WO2008154691A1 - Matériau de refroidissement - Google Patents

Matériau de refroidissement Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2008154691A1
WO2008154691A1 PCT/AU2008/000891 AU2008000891W WO2008154691A1 WO 2008154691 A1 WO2008154691 A1 WO 2008154691A1 AU 2008000891 W AU2008000891 W AU 2008000891W WO 2008154691 A1 WO2008154691 A1 WO 2008154691A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
spectrally selective
cooling material
selective component
wavelength range
radiation
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU2008/000891
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Geoffrey Burton Smith
Michael William BARNETT
Original Assignee
University Of Technology, Sydney
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AU2007202832A external-priority patent/AU2007202832A1/en
Priority claimed from AU2007903673A external-priority patent/AU2007903673A0/en
Application filed by University Of Technology, Sydney filed Critical University Of Technology, Sydney
Priority to MX2009014107A priority Critical patent/MX2009014107A/es
Priority to CN200880103071A priority patent/CN101815763A/zh
Priority to EP08756971A priority patent/EP2162499A4/fr
Priority to US12/666,175 priority patent/US20110042052A1/en
Priority to AU2008265509A priority patent/AU2008265509A1/en
Publication of WO2008154691A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008154691A1/fr
Priority to ZA2010/00331A priority patent/ZA201000331B/en

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C09D5/32—Radiation-absorbing paints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/008—Surface plasmon devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/20—Filters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/20—Filters
    • G02B5/22—Absorbing filters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators

