stimulates the development of the muscles without stimulating the prostate gland or suppressing the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads, suppressing the accumulation of visceral fat, Has the effect of increasing insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and muscle. Since the improvement of insulin sensitivity and the reduction of triglycerides are essential targets for the treatment or prevention of diabetes and atherosclerosis (Circulation, 100 , 475-482), the SARM of the present invention is a promising prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. ⁇ It is expected as a therapeutic drug.
- the SARMs of the present invention are in solid form (eg tablets, hard capsules, soft capsules, granules, powders, fine granules, pills, troches, etc.), semi-solid forms (eg Suppositories, ointments, etc.) or liquid forms (eg, injections, emulsions, suspensions, lotions, sprays, etc.).
- solid form eg tablets, hard capsules, soft capsules, granules, powders, fine granules, pills, troches, etc.
- semi-solid forms eg Suppositories, ointments, etc.
- liquid forms eg, injections, emulsions, suspensions, lotions, sprays, etc.
- Non-toxic additives that can be used in the above preparation include, for example, starch, gelatin, glucose, lactose, fructose, maltose, magnesium carbonate, talc, magnesium stearate, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or a salt thereof, gum arabic, polyethylene glycol P-hydroxybenzoic acid alkyl ester, syrup, ethanol, propylene glycol, petrolatum, carbowax, glycerin, sodium chloride, sodium sulfite, sodium phosphate, citric acid and the like.
- the formulation may also contain other therapeutically useful agents.
- the content of the compound having a selective androgen receptor modulating action in the preparation varies depending on the dosage form, administration form, etc., but generally 0.1 to 50% by weight in the case of solid and semi-solid forms. And in the liquid form, it can be contained at a concentration of 0.05 to 10% by weight.
- the dose of the compound having a selective androgen receptor modulating action in the present invention is determined depending on the type of warm-blooded animal including the target human, the type of target disease, the administration route, the severity of symptoms, although it can be varied widely depending on diagnosis or the like, it can generally be within a range of 0.01 to 5 mg / kg, preferably 0.02 to 2 mg / kg per day. However, as described above, it is of course possible to administer an amount smaller than the lower limit or larger than the upper limit depending on the severity of the patient's symptoms, the diagnosis of the doctor, and the like. The above dose can be administered once or divided into several times a day.
- Example 1 Synthesis of 16a-homo-16a-oxaestra-5-ene-3 ⁇ -methoxide (compound of formula (IIIa)): 50 mg of 40% sodium hydride was washed twice with 3 ml of benzene, 0.5 ml of DMSO was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. To this was added dropwise a solution of 50 mg of 3-OH in 0.5 ml of DMSO and stirred for 30 minutes.
- Example 2 The active ingredient is pulverized to a particle size of 70 ⁇ m or less, and starch, lactose and carboxymethylcellulose calcium are added and mixed well. 10% starch paste is added to the above mixed powder and mixed by stirring to produce granules. After drying, the particle size is adjusted to about 1000 ⁇ m, and talc and magnesium stearate are mixed therein and tableted.
