WO2009084492A1 - Process for producing saccharide - Google Patents
Process for producing saccharide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009084492A1 WO2009084492A1 PCT/JP2008/073265 JP2008073265W WO2009084492A1 WO 2009084492 A1 WO2009084492 A1 WO 2009084492A1 JP 2008073265 W JP2008073265 W JP 2008073265W WO 2009084492 A1 WO2009084492 A1 WO 2009084492A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- cellulose
- mill
- raw material
- decrystallized
- crystallinity
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
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- 108010059892 Cellulase Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 26
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- VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)-N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C(=O)NCCC(N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)=O VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
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- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- YIWGJFPJRAEKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2H-benzotriazol-5-yl)-3-methyl-8-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carbonyl]-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione Chemical compound CN1C(=O)N(c2ccc3n[nH]nc3c2)C2(CCN(CC2)C(=O)c2cnc(NCc3cccc(OC(F)(F)F)c3)nc2)C1=O YIWGJFPJRAEKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- FHKPLLOSJHHKNU-INIZCTEOSA-N [(3S)-3-[8-(1-ethyl-5-methylpyrazol-4-yl)-9-methylpurin-6-yl]oxypyrrolidin-1-yl]-(oxan-4-yl)methanone Chemical compound C(C)N1N=CC(=C1C)C=1N(C2=NC=NC(=C2N=1)O[C@@H]1CN(CC1)C(=O)C1CCOCC1)C FHKPLLOSJHHKNU-INIZCTEOSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JAWMENYCRQKKJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-2-en-8-yl]-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidin-5-yl]methanone Chemical compound N1N=NC=2CN(CCC=21)CC1=NOC2(C1)CCN(CC2)C(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F JAWMENYCRQKKJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- LGQKSQQRKHFMLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-xylopyranose Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)COC1OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)OC1 LGQKSQQRKHFMLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- DEXFNLNNUZKHNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-[3-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]piperidin-1-yl]-3-oxopropyl]-3H-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C1CCN(CC1)C(CCC1=CC2=C(NC(O2)=O)C=C1)=O DEXFNLNNUZKHNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- YLZOPXRUQYQQID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-1-[4-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]propan-1-one Chemical compound N1N=NC=2CN(CCC=21)CCC(=O)N1CCN(CC1)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F YLZOPXRUQYQQID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- NIPNSKYNPDTRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[2-oxo-2-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 NIPNSKYNPDTRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241001480714 Humicola insolens Species 0.000 description 3
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 241000499912 Trichoderma reesei Species 0.000 description 3
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- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
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- UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chlorite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl=O UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- 230000002421 anti-septic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- WVHBHPATSLQXGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene;ethanol Chemical compound CCO.C1=CC=CC=C1 WVHBHPATSLQXGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VZOPRCCTKLAGPN-ZFJVMAEJSA-L potassium;sodium;(2r,3r)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[Na+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O VZOPRCCTKLAGPN-ZFJVMAEJSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940074446 sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
- C12P7/56—Lactic acid
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for producing saccharide. [0002]
- Examples 1 and 4 of JP 62-236801A there is disclosed a method of treating sheet-like pulp using a vibration ball mill or a twin-screw extruder.
- Examples 1 to 3 of JP 2003-64184A there is disclosed a method of treating pulp using a ball mill.
- Examples 1 and 2 of JP 2004-331918A there is disclosed a method of treating cellulose powders obtained by subjecting pulp to chemical treatments such as hydrolysis using a ball mill and further an air mill.
- JP 2005-68140A discloses a method of treating pulp kept dispersed in water using a media-type mill such as a vibration ball mill.
- JP 2003-135052A discloses a method of saccharifying cellulose employing a specific cellulase.
- JP 2007-74992A and JP 2007-74993A disclose saccharification methods in which cellulose or hemicellulose has been treated with hot water by using hydrogen peroxide, followed by an enzyme treatment.
- the present invention relates to a process for producing saccharide, including saccharifying decrystallized cellulose prepared from a raw material containing cellulose having cellulose I-type crystallinity of more than 33% as calculated from the following formula (1):
- Cellulose I-type Crystallinity (%) [ (I 22 . 6 ⁇ 1 IS - S ) /I 22-6 ] x 100 (1), wherein I 22-6 is diffraction intensity of a lattice plane (002 plane) as measured at a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ of 22.6° in X- ray diffraction analysis; and lie.
- 5 is diffraction intensity of an amorphous moiety as measured at a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ of 18.5° in X-ray diffraction analysis, the process containing: treating the cellulose-containing raw material by use of a mill to reduce the cellulose I-type crystallinity of the cellulose to 33% or less, wherein the cellulose-containing raw material has a cellulose content of a residue obtained by removing water from the cellulose-containing raw material of
- decrystallized cellulose 20% by weight or more, to thereby prepare decrystallized cellulose, and causing a cellulase and/or a hemicellulase to act on the decrystallized cellulose, to thereby saccharify the decrystallized cellulose.
- the present invention relates to a process for producing saccharide, including an enzymatic reaction between a cellulase or a similar enzyme and decrystallized cellulose, as a substrate, having reduced cellulose I-type crystallinity and obtained from a cellulose-containing raw material.
- the process can produce saccharide in an efficient manner with excellent productivity.
- the present inventors have found that the aforementioned problems can be solved by performing a preliminary treatment (decrystallization) of a specific cellulose-containing raw material as a starting material by means of a mill and, subsequently, performing an enzymatic reaction by use of, for example, a cellulase.
- the present invention relates to a process for producing saccharide, including saccharifying decrystallized cellulose prepared from a raw material containing cellulose having cellulose I-type crystallinity of more than 33% as calculated from the following formula (1) :
- Cellulose I-type Crystallinity (%) [ (I 22 . 6 ⁇ 1 IS - S ⁇ /I 22-6 ] x 100 (1), wherein I 22 . ⁇ i- s diffraction intensity of a lattice plane (002 plane) as measured at a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ of 22.6° in X- ray diffraction analysis; and I 1B-S i- s diffraction intensity of an amorphous moiety as measured at a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ of 18.5° in X-ray diffraction analysis, the process containing: treating the cellulose-containing raw material using a mill to reduce the cellulose I-type crystallinity of the cellulose to 33% or less, wherein the cellulose-containing raw material has a cellulose content of a residue obtained by removing water from the cellulose-containing raw material of 20% by weight or more, to thereby prepare decrystallized cellulose, and causing a cellulase and/or a
- the cellulose content of a residue obtained by removing water from the cellulose-containing raw material used in the present invention is 20% by weight or more, preferably 40% by weight or more and more preferably 60% by weight or more.