Definitions

  • the present invention broadly relates to a cooling material .
  • the present invention provides in a first aspect a cooling material which comprises : a first spectrally selective component comprising particles arranged for emission of radiation predominantly having a wavelength or wavelength range within an atmospheric window wavelength range in which the atmosphere of the earth has a reduced average absorption and emission compared with an average absorption and emission in an adjacent wavelength range whereby the cooling material is arranged for emission of thermal radiation and absorption of radiation from the atmosphere within that wavelength range is reduced; and a second spectrally selective component having a property that distinguishes the second spectrally selective component from the first spectrally selective component and facilitates at least one desired function of the cooling material.
  • spectrally selective component is used for a component that has a wavelengths dependent property.
  • the atmosphere of the earth has very low absorption within the atmospheric window wavelength range, only a very small amount of radiation is returned from the atmosphere to the particles of the first spectrally selective component within that wavelength range and emitted radiation is largely directed through the atmosphere and into space where the typical temperature is of the order of 4 Kelvin.
  • the energy associated with the radiation emitted by the particles of the first component is at least partially, typically mainly, drawn from thermal energy of the cooling material or a medium that is in thermal contact with the cooling material and the thermal energy is emitted by or "pumped" away from the cooling material.
  • the wavelength dependent property of the second spectrally selective component typically is arranged to facilitate the cooling.
  • the second spectrally selective material may comprise a layer or particles and typically is arranged for emission and/or transmission and/or reflection and/or absorption of radiation in a spectrally selective manner.
  • the second spectrally selective component may be arranged for emission of radiation by a physical process that is identical to that is associated with the emission of radiation by the particles of the first spectrally selective component, but at a different or overlapping wavelength range.
  • the second spectrally selective component may be arranged for emission of radiation by a physical process that differs to that associated with the emission of radiation by the particles of the first spectrally selective component .
  • the second spectrally selective component may also be arranged for absorption of radiation.
  • the atmospheric window wavelength range typically includes a minimum of the average absorption of the atmosphere of the earth.
  • the atmosphere has atmospheric windows within the wavelength ranges of 3 to 5 ⁇ m and 7.9 ⁇ m to 13 ⁇ m.
  • the emission of the sun is also negligible and often regarded as zero, which has the added advantage that even during daytime the cooling material only absorbs very little radiation from the sun within that wavelength range .
  • the cooling material is arranged to enable cooling to temperatures that are 5°, 10°, 20° below an ambient temperature or even lower.
  • the cooling material may also be arranged to extract heat at a finite rate at a temperature below ambient.
  • the cooling material may be arranged so that cooling rates such as 40, 60, 80 W per m 2 of cooling material area are possible at temperatures that are 5°, 10° or more below ambient temperature .
  • the particles of the first spectrally selective component may be arranged for generation of ionic surface plasmon resonances having a wavelength or wavelength range within the atmospheric window wavelength range .
  • ionic surface plasmon is used for a surface plasmon excitation that involves movement of ions, such as that often referred to as “Fr ⁇ hlich resonance” .
  • the wavelength of the ionic surface plasmons depends on the composition, shape, relative orientation and size of the particles, which typically are nano-sized particles. By controlling the composition and/or shape and/or size and/or relative orientation of the particles, it is consequently possible to control the wavelength range of the ionic surface plasmons.
  • the particles of the first spectrally selective component typically are arranged so that at least some, typically the majority or all, of the ionic surface plasmons have a wavelength within the wavelength range from 1 - 7 ⁇ m, 2 - 6 ⁇ m, 3 - 5 ⁇ m, and/or any one of 5 - 16 ⁇ m, 7 - 14 ⁇ m, 8 - 13 ⁇ m and 7.9 - 13 ⁇ m.
  • the particles of the first spectrally selective component may be arranged so that the ionic surface plasmons are generated at a wavelength range that is partially outside the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the atmospheric window wavelength range may be one of a plurality of atmospheric window ranges, such as the wavelength range of 3 - 5 ⁇ m and 7.9 to 13 ⁇ m.
  • the particles of the first spectrally selective component comprise, or may be entirely composed of, SiC or another suitable material.
  • the particles of the first spectrally selective component may be arranged for emission of radiation by a physical mechanisms other than that associated with the generation of ionic surface plasmons.
  • the particles of the first spectrally selective component may for example comprise SiO, silicon oxynitride or any other suitable material that is arranged for emission of radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the second spectrally selective component may also comprise particles.
  • the particles of the first spectrally selective component and the particles of the second spectrally selective component may be dispersed within another component, such as a polymeric material, or may be distributed on a substrate.
  • the particles of the second spectrally selective component may also be arranged for emission of radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range, for example by generation of ionic surface plasmons .
  • the particles of the second spectrally selective component may not be arranged for generation of ionic surface plasmons, but may be arranged for emission of radiation by other physical mechanisms.
  • the particles of the second spectrally selective component may for example comprise SiO, silicon oxynitride or any other suitable material that is arranged for emission of radiation having a wavelength within or outside the atmospheric window wavelength range within.
  • the particles of the second spectrally selective component may be arranged for absorbing radiation by generating electronic surface plasmons.
  • electrostatic surface plasmon is used for a surface plasmon excitation that involves collective motion of electrons.
  • the particles of the second spectrally selective component are arranged for generation of electronic surface plasmons, the particles typically have a size, shape and/or composition and/or orientation that is selected so that the radiation is absorbed at a desired wavelength or wavelength range .
  • the cooling material may comprise a polymeric material that may be transmissive for radiation of a predetermined range of wavelength. At least a portion of the cooling material may be of a clear or opaque appearance .
  • the polymeric material may be arranged for light diffusion by incorporation of light scattering particles of a suitable size.
  • the cooling material comprises at least one layer or foil that comprises a component material that is substantially transparent in the visible and/or in the near infrared and/or in the infrared spectral range.
  • the at least one layer or foil may comprise the polymeric material in which the particles of the first and/or second component are embedded or adjacent to which the particles of the first and/or second component are positioned.
  • the cooling material may be freestanding and may form a part of a window, roof glazing, skylight or the like.
  • the particles of the first spectrally selective component may also be embedded in or positioned adjacent that layer. Further, the layer of the second spectrally selective material may be positioned adjacent the substantially transparent layer.
  • the cooling material is arranged to reflect at least some incident radiation, such as radiation from the atmosphere and/or from the sun in the daytime.
  • the cooling material may comprise a reflective material that is provided in the form of a layer positioned below the particles and may be arranged to reflect at least a portion of incident radiation.
  • the cooling material may be a coating that forms a part of a roof tile or sheet or may form a part of any other suitable object.
  • the cooling material may comprise reflective particles that are dispersed within an at least partially transparent material, such as the above-described polymeric material.
