Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/32—Systems for obtaining speckle elimination
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
  • G03H1/2294—Addressing the hologram to an active spatial light modulator
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
  • G03H1/2202—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements
  • G03H1/2205—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements using downstream optical component
  • G03H2001/221—Element having optical power, e.g. field lens
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
  • G03H1/2202—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements
  • G03H2001/2236—Details of the viewing window
  • G03H2001/2242—Multiple viewing windows
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/26—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique
  • G03H1/30—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique discrete holograms only
  • G03H2001/306—Tiled identical sub-holograms
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H2222/00—Light sources or light beam properties
  • G03H2222/20—Coherence of the light source
  • G03H2222/24—Low coherence light normally not allowing valuable record or reconstruction
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H2222/00—Light sources or light beam properties
  • G03H2222/34—Multiple light sources
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H2223/00—Optical components
  • G03H2223/19—Microoptic array, e.g. lens array

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method for reducing speckle patterns of a three-dimensional holographic reconstruction of a three-dimensional scene and a holographic display device for carrying out the method.
• Field of application of the invention are methods with which the storage and reconstruction of complex wavefronts of a three-dimensional scene (3D scene) by holography using preferably laser light in real time or near real-time in holographic playback devices and in which the reconstruction can be seen from a virtual viewer window ,
• Holography enables the recording and the optical reproduction of a three-dimensional object or a moving 3D scene with wave-optical methods.
• the 3D scene is encoded in a light modulator that serves as the carrier medium.
• each point of the encoded 3D scene forms a starting point of light waves that interfere with each other and spatially reconstruct the 3D scene as resulting light wave front, as if it were caused by a light propagation from the actual object in space.
• the holographic reconstruction of the object or of the 3D scene preferably takes place with a projection device and / or a reconstruction optical unit by illuminating the carrier medium with normally sufficiently coherent light.
• the 3D scene is reconstructed in a holographic display with a viewer window that is a visibility area in a viewer's space.
• the viewer window is preset in size in front of a display means and generally corresponds to the size of an eye pupil. Therefore, it is also referred to here as the location of the eye position, which can take a viewer's eye and from which the viewer can see the reconstruction of the 3D scene.
• a viewer window is formed either as the direct or inverse Fourier transform or Fresnel transform of a hologram encoded in a carrier medium or as an image of a wavefront encoded in a carrier medium in a plane of a viewer space, the viewer window being only a single diffraction order of a periodic reconstruction includes.
• the plane may be a focal plane of a focus agent or the image plane of a light source.
• the hologram or the wavefront are calculated from the 3D scene in such a way that within the one diffraction order used as the visibility region, any crosstalk between the viewer's eyes is avoided, which usually occurs in reconstructions using light modulators.
• Spatial light modulators such as LCD, LCoS, etc., which modulate the phase and / or the amplitude of the incident light, serve as carrier or recording media for holograms or complex-valued wavefronts of a 3D scene.
• the refresh rate of the carrier medium must be sufficiently large.
• the values coded in the carrier medium in regularly arranged pixels can originate from a real object or be a computer-generated hologram (CGH).
• CGH computer-generated hologram
• Viewing the reconstruction of the 3D scene can be done by the viewer looking directly at the carrier medium. This is referred to in this document as a direct view setup. Alternatively, the viewer can look at a screen onto which either an image or a transform of the values coded in the carrier medium is projected. This is called projection construction in this document. In the following, the designation screen is used both for the screen in the projection setup and for the carrier medium in the direct-view setup.
• the reconstruction of the hologram is only possible within a periodicity interval of the reconstruction of a wavefront given by the resolution of the carrier medium, as a result of diffraction. In the adjacent periodicity intervals, the reconstruction is repeated, usually with disturbances.
• speckle pattern a granulation-like interference pattern that results from the interference of many light waves with statistically irregularly distributed phase differences.
• the speckle patterns are detrimental.