- the cellulose content used in the present invention means a total content of cellulose and hemicellulose.
- the cellulose-containing raw material used in the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the cellulose-containing raw material include wood materials such as various wood chips, pruned-off branches, thinning wastes, and branches; pulp such as wood pulp produced from wood materials, and cotton linter pulp obtained from fiber surrounding cotton seeds; paper such as newspaper, corrugated cardboard, magazine, and wood-free paper; stems or leaves of plants such as rice straw, and corn stems; and shells of plants such as chaff; palm shells, and coconut shells.
- wood materials such as various wood chips, pruned-off branches, thinning wastes, and branches
- pulp such as wood pulp produced from wood materials, and cotton linter pulp obtained from fiber surrounding cotton seeds
- paper such as newspaper, corrugated cardboard, magazine, and wood-free paper
- stems or leaves of plants such as rice straw, and corn stems
- shells of plants such as chaff; palm shells, and coconut shells.
- pulp, paper, stems or leaves of plants, shells of plants, and wood materials are
- the cellulose content of a residue obtained by removing water therefrom generally ranges from 75 to 99% by weight, and the pulp may also contain lignin, etc., as the other components. Further, commercially available pulp usually has cellulose I-type crystallinity of 60% or more.
- the water content of the cellulose-containing raw material is preferably 20% by weight or less, more preferably 15% by weight or less, even more preferably 10% by weight or less.
- the water content of the cellulose-containing raw material is 20% by weight or less, the raw material is readily milled, and the crystallinity thereof is readily reduced by the below-mentioned milling treatment, whereby the subsequent production of saccharide can be performed at high efficiency.
- the decrystallized cellulose prepared according to the present invention has reduced cellulose I-type crystallinity of 33% or less.
- the cellulose I-type crystallinity is calculated from diffraction intensity values measured by X- ray diffraction analysis according to the Segal method, and is defined by the following calculation formula (1) :
- Cellulose I-type Crystallinity (%) [ (I 22 . 6 ⁇ 1 IS . 5 ) /I 22 . 6 ] x 100 (1) wherein I 22 . 6 i- s diffraction intensity of a lattice plane (002 plane) as measured at a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ of 22.6° in X- ray diffraction analysis; and I 18 . 5 is diffraction intensity of an amorphous moiety as measured at a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ of 18.5° in X-ray diffraction analysis.
- the crystallinity of 33% or less enhances in chemical reactivity of cellulose-
- conversion of the cellulose into alkali cellulose can readily proceed, resulting in enhanced reaction conversion rate in an etherification reaction of the cellulose.
- the crystallinity of the decrystallized cellulose is preferably 20% or less, more preferably 10% or less, most preferably 0%, indicating that no cellulose I-type crystal is detected upon analysis of the cellulose.
- the cellulose I-type crystallinity defined by the above calculation formula (1) might be sometimes calculated as a negative value (minus value) .
- the cellulose I-type crystallinity expressed by such a minus value is regarded as 0%.
- the cellulose I-type crystallinity used herein means a ratio of the I-type crystal of cellulose on the basis of a total amount of a crystalline region of the cellulose.
- the cellulose I-type means a crystal structure of natural cellulose.
- the crystallinity of the cellulose has some relation to physical and chemical properties thereof. As crystallinity increases, hardness, density, etc. of cellulose increase, by virtue of high crystallinity and a less amorphous moiety thereof, but elongation, softness, solubility in water or solvents, and chemical reactivity are lowered. [0008]
- the cellulose-containing raw material preferably having a bulk density of 100 to 500 kg/m 3 and an average particle size of 0.01 to 1 mm is treated by means of a mill to reduce cellulose I-type crystallinity of the cellulose contained therein to 33% or less.
- a preliminary treatment is preferably performed, to thereby increase bulk density to 100 to 500 kg/m 3 .
- the raw material can be further milled to reduce the crystallinity thereof, thereby efficiently performing decrystallization of the cellulose.
- a media-type mill is preferably used as a mill.
- Media-type mills are classified into container-driving-type mills and media-agitating-type mills.
- container-driving-type mills include a ball mill, a vibration mill, a planetary mill, and a centrifugal fluid mill.
- a vibration mill is preferred.
- media-agitating-type mills examples include tower-type mills such as a tower mill; agitation-tank-type mills such as an Attritor, an Aquamizer, and a Sand grinder; flow-tank-type mills such as a Visco mill and a Pearl mill; flow-tube-type mills; annular-type mills such as a co-ball mill; and continuous-type dynamic mills.
- tower-type mills such as a tower mill
- agitation-tank-type mills such as an Attritor, an Aquamizer, and a Sand grinder
- flow-tank-type mills such as a Visco mill and a Pearl mill
- flow-tube-type mills such as a Co-ball mill
- continuous-type dynamic mills examples include tower-type mills such as a tower mill; agitation-tank-type mills such as an Attritor, an Aquamizer, and a Sand grinder; flow-tank-type mills such as a Visco mill and a
- the above types of mills will be understood by referring to "Progress of Chemical Engineering; 30th Collection; Control of Microparticles", Institute of Chemical Engineering, Tokai Division, October 10, 1996, Maki-Shoten.
- the treatment method may be either a batch method or a continuous method.
- Examples of the media (grinding media) used in the mills include balls, rods, and tubes. Among these media, from the viewpoints of high grinding efficiency and good productivity, preferred are balls and rods.
- the material of the media used in the mills is not particularly limited.
- Examples of the material of the media include iron, stainless steel, alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and glass. [ 0011 ]
- the outer diameter of the balls is preferably 0.1 to 100 mm, more preferably 0.5 to 50 mm.
- desired grinding force can be attained, and the cellulose can be efficiently decrystallized without contamination of the cellulose-containing raw material which would otherwise be caused by inclusion of fragments of the balls thereinto.
- a cellulose- containing raw material is milled by means of a vibration mill filled with rods, whereby cellulose contained in the raw material can be efficiently decrystallized, which is preferred.
- Examples of the vibration mill using rods as grinding media therefor include a vibration mill available from Chuo Kakohki Co., Ltd., a small-size vibration rod mill “1045 Model” available from Yoshida Seisakusho Co., Ltd., a vibration cup mill “P-9 Model” available from Fritsch Inc. of Germany, and a small-size vibration mill “NB-O Type” available from Nitto Kagaku Co., Ltd.