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Abstract
Description
これまでに、既知ARアンタゴニストであるビカルタミドおよびフルタミドから出発して、前立腺には作用しないが、筋肉又は骨に作用する化合物が報告されている(J. Med. Chem., 49, 7596-7599)。その他に、SARMとしての化合物も種々知られている(例えば、特開2007-211024号公報、特表2007-526336号公報、特表2008-501800号公報等)。SARMの作用目的は様々であるが、例えば、骨減少症又は骨粗鬆症である高齢男性に対しては、標的部位がその男性の骨であり、且つ骨および筋肉に明瞭な作用をもちつつ前立腺や他の性付属器官に対する活性が低い、より同化作用的なSARMが望ましい。
(1)培養前立腺癌細胞に被験物質を添加して、当該培養前立腺癌細胞における前立腺特異抗原(PSA)のmRNAの発現レベル又は前立腺特異抗原(PSA)の産生レベルを測定する工程、及び
(2)培養脂肪細胞に被験物質を添加して、当該培養脂肪細胞における脱共役蛋白質-1(UCP-1)のmRNAの発現レベル又は脱共役蛋白質-1(UCP-1)の産生レベルを測定する工程。
が提供され、さらには、上記(1)及び(2)に加えて下記の工程:
(a)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の前立腺の重量の変化を測定する工程、
(b)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の前立腺における前立腺特異抗原のmRNAの発現レベル又は前立腺特異抗原の産生レベルを測定する工程、
(c)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の肛門挙筋の重量の変化を測定する工程、
(d)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の大腿骨の骨密度の変化を測定する工程、
(e)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の椎骨の骨密度の変化を測定する工程、
(f)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の血漿中のゴナドトロピンの量の変化を測定する工程、
(g)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の血漿中のアジポネクチンの量の変化を測定する工程、
(h)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の血漿中のインスリンの量の変化を測定する工程、
(i)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の血漿中のトリグリセリドの量の変化を測定する工程、
(j)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の血漿中のコレステロールの量の変化を測定する工程、
(k)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の肝臓及び内臓脂肪におけるステロール制御要素結合蛋白質-1cのmRNAの発現レベルを測定する工程、
(l)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の肝臓及び内臓脂肪におけるカルニチンパルミトイルトランスフェラーゼ-1のmRNAの発現レベルを測定する工程、
(m)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の肝臓及び内臓脂肪における脂肪酸合成酵素のmRNAの発現レベルを測定する工程、
(n)被験動物に被験物質及び高脂肪食を投与して、当該動物の体重、骨塩量、脂肪分布、運動量、血清中グルコース濃度及び血清中インスリン濃度から選ばれる少なくとも一つの変化を測定する工程、
の少なくとも1つをさらに含むことを特徴とする、選択的アンドロゲン受容体調節作用を有する化合物のスクリーニング方法が提供される。
のいずれかで示される化合物を有効成分として含有する選択的アンドロゲン受容体調節剤が提供され、さらに、下記式(Ia)~(IIIa)
のいずれかで示される化合物を有効成分として含有する選択的アンドロゲン受容体調節剤が提供される。
1)プラスミドの構築
プラスミドpCMV-hARを、本発明者らが先に報告した方法(J. Biol. Chem., 282, 7329-7338)に基づき構築した。また、レポータープラスミドであるPGL3-PSA(ヒト)及びPGL3-UCP-1(マウス)も、本発明者らが先に報告した方法(Diabetes, 54, 1000-1008)に基づき構築した。なお、pRL-SV40は商業的に入手した。