  • the particles of the first and/or second component may be embedded or positioned adjacent to the polymeric material.
  • the cooling material may be arranged so that the majority of incident radiation is reflected.
  • the cooling material has the significant advantage of improved cooling efficiency as then the cooling material typically only has increased absorption within the atmospheric window energy range where the intensity of incident radiation is much reduced or negligible.
  • the reflective material may also reflect incident radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the particles of the first spectrally selective component are arranged for generation of ionic surface plasmons and the second spectrally selective component comprises particles that are also arranged for generation of ionic surface plasmons at a wavelength or wavelength range that differs from that of the particles of the first spectrally selective component. For example, this may be achieved by selecting a shape, size, orientation or composition that is different to that of the particles of the first spectrally selective component.
  • the particles of the second spectrally selective component typically are arranged to emit radiation at a wavelength or wavelength range at which the particles of the first spectrally selective component have reduced emission so that utilisation of the available atmospheric window wavelength range is improved.
  • the particles of the first spectrally selective component are arranged for generation of ionic surface plasmons and the second spectrally selective component comprises particles that are arranged for generation of electronic surface plasmons.
  • the particles of the second spectrally selective component may be arranged for absorption of radiation in the near infrared (NIR) wavelength.
  • the cooling material typically is arranged to block at least a portion of incident solar radiation, which further improves the cooling that can be achieved with the cooling material when exposed to sunlight.
  • the particles of the second spectrally selective component may in this case comprise LaB 6 , SbSn oxide, aluminium doped ZnO or another suitable material .
  • the cooling material typically is arranged so that a portion of the thermal energy, that is present as a consequence of the absorbed solar radiation in the infrared (NIR) wavelength range, is emitted by the particles of the first spectrally selective component.
  • the particles of the second spectrally selective component may be arranged for generation of electronic surface plasmons having wavelengths at or near the visible wavelength range.
  • the cooling material typically is arranged to block at least a portion of the visible light originating from the sun, whereby the cooling material may exhibit a particular colour.
  • the particles of the second spectrally selective component may comprise Au, TiN or other suitable materials.
  • the cooling material may comprise a layered structure that is arranged to reflect thermal radiation from the atmosphere or a portion of visible light.
  • the layered structure may comprise thin layers of metal and dielectric materials.
  • the particles of the second spectrally selective component may have a diameter within the range of 10 - 100 nm, typically of the order of 50 nm or less.
  • the second spectrally selective material may also comprise particles having differing compositions and/or shapes and/or sizes and/or relative orientations.
  • the first and the second spectrally selective component may each comprise a combination of particles arranged for generation of ionic plasmons, particles arranged for generation of electronic surface plasmons and particles that are not arranged for generation of surface plasmons (such as SiO particles) .
  • the cooling material may not necessarily comprise particles that are arranged for emission of thermal radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range, but the particles may be replaced by at least one layer that is arranged for emission of thermal radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the at least one layer may comprise a granular structure, a porous structure or may have a surface that is profiled so that the at least one layer is arranged for generation of ionic surface plasmon resonances having a wavelength or wavelength range within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the at least one layer may be a part of a multi-layered structure that is arranged for generation of ionic surface plasmon resonances having a wavelength or wavelength range within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the present invention provides in a second aspect a cooling material which comprises: a spectrally selective component comprising at least one layer arranged for receiving thermal energy and emitting at least a portion of the received thermal energy in the form of the thermal radiation, the thermal radiation predominantly having a wavelength or wavelength range within an atmospheric window wavelength range in which the atmosphere of the Earth has a reduced average absorption and emission compared with an average absorption and emission in an adjacent wavelength range whereby absorption of radiation from the atmosphere is reduced.
  • a spectrally selective component comprising at least one layer arranged for receiving thermal energy and emitting at least a portion of the received thermal energy in the form of the thermal radiation, the thermal radiation predominantly having a wavelength or wavelength range within an atmospheric window wavelength range in which the atmosphere of the Earth has a reduced average absorption and emission compared with an average absorption and emission in an adjacent wavelength range whereby absorption of radiation from the atmosphere is reduced.
  • the spectrally selective component typically is a first spectrally selective component and the cooling material typically comprises a second spectrally selective component having a property that distinguishes the second spectrally selective component from the first spectrally selective component and facilitates at least one desired function of the cooling material.
  • the second spectrally- selective component typically is arranged to facilitate cooling of the cooling material.
  • the atmospheric window wavelength range typically is a wavelength range from 3 to 5 ⁇ m and/or from 7.9 ⁇ m to 13 ⁇ m.
  • the at least one layer typically is arranged for generation of ionic surface plasmon resonances having a wavelength or wavelength range within the atmospheric window wavelength range .
  • the at least one layer may have a structural property that is selected so that the at least one layer is arranged for generation of ionic surface plasmon resonances having a wavelength or wavelength range within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the at least one layer may comprise grains, or may at least in part be of a porous structure and the structural property may be associated with a grain size or a thickness of residual solid between pores, respectively.
  • the at least one layer may have a surface roughness and the structural property may be associated with thickness or width of surface features of the at least one layer.
  • the grain size, the thickness of residual solid between pores and the thickness or width of surface features of the at least one layer typically are within the range of 50nm - 150nm.
  • the at least one layer may also be a part of a multi- layered structure having layer thicknesses that are selected so that the multi-layered structure is arranged for generation of ionic surface plasmon resonances having a wavelength or wavelength range within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the present invention provides in a third aspect a method of cooling using a cooling material for emission of thermal energy, the cooling material comprising a first spectrally selective component and a second spectrally selective component, the second spectrally selective component having a property that distinguishes the second spectrally selective component from the first spectrally selective component, the method comprising: emitting a portion of the thermal energy from the first spectrally selective component in the form of radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range in which the atmosphere of the earth has low or negligible average absorption and emission compared with the average absorption and emission in an adjacent wavelength range; and emitting a portion of the thermal energy from the second spectrally selective component.