- the treating method used in these vibration mills may be either a batch method or a continuous method.
- each rod has a sectional shape such as a polygonal shape; e.g., a square shape or a hexagonal shape, a circular shape, an elliptical shape, etc.
- the rods to be filled in the vibration mill each have an outer diameter of preferably 0.5 to 200 mm, more preferably 1 to 100 mm, even more preferably 5 to 50 mm.
- the length of the respective rods is not particularly limited so long as the rods are shorter than the length of the container of the mill.
- the filling ratio of media such as balls and rods in the mill varies depending upon the kind of vibration mill used, and is preferably 10 to 97%, more preferably 15 to 95%.
- the "filling ratio” used herein means a ratio of the apparent volume of the media to the volume of the mill.
- the treatment time in the mill varies depending upon the kind of the mill as well as the kind, size, and filling ratio of the media such as balls and rods and, therefore, is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of reducing the crystallinity of the cellulose, the treatment time is preferably 0.01 to 72 hrs, more preferably 0.01 to 50 hrs, even more preferably 0.05 to 20 hrs, still more preferably 0.1 to 10 hrs.
- the treating temperature in the mill is also not particularly limited, and is preferably 5 to 250°C, more preferably 10 to 200 0 C from the viewpoint of preventing heat deterioration. [0014]
- decrystallized cellulose having cellulose I-type crystallinity of 33% or less can be efficiently produced from the cellulose-containing raw material.
- the cellulose-containing raw material can be treated under dry conditions without allowing the milled material to adhere on the inside of the mill.
- the average particle size of the resultant decrystallized cellulose is preferably 25 to 150 ⁇ m, preferably 30 to 100 ⁇ m, the viewpoints of good chemical reactivity and good handling property when the decrystallized cellulose is employed as an industrial raw material.
- the bulk density of the cellulose-containing raw material fed to the mill is preferably 100 kg/m 3 or more, more preferably 120 kg/m 3 or more, still more preferably 150 kg/m 3 or more.
- the bulk density of the cellulose-containing raw material is 100 kg/m 3 or more, the cellulose-containing raw material has an appropriate volume, resulting in improved handling property.
- the amount of the raw material charged into the mill can be increased, resulting in enhanced treating capacity of the mill.
- the upper limit of the bulk density of the cellulose-containing raw material fed to the mill is preferably 500 kg/m 3 or less, more preferably 400 kg/m 3 or less, still more preferably 350 kg/m 3 or less, from the viewpoints of good handling property and good productivity. From these viewpoints, the bulk density of the cellulose-containing raw material fed to the mill is preferably 100 to 500 kg/m 3 , more preferably 120 to 400 kg/m 3 , still more preferably 150 to 350 kg/m 3 . [0016]
- the average particle size of the cellulose-containing raw material fed to the mill is preferably 0.01 to 1 mm, from the viewpoint of effective dispersion of a material for milling in the mill.
- the cellulose-containing raw material has an average particle size of 1 mm or smaller, the material for milling is fed to the mill can be efficiently dispersed in the mill, and milled into a desired particle size without requiring a prolonged period of time.
- the lower limit of the average particle size of the cellulose-containing raw material fed to the mill is preferably 0.01 mm or larger, in view of good productivity. From these viewpoints, the average particle size of the cellulose-containing raw material fed to the mill is more preferably 0.01 to 0.7 mm, still more preferably 0.05 to 0.5 mm. Meanwhile, the aforementioned bulk density and average particle size may be measured by the methods described in Examples below. [0017]
- the cellulose-containing raw material which is fed to the aforementioned mill is preferably subjected to a preliminary treatment.
- the cellulose-containing raw material is treated by means of an extruder, whereby the bulk density and the average particle size of the cellulose-containing raw material can be adjusted to fall within preferred ranges.
- the material Before charging the cellulose-containing raw material into the extruder, the material is preferably coarsely milled into chips.
- the size of the coarsely milled chips is preferably 1 to 50 mm, more preferably 1 to 30 mm.
- extruder treatment can be readily conducted in an efficient manner, thereby reducing the load required for milling.
- the cellulose-containing raw material may be coarsely milled by means of a shredder or a rotary cutter.
- the size of the resultant coarsely milled material may be controlled by modifying the mesh size of a screen used therein.
- the mesh size of the screen is preferably 1 to 50 mm, more preferably 1 to 30 mm.
- a screen having a mesh size of 1 mm or more is employed, the resultant coarsely milled material having a suitable bulkiness can be obtained, resulting in enhanced handling property thereof.
- the cellulose-containing raw material has a size suitable for the subsequent milling treatment, resulting in reduced load for milling.
- a compression shear- force may be applied to the cellulose-containing raw material to break the crystal structure of the cellulose and mill the cellulose-containing raw material into a powder.
- the milled material tends to suffer from flocculation and, therefore, very high bulkiness, resulting in poor handling property and deterioration in weight-based treatment capability.
- the cellulose-containing raw material milled by means of an extruder can exhibit a desired bulkiness and average particle size, resulting in enhanced handling property thereof.
- the extruder may be of either a single-screw type or a twin-screw type. From the viewpoint of enhancement in conveying capability, etc., of these apparatuses, the twin- screw extruder is preferably used.
- twin-screw extruder there may be used a conventionally known twin-screw extruder in which two screws are rotatably inserted into a cylinder.
- the rotational directions of the two screws in the twin-screw extruder may be either identical or opposite. From the viewpoint of enhancement in delivering capability, etc., the screws are preferably rotated in the same direction.
- the meshing of the screws in the extruder may be of any of a complete meshing type, a partially meshing type, and a de-meshing type. From the viewpoint of enhancement in treating capability, etc., the complete meshing type or the partially meshing type is preferred. [0021]
- the extruder is preferably provided with a so-called kneading disk segment in any portion of the respective screws thereof.
- the kneading disk segment is constituted of a plurality of kneading disks which are continuously arranged in combination while offsetting their positions at a constant phase; for example, at intervals of 90°, and is capable of applying a very strong shear force to the cellulose- containing raw material with rotation of the screws by forcibly passing the raw material through a narrow gap between the kneading disks or between the kneading disk and the cylinder.