NIH-3T3-L1マウス前駆脂肪細胞を、10%ウシ胎児血清を加えたDulbeccoの改良型Eagle培地(Sera Laboratories社製)で培養した。また、ヒト前立腺癌細胞株LNCapを、10%ウシ胎児血清を加えたRPMI 1640培地(Sigma社製)で培養した。なお、この二種類の細胞株は、American Type Culture Collection(Manassas社)から得た。
Effecteneトランスフェクションキット(Qiagen社製)及びFugene HDキット(Roche Diagnostics社製)を用いて、上記2)のNIH-3T3-L1細胞に対し、24ウェルプレート中でpCMV-hAR、pRL-SV40及びPGL3-UCP-1(マウス)を共トランスフェクションした。また、上記2)のLNCaP細胞に対し、同様にpCMV-hAR、pRL-SV40及び PGL3-PSA(ヒト)を共トランスフェクションした。
上記3)で共トランスフェクションしたLNCaP細胞を、トランスフェクションの24時間後、さらに、デキストランチャーコールで処理した10%ウシ胎児血清及び被験化合物(少量のDMSOに溶解したもの)を含むDMEM又はRPMI 1640中で24時間培養した。その後、ホタルルシフェラーゼ及びRenillaルシフェラーゼの活性を、Dual-Luciferaseレポーターアッセイシステム(Promega社製)を用いて、Minilumat LB9507(Berthold Technologies社)の手順書に従って24ウェルプレートにおいてアッセイした。各被験化合物についてのPSAプロモーター-ルシフェラーゼ活性に対する値を下記表1に示す。なお、ホタルルシフェラーゼ活性の値はRenillaの内部標準に沿って標準化し、相対ルシフェラーゼ活性として示した。
上記表1に示すように、PSAプロモーター活性は、10-7M又は10-8Mのジヒドロテストステロンによってほぼ9倍刺激されるが、式(Ia)~(IIIa)の化合物はPSAプロモーター活性をほとんど上昇させなかった。
1)トータルRNAの抽出
上記(1)-3)で共トランスフェクションしたLNCaP細胞及びNIH-3T3-L1細胞をそれぞれ6ウェルプレートで培養した後、デキストランチャーコールで処理した10%ウシ胎児血清及び被験化合物(少量のDMSOに溶解したもの)を含むEMEM又はRPMI 1640中で24時間培養した。その後、ISOGEN(和光純薬製)を使ってそれぞれトータルRNAを抽出した。
上記1)で得たそれぞれのトータルRNAについて、各5μgを、SuperScript IIIキット(Invitrogen社製)を用いて第1鎖cDNAに逆転写し、最終容積を20μLとした。LNCaP細胞におけるPSA mRNA及びNIH-3T3-L1細胞におけるUCP-1 mRNAの発現を定量化するために、LightCycler FastStart DNA Master SYBR Green I(Roche Diagnostic社製)を用いてリアルタイムPCRを実施した。PCRは、20μLの反応混合液中で、次の条件で実施した:95℃、3秒間の変性、60℃、10秒間のアニーリング、そして72℃、25秒間の延伸を50サイクル。同時に内部標準として、β-アクチンのmRNAも増幅した。各標的転写物のためのフォワード/リバースプライマーの配列を、下記表2に示す。各転写物に関するリアルタイムPCRの値は、β-アクチンに対する相対比として計算した。
LNCaP細胞におけるPSA mRNA及びNIH-3T3-L1細胞におけるUCP-1 mRNAの発現レベルを、下記表3に示す。
上記表3より、式(Ia)~(IIIa)の化合物は、PSA mRNAレベルに影響を与えることなく、エネルギー消費に関係するUCP-1 mRNAレベルを上昇させることがわかる。
本発明者らによるこれまでの研究から、リガンドが誘導する核内(subnuclear)のフォーサイ(ドット)形成は、核内レセプターの転写活性化機能と密接に関連していることがわかっている(Diabetes, 54, 1000-1008、J. Med. Chem., 49, 7596-7599、J. Biol. Chem., 276, 28395-28401、Mol. Endocrinol., 16, 694-706、Mol. Endocrinol., 18, 127-141)。ジヒドロテストステロンは250~400個の微細で明瞭に分離している核内ARフォーサイ(ドット)形成を誘導し、このプロセスに伴ってステロイドレセプターコアクチベータ-1(SRC-1)、TIF-2及びCBP(CREB-結合タンパク質)のようなコアクチベーターが動員される。ARはヒドロキシフルタミドのような抗アンドロゲンと結合するが、これらとはフォーサイ(ドット)を形成しないことから、核内における、アゴニストが結合したステロイドホルモン受容体の明瞭なフォーサイ(ドット)形成が、転写活性状態の指標となる。式(Ia)の化合物について、GFP(green fluorescence protein:緑色蛍光タンパク質)-ARの核内局在化を検討した。
ORXラットへの化合物投与における前立腺重量の変化を指標として、化合物の男性化作用を検討した。
