Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
  • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
  • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
  • G01V1/30—Analysis

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the analysis of seismic images of the subsurface.
• these measurements involve emitting a wave into the subsurface and measuring a signal comprising diverse echoes of the wave on geological structures being investigated. These structures are typically surfaces separating distinct materials, faults, etc. Other measurements are carried out from wells. Acoustic waves or electromagnetic radiation are then sent into the subsurface.
• the measurements are processed to recreate a model of the subsurface, generally in the form of seismic images or echographic images. These images may be two-dimensional (seismic sections) or three-dimensional (seismic blocks).
• a seismic image consists of pixels, the intensity of which represents a seismic amplitude depending on local impedance variations.
• Geophysicists are used to analyzing such seismic images bearing amplitude information. By visual observation they are able to separate subsurface areas having different characteristics with a view to determining the structure of the subsurface.
• One possible method for estimating horizons in a two-dimensional seismic image consists in investigating, starting from one pixel of the image, the direction along which the local amplitude gradient is minimal. By propagating in this direction, a line representing a synthesized horizon is gradually constructed. If the seismic image is three-dimensional, it is possible to estimate horizons in the form of surfaces transverse to the vertical direction, for example by means of the propagation method described in French patent No. 2 869 693.
• Synthesized horizons may be processed to generate accumulation values (or synthesized accumulation values) forming a synthesized image, having the same dimensions as the seismic image, containing structural information on the organization of the subsurface.
• the accumulation values are, for example, calculated on a computer as follows. Starting from each pixel of the seismic image, a horizon is estimated by a gradient propagation method and a value of one is allocated to each pixel of this estimated horizon and a value of zero is allocated to all the other pixels. The sum of the values (1 or 0) allocated to each pixel of the synthesized image in relation to the horizons coming from the various pixels of the seismic image yields an accumulation value.
• High accumulation values correspond in particular to areas of the image where different horizons converge, while low values instead represent areas where the physical characteristics are relatively homogeneous.
• the images formed by the synthesized accumulation values may be transformed in the way described in US patent No. 6,771 ,800 to carry out a chrono-stratigraphic analysis of the seismic images.
• the transformation is nonlinear and calculated by integrating accumulation values along vertical lines. It provides conversion from a physical time scale to a pseudo-geological time scale.
• the transformed image has connected components that can be interpreted as corresponding to geological deposits, demonstrating geological hiatuses between them.
• Synthesized images calculated by accumulation along estimated horizons constitute a sort of summary of the structural information and are therefore very useful for getting an idea of the geometry of the subsurface.
• the information they visualize is more structural than lithological, as they no longer involve the seismic amplitude values but only their continuities and discontinuities. This limits their interest to geophysicists, who often prefer to examine seismic images themselves, despite the difficulty they might have in distinguishing the structure in these.
• the present document introduces a new type of seismic image processing which reconciles advantages of various modes of representation.
• a method for processing seismic images of the subsurface comprising the steps of:
• the synthesized images are reprocessed to return to a mode of representation close to that of the original seismic image.
• the seismic representation may be seen as a seismic image enhanced by the addition of structural information coming from the synthesized image. This makes reading and interpreting the images easier.
• the calculation of an accumulation value associated with a pixel of the seismic image comprises accumulating signed quantities respectively associated with horizons of said set passing through said pixel, the signed quantity associated with a horizon depending on the sign of the amplitude of a starting pixel of said horizon in the seismic image.
• the synthesized images thus generated are generally less clear than those obtained by accumulation of always positive quantities. However, their signed amplitudes convey some physical information linked with variations in impedance.
• the step of transforming such a synthesized image may comprise a spatial convolution of this synthesized image with a convolution kernel such as a wavelet, which provides a more realistic representation of seismic amplitudes.
• the step of transforming the synthesized image comprises combining the synthesized image with the seismic image.