- the screw preferably has such a structure that the kneading disk segments and the screw segments are arranged in an alternate relation to each other. In the twin-screw extruder, the two screws are preferably identical in structure to each other.
- the cellulose-containing raw material preferably the coarsely milled cellulose-containing raw material
- the shear rate used upon the treatment is preferably 10 sec "1 or more, more preferably 20 to 30,000 sec" 1 , even more preferably 50 to 3,000 sec "1 . When the shear rate is 10 sec" 1 or more, milling the cellulose-containing raw material proceeds effectively.
- the other treatment conditions are not particularly limited.
- the treatment temperature is preferably from 5 to 200 0 C.
- the number of passes of the cellulose-containing raw material through the extruder to attain a sufficient effect may be only one (pass) . From the viewpoint of lowering the crystallinity and polymerization degree of the cellulose- containing raw material, if one-pass treatment is unsatisfactory, 2 or more passes are preferably conducted. Also, in view of good productivity, the number of passes of the cellulose-containing raw material through the extruder is preferably 1 to 10 (passes) . When the passes are repeated through the extruder, the coarse particles contained in the raw material are milled, thereby obtaining a powdery cellulose-containing raw material having small variation in particle size. When 2 or more passes are conducted, a plurality of the extruders may be arranged in series, in view of high production capacity. [0023] [Saccharification by use of Enzyme such as Cellulase]
- the decrystallized cellulose produced through the aforementioned treatment has low crystallinity, the cellulose can readily form, through an enzymatic treatment by use of a cellulase, a mixture of glucose and oligosaccharides such as cellobiose or cellotriose at high efficiency.
- the saccharification is preferably performed to form monosaccharides, in consideration that the saccharification product is subjected to ethanol fermentation or lactic fermentation after saccharification.
- cellulase refers to enzymes which hydrolyze a glycoside bond of ⁇ -l,4-glucan of cellulose and collectively refers to enzymes including endoglucanase, exoglucanase, cellobiohydrase, and ⁇ -glucosidase.
- a hemicellulase such as xylanase is caused to act in combination with cellulase, saccharification efficiency can be enhanced.
- cellulase and hemicellulase employed in the saccharification, and commercially products of cellulase and those derived from animals, plants, and microorganisms may be employed.
- the cellulase include cellulase products derived from Trichoderma reesei such as Celluclast 1.5L (product of Novozymes) ; cellulase derived from a Bacillus sp. KSM-N145 strain (FERM P-19727); cellulase derived from strains of
- Bacillus sp. KSM-N252 (FERM P-17474) , Bacillus sp. KSM-N115 (FERM P-19726), Bacillus sp. KSM-N440 (FERM P-19728), Bacillus sp.
- KSM-N659 (FERM P-19730) , etc.; cellulase mixtures derived from Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus acleatus, Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium stercorarium, Clostridium josui, Cellulomonas fimi, Acremonium cellulolyticus, Irpex lacteus, Aspergillus niger, and Humicola insolens; and a heat-resistant cellulase derived from Pyrococcus horikoshii.
- cellulases derived from Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma viride, or Humicola insolens e.g., Celluclast 1.5L (product of Novozymes), TP-60 (product of Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd.), or Ultraflo L (product of Novozymes) are preferably used, to thereby efficiently produce saccharide.
- Celluclast 1.5L product of Novozymes
- TP-60 product of Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd.
- Ultraflo L product of Novozymes
- hemicellulase examples include a xylanase derived from Bacillus sp. KSM-N546 (FERM P-19729) ; xylanases derived from Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Humicola insolens, and Bacillus alcalophilus; and xylanases derived from the genus Thermomyces, Aureobasidium, Streptomyces, Clostridium, Thermotoga, Thermoascus, Caldocellum, and Thermomonospora.
- an enzyme contained in the aforementioned cellulase mixtures and having a hemicellulase activity may also be employed.
- These enzymes may be used singly and, more preferably, the enzymes are used in combination for attaining more efficient production of saccharides.
- a specific cellulase such as ⁇ -glucosidase
- the efficiency of saccharide production can be enhanced.
- ⁇ -glucosidase added to these enzymes examples include an enzyme derived from Aspergillus niger (e.g., Novozyme 188 (product of Novozymes) or ⁇ -glucosidase (product of
- Penicillium emersonii Penicillium emersonii .
- Reaction conditions under which cellulase-mediated saccharification of the decrystallized cellulose produced through the aforementioned treatment is performed may be appropriately selected, depending on the crystallinity of the decrystallized cellulose obtained through the preliminary treatment and the enzyme used.
- Celluclast 1.5L product of Novozymes
- a cellulose derived from pulp and having crystallinity of 0% are employed as a substrate
- Celluclast 1.5L is added to a 0.5 to 20% (w/v) suspension of the substrate so as to adjust the enzyme concentration of 0.001 to 15% (v/v) (0.00017 to 2.5% as protein)
- the enzymatic reaction is performed in a buffer in which pH is adjusted to 2 to 10 (the pH is preferably appropriately selected depending on the type of the enzyme employed and pH is preferably 3 to 7, particularly preferably near 5 in the case of Celluclast 1.5L), at a reaction temperature of 10 to 90 0 C (the temperature is preferably appropriately selected depending on the type of the enzyme employed and the reaction is preferably performed at 20 to 70 0 C, particularly preferably about 50 0 C in the case of Celluclast 1.5L), for 30 minutes to 5 days, more preferably 0.5 to 3 days, to thereby produce saccharide.
- EXAMP product of Novozymes
- the average particle size, bulk density, and X-ray diffraction intensity of the decrystallized cellulose or cellulose-containing raw material, and the cellulose content of the raw material were measured through the following methods. Saccharification of celluloses such as decrystallized cellulose was performed under the following conditions .
- the average particle size was measured by means of a laser diffraction/scattering-type particle size distribution measuring device "LA-920" available from Horiba, Ltd. Upon measurement, a sample was subjected to an ultrasonic treatment for 1 min prior to measuring the particle size thereof, and then by using water as a dispersing medium, the average diameter of the sample was measured at 25°C.
- the cellulose I-type crystallinity of a sample was calculated from X-ray diffraction intensities thereof which were measured under the following conditions by means of a "Rigaku RINT 2500VC X-RAY diffractometer" available from Rigaku Corporation, according to the above calculation formula (1) .
- the sample to be measured was prepared through compressing to form pellets each having an area of 320 mm 2 and a thickness of 1 mm.
