WO2009087002A1 - Procédé de démarrage du moteur à combustion interne dans un véhicule à générateur de démarreur intégré - Google Patents

Procédé de démarrage du moteur à combustion interne dans un véhicule à générateur de démarreur intégré Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2009087002A1
WO2009087002A1 PCT/EP2008/066981 EP2008066981W WO2009087002A1 WO 2009087002 A1 WO2009087002 A1 WO 2009087002A1 EP 2008066981 W EP2008066981 W EP 2008066981W WO 2009087002 A1 WO2009087002 A1 WO 2009087002A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
internal combustion
combustion engine
electric machine
clutch
starting
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2008/066981
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Max Bachmann
Original Assignee
Zf Friedrichshafen Ag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Zf Friedrichshafen Ag filed Critical Zf Friedrichshafen Ag
Publication of WO2009087002A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009087002A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W30/00—Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
    • B60W30/18—Propelling the vehicle
    • B60W30/18009—Propelling the vehicle related to particular drive situations
    • B60W30/18027—Drive off, accelerating from standstill
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/15—Control strategies specially adapted for achieving a particular effect
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/48—Parallel type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/02—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B60W10/06—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of combustion engines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B60W10/08—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/04—Starting of engines by means of electric motors the motors being associated with current generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N15/00—Other power-operated starting apparatus; Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from groups F02N5/00 - F02N13/00
    • F02N15/02—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof
    • F02N15/022—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the starter comprising an intermediate clutch
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N5/00—Starting apparatus having mechanical power storage
    • F02N5/04—Starting apparatus having mechanical power storage of inertia type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
    • B60K2006/268—Electric drive motor starts the engine, i.e. used as starter motor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2710/00—Output or target parameters relating to a particular sub-units
    • B60W2710/02—Clutches
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for starting the internal combustion engine in a vehicle comprising an integrated starter generator (ISG) with a clutch arranged between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine of the starter generator according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
  • ISG integrated starter generator
  • Such vehicles are known from the prior art. They include an internal combustion engine and at least one electric machine, which are connected in series in this order, wherein the internal combustion engine can be decoupled by opening a clutch from the electric machine and thus from the drive train; In this case, transmission input is connected to the output of the electric machine or a Summ istsgethebes, in which the moments of the electric machine and the internal combustion engine are summed.
  • the object of the present invention is a method for starting the internal combustion engine in a vehicle comprising an integrated starter generator (ISG) with a clutch arranged between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine of the starter generator.
  • ISG integrated starter generator
  • a method for starting the internal combustion engine in a vehicle comprising an integrated starter generator with a arranged between the engine and the electric machine of the starter generator clutch, in which the start of the engine at high speed of the electric machine is carried out via a short pulse, wherein according to Invention, the pulse is generated by a short closing of the clutch and thus by a short connection of the internal combustion engine with the electric machine; In this case, the internal combustion engine is brought by the pulse to a running speed.
  • the clutch is controlled such that it is opened again at high speed difference between the electric motor and engine.
  • the internal combustion engine is brought from its operable speed in the uncoupled state to speed and is then connected to the drive train by re-closing the clutch.
  • the internal combustion engine can be started by a conventional starter, especially when a tensile load loss is to be avoided or when there are high traction requirements on the vehicle.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Vehicle Engines Or Engines For Specific Uses (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de démarrage du moteur à combustion interne dans un véhicule comportant un générateur de démarreur intégré, et un embrayage disposé entre le moteur à combustion interne et le moteur électrique du générateur de démarreur. Selon l'invention, le démarrage du moteur à combustion interne est réalisé au moyen d'une courte impulsion en cas de vitesse de rotation élevée du moteur électrique, la courte impulsion étant produite par une courte fermeture de l'embrayage et donc par une courte connexion du moteur à combustion interne au moteur électrique, le moteur à combustion interne étant ainsi amené à une vitesse de rotation lui permettant de fonctionner.
PCT/EP2008/066981 2008-01-09 2008-12-08 Procédé de démarrage du moteur à combustion interne dans un véhicule à générateur de démarreur intégré WO2009087002A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102008000013A DE102008000013A1 (de) 2008-01-09 2008-01-09 Verfahren zum Start des Verbrennungsmotors bei einem Fahrzeug mit integriertem Startergenerator
DE102008000013.2 2008-01-09

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2009087002A1 true WO2009087002A1 (fr) 2009-07-16

Family

ID=40599696

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2008/066981 WO2009087002A1 (fr) 2008-01-09 2008-12-08 Procédé de démarrage du moteur à combustion interne dans un véhicule à générateur de démarreur intégré

Country Status (2)

Country Link
DE (1) DE102008000013A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2009087002A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104176049A (zh) * 2014-08-22 2014-12-03 湖南南车时代电动汽车股份有限公司 Isg型混联式混合动力汽车的起动控制方法及系统