• Another aspect of the invention relates to a computer program for a system for processing seismic images of the subsurface, the program comprising instructions for implementing the steps of a method such as defined above when the program is run by a computer of the seismic image processing system.
• FIG. 1 shows an exemplary record of a seismic image
• Figure 2 shows a form of synthesized image obtained from the seismic image of Figure 1 ;
• FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an exemplary embodiment of the seismic image processing method
• FIG. 4 shows a seismic representation structurally enhanced according to the method illustrated by Figure 3;
• FIG. 5 is a flow chart of another exemplary embodiment of the seismic image processing method;
• FIG. 6 shows another form of synthesized image used in the method illustrated by Figure 5; and - Figure 7 shows a seismic representation structurally enhanced according to the method illustrated by Figure 5.
• a seismic image is commonly in the form of an array of pixels with intensities corresponding to seismic amplitudes.
• the representation is generally in two colors (not rendered in the figure), one for negative amplitudes, the other for positive amplitudes.
• the image may correspond to a two-dimensional integration of vertical seismic traces. It may also correspond to a vertical section through a seismic block obtained by three-dimensionally integrating vertical seismic traces.
• such a seismic image may be processed to generate a synthesized image such as that shown in Figure 2 by accumulation along estimated seismic horizons.
• the synthesized image is, for example, represented monochromatically with grey shades that are darker the higher the accumulation values of the pixels. In the case of Figure 2, these accumulation values are all positive.
• This procedure 10 comprises estimation of a horizon for each pixel of the seismic image and calculation of accumulation values A(x, y) for each of the pixels.
• a first starting pixel (x, y) is selected in step 11 .
• the accumulation takes place in step 12 by incrementing by a unitary value the accumulation value A(x, y).
• a subsequent pixel (x, y) of the current horizon is selected in step 14 before returning to the accumulation step 12.
• the selection is effected in step 14 by choosing a neighboring pixel in a direction of propagation chosen depending on local amplitude variations in the seismic image.
• test 15 determines in test 15 whether all the starting pixels have been taken into account.
• a new starting pixel is taken for the pixel (x, y) in step 16 as long as test 15 is negative, and the procedure returns to step 12 to propagate a horizon from this starting pixel and update the accumulation values of the pixels encountered along this horizon.
• the synthesized image consisting of accumulation values A(x, y) is terminated when test 15 reveals that all the starting pixels have been taken into account.
• P(x, y) A(x, y) « x S(x, y)P (1 )
• S(x,y) is the value of pixel (x, y) in the original seismic image
• P(x, y) is the value of pixel (x, y) in the seismic representation resulting from the transformation of the synthesized image.
• the representation is of the same type as in the seismic image, it may also be in two colors (not rendered in the figure), one for negative amplitudes, the other for positive amplitudes, with the pixel intensities corresponding to the absolute value of the seismic amplitudes reallocated to the pixels of the synthesized image.
• Figure 5 illustrates another exemplary embodiment of the method, which can be applied as a variant of Figure 3 to produce a rendering that is both lithological and structural from seismic images.
• the procedure 30 for generating the synthesized image is modified in relation to that 10 of Figure 3 so as to take account of the sign of the seismic amplitudes at the starting pixels.
• This procedure 30 is very close in its execution to that 10 of Figure 3, the steps designated by the same reference number being identical.
• the convolution kernel W(x) used in equation (2) may in particular be a wavelet such as, for example, a Ricker wavelet of the form:
• the scale factor ⁇ corresponds, for example, to a mean thickness of the estimated seismic horizons.
• the method that has just been described is typically implemented in a computer or workstation whose processor executes the above steps under the control of a program, the instructions of which are run by the processor on the seismic images loaded from a storage, e.g. hard drive, memory.
• the seismic images may be processed as indicated in Figure 3 or Figure 5. It is also possible to generate and then store the synthesized images (or even the seismic horizons) before transforming them to return to a seismic representation.

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• 2007
  • 2007-11-06 FR FR0707794A patent/FR2923312B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2008
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