- X-ray scanning speed was 10°/min.
- the water content was measured at 150°C by means of an infrared moisture meter "FD-610" available from Rett Electric
- Each of the milled cellulose-containing raw material samples was subjected to Soxhlet extraction with an ethanol- benzene solvent mixture (1:1) for 6 hours and further with ethanol for 4 hours.
- the extracted sample was dried in vacuum at 60 0 C.
- water (150 mL) water (150 mL) , sodium chlorite (1.0 g) , and acetic acid (0.2 mL) were added, and the mixture was heated at 70 to 80°C for one hour.
- Saccharification reaction in the presence of an enzyme was performed under the following conditions. Specifically, an appropriate amount of a substrate (cellulose powder or decrystallized cellulose) was suspended in an enzymatic reaction mixture (3 mL) (containing lOOmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0) and 30 ⁇ g/mL tetracycline (antiseptic) and placed in a capped screw tube (No.3, ⁇ : 21 x 45 mm, product of Maruemu Corporation) in Examples 2-1 and 2-2 and Comparative Example 2-1 or in a capped screw tube (No .5, ⁇ : 27 x 55 mm, product of Maruemu Corporation) in the other Examples and Comparative Examples) .
- a substrate cellulose powder or decrystallized cellulose
- Each supernatant (0.1 mL) was appropriately diluted with ion-exchange water, and 5% (w/w) phenol solution (0.1 mL) was added to the diluted supernatant, followed by mixing. Sulfuric acid (0.5 mL) was further added thereto, followed by sufficiently mixing. The resultant mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 20 minutes, and analyzed through colorimetry at wavelength of 490 nm. The total saccharide amount contained in the supernatant was calculated by a calibration curve obtained by use of glucose as a standard saccharide.
- each supernatant was added to a DNS solution (1 mL) (0.5% 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 30% sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, and 1.6% sodium hydroxide) , and the mixture was heated at 100°C for 5 minutes for color development. After cooling, the mixture was analyzed through colorimetry at wavelength of 535 nm.
- the amount of reducing saccharide contained in the supernatant was calculated by a calibration curve obtained by use of glucose as a standard saccharide. Note that, since a certain type of the formed saccharides exhibits a color development intensity which is not equal to that of glucose, the determined reducing saccharide amount may differ from the value determined through HPLC.
- a DC Protein Assay Kit (product of Bio-Rad Laboratories) was employed, and weight of protein was calculated by a calibration curve obtained by use of bovine serum albumin as a standard protein.
- a sheet-like wood pulp as a cellulose-containing raw material ["Blue Bear Ultra Ether” available from Borregaard, size: 800 mm x 600 mm x 1.5 mm; crystallinity: 81%; cellulose content: 96% by weight; water content: 7% by weight] was cut by means of a shredder "MSX2000-IVP440F” available from Meikoshokai Co., Ltd., to prepare chipped pulp having a size of about 10 mm x 5 mm x 1.5 mm. [Vibration Mill Treatment]
- the resultant chipped pulp (100 g) was charged into a vibration mill "MB-I" available from Chuo Kakohki Co., Ltd., (total container capacity: 3.5 L), and treated therein at a vibration amplitude of 8 mm and a circular rotation speed of 1,200 cpm for 3 hr under such conditions that 16 stainless steel rods each having a circular shape in section, a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 218 mm were placed in the vibration mill (filling ratio: 49%) .
- the decrystallized cellulose obtained after the treatment using the vibration mill had an average particle size of 80 ⁇ m. Also, the temperature of the resultant decrystallized cellulose was as high as 85°C owing to heat generated upon the treatment.
- the chipped pulp which had been obtained from the same sheet-like wood pulp through the same method both as employed in Production Example 1-1, was charged into a twin-screw extruder "EA-20" available from Suehiro EPM Corporation, at a feed rate of 2 kg/h, and passed therethrough one time (one pass) at a shear rate of 660 sec "1 and a screw rotating speed of 300 rpm while flowing cooling water from outside therethrough.
- EA-20 available from Suehiro EPM Corporation
- the twin-screw extruder used was of a complete meshing and unidirectional rotation type in which the screws arranged in two rows were each provided with a screw segment having a screw diameter of 40 mm and a kneading disk segment constituted of a combination of 12 blocks of kneading disks offset from each other at intervals of 90°, and the two screws had the same construction.
- the temperature in the twin-screw extruder was raised to from 30 to 70°C owing to heat generated upon the treatment.
- COMPARATIVE PRODUCTION EXAMPLE 1-4 The same shredder treatment as described in Production Example 1-1 was conducted to obtain chipped pulp. Next, the resultant chipped pulp (500 g) was charged into a pin mill "KOLLOPLEX" available from Hosokawa Micron Corporation, and treated therein at a rotating speed of 13,000 rpm for 0.25 hr. As a result, the resultant milled product was flocculated, thereby failing to obtain decrystallized cellulose. The results are shown in Table 1-2. [0041] COMPARATIVE PRODUCTION EXAMPLE 1-5 The same procedure as described in Production Example 1-1 was repeated, to thereby produce chipped pulp.
- the properties of the cellulose-containing materials obtained after the extruder treatment are as follows: (Production Example 1-7) wood-free paper, average particle size of 71 ⁇ m/bulk density of 274 kg/m 3 ; (Production Example 1-8) corrugated cardboard, average particle size of 93 ⁇ m/bulk density of 216 kg/m 3 ; (Production Example 1-9) newspaper, average particle size of 61 ⁇ m/bulk density of 303 kg/m 3 ; and (Production Example 1-10) chaff, average particle size of 85 ⁇ m/bulk density of 380 kg/m 3 .
- the produced roadside tree chips and chips of pruned-off branches of a tangerine tree were dried by means of a drier to a water content of 2.3% by weight and 3.5% by weight, respectively.
- the chips of pruned-off branches of tangerine trees were found to have a bulk density of 224 kg/m 3 .
- Example 1-1 the decrystallized cellulose (crystallinity: 0%, particle size: 57 ⁇ m) prepared through the extruder treatment and the vibration mill treatment employing a rod medium in Production Example 1-6 was subjected to saccharification reaction by use of a cellulases standard sample (Celluclast 1.5L, product of Novozymes) .
- a cellulases standard sample Cellulases standard sample (Celluclast 1.5L, product of Novozymes) .