• the hologram calculation is preceded by a discrete sampling of the 3D scene, since only a discrete recording is possible on the carrier medium.
• Certain coding methods in which the information about the 3D scene is suitably stored in the carrier medium allow in principle a reconstruction in which the reconstruction of the scanned object coincides completely at the location of the sampling points.
• the physical reconstruction again results in a continuous course between the sampling points.
• the reconstruction contains speckle patterns that reduce the quality of the reconstruction. This is the case, in particular, if the calculation of the hologram is carried out with a random phase of the object points, which however is advantageous for certain other reasons.
• Reduction of the speckle patterns in the reconstruction of the 3D scene can in principle be achieved by temporal and / or spatial averaging, wherein the reconstruction is generated from values of a 3D scene coded into an external medium or from appropriately calculated hologram values. There The observer's eye always averages over several reconstructions with different Speckie patterns, which show a reduction in this disturbance.
• the object of the invention is to significantly reduce in a holographic display device with a virtual viewer window the speckle patterns occurring in the reconstruction of a 3D scene and to provide a process operating close to real time in which a carrier medium with a conventional refresh rate can be used.
• the object is achieved in principle by a method in which, instead of a single reconstruction of an SD scene produced with sufficiently coherent light, different mutually incoherent reconstructions are generated and superimposed in a reconstruction space at the same location. Since the incoherence is associated with a phase shift, the different incoherent reconstructions have mutually different speckle patterns.
• the respective eye of the observer averages over the eye from an eye position Speckle pattern and sees only a single speckle-reduced reconstruction of the original 3D scene in a reconstruction space.
• the method is carried out in the holographic display device with inventive method steps according to claim 1 so that
• the method may be performed separately for each of a right and a left eye of a viewer, for example, successively in time. Furthermore, the method of producing a color reconstruction for the different primary colors, e.g. red, green and blue, to be carried out separately, for example in chronological succession.
• the method of producing a color reconstruction for the different primary colors e.g. red, green and blue
• the virtual observer window for reconstructing the 3D scene on which the invention is based here corresponds to the plane in the observer's room, in which the different independent mutually incoherent light distributions of the complex-valued wavefronts of the encoded 3D scene form different independent, incoherent partial observer windows.
• a viewer's eyes In order to see the reconstructed 3D scene, a viewer's eyes must occupy an eye position in that plane. In the further description both the terms eye position and viewer window are used.
• a complex wavefront is understood in the document to mean a wavefront mathematically described by complex numbers that define the phase and amplitude of the wavefront.
• the observer window which normally contains the complex-valued wavefront of the 3D scene to be reconstructed, to generate different mutually incoherent reconstructions at the same location, different incoherent areas must also be generated in the observer window. This can be achieved in a further embodiment of the method according to the invention by two different methods and associated reconstruction means.
• the complex-valued wavefront corresponding to the 3D scene is coded directly into a respective light modulator area for each sub-observer window,
• the incoherently illuminated light modulator areas are imaged via the reconstruction means in different, mutually incoherent partial observer window in the viewer window.
• the following further method steps are carried out to generate the mutually incoherent partial viewer window according to a second method:
• the complex-valued wavefronts corresponding to the 3D scene are calculated for each sub-observer window as the equivalent of incoherent illumination, which transforms incoherently calculated common wavefronts into the light modulator and encodes them there as a common hologram,
• the light modulator is sufficiently coherently illuminated by a lighting means and
• the incoherent calculation of the light distributions of the complex-valued wavefronts of the 3D scene in the different partial observer windows takes place in each case with different object phases, but with a fixed amplitude.
• At least two coherent light-emitting illumination means incoherently illuminate at least two light modulator regions to each other to obtain an average speckle-reduced reconstruction.
• the 3D scene is decomposed into object points, and incoherent partial observer windows are generated for these object points.