11週齢の雄性SD(Sprague-Dawley)ラット(320~340g、Charles River Japan社より購入)を、12時間の明暗周期が維持され、温度および湿度が管理された状態の室内で、市販の標準的な齧歯類用飼料及び水を自由に摂取させて1週間飼育した。
飼育後、エーテル麻酔をかけて、両側の睾丸を摘出(orchiectomized:ORX)又はシャム処理した。麻酔から覚めた後、動物をそれぞれ3-5匹の実験群に割り付けた。手術翌日から被験化合物注射液(被験化合物を少量のDMSOに溶解し、動物実験用のオリーブオイルで希釈して(オリーブオイル95%及びDMSO5%)被験化合物注射液としたもの)を1日1回、0.1ml /100g体重の割合で皮下注射した。21日後、ラットを腹部動脈から全採血して安楽死させ、腹側の前立腺および肛門挙筋を切り出し、重量測定後、RNA抽出のためにRNAlater(ナカライテスク社製)に浸した。また、右大腿骨から柔組織を取り除き、75%エタノールに浸してから骨塩密度測定向けに保存した。さらに、肝臓および内臓脂肪組織も集め、RNA抽出に備えてRNAlaterに浸した。
上記で測定した前立腺重量を、下記表4に示す。
シャム処理群に比べると、精巣除去により前立腺の重量は劇的に減少したが、ジヒドロテストステロンの投与で用量に依存して増加した。しかし、式(Ia)の化合物を投与したラットの前立腺重量は1~10mg/kg体重の用量では増加せず、式(Ia)の化合物がジヒドロテストステロンのような男性化作用を有していないことを示している。
さらに、以下のように、化合物投与におけるORXラット前立腺中のPSA mRNA発現レベルも測定した。
ORXラットの各組織内のトータルRNAを、RNeasy Mini KitまたはRNeasy Fiberous Tissue Mini Kit(Qiagen社製)を用いて単離した。このうち、1μgのトータルRNAをQuantiaTect Reverse Transcription Kit(Qiagen社製)を用いて逆転写にかけた。次にcDNAを、LightCycler(Roche Diagnostics社製)を用いてリアルタイムPCR分析にかけ、各種転写物を定量化した。なお、PCRは、SYBR Premix Ex Taq(タカラバイオテクノロジー社製)を用い、次の条件で、20μlの反応混合液中で行った:95℃、5秒間の変性、60℃、20秒間のアニーリング、そして72℃25秒間の延伸を50サイクル。また、内部標準として、グリセルアルデヒド-3-リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(GAPDH)mRNAも同時に増幅し、各転写物のリアルタイムPCRの値をGAPDHに対する相対比として計算した。各標的転写物についてのフォワード/リバースプライマーの配列を、下記表5に示す。
前記(4)-1)で得たORXラット前立腺中のPSA mRNA発現レベルを、上記(4)-3)の方法により測定した。その結果を、下記表6に示す。
PSA mRNAレベルは、精巣除去によってシャム処理群に比べ劇的に減少したが、ジヒドロテストステロンの投与によってシャム処理ラットに比べて約1.8倍増加した。一方、式(Ia)の化合物で処理した群では、PSA mRNAレベルに変化は見られなかった。
前記(4)-1)で処理したORXラットにおける肛門挙筋の重量並びに大腿骨及び椎骨の骨密度(bone mineral density:BMD)の変化を指標として、化合物の同化作用を検討した。
肛門挙筋は、ラットの直腸を囲んで局在している典型的な骨格筋であり、男性ステロイドホルモンに感受性であると考えられている。肛門挙筋は、正常雄ラットに比べ精巣除去ラットで相当小型化するが、アンドロゲンを投与することによって正常重量まで回復させることができることは、よく知られている(J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 91, 38-44)。前記(4)-1)で得たORXラットの肛門挙筋重量の測定結果を下記表7に示す。
また、肛門挙筋におけるペルオキシゾーム増殖(peroxisome proliferator)活性化因子レセプター-デルタ(PPARδ)mRNAの発現レベルの測定も行った。これは、この核レセプターが骨格筋での脂肪酸のβ-酸化およびエネルギー消費に関係していることが示されているからである(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 15924-15929)。この結果も併せて下記表7に示す。なお、測定は前記と同様の方法により行った。
予想どおり、精巣除去により、シャム処理群に比べて肛門挙筋の重量は減少した。この減少は1及び10mg/kgのジヒドロテストステロンの投与によって回復し、さらにシャム処理ラットの場合の重量を超えて増加した。一方、式(Ia)の化合物では、10mg/kgの用量において、シャム処理群で観察されたものと同程度まで肛門挙筋の重量を有意に増加させた。この結果は、式(Ia)の化合物が、ORXラットではジヒドロテストステロンと同様に、筋肉に対して同化活性を有していることを示している。
