Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
  • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/365—Lactones
  • A61K31/366—Lactones having six-membered rings, e.g. delta-lactones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/498—Pyrazines or piperazines ortho- and peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. quinoxaline, phenazine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
  • A61K31/716—Glucans
  • A61K31/724—Cyclodextrins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
  • A61K9/0017—Non-human animal skin, e.g. pour-on, spot-on
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
  • A61P33/10—Anthelmintics

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel oral compositions for the control and treatment of endoparasitic infestations in warm-blooded animals, in particular in companion animals such as cats and dogs.
• Praziquantel, macrocyclic lactones or combinations thereof are frequently used in the control and treatment of helminthes in warm-blooded animals.
• the active ingredients may be applied, for example, by drench or injection or preferably orally, for example in powder or tablet form.
• powders or granules are in general cumbersome and tablets often cause problems because animals such as dogs or especially cats don't tend to take them up voluntarily.
• US patent No. 5,824,653 discloses a parasiticidal paste for oral application to horses comprising praziquantel and abamectin.
• the paste is an oil/water emulsion with the abamectin being dissolved during the manufacturing process. While this paste may be acceptable in the treatment of horses, it is unsuitable for the application to smaller animals, for example, because of an insufficient dosing ability, paste stability and palatability.
• a suitable palatability is crucial for an oral drug application to a cat or dog.
• medicaments may be administered relatively easily because the discipline and the desire to recover in human patients can be relied upon, dogs and especially cats refuse to take them orally, as soon as a pharmaceutical active ingredient has a taste which is unpleasant to the animal, whether because it is bitter or has some other unpleasant taste or is simply alien to the animal.
• Praziquantel is very problematic in this respect because of its bad smell and bitter taste.
• a veterinary composition for dogs and cats should be useable also by the pet owner at home. This requires on the one hand a sufficient paste stability and, in addition, the ability of the composition to be dosed accurately in small portions.
• the known oil in water emulsions always face the issue of phase separation and are thus inconvenient for home use because of their low stability.
• praziquantel and also macrocyclic lactones such as abamectin have a comparably low dosage safety margin which underlines the importance of an accurate dosing.
• US patent No. 7,144,878 therefore proposes to replace praziquantel by pyrantel or morantel in a similar oral composition, although praziquantel clearly is the preferred active ingredient with respect to the anthelmintic activity spectrum.
• the problem to be solved within the present invention therefore was to find new improved anthelmintically active paste formulations for use in companion animals like cats and dogs which overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks.
• the problem is solved by providing a water-based suspension of the active ingredients in form of a paste comprising a cyclodextrin.
• Said novel pastes in general have a low content of or are even devoid of organic solvents.
• the present invention therefore in one embodiment relates to an anthelmintic paste in form of an aqueous suspension, comprising a veterinarily effective amount of praziquantel; a veterinarily effective amount of a macrocyclic lactone selected from avermectins, milbemycins and derivatives thereof; a cyclodextrin; a thickener; and water.
• the first active ingredient of the aqueous suspensions of the invention is praziquantel, 2-(cyclohexylcarbonyl)-1 ,2,3,6,7,1 1 b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinoline-4-one,which has the following structure:
• the compound may be employed in form of the racemate or in form of one of its isomers, the (s)-isomer or the levo-(r)-isomer. It is beneficial to employ an anthelmintic formulation of the present invention wherein praziquantel is present in an amount of from 0.5 to 20% by weight, preferably, from 0.5 to 15% by weight, more preferably from 1.0 to 10.0% by weight, and in particular from 2.0 to 7.5% by weight, based on the entire formulation.
• aqueous suspensions of the present invention comprise a veterinarily effective amount of a second active ingredient which is a macrocyclic lactone selected from avermectins, milbemycins and derivatives thereof.
• Non-limiting examples of macrocyclic lactone compounds are Ivermectin, Doramectin, Moxidectin, Selamectin, Emamectin, Eprinomectin, Milbemectin, Abamectin, Milbemycin oxime, Nemadectin, and derivatives thereof, in free form or in the form of a physiologically acceptable salt.