• the method steps are characterized in that - Calculates the 3D scene corresponding complex-valued wavefront for the common viewer window, transformed into the modulator and coded as a common hologram, and
• Subhologram areas in each case a light modulator area of the light modulator incoherently illuminated to each other, each containing a Lichtmodulator- a sub-hologram of an object point, so that by projections of the illuminated Subhologramm areas through the object point through several partial viewer window smaller than the eye pupil in the viewer window are generated for each one reconstructed object point.
• This method is further characterized in that the size of the incoherently illuminated sub-hologram regions is determined by adapting the dimensions of the reconstruction means to the number of illumination means, each of which is sufficiently coherent in its own right but incoherent to each other.
• a viewer window results here for speckle reduction, in which the position of the incoherent sub-observer window can be individually different for each object point ,
• This embodiment is most suitable for implementation in a direct view display because of the typical dimensions of the light sources or illumination means and the reconstruction means. However, it can also be used in principle in a projection display.
• the invention is further based on a holographic display device which contains at least one reconstruction means, sufficiently coherent illumination means, a controllable light modulator in which the 3D scene is coded, and a control means for controlling the illumination.
• the reconstruction means includes a multi-part lens system and an imaging optical element, wherein the imaging optical element also simultaneously assumes the function of a screen.
• the holographic display device comprises a transmissive screen, the light distributions of the complex wavefront are projected in the light direction behind the screen in the viewer window, so that all reconstructions are generated in front of the viewer window and visible in a reconstruction space both in front of and behind the screen ,
• the invention further provides a holographic display device for reducing speckle according to claim 10, comprising: - a plurality of sufficiently coherent but mutually incoherent light emitting illuminating means for illuminating different mutually independent light modulator regions and for generating various independent sub-viewer windows together with a reconstruction means,
• a coding means in the form of a light modulator in which region-wise complex wavefronts of a 3D scene are coded
• a reconstruction means for generating various independent partial observer windows with mutually incoherent light distributions of the respective complex-valued wavefront of different light modulator regions, in a viewer window of a viewer's space, and for generating different mutually incoherent reconstructions of different, mutually independent and mutually incoherently illuminated light modulator regions in a reconstruction room and a control means for controlling the illumination means, the coding means and the reconstruction means.
• lasers are advantageously used in the various embodiments of the invention.
• Another essential feature of the invention is that the mutually incoherent independent partial observer windows are arranged one-dimensionally adjacent to one another. A resulting overall lateral extent of the partial observer window reaches at least the predetermined horizontal width b of the observer window intended for an eye.
• the observer window for carrying out the method according to the invention for a left or right eye of a viewer contains at least two partial observer windows.
• the mutually incoherent, independent partial observer windows are arranged one-dimensionally next to one another in the vertical direction and have a vertical overall extent that at least reaches the predetermined height of the observer window intended for an eye.
• the basis for the lateral and vertical overall extent of the partial observer windows is preferably the diameter of an eye pupil of the eye. Since the spatial resolution of the reconstruction is limited by the resolution of the eye, the observer window in its extension can also exceed the Augenpupilie and the viewer still sees the reconstruction. However, since the spatial resolution of the reconstruction is limited by the size of the viewer window, a partial viewer window must always be smaller than an eye pupil so that all partial viewer windows can be seen simultaneously.
• Another expedient design of the mutually incoherent, independent viewer part window provides that they are arranged two-dimensionally in the viewer window. They then lie horizontally and vertically next to each other and form a square or rectangular area.
• a lens of a multi-part lens system is provided in each case, wherein the lens system is preferably designed as a lenticular with parallel lenticles.
• the multi-part lens system is advantageously designed as a matrix-shaped lens array.
• a holographic display device for reducing the speckle pattern is, for example, a holographic display.
• the display can be realized either as a projection display or as a direct-view display.
• a projection display which is preferably designed in accordance with method claim 3, then requires a reconstruction means for transforming and reconstructing which only contains a reconstruction optics and an imaging optical element which simultaneously serves as a screen.