また、精巣除去によって肛門挙筋中のPPARδmRNAの発現は増加したが、ジヒドロテストステロンはこの発現を用量に依存して抑制した。しかし、興味深いことに、式(Ia)の化合物は、10mg/kgの用量でこの発現を高めた。
前記(4)-1)で処理したORXラットの大腿骨及び椎骨の骨端海綿骨のBMDを、Scan Xmate-A100S(コムスキャンテクノ社製)を用いて測定した。その結果を下記表8に示す。
局所での精巣テストステロンからエストロゲンへの変換が骨量の維持に寄与することはよく知られている。しかし、ジヒドロテストステロン-アンドロゲン受容体系の骨に対する直接作用もまた、ARKOマウスでは骨吸収が増加して骨消失を示すものの雌はこれを示さないという事実からも、明らかにされている(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100, 9416-9421)。
血漿テストステロンのレベルは、ORXラットでは低く(≦0.1ng/ml)、シャム処理群では正常(1.275ng/ml)であり、ラットの精巣除去が成功したこと及び今回の研究結果が信頼できることを示している。
前記(4)-1)で処理したORXラットの代謝プロフィールを特徴付けるために、血漿中トリグリセリド及びコレステロールレベルを測定した。その結果を下記表11に示す。
肝臓および脂肪細胞での脂質形成遺伝子の発現は、動物の脂質ホメオスタシス制御に必須な役割を果たしているステロール制御要素結合タンパク質-1c(SREBP-1c)を含む複数の転写因子によって制御されることが知られている。SREBP-1cは、コレステロール、脂肪酸、トリグリセリド、およびリン脂質の生合成に関わる30を超える遺伝子の発現を直接活性化することが示されている(J. Clin. Invest., 109, 1125-1131)。カルニチンパルミトイルトランスフェラーゼ-1(CPT-1)は、ミトコンドリア内膜を横切るカルニチン依存的輸送の重要な酵素であり、その欠損は、脂肪酸のβ-酸化の速度低下をもたらす。また、脂肪酸合成酵素(FAS)はSREBP-1cが標的とする脂肪酸合成酵素である。
9週齢のB6マウスを10匹ずつ、対照群、高脂肪食群及び高脂肪食+式(Ia)の化合物群に振り分け、16週間にわたり飼育、観察した。この間、式(Ia)の化合物を1日おきに10mg/Kg皮下注射し、また、体重を週に1回測定し、さらに、食事摂取量を4週間に1回測定した。
本発明のSARMは、無毒性の添加剤と共に、固体形態(例えば、錠剤、硬カプセル剤、軟カプセル剤、顆粒剤、散剤、細粒剤、丸剤、トローチ錠など)、半固体形態(例えば、坐剤、軟膏など)又は液体形態(例えば、注射剤、乳剤、懸濁液、ローション、スプレーなど)のいずれかの製剤形態に調製して用いることができる。上記製剤に使用しうる無毒性の添加物としては、例えば、でん粉、ゼラチン、ブドウ糖、乳糖、果糖、マルトース、炭酸マグネシウム、タルク、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、メチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース又はその塩、アラビアゴム、ポリエチレングリコール、p-ヒドロキシ安息香酸アルキルエステル、シロップ、エタノール、プロピレングリコール、ワセリン、カーボワックス、グリセリン、塩化ナトリウム、亜硫酸ナトリウム、リン酸ナトリウム、クエン酸等が挙げられる。該製剤は、また、治療学的に有用な他の薬剤を含有することもできる。
16a-ホモ-16a-オキサエストラ-5-エン-3β-メトキサイド(式(IIIa)の化合物)の合成:
40%水素化ナトリウム50mgをベンゼン3mlで2回洗い、DMSO 0.5mlを加え室温で30分撹拌した。これに3-OH体50mgのDMSO 0.5ml溶液を滴下し、30分攪拌した。ヨウ化メチルを0.2ml加え15分攪拌後、氷水を加え、酢酸エチルで抽出し、飽和食塩水及び水で洗浄した後、無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、酢酸エチルを減圧下にて留去した。残渣を薄層クロマトグラフィー(展開溶媒:クロロホルム)で精製し、表題化合物38.9mgを得た。
1H-NMR(CDCl3, δ):0.94-1.09(4H, m), 0.998(3H, s), 1.001(3H, s), 1.27(1H, dt, J=12.7, 3.4Hz), 1.32-1.62(7H, m), 1.85-1.97(2H, m), 2.03-2.20(2H, m), 2.40(1H, ddd, J=2.3, 4.6, 13.1Hz), 2.98(1H, d, J=10.8Hz), 3.01-3.12(1H, m), 3.33-3.42(2H, m), 3.36(3H, s), 4.02-4.08(1H, m), 5.34-5.39(1H, m).