  • the first spectrally selective component may comprise particles or at least one layer arranged for emitting a portion of the thermal energy in the form of radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the at least one layer may have a structural property that is selected so that the first spectrally selective component is arranged for emitting a portion of the thermal energy in the form of radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the at least one layer may be a part of a multi-layered structure having layer thicknesses that are selected so that the first spectrally selective component is arranged for emitting a portion of the thermal energy in the form of radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range .
  • the step of emitting a portion of the thermal energy from the second spectrally selective component typically comprises emitting radiation by a physical process that is identical to that associated with the emission of radiation by the particles of the first spectrally selective component, but at a wavelength or wavelength range that differs from that of the first spectrally selective component.
  • the step of emitting a portion of the thermal energy from the second spectrally selective component may comprise emitting radiation by a physical- process that differs to that associated with the emission of radiation by the particles of the first spectrally selective component.
  • the step of emitting a portion of the thermal energy from the first spectrally selective component comprises generating ionic surface plasmon resonances having a wavelength or wavelength range within the atmospheric window wavelength range. At least some of the ionic surface plasmons typically have a wavelength within the wavelength range from 1 - 7 ⁇ m, 2 - 6 ⁇ m, 3 - 5 ⁇ m, and/or any one of 5 - 16 ⁇ m, 7 - 14 ⁇ m, 8 - 13 ⁇ m and 7.9 - 13 ⁇ m.
  • the step of emitting a portion of the thermal energy from the first spectrally selective component may also comprise generating the ionic surface plasmons at a wavelength range that is partially outside the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the step of emitting a portion of the thermal energy from the second spectrally selective component may comprise emitting radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the step of emitting a portion of the thermal energy from the second spectrally selective component may comprise emitting radiation by generation of ionic surface plasmons.
  • the step of emitting a portion of the thermal energy from the second spectrally selective component may comprise absorbing radiation by generating electronic surface plasmons .
  • the method typically comprises reflecting at least some incident radiation.
  • the method may comprise reflecting incident radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the method may comprise controlling at least one of the composition of the first spectrally selective component and a structural property of the first spectrally selective component to control the wavelength range of ionic surface plasmons.
  • Figure 1 shows a transmission spectrum of the atmosphere of the earth as a function of wavelength
  • Figure 2 shows a cooling material according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 3 shows a cooling material according to a second embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 4 shows a cooling material according to a third embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 5 shows a cooling material according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 6 shows a cooling material according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 shows a cooling material according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 shows a transmission spectrum 10 of the atmosphere of the earth for substantially cloud free conditions.
  • the average transmission is increased to nearly 1 within the range of approximately 7.9 to 13 ⁇ m compared to adjacent wavelength ranges. Further, the average transmission of the atmosphere is increased within a wavelength range of 3 - 5 ⁇ m. Within these wavelength ranges the atmosphere of the earth has "windows" .
  • Plot 12 is an estimation of the emission spectrum of a black body having a temperature of 100 0 C, which was calculated using Wein's law and gives an example of the emission spectrum for a medium that may be cooled using the cooling material according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a secondary electron microscopy micrograph of a cooling material according to a specific embodiment of the present invention.
  • the cooling material 20 comprises a reflective metallic layer 22, which in this embodiment is provided in the form of an aluminum layer positioned on a substrate. Further, the cooling material 20 comprises SiC particles 24, which are positioned on the metallic layer 22. The SiC particles 24 have an average diameter of approximately 50 nm and are deposited using suitable spin coating procedures.
  • the SiC particles 24 are in this embodiment nano-particles and the majority of the surface of the particles 24 is exposed to air.
  • the particles 24 show resonantly enhanced absorption and emission of radiation at a wavelength range of 10 to 13 ⁇ m. Within that wavelength range ionic surface plasmons are generated.
  • the wavelength range of resonant ionic surface plasmon emission is within the above- described atmospheric window wavelength range. For that wavelength range the average absorption of the atmosphere of the earth is very low and consequently very little radiation in this wavelength range is transferred from the atmosphere to the cooling material 20.
  • the energy associated with the emitted radiation is largely drawn from the thermal energy of the particles 24 and/or from a medium that is in thermal contact with the particles 24. Due to the atmospheric window, the emitted radiation is largely transmitted through the atmosphere and directed to space where the temperature typically is 4 Kelvin. Consequently, the cooling material 20 functions as a pump of thermal energy even if the cooling material, or a medium that is in thermal contact with the cooling material , has a temperature below ambient temperature .
  • the reflective material 22 has the added advantage that a large portion of incident radiation is reflected away from the cooling material 20 and consequently thermal absorption of radiation having a wavelength within or outside the atmospheric window is reduced, which increases cooling efficiency.
  • the energy of the ionic surface plasmons depends on the composition of particles, the size of the particles, the shape of the particles and their orientation relative to each other. By selecting properties of the particles 24, it is possible to control the energy of the ionic surface plasmons.
  • the particles 24 may be spherical, may have an elliptical shape or any other suitable shape.
  • the particles 24 may comprise a first component of particles having a first shape, size, composition or orientation and a second component of particles having a second shape, size, composition or orientation.
  • first and second components are selected so that the particles of the first and second components result in generation of ionic surface plasmons at differing wavelength ranges within the atmospheric windows.
  • the particles 24 may be composed of other suitable materials that show ionic surface plasmon resonances, such as BN and BeO. Further, the particles 24 may also be composed of materials that are not arranged for ionic plasmon generation at a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range, but may be arranged for emission of radiation within that wavelength range by any other possible mechanism. For example, SiO, silicon oxynitride particles exhibit relatively strong emissions within that wavelength range .
  • the reflective material 22 improves the cooling efficiency.
  • the cooling material may not necessarily comprise a reflective material .
  • the particles 24 may be embedded in a transparent material, such as a suitable polymeric material that is positioned upon the reflective material 22.
  • the polymeric material may comprise polyethylene or a fluorinated material .
  • the cooling material 30 also comprises the above-described particles 24.
  • the particles 24 are positioned within a matrix of a polymeric material 34 that is largely transparent to thermal radiation within a black body wavelength range, such as radiation having a wavelength within the range of 3 - 28 ⁇ m, or a wavelength range outside one or both of 3 - 5 and 7.9 - 13 ⁇ m, or most of solar spectral range in addition to the black body radiation range.
  • the polymeric material 34 may comprise polyethylene or a fluorinated polymeric material .
  • incident radiation is not reflected, but largely transmitted through the cooling material 30, which also reduces thermal absorption of radiation directed to the cooling material 30 and thereby improves the cooling efficiency.
  • the cooling material 30 comprises particles 36.
  • the particles 36 have a spectrally selective property that complements a spectrally selective property of the particles 24.