• R 1 is hydrogen or one of radicals - A -
• Ivermectin is 22,23-Dihydroabamectin; 22,23-dihydroavermectin B 1 ; or 22,23-dihydro C- 076B 1 , wherein X is -C(H)(OH)- ; Y is -C(H 2 )-; R 1 is the radical
• R 2 is either -CH(CHs)-CH 3 or -CH(CHs)-C 2 H 5 and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents a single bond.
• Ivermectin is known from US-4, 199,569.
• R 2 is cyclohexyl and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents a double bond.
• Doramectin is known from US-5,089,480.
• R 2 is cyclohexyl; and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents a single bond.
• Selamectin is known e.g. from: ECTOPARASITE ACTIVITY OF SELAMECTIN; A novel endectocide for dogs and cats. A Pfizer Symposium, held in conjunction with The 17th international Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, 19 August 1999. Copenhagen, Denmark.
• R 2 is -CH(CHs)-CH 3 , or -CH(CHs)-C 2 H 5 , and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents a double bond.
• R 2 is -CH(CHs)-CH 3 , Or -CH(CHs)-C 2 H 5 , and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents a double bond.
• Eprinomectin is known from US-4,427,663.
• Milbemectin is (6R,25R)-5-O-demethyl-28-deoxy-6,28-epoxy-25-methylmilbemycin, wherein X is -C(H)(OH)- ; Y is -C(H 2 )-; R 1 is hydrogen; R 2 is -CH 3 , or -C 2 H 5 ; and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents a single bond. Milbemectin is known from US- 3,950,360.
• Abamectin is Avermectin B 1 which is also named 5- O- demethylavermectin A 1 a and
• R 2 is -CH(CHs)-CH 3 , or -CH(CH 3 )-C 2 H 5 ; and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents a double bond.
• Abamectin is known from US-4,310,519.
• R 2 is -CH 3 or C 2 H 5 , and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents a single bond. This compound is known from WO 01/83500.
• Nemadectin is known from US-4,869,901.
• the avermectins, milbemycins and milbemycin oximes of the formula (2) above are often employed as a mixture of two compounds, which are identical with the exception of the radical R 2 .
• Ivermectin is a mixture of two compounds as described above, the major one having a radical R 2 which is sec. -butyl, the other one having a radical R 2 which is isopropyl.
• the ratio between the sec. -butyl compound and the isopropyl compound is, for example, about 80:20.
• Milbemycine oxime is a mixture of two above described compounds, the major one having a radical R 2 which is ethyl, the other one having a radical R 2 which is methyl.
• the ratio between the ethyl compound and the methyl compound is, for example, about 80:20.
• Most preferred macrocyclic lactones within the formulations of the present invention are ivermectin or, in particular, milbemycin oxime.
• the macrocyclic lactone is present in the anthelmintic formulations of the invention in an amount of, for example, from 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably, from 0.1 to 8% by weight, more preferably from 0.5 to 5.0% by weight, and in particular from 1.0 to 2.5% by weight, based on the entire formulation.
• Cyclodextrins for use according to the present invention include, for example, unsubstituted or substituted cyclodextrins having from 6 to 12 glucose units, for example ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -cyclodextrins and derivatives thereof.
• Suitable cyclodextrin derivatives are, for example, Ci-C 6 -alkyl and hydroxyl-Ci-C 6 -alkyl derivatives, for example hydroxpropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin or hydroxethyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
• the cyclodextrin is a ⁇ -cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof, in particular naturally occurring ⁇ -cylclodextrin.
• the cyclodextrins may be amorphous or crystalline.
• the concentration of the cyclodextrin in the formulations of the invention may vary within wide limits dependant, for example, on the concentration of the active ingredients.
• the cyclodextrin is present in the inventive formulations in an amount of, for example, from 0.5 to 40% by weight, preferably from 1.0 to 20% by weight, more preferably from 1.5 to 10% by weight, and in particular from 2.0 to 7.5% by weight, based on the entire formulation.