- Comparative Example 1-1 the powdered pulp
- Examples 1-2 to 1-4 decrystallized celluloses were prepared under the aforementioned conditions of Production Example 1-6 (Examples 1-2 to 1-4: crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 57 ⁇ m) .
- Examples 1-2 to 1-4 crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 57 ⁇ m
- Comparative Examples 1-2 to 1-4 a powdered pulp product (Comparative Examples 1-2 to 1-4: crystallinity of 76%/average particle size of 156 ⁇ m) prepared in Comparative Production Example 1-5 was employed.
- Each of the samples was subjected to saccharification reaction by use of a cellulases standard sample (Celluclast 1.5L, product of Novozymes) .
- each of the decrystallized celluloses and the powdered pulp product (0.15 g) was suspended in an enzymatic reaction mixture (3 mL) , and the mixture was caused to react at 50°C for 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours, during which the mixture was stirred with shaking.
- the following enzymatic reaction mixtures were employed: (Example 1-2 and Comparative Example 1-2) 10OmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0), 3% (v/v) Celluclast 1.5L (0.5% as protein) , and 30 ⁇ g/mL tetracycline) ; (Example 1-3 and Comparative Example 1-3) 10OmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0), 1.5%
- Example 1-2 The supernatant of the saccharification mixture (reaction time: 72 hours) obtained in Example 1-2 was analyzed in the following manner by means of a DX500
- 0%/average particle size of 57 ⁇ m) prepared under the conditions employed in Production Example 1-6 was to saccharification reaction by use of a cellulases standard sample (TP-60, product of Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 650 mg- protein/g) (Examples 1-6 to 1-8) or (Ultraflo L, product of Novozymes, 50 mg-protein/mL) (Examples 1-9 to 1-11) .
- TP-60 product of Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 650 mg- protein/g
- Ultraflo L product of Novozymes, 50 mg-protein/mL
- Example 1-6 10OmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0), 0.83% (w/v) TP-60 (0.54% as protein), and 30 ⁇ g/mL tetracycline);
- Example 1-7) 10OmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0), 0.42% (w/v) TP-60 (0.28% as protein), and 30 ⁇ g/mL tetracycline);
- Example 1-8) 10OmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0), 0.17% (w/v) TP-60 (0.11% as protein) , and 30 ⁇ g/mL tetracycline) ;
- Example 1-10) 10OmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0), 5% (v/v) Ultrafl
- Example 1 the decrystallized cellulose (crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 57 ⁇ m) prepared under the conditions employed in Production Example 1-6 was to saccharification reaction by use of a cellulases standard sample (Celluclast 1.5L, products of Novozymes) (Example 1-
- Celluclast 1.5L (0.1% as protein), and 30 ⁇ g/mL tetracycline and (Example 1-13) 10OmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0), 0.6% (v/v) Celluclast 1.5L (0.1% as protein), 0.03% (v/v) Novozyme 188
- EXAMPLES 1-16 to 1-18 and COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1-5 to 1-7 In Examples 1-16 to 1-18, decrystallized celluloses produced in Production Examples 1-7 to 1-9 ( (Example 1-16) wood-free paper, crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 42 ⁇ m, (Example 1-17) corrugated cardboard, crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 48 ⁇ m, and (Example 1-18) newspaper, crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 55 ⁇ m) were employed.
- Comparative Examples 1-5 to 1-7 powdered celluloses produced in Comparative Production Examples 1-6 to 1-8 ( (Comparative Example 1-5) wood-free paper, crystallinity of 71%/average particle size of 71 ⁇ m, (Comparative Example 1-6) corrugated cardboard, crystallinity of 71%/average particle size of 93 ⁇ m, and (Comparative Example 1-7 newspaper, crystallinity of 56%/average particle size of 61 ⁇ m) were employed.
- each of the cellulose products was subjected to saccharification reaction by use of a cellulases standard product (Celluclast 1.5L, product of Novozymes) .
- a cellulases standard product Cellulases standard product (Celluclast 1.5L, product of Novozymes) .
- Each of the decrystallized celluloses and powdered celluloses (0.15 g) was suspended in an enzymatic reaction mixture (3
- the process of the present invention is useful for the production of a raw material for producing ethanol or lactic acid through fermentation.
- the production of saccharide can be efficiently attained regardless of the type of the enzyme product employed in the process.
- addition of ⁇ -glucosidase to the cellulase product realizes more efficient production of saccharide.
- the process for producing saccharide of the present invention is effective for various cellulose materials; i.e., not only for pulp but also for paper materials such as wood-free paper, corrugated cardboard, and newspaper; plant shells such as chaff; and wood materials.
- the same sheet-like wood pulp as employed in Production Example 1-1 was subjected to the same shredder treatment as employed in Production Example 1-1 and to the same extruder treatment in as employed Production Example 1-2.
- the temperature of the twin-screw extruder employed was elevated to 30 to 70°C by heat generated during the treatment.
- the pulp after the treatment had an average particle size of 120 ⁇ m and a bulk density of 219 kg/m 3 .
- the resultant pulp 130 g was charged into a batch-type agitation tank mill "Sand Grinder" available from Igarashi
- the thus-obtained decrystallized cellulose was passed through a sieve having a mesh size of 75 ⁇ m, thereby obtaining 142 g of an undersize product of the decrystallized cellulose (corresponding to 71% by weight on the basis of the cellulose-containing raw material charged) .
- the resultant undersize product was subjected to measurements of an average particle size through the aforementioned method, and the crystallinity of the decrystallized cellulose was calculated from measured X-ray diffraction intensities. The results are shown in Table 2-1.
- PRODUCTION EXAMPLE 2-3 The same procedure as described in Production Example 2-1 was repeated except that a vibration mill "Pot Mill ANZ- 51S" available from Nitto Kagaku Co., Ltd., (container capacity: 1.0 L; 10 ram ⁇ zirconia balls filled: 1.8 kg; filling ratio: 53%) was used in place of the batch-type agitation tank mill, and the pulp (100 g) as the cellulose- containing raw material was charged into the mill and treated therein at a rotating speed of 100 rpm for 48 hr, thereby obtaining decrystallized cellulose. After completion of the milling treatment, no pulp adhered on an inner wall surface or a bottom of the vibration mill was observed.