  • the particles 36 are arranged for generation of electronic surface plasmons in the the near infrared (NIR) wavelength range. Within that wavelength range the particles 36 absorb radiation, such as radiation originating from the sun. This inhibits transmission of a portion of incident radiation, which facilitates cooling.
  • the cooling material 30 is arranged so that the thermal energy, that is present as a consequence of the absorbed solar radiation, is emitted by the particles 24.
  • the cooling material 30 may be provided in the form of a skylight or a window.
  • the cooling material 30 typically is arranged so that a large portion of the visible light originating from the sun can penetrate through the cooling material 30.
  • the particles 24 emit radiation within the atmospheric window wavelength range, which results in cooling, and the particles 36 partially "block" thermal radiation originating from the sun which facilitates the cooling.
  • the particles 36 may comprise indium tin oxide, tin oxide, LaB6, SbSn oxide, or aluminium doped ZnO. It is to be appreciated, however, that in variations of the above-described embodiment the particles 36 may also be arranged for generation of electronic surface plasmons at any other suitable wavelength range.
  • the cooling material 30 may comprise a layered structure of dielectric and/or metallic materials having layer thicknesses that are selected to effect reflection of thermal radiation, such as thermal radiation originating from the atmosphere, which further facilitates cooling.
  • the cooling material 30 may also comprise a layer structured material that is arranged so that a portion of light within the visible wavelength range is reflected and light that is transmitted though the cooling material 30 is of a particular colour, which has advantageous applications for aesthetic purposes.
  • the particles 36 may not be arranged for generating of surface plasmons, but may be arranged for strong absorption at a predetermined wavelength range in a manner such that the spectrally selective property of the particles 24 is complemented.
  • the cooling material 30 may be a free-standing material.
  • the cooling material 30 may be a coating, such as a paint coating that is applied to an object.
  • the polymeric material 34 may be a clear polymeric material but may also be a translucent or opaque material that is arranged for scattering of light. If the polymeric material 34 is clear, the incorporated particles typically have a size that is smaller than 50 nm, which avoids light scattering. If light scattering is desired and the polymeric material 34 should be of an opaque appearance, particles having a diameter larger than 50 nm typically are incorporated to effect the light scattering.
  • the cooling material 40 corresponds to the cooling material 30 shown in Figure 3 and described above, but is in this embodiment positioned on a reflective layer 42.
  • the cooling material 40 is particularly suited for cooling an object or medium that may be in thermal contact with the cooling material 40.
  • the reflective layer 42 is a metallic layer that is arranged to reflect radiation having a wide wavelength range and originating, for example, from the sun.
  • the reflective layer 42 may be arranged to reflect the majority of thermal radiation and visible radiation originating from the sun and from the atmosphere, which facilitates cooling of the cooling material 40.
  • the reflective material may comprise for example Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Cr, Mo, W or steel including stainless steel.
  • the reflective material may not be provided in form of a layer, but may be provided in form of reflective particles that are incorporated in the material 34.
  • the cooling material 40 may form a part of a roof tile or sheet or any other suitable object such as a component of a heat exchanger.
  • the reflective material 42 may comprise a metallic portion of a roof sheet to which the polymeric material 34 incorporating the particles 24 and 36 is applied.
  • the cooling material 50 comprises in this embodiment particles 24 and 36 which are incorporated in a polymeric matrix material 34 that is of the same type as described above.
  • the polymeric maternal 34 with particles 24 and 36 is positioned on a layer 52 that is composed of a spectrally selective material.
  • the layer 52 may comprise SiO that is arranged to emit radiation at a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range, which facilitates cooling of the cooling material 50.
  • the layer 52 typically is largely transparent at other wavelength ranges.
  • the layer 52 may also comprise another suitable spectrally selective material.
  • the cooling material 50 is in this embodiment largely transparent for visible light, but may also comprise further layers that affect the transmission of light such as dielectric layers that influence the color of transmitted light.
  • FIG 6 shows a cooling material 60 that is related to the cooling material 50 shown in Figure 5 and described above.
  • the cooling material 60 comprises the particles 24, the particles 36, the polymeric material 34 and the spectrally selective layer 52.
  • the spectrally selective layer 52 is positioned on a reflective material 62 which has properties and a composition similar to that of layer 42 shown in Figure 4 and described above.
  • the cooling material 60 may also be used for cooling of objects and may form a part of an object, such as a roof tile or part of a heat exchanger or any other suitable object.
  • the cooling material 70 comprises particles 72 that may be provided in the form of the above-described particles 24 or particles 36.
  • the particles 72 are incorporated into the polymeric matrix material 34.
  • the polymeric matrix material 34 with particles 72 is positioned on a layer 52, which is described above in the context of Figure 5 and 6.
  • the spectrally selective properties of the particles 72 and those of the layer 52 are selected so that together a desired spectral effect is achieved.
  • the cooling material 70 comprises particles 72 that may be provided in the form of the above-described particles 24 or particles 36.
  • the particles 72 are incorporated into the polymeric matrix material 34.
  • the polymeric matrix material 34 with particles 72 is positioned on a layer 52, which is described above in the context of Figure 5 and 6.
  • the spectrally selective properties of the particles 72 and those of the layer 52 are selected so that together a desired spectral effect is achieved.
  • the 70 may also comprise a reflective material, such as reflective material 42 described above which the layer 52 may be positioned.
  • the cooling material may not necessarily comprise particles that are arranged for emission of thermal radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range, but the particles may be replaced by at least one layer, such as a multi- layered structure, that is arranged for emission of thermal radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the layers of the multi-layered structure typically have thicknesses and internal or surface structure that are selected so that in use ionic surface plasmon resonances are generated and the ionic surface plasmon resonances have a wavelength or wavelength range within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the multi-layered structure may comprise SiO and SiC layers having a thickness of the order of 50 - 150nm.
  • the particles may be replaced by grains of a layer having a granular structure, such as a suitable SiC layer.
  • the average diameter of the grains is selected so that the layer is arranged for emission of thermal radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the particles may also be replaced by a porous layer or a layer having a rough surface such as a suitable SiC layer. In this case an average pore spacing or a surface profile, respectively, is selected so that the layer is arranged for emission of thermal radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range.
  • the cooling material comprises the at least one layer arranged for emission of thermal radiation having a wavelength within the atmospheric window wavelength range, the cooling material may or may not comprise the second spectrally selective component.
  • the cooling material may comprise the above-described particles in addition to the above-described at least one layer.
  • the at least one layer and the particles may both be arranged for emission of thermal radiation having a wavelength range within the atmospheric window wavelength range .
  • the invention has been described with reference to particular examples, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention may be embodied in many other forms.
  • the particles 24 and the particles 36 or the particles 24 and the layer 52, or the particles 36 and the layer 52 may also be positioned directly on a surface without being embedded in a polymeric matrix.
  • the cooling material may form a part of any suitable object .