• Suitable thickeners useful in the formulations of the present invention include in principle all thickeners being acceptable for oral application in animals.
• suitable thickeners are carrageen, xanthan gum, polyvinylpyrrolidones, carbomers (B. F. Goodrich), cornstarch, oat meal flour, microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel), hydroxyethyl cellulose, edible clay, silicon dioxide or combinations thereof.
• Preferred thickeners are xanthan gum, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or a mixture of two or three thereof.
• Particular preferred thickeners are xanthan gum or a mixture of xanthan gum and a polyvinylpyrrolidone or a mixture of xanthan gum, a polyvinylpyrrolidone and a microcrystalline cellulose.
• the thickener is present in the formulations of the present invention, for example, in an amount of from 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 7.5% by weight, and in particular from 1 to 5% by weight, based on the entire formulation.
• the anthelmintic aqueous suspensions of the present invention may contain further veterinary acceptable ingredients, for example, humectants, preservatives, pH- adjusting agents, colors, flavors, binders, fillers or dispersing agents.
• Said veterinarily acceptable ingredients are known to those skilled in the art of veterinary formulation technology.
• a preferred humectant is glycerol.
• Suitable flavors within the composition of the invention are, for example, artificial beef flavor or food extracts such as desiccated liver, malt extract or fish meal.
• Useful preservatives are, for example benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid or benzoates such as sodium benzoate or mixtures thereof.
• Suitable pH-adjusting agents are, for example bases or, in particular, acids.
• the anthelmintic formulations of the present invention are water-based suspensions which are devoid of any organic solvent dissolving the praziquantel and/or the macrocyclic lactone.
• the formulations of the present invention are devoid of (i) lubricants such as oils, for example vegetable oils, mineral oils, or Miglyol ® brands, for example propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate (Miglyol® 840); (ii) solvents such as polyglycols, for example a polyethylene or polypropylene glycol, glycol ethers, for example ethylene glycol monomethyl- or monoethyl ether or diethylene glycol monomethyl- or monoethylether; or glycerol formal; and (iii) surfactants such as lauryl sulfate or polysorbate 80.
• the water contents of the paste formulations of the present invention is, for example ⁇ 30% by weight, preferably
• each of the aqueous suspension formulations (1 ) to (6) above which comprises one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of humectants, preservatives, pH-adjusting agents, colors and flavors;
• the suspension formulations of the present invention may be prepared by methods known per se in the art of suspension technology.
• water is provided, and the components are added and dispersed therein consecutively, preferably in a one pot process.
• the order of components to be added to the water is in principle not critical. However, it has turned out that it is advantageous to first add the cyclodextrin to the water and disperse and/or partly dissolve it in the water while stirring.
• a suitable process for the manufacture of the suspension formulation of the present invention therefore comprises
• step (i) it may be advisable to heat up the water to a temperature of, for example, from above room temperature to about 80 0 C and/or to decrease the pH value of the water to a value of, for example from 1.5 to 6, preferably from 2 to 5, by the addition on an acid, for example, in order to accelerate solubilization of said ingredients in the water.
• the cyclodextrin and afterwards the praziquantel are added and the stirring is continued for some time after each addition, for example for from 15 minutes to 1 hour, before the rest of the paste ingredients are added.
• the weight ratio of praziquantel to cyclodextrin is advantageously chosen to be from about 1 :1 to 1 :6, preferably from about 1 :1 to 1 :5 and in particular from about 1 :1 to 1 :2.
• the order of addition of the further components is not critical.
• the macrocyclic lactone is added, followed by optionally additional components like color, flavor and the like and thickeners to finally adjust the viscosity and specific gravity of the pastes to a desired value.
• a suitable specific gravity of the pastes of the present invention is, for example, from about 1.05 to 1.15, preferably from about 1.07 to 1.12, and in particular from 1.08 to 1.10.
• the pH-value of the final suspension paste is preferably between 3 and 7, preferably 4 to 5.5, and may be adjusted by the addition of suitable bases or acids.