- a vibration mill "Pot Mill ANZ- 51S" available from Nitto Kagaku Co., Ltd., (container capacity: 1.0 L; 10 ram ⁇ zirconia balls filled: 1.8 kg; filling ratio: 53%) was used in place of the batch-type
- the thus- obtained decrystallized cellulose was passed through a sieve having a mesh size of 75 ⁇ m, thereby obtaining 63 g of an undersize product of the decrystallized cellulose (corresponding to 63% by weight on the basis of the cellulose-containing raw material charged) .
- the resultant undersize product was subjected to measurements of an average particle size through the aforementioned method, and the crystallinity of the decrystallized cellulose was calculated from measured X-ray diffraction intensities. The results are shown in Table 2-1. [0066] [Table 11]
- the same shredder treatment as described in Production Example 2-1 was conducted to obtain a chipped pulp.
- the resultant chipped pulp was charged into the batch-type agitation tank mill without previously subjecting the pulp to the extruder treatment.
- the amount of the chipped pulp capable of being charged into the mill was only 65 g which was one half of the pulp charged in Production Example 2-1, owing to a high bulkiness thereof.
- the chipped pulp was subjected to the treatment using the batch-type agitation tank mill under the same conditions as employed in Production Example 2-1, thereby obtaining a powdered pulp. As a result, it was confirmed that after the treatment, the pulp adhered on the bottom of the agitation tank mill was observed.
- the same shredder treatment as described in Production Example 2-1 was conducted to obtain a chipped pulp.
- the resultant chipped pulp 500 g
- the obtained pulp was in the form of a flocculated weight having a bulk density of 33 kg/m 3 .
- the flocculated pulp was charged into the batch-type agitation tank mill. However, the amount of the flocculated pulp capable of being charged into the mill was only 30 g owing to a high bulkiness thereof.
- the flocculated pulp was subjected to the treatment using the batch-type agitation tank mill under the same conditions as employed in Production Example 2-1, thereby obtaining a powdered pulp.
- the thus obtained powdered pulp was passed through a sieve having a mesh size of 75 ⁇ m, thereby obtaining 23.4 g of the powdered pulp as an undersize product (corresponding to 78.0% by weight on the basis of the material charged) .
- the resultant undersize product was subjected to measurements of an average particle size and through the aforementioned method, and the crystallinity of the product was calculated from measured X- ray diffraction intensities. The results are shown in Table 2-2. [0070]
- the properties of the cellulose-containing materials obtained after the extruder treatment are as follows: (Production Example 2-4) wood-free paper, average particle size of 71 ⁇ m/bulk density of 274 kg/m 3 ; (Production Example 2-5) corrugated cardboard, average particle size of 93 ⁇ m/bulk density of 216 kg/m 3 ; (Production Example 2-6) newspaper, average particle size of
- Rice straw of Production Example 2-7 (cellulose content: 55% by weight; water content: 8.0% by weight) serving as the cellulose-containing raw material was subjected to the shredder treatment and extruder treatment through the methods and under the conditions described
- Example 2-1 the decrystallized cellulose
- Example 2-1 (crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 43 ⁇ m) produced in Production Example 2-1 was employed as a substrate.
- Example 2-2 there was employed a decrystallized cellulose (crystallinity of 30%/average particle size of 46 ⁇ m) produced in the same manner as employed in Production Example 2-1, except for the mill treatment time was changed from 2.5 hours to 30 minutes.
- Comparative Example 2-1 a commercial powdered cellulose product (KC Flock, product of Nippon Paper Chemicals Co., Ltd., crystallinity of 76%, particle size of 26 ⁇ m) was employed. Each of the samples was subjected to saccharification reaction by use of a cellulases standard sample (Celluclast 1.5L, product of Novozymes) .
- Each of the decrystallized celluloses and powdered pulp products (0.15 g) was suspended in an enzymatic reaction mixture (3 mL) , and the mixture was caused to react in at 50°C for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours, during which the mixture was stirred with shaking.
- the enzymatic reaction mixture employed was 10OmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0), 1% (v/v)
- Examples 2-3 to 2-5 decrystallized cellulose was prepared under the aforementioned conditions of Production Example 2-1 (crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 43 ⁇ m) .
- Comparative Examples 2-2 to 2-4 a powdered pulp product (crystallinity of 76%/average particle size of 156 ⁇ m.) prepared in Comparative Production Example 2-1 was employed.
- Each of the samples was subjected to saccharification reaction by use of a cellulases standard sample (Celluclast 1.5L, product of Novozymes) .
- the decrystallized cellulose or powdered pulp product (0.15 g) was suspended in an enzymatic reaction mixture (3 mL) , and the mixture was caused to react at 50°C for 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours, during which the mixture was stirred with shaking.
- the following enzymatic reaction mixtures were employed: (Example 2-3 and Comparative Example 2-2) 10OmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0), 3% (v/v) Celluclast 1.5L (0.5% as protein) , and 30 ⁇ g/mL tetracycline) ; (Example 2-4 and
- the supernatant of the saccharification mixture (reaction time: 72 hours) obtained in Example 2-3 was analyzed in the following manner by means of a DX500 Chromatography System (Dionex Corporation) (column: CarboPac PAl (Dionex Corporation, 4 x 250 mm) and detector: ED40 pulsed amperometry detector) .
- the following eluents were employed: (A) 10OmM sodium hydroxide solution, (B) 10OmM sodium hydroxide solution containing IM sodium acetate, and (C) ultrapure water.
- Sugar analysis was performed under linear gradient conditions: A 10%-C 90% (at injection) and A 95%-B 5% (0 to 15 min) .
- Examples 2-7 to 2-9 decrystallized celluloses produced in Production Examples 2-4 to 2-6 ( (Example 2-7) wood-free paper, crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 50 ⁇ m, (Example 2-8) corrugated cardboard, crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 28 ⁇ m, and (Example 2-9) newspaper, crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 32 ⁇ v) were employed.
- Comparative Examples 2-5 to 2-7 powdered celluloses produced in Comparative Production Examples 1-6 to 1-8 ( (Comparative Example 2-5) wood-free paper, crystallinity of 71%/average particle size of 71 ⁇ m, (Comparative Example 2-6) corrugated cardboard, crystallinity of 71%/average particle size of 93 ⁇ m, and (Comparative Example 2-7 newspaper, crystallinity of 56%/average particle size of 61 ⁇ m) were employed.
- each of the cellulose products was subjected to saccharification reaction by use of a cellulases standard product (Celluclast 1.5L, Novozymes) .