MS(m/z): 304(M+).
Claims (10)
- 下記の工程を含むことを特徴とする、選択的アンドロゲン受容体調節作用を有する化合物のスクリーニング方法:
(1)培養前立腺癌細胞に被験物質を添加して、当該培養前立腺癌細胞における前立腺特異抗原(PSA)のmRNAの発現レベル又は前立腺特異抗原(PSA)の産生レベルを測定する工程、及び
(2)培養脂肪細胞に被験物質を添加して、当該培養脂肪細胞における脱共役蛋白質-1(UCP-1)のmRNAの発現レベル又は脱共役蛋白質-1(UCP-1)の産生レベルを測定する工程。 - 下記の工程の少なくとも1つをさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求の範囲第1項に記載のスクリーニング方法:
(a)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の前立腺の重量の変化を測定する工程、
(b)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の前立腺における前立腺特異抗原のmRNAの発現レベル又は前立腺特異抗原の産生レベルを測定する工程、
(c)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の肛門挙筋の重量の変化を測定する工程、
(d)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の大腿骨の骨密度の変化を測定する工程、
(e)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の椎骨の骨密度の変化を測定する工程、
(f)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の血漿中のゴナドトロピンの量の変化を測定する工程、
(g)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の血漿中のアジポネクチンの量の変化を測定する工程、
(h)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の血漿中のインスリンの量の変化を測定する工程、
(i)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の血漿中のトリグリセリドの量の変化を測定する工程、
(j)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の血漿中のコレステロールの量の変化を測定する工程、
(k)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の肝臓及び内臓脂肪におけるステロール制御要素結合蛋白質-1cのmRNAの発現レベルを測定する工程、
(l)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の肝臓及び内臓脂肪におけるカルニチンパルミトイルトランスフェラーゼ-1のmRNAの発現レベルを測定する工程、
(m)睾丸摘出動物に被験物質を投与して、当該動物の肝臓及び内臓脂肪における脂肪酸合成酵素のmRNAの発現レベルを測定する工程、
(n)被験動物に被験物質及び高脂肪食を投与して、当該動物の体重、骨塩量、脂肪分布、運動量、血清中グルコース濃度及び血清中インスリン濃度から選ばれる少なくとも一つの変化を測定する工程。 - 請求の範囲第1又は2項に記載のスクリーニング方法によって得られる選択的アンドロゲン受容体調節作用を有する化合物を有効成分として含有する選択的アンドロゲン受容体調節剤。
- 請求の範囲第3~5項のいずれかに記載の選択的アンドロゲン受容体調節剤を含有することを特徴とする生活習慣病の予防又は治療のための組成物。
- 生活習慣病が、肥満、インスリン抵抗性(2型)糖尿病、高脂血症及び高血圧症からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの疾患である請求の範囲第6項に記載の生活習慣病の予防又は治療のための組成物。
- 請求の範囲第3~5項のいずれかに記載の選択的アンドロゲン受容体調節剤をヒトに投与して生活習慣病を予防又は治療する方法。
- 生活習慣病の予防又は治療のための、請求の範囲第3~5項のいずれかに記載の選択的アンドロゲン受容体調節剤の使用。
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