• the viscosity of the paste formulation is adjusted so that sedimentation is prevented on the one hand and easy applicability and exact dosing are maintained on the other hand.
• the paste compositions of the present invention are preferably thixotropic, which means that the viscosity thereof decreases with an increase of the shear stress applied.
• the thixotropic properties of the pastes of the present invention increase the ease of dosing, especially when applying the paste by means of a pipette.
• aqueous suspension pastes of the present invention are suitable for controlling pathogenic endoparasites in warm-blooded animals such as, for example, companion animals, in particular dogs or especially cats; they have a favorable toxicity to warm-blooded species. They are effective against all or individual development stages of the pests.
• Pathogenic endoparasites include cestodes, trematodes, nematodes and acanthocephala.
• aqueous suspension formulations of the present invention are applied to the animals preferably by means of a pipette.
• Pipettes offer the advantage e.g. of exact dosing. Filling the exact dose of paste needed into a pipette and applying the paste directly into the mouth, assures that the animals are getting the exact dose.
• a prerequisite for the use of the suspension pastes of the present invention in pipettes especially for home-use is their excellent stability and shelf-life . No noticeable phase separation, inhomogeneity or change in physical parameters such as specific gravity is detectable even after long periods of time following their preparation.
• aqueous suspension pastes of the present invention have an improved palatability meaning the voluntary acceptance or ingestion of the pharmaceutical composition by warm-blooded animals, in particular by dogs or especially cats.
• a suitable acceptance test on cats may be performed as follows. Throughout the study conduct, 1 ml portions of all tested oral paste formulations are administered as follows. Initially, a small amount of paste is applied on the lips / nose of the animal and the acceptance is rated as follows: High acceptance (3 points) is reached if the cat spontaneously licks and swallows the paste and the complete dose is administered without inserting the pipette into the mouth. Satisfactory acceptance (2 points) is achieved when the paste is not spontaneously licked, but the pipette must be inserted in the cat's mouth and the dose is administered entirely. The cat might shake its head and chew during and after administration, but neither hypersalivation nor vomiting over the post-dose 5 minutes is accepted.
• Example 1 An orally applied, homogeneous aqueous suspension paste, which has the following ingredients:
• Titanium dioxide 2.0 %
• Example 2 An orally applied, homogeneous aqueous suspension paste, which has the following ingredients:
• Example 2 The paste composition of Example 2 was stored in glass containers at different temperatures for up to 12 months and assay of both active ingredients followed by HPLC analysis at given time points (3-, 6- and 12-months).
• Table 1 Content of praziquantel and milbemycin Oxime in % of start value (A) Praziquantel:
• Test material consisted of the oral paste formulation of Example 1 for cats less than 7 lbs of body weight and the oral paste of Example 2 for cats 7lbs to 22lbs. Both formulations provided a dose of 2mg/kg milbemycin oxime and 5 mg/kg praziquantel.
• Each cat was orally administered the paste by it's Owner/Agent at home on Study Days 0 and 21 via pre- filled syringes prepared in the veterinary clinic on Study Day 0. The syringes were packaged in child resistant envelops for home storage.
• the acceptability endpoint was the only variable evaluated and was assessed based on the cat's behavior.
• the Owner recorded responses on the Pet Owner Diary after each administration of paste or control product, and filled out the Owner Follow-up Questionaire after the last dosing.

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• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Epidemiology (AREA)
• Zoology (AREA)
• Dermatology (AREA)
• Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Molecular Biology (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
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• 2008
  • 2008-11-12 US US12/742,257 patent/US20100286154A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2008-11-12 EP EP08850197A patent/EP2219643B1/en not_active Not-in-force
  • 2008-11-12 JP JP2010533558A patent/JP5319691B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2008-11-12 AU AU2008322995A patent/AU2008322995B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2008-11-12 CA CA2703008A patent/CA2703008A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2008-11-12 ES ES08850197T patent/ES2385126T3/es active Active
  • 2008-11-12 WO PCT/EP2008/065335 patent/WO2009062939A1/en not_active Ceased

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