- each of the decrystallized celluloses and powdered celluloses (0.15 g) was suspended in an enzymatic reaction mixture (3 mL) , and the mixture was caused to react at 50 0 C for 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours, during which the mixture was stirred with shaking.
- the following enzymatic reaction mixtures were employed: (Examples 2-7 and 2-8 and Comparative Examples 2-5 and 2-6) 10OmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0), 1.5% (v/v)
- Example 2-10 decrystallized cellulose (rice straw, crystallinity of 2%/average particle size of 27 ⁇ m) obtained in Production Example 2-7 was employed.
- Comparative Example 2-8 a powdered cellulose (rice straw, crystallinity of 54%/average particle size of 82 ⁇ m) obtained in Comparative Production Example 2-4 was employed.
- each of the cellulose products was subjected to saccharification reaction by use of a cellulases standard product (Celluclast 1.5L, Novozymes) .
- the decrystallized cellulose or powdered cellulose (0.15 g) was suspended in an enzymatic reaction mixture (3 mL) , and the mixture was caused to react at 50 0 C for 3 days, during which the mixture was stirred with shaking.
- the enzymatic reaction mixture employed was 10OmM citrate buffer (pH: 5.0),
- Examples 2-11 and 2-12 decrystallized celluloses produced in Production Examples 2-6 and 2-8 ((Example 2-11) newspaper, crystallinity of 0%/average particle size of 32 ⁇ m and (Production Example 2-12) magazine, crystallinity of
- each cellulose product was subjected to saccharification reaction by use of a cellulases standard product (Celluclast 1.5L, Novozymes) .
- the decrystallized cellulose or powdered cellulose (0.15 g) was suspended in an enzymatic reaction mixture (3 mL) , and the mixture was caused to react at 50 0 C for 3 days, during which the mixture was stirred with shaking.
- the produced saccharide was mainly formed of glucose.
- the process of the present invention is useful for the production of a raw material for producing ethanol or lactic acid through fermentation.
- the process for producing saccharide of the present invention is effective for various cellulose materials; i.e., not only for pulp but also for paper materials such as wood- free paper, corrugated cardboard, newspaper and magazine; and plant stems and leaves such as rice straw.
- decrystallized cellulose having reduced cellulose I-type crystallinity can be produced from a cellulose-containing raw material through a preliminary treatment. Therefore, saccharide can be produced at high productivity and efficiency through enzymatic reaction.
- the thus-produced saccharide is useful for, for example, production of substances such as ethanol and lactic acid through fermentation or a similar method.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
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US12/810,586 US20110003341A1 (en) | 2007-12-27 | 2008-12-16 | Process for producing saccharide |
ES08868615T ES2393164T3 (en) | 2007-12-27 | 2008-12-16 | Saccharide Production Procedure |
CN2008801205938A CN101896615B (en) | 2007-12-27 | 2008-12-16 | Process for producing saccharide |
CA2710504A CA2710504A1 (en) | 2007-12-27 | 2008-12-16 | Process for producing saccharide |
EP08868615A EP2225387B1 (en) | 2007-12-27 | 2008-12-16 | Process for producing saccharide |
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JP2007-338059 | 2007-12-27 | ||
JP2008-207290 | 2008-08-11 | ||
JP2008207290A JP5385561B2 (en) | 2007-12-27 | 2008-08-11 | Method for producing sugar |
JP2008-209154 | 2008-08-15 | ||
JP2008209154A JP5385563B2 (en) | 2007-12-27 | 2008-08-15 | Method for producing sugar |
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EP (1) | EP2225387B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20100102133A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101896615B (en) |
CA (1) | CA2710504A1 (en) |
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EP2112169A1 (en) * | 2007-02-16 | 2009-10-28 | Kao Corporation | Process for producing noncrystalline cellulose |
US20130172544A1 (en) * | 2008-04-03 | 2013-07-04 | Cellulose Sciences International, Inc. | Nano-deaggregated cellulose |
EP3287527A1 (en) * | 2011-02-14 | 2018-02-28 | Xyleco, Inc. | Processing paper feedstocks |
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JP4612730B2 (en) * | 2008-08-08 | 2011-01-12 | 花王株式会社 | Biodegradable resin composition |
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MY182618A (en) | 2011-07-25 | 2021-01-27 | Kao Corp | Method for manufacturing pulverized material and vibrating pulverizer |
US9850512B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2017-12-26 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Hydrolysis of cellulosic fines in primary clarified sludge of paper mills and the addition of a surfactant to increase the yield |
US9951363B2 (en) | 2014-03-14 | 2018-04-24 | The Research Foundation for the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry | Enzymatic hydrolysis of old corrugated cardboard (OCC) fines from recycled linerboard mill waste rejects |
CN104402712B (en) * | 2014-10-22 | 2016-07-06 | 中国科学院广州能源研究所 | A kind of temperature-switching method prepares the method for levulinate |
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CA3006308A1 (en) | 2015-11-25 | 2017-06-01 | Flint Hills Resources, Lp | Methods and systems for grinding corn and making ethanol therefrom |
US10059966B2 (en) | 2015-11-25 | 2018-08-28 | Flint Hills Resources, Lp | Processes for recovering products from a corn fermentation mash |
EP3530743A1 (en) | 2018-02-21 | 2019-08-28 | Cambridge Glycoscience Ltd | Method of production |
CN113163828B (en) | 2018-08-15 | 2024-04-26 | 剑桥糖质科学有限公司 | Novel compositions, uses thereof and methods of forming the same |
WO2021032647A1 (en) | 2019-08-16 | 2021-02-25 | Cambridge Glycoscience Ltd | Methods of treating biomass to produce oligosaccharides and related compositions |
JP2023506464A (en) | 2019-12-12 | 2023-02-16 | ケンブリッジ グリコサイエンス エルティーディー | low sugar polyphasic food |
US11730172B2 (en) | 2020-07-15 | 2023-08-22 | Poet Research, Inc. | Methods and systems for concentrating a solids stream recovered from a process stream in a biorefinery |
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EP2225387A1 (en) | 2010-09-08 |
ES2393164T3 (en) | 2012-12-19 |
CN101896615B (en) | 2013-10-30 |
KR20100102133A (en) | 2010-09-20 |
US20110003341A1 (en) | 2011-01-06 |
CN101896615A (en) | 2010-11-24 |
CA2710504A1 (en) | 2009-07-09 |
EP2225387B1 (en) | 2012-09-12 |
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