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Optical Filters (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un matériau de refroidissement qui comprend un premier composant sélectif divisant le faisceau en fonction du spectre qui comprend des particules. Ces particules sont disposées en vue d'émettre un rayonnement prédominant dont la longueur d'onde ou la plage de longueurs d'onde se situe dans une plage de longueurs d'onde de fenêtre atmosphérique dans laquelle l'atmosphère de la Terre possède une absorption et une émission moyennes réduites dans une plage de longueurs d'onde adjacentes. Par conséquent, le matériau de refroidissement disposé afin de permettre l'émission d'une absorption et d'un rayonnement thermiques du rayonnement de l'atmosphère dans cette plage de longueurs d'onde est réduit. Le matériau de refroidissement comprend, en outre, un second composant sélectif divisant le faisceau en fonction du spectre possédant des propriétés qui le distingue du premier composant et qui facilite au moins une des fonctions désirées du matériau de refroidissement.
PCT/AU2008/000891 2007-06-19 2008-06-19 Matériau de refroidissement WO2008154691A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
MX2009014107A MX2009014107A (es) 2007-06-19 2008-06-19 Material de enfriamiento.
CN200880103071A CN101815763A (zh) 2007-06-19 2008-06-19 冷却材料
EP08756971A EP2162499A4 (fr) 2007-06-19 2008-06-19 Matériau de refroidissement
US12/666,175 US20110042052A1 (en) 2007-06-19 2008-06-19 cooling material
AU2008265509A AU2008265509A1 (en) 2007-06-19 2008-06-19 A cooling material
ZA2010/00331A ZA201000331B (en) 2007-06-19 2010-01-18 A cooling material