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102011089678A1 (de) * 2011-12-22 2013-06-27 Robert Bosch Gmbh Parallelhybrid-Antriebsstrang eines Fahrzeugs und Verfahren zur Steuerung desselben

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999054620A1 (fr) * 1998-04-20 1999-10-28 Robert Bosch Gmbh Unite de demarrage et d'entrainement pour moteur a combustion interne d'un vehicule
DE19956384C1 (de) * 1999-11-24 2000-11-16 Bosch Gmbh Robert Impulsstartverfahren und Impulsstartvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine
DE10047755A1 (de) * 2000-09-27 2002-04-11 Daimler Chrysler Ag Starter-Generator-Vorrichtung für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Verfahren zum Betreiben der Vorrichtung
DE102004023673A1 (de) * 2004-05-13 2005-12-01 Volkswagen Ag Verfahren zur Steuerung des Antriebsstranges eines Hybridfahrzeugs

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102007047091A1 (de) * 2007-10-01 2009-04-02 Robert Bosch Gmbh Modulare Funktionseinheiten zum Starten und Stoppen eines Verbrennungsmotors

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999054620A1 (fr) * 1998-04-20 1999-10-28 Robert Bosch Gmbh Unite de demarrage et d'entrainement pour moteur a combustion interne d'un vehicule
DE19956384C1 (de) * 1999-11-24 2000-11-16 Bosch Gmbh Robert Impulsstartverfahren und Impulsstartvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine
DE10047755A1 (de) * 2000-09-27 2002-04-11 Daimler Chrysler Ag Starter-Generator-Vorrichtung für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Verfahren zum Betreiben der Vorrichtung
DE102004023673A1 (de) * 2004-05-13 2005-12-01 Volkswagen Ag Verfahren zur Steuerung des Antriebsstranges eines Hybridfahrzeugs

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104176049A (zh) * 2014-08-22 2014-12-03 湖南南车时代电动汽车股份有限公司 Isg型混联式混合动力汽车的起动控制方法及系统

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE102008000013A1 (de) 2009-07-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP1991454B1 (fr) Groupe propulseur hybride muni d'un accouplement de separation d'assistance avec un demarrage direct
DE102006034935B4 (de) Antriebsstrang und zugehöriges Betriebsverfahren
EP3668737B1 (fr) Ensemble boîte de vitesses de motorisation hybride et procédé pour faire fonctionner un véhicule à motorisation hybride
DE102007001424A1 (de) Verfahren zum Starten eines Kolbenmotors
WO2009156218A1 (fr) Procédé et dispositif de démarrage d'un moteur à combustion interne d'une chaîne cinématique hybride
DE102013225150A1 (de) Verfahren zum Start eines Verbrennungsmotors eines Kraftfahrzeugs und Kraftfahrzeug
DE102009058133B4 (de) Hybridfahrzeug
WO2010010039A1 (fr) Procédé pour faire fonctionner un groupe propulseur
EP2300296A1 (fr) Procédé de fonctionnement d'une chaîne de propulsion
DE102008000046A1 (de) Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Antriebsstrangs
DE102007037758A1 (de) Hybridfahrzeug
DE102015214551A1 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Steuerung eines Wiederstartes eines Verbrennungsmotors bei einem Austritt eines mit einem Schaltgetriebe ausgebildeten Fahrzeuges aus einem Segelbetrieb
DE102007010343A1 (de) Hybridfahrzeug mit Splitmotor
DE102007050230A1 (de) Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Antriebseinrichtung eines Hybridfahrzeugs
WO2009087002A1 (fr) Procédé de démarrage du moteur à combustion interne dans un véhicule à générateur de démarreur intégré
DE102008023177B4 (de) Antriebseinrichtung für wenigstens eine Maschinenhilfseinheit mittels eines Riemens
DE102015224058A1 (de) Antriebsstrang für ein Hybrid-Kraftfahrzeug
DE102008044102A1 (de) Hybridbaugruppe eines Hybridgetriebes eines Kraftfahrzeugs
DE102012017545A1 (de) Antriebsstrang für ein Kraftfahrzeug
DE102008051295A1 (de) Verfahren zur Steuerung eines Hybridantriebsstranges und paralleler Hybridantriebsstrang
DE102010039194A1 (de) Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Antriebsstrangs
WO2011098201A1 (fr) Véhicule automobile
DE102016208662A1 (de) Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Antriebsstrang-Komponente oder eines Antriebsstrangs für ein Hybridfahrzeug
WO2010010038A1 (fr) Procédé pour faire fonctionner une chaîne cinématique
DE102008044101A1 (de) Verfahren zur Vermeidung von Rasselgeräuschen im Hybridgetriebe eines Hybridfahrzeugs

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 08869319

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 08869319

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1