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2007202832 2007-06-19
AU2007202832A AU2007202832A1 (en) 2007-06-19 2007-06-19 A cooling material
AU2007903673 2007-07-06
AU2007903673A AU2007903673A0 (en) 2007-07-06 A cooling material

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008154691A1 true WO2008154691A1 (fr) 2008-12-24

Family

ID=40155815

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/AU2008/000891 WO2008154691A1 (fr) 2007-06-19 2008-06-19 Matériau de refroidissement

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US20110042052A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2162499A4 (fr)
KR (1) KR20100062992A (fr)
CN (1) CN101815763A (fr)
AU (1) AU2008265509A1 (fr)
MX (1) MX2009014107A (fr)
WO (1) WO2008154691A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA201000331B (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8848339B2 (en) 2011-12-15 2014-09-30 Industrial Technology Research Institute Capacitor and manufacturing method thereof
US9611392B2 (en) 2011-12-15 2017-04-04 Industrial Technology Research Institute Self-assembly coating material, heat sink and method of forming heat sink
JP2019066101A (ja) * 2017-09-29 2019-04-25 研介 藤村 天空放射冷却装置
WO2019152952A1 (fr) 2018-02-05 2019-08-08 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Textile spectralement sélectif pour refroidissement personnel extérieur rayonnant passif
CN111989532A (zh) * 2018-04-16 2020-11-24 罗米·M·费恩 被动辐射冷却的制造方法、结构及用途
US10901071B2 (en) * 2018-08-29 2021-01-26 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device and method for manufacturing a device
JP2022542325A (ja) * 2019-07-30 2022-09-30 南京工▲業▼大学 放射冷却のための赤外線選択的ナノ機能性組成物及びその製造方法

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20150219410A1 (en) * 2014-01-31 2015-08-06 Asia Vital Components Co., Ltd. Heat Dissipation Structure Enhancing Heat Source Self Heat Radiation
US9329647B2 (en) 2014-05-19 2016-05-03 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Computing device having a spectrally selective radiation emission device
US10088251B2 (en) * 2014-05-21 2018-10-02 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Radiative cooling with solar spectrum reflection
WO2017151514A1 (fr) 2016-02-29 2017-09-08 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate Structures et systèmes de refroidissement par rayonnement
CN108870799B (zh) * 2017-05-12 2020-07-31 浙江大学 辐射制冷颗粒和蒸气凝结回收装置
WO2019130199A1 (fr) * 2017-12-29 2019-07-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Articles de refroidissement passif comportant un polymère fluoré
KR102347673B1 (ko) * 2019-03-29 2022-01-07 한국과학기술원 온도 감응형 스마트 복사냉각 디바이스
CN110138277B (zh) * 2019-05-16 2020-07-24 中国矿业大学 一种基于辐射制冷和高效吸收太阳能的温差发电装置
CN110216924B (zh) * 2019-05-31 2021-08-06 宁波瑞凌新能源科技有限公司 一种复合辐射制冷膜
CN110317521A (zh) * 2019-07-05 2019-10-11 宁波瑞凌新能源科技有限公司 选择性辐射制冷涂料及其复合材料和应用方法
KR102230346B1 (ko) * 2019-11-19 2021-03-22 고려대학교 산학협력단 발광형 냉각 소자
KR102225794B1 (ko) * 2020-08-11 2021-03-11 고려대학교 산학협력단 다층 구조로 이루어진 복사 냉각 소자
CN112503654A (zh) * 2020-11-17 2021-03-16 淮阴工学院 单通道夜间被动式辐射冷却膜
CN116875188B (zh) * 2023-07-24 2024-08-06 中南大学 一种超薄高导热耐候日间辐射制冷涂层及其制备方法

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0454349A2 (fr) * 1990-04-23 1991-10-30 Hughes Aircraft Company Revêtements à émissivité sélective pour réduire la température intérieure d'une enceinte
JPH0713018A (ja) * 1993-06-23 1995-01-17 Olympus Optical Co Ltd 放射冷却膜
WO2002098996A1 (fr) * 2001-06-07 2002-12-12 Lehmann Pacific Solar Pty Limited Enduits a refroidissement radiatif
US20050163983A1 (en) * 2004-01-23 2005-07-28 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho(Kobe Steel, Ltd.) Coated body having excellent thermal radiation property used for members of electronic device
US20050167612A1 (en) * 2004-02-02 2005-08-04 Aubrey Jaffer Passive fluorescent cooling
US20060162762A1 (en) * 2005-01-26 2006-07-27 Boris Gilman Self-cooled photo-voltaic device and method for intensification of cooling thereof

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0454349A2 (fr) * 1990-04-23 1991-10-30 Hughes Aircraft Company Revêtements à émissivité sélective pour réduire la température intérieure d'une enceinte
JPH0713018A (ja) * 1993-06-23 1995-01-17 Olympus Optical Co Ltd 放射冷却膜
WO2002098996A1 (fr) * 2001-06-07 2002-12-12 Lehmann Pacific Solar Pty Limited Enduits a refroidissement radiatif
US20050163983A1 (en) * 2004-01-23 2005-07-28 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho(Kobe Steel, Ltd.) Coated body having excellent thermal radiation property used for members of electronic device
US20050167612A1 (en) * 2004-02-02 2005-08-04 Aubrey Jaffer Passive fluorescent cooling
US20060162762A1 (en) * 2005-01-26 2006-07-27 Boris Gilman Self-cooled photo-voltaic device and method for intensification of cooling thereof

Non-Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CHOUDHURY ET AL.: "Frontiers in Optical Technology", vol. CHAPTER5, 22 May 2006, NOVA SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC., ISBN: 1-600021-0848, article SMITH: "Combining energy efficiency with aesthetic appeal using advanced optical materials", pages: 125 - 158, XP008127139 *
GUPTA R. ET AL.: "Preparation and characterization of surface plasmon resonance tunable gold and silver films", JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 92, no. 9, 1 November 2002 (2002-11-01), pages 5264 - 5271, XP012057569 *
MARQUIER ET AL.: "Anisotropic polarized emission of a doped silicon lamellar grating", JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER, vol. 129, January 2007 (2007-01-01), pages 11 - 16, XP008127133 *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN *
See also references of EP2162499A4 *
SMITH ET AL.: "Plasmon mediated visible and near infra red transmission through sub-30 nm holes in metal films: potential in solar energy applications", PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE, vol. 4458, 2001, pages 29 - 37, XP008127136 *

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8848339B2 (en) 2011-12-15 2014-09-30 Industrial Technology Research Institute Capacitor and manufacturing method thereof
US9611392B2 (en) 2011-12-15 2017-04-04 Industrial Technology Research Institute Self-assembly coating material, heat sink and method of forming heat sink
JP2019066101A (ja) * 2017-09-29 2019-04-25 研介 藤村 天空放射冷却装置
WO2019152952A1 (fr) 2018-02-05 2019-08-08 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Textile spectralement sélectif pour refroidissement personnel extérieur rayonnant passif
EP3749799A4 (fr) * 2018-02-05 2021-09-15 The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Textile spectralement sélectif pour refroidissement personnel extérieur rayonnant passif
US11925226B2 (en) 2018-02-05 2024-03-12 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Spectrally selective textile for passive radiative outdoor personal cooling
CN111989532A (zh) * 2018-04-16 2020-11-24 罗米·M·费恩 被动辐射冷却的制造方法、结构及用途
US10901071B2 (en) * 2018-08-29 2021-01-26 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device and method for manufacturing a device
JP2022542325A (ja) * 2019-07-30 2022-09-30 南京工▲業▼大学 放射冷却のための赤外線選択的ナノ機能性組成物及びその製造方法
JP7255940B2 (ja) 2019-07-30 2023-04-11 南京工▲業▼大学 放射冷却のための赤外線選択的ナノ機能性組成物及びその製造方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2162499A4 (fr) 2011-01-19
US20110042052A1 (en) 2011-02-24
EP2162499A1 (fr) 2010-03-17
ZA201000331B (en) 2010-12-29
CN101815763A (zh) 2010-08-25
KR20100062992A (ko) 2010-06-10
AU2008265509A1 (en) 2008-12-24
MX2009014107A (es) 2010-08-06

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20110042052A1 (en) cooling material
EP2162688A1 (fr) Élément d'émission de rayonnement thermique
US5405680A (en) Selective emissivity coatings for interior temperature reduction of an enclosure
US20080318031A1 (en) Cooling material
US20190152410A1 (en) Transparent radiative cooling films and structures comprising the same
EP3954741B1 (fr) Dispositif de refroidissement radiatif
KR102230348B1 (ko) 세라믹 나노입자 혼합물을 이용한 복사 냉각 소자
CN107001928B (zh) 从表面发射辐射的方法和制品
JPWO2008152887A1 (ja) 可視光透過日射熱反射膜
KR102225791B1 (ko) 백색 복사 냉각 소자
CN113015769A (zh) 无金属的太阳光反射红外发射的涂料及其制备方法
KR102225804B1 (ko) 기판의 광특성을 활용한 복사냉각소자
US20130330570A1 (en) Energy-shielding plastics film
KR102352115B1 (ko) 열전도성 복사냉각 코팅층을 포함하는 복사 냉각 소자
EP2162500A1 (fr) Matériau refroidisseur comprenant des particules disposées de manière à générer des résonances plasmoniques de surface
JP7004597B2 (ja) 放射冷却装置
Martín-Palma Spectrally selective coatings on glass: solar-control and low-emissivity coatings
KR102514021B1 (ko) 투명 복사 냉각 소자
Kim et al. Wavelength selective cover for sub-ambient passive radiative cooling
JP2021154652A (ja) 放射冷却装置及び冷却方法
US20230116730A1 (en) Pigmented passive radiative cooling coating
Pradhan et al. Coupled Thin Film Dielectric and Gold Layers for High LWIR Emission and Broadband Solar Reflection for Daytime Passive Radiative Cooling
KR20220130378A (ko) 야광 물질을 이용한 야광 복사 냉각 소자
AU2007221733A1 (en) An element for emission of thermal radiation
Zhou et al. Sustainable porous Polydimethylsiloxane for efficient radiative cooling

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 200880103071.7

Country of ref document: CN

DPE2 Request for preliminary examination filed before expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed from 20040101)
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 08756971

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: MX/A/2009/014107

Country of ref document: MX

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2008756971

Country of ref document: EP

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 20107001254

Country of ref document: KR

Kind code of ref document: A

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2008265509

Country of ref document: AU

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2008265509

Country of ref document: AU

Date of ref document: 20080619

Kind code of ref document: A

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 12666175

Country of ref document: US