• the hologram in contrast to the prior art only once encoded and does not have to be recalculated several times, resulting in a saving of computing time.
• Fig. 1 is a schematic plan view of a holographic reflective
• Fig. 2 is a schematic plan view of a holographic reflective
• FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view of an exemplary embodiment of a holographic transmissive direct view display.
• a first embodiment of a holographic projection display is shown schematically and simplified in plan view. In the direction of light, one after the other are arranged:
• a reconstruction means preferably a two-part lens system 21; 22 and an imaging optical element 3, which also serves as a screen contains.
• an eye position PE is an eye pupil 51 of an eye 5 near a virtual viewer window 4, the two incoherent independent partial observer window 41; 42 has.
• a reconstruction 6 of a 3D scene can be seen in a reconstruction space between the screen and the eye position PE.
• a control means 7 controls the lighting and the components touched by the light.
• a second embodiment of a holographic projection display is shown schematically and simplified in plan view, arranged in the light direction in succession:
• a reconstruction means comprising a reconstruction optics 20 and an imaging optical element 3 for transforming the light coming from the light modulator and for reconstructing a 3D scene, wherein the imaging optical element 3 simultaneously serves as a screen.
• the light of the laser L generates in an eye position PE near the eye 5 a viewer window 4 in which two mutually incoherent independent partial observer windows 41; 42 and which has a predetermined horizontal width b. From here you can see the reconstruction 6 of a 3D scene.
• the lighting is controlled by a control means 7.
• Figures 3a and 3b the results of holographic simulations are shown as diagrams showing the speckle pattern of a reconstruction of a rectangular object in coherent (3a) and in incoherent (b) illumination for a given position.
• the intensity of a speckle pattern with respect to a viewer position is shown in arbitrary units. It can be seen from FIG. 3b that by generating two mutually incoherent reconstructions of the same 3D scene and their superimposition at the same location in a reconstruction space, the intensity of the speckle pattern is considerably smaller than that of FIG. 3a for an eye 5.
• FIG. 4 shows a schematic plan view of an exemplary embodiment of a holographic transmissive direct-view display.
• L10 to L13 of a matrix-like illumination arrangement and a reconstruction means with lenses 21 to 2n in front of a light modulator 1 shown.
• a sub-hologram SOP of a reconstructed object point OP is coded.
• the geometric beam path of the incoherently illuminated sub-hologram regions SOP10 to SOP13 is indicated by the object point OP to the common viewer window 4 and in the viewer window 4 respectively the partial viewer windows 412 and 410.
• Immediately behind the viewer window 4 is an eye 5 of a viewer with the Eye pupil 51.
• a control means 7 controls the illumination and the components touched by the light to reconstruct the 3D scene.
• Reproduction device for carrying out a corresponding method is shown schematically in FIG. 1 as a reflective projection display.
• a laser L1; L2 coherently illuminates a light modulator area 11 each with coherent light; 12 of the light modulator 1, so that these areas are coherent, but illuminated incoherently to each other.
• the complex-valued wavefront of the 3D scene is here directly into the light modulator 1 in each of the independent light modulator regions 11; 12 coded.
• Each light modulator area 11; 12 is separated by a lens 21; 22 of a multi-part lens system enlarged on the imaging optical element 3 and from there reduced in two equally large adjacent areas of the observer window 4 shown. These areas are called partial viewer windows 41; 42 defined.
• the viewer window 4 thus contains two partial viewer windows 41; 42 two adjacent, mutually incoherent distributions of the light of the complex wave front of the same 3D scene.
• the two imaging beam paths are shown from the screen by different line types.
• the control means 7 controls the lasers and the light modulator 1 in such a way that two mutually incoherent reconstructions of the 3D scene with respectively different speckle patterns in the reconstruction space between the imaging optical element 3 and the observer window 4 at the same location from the two complex-valued wavefronts in the observer window 4 be generated and superimposed.
• the right or left eye 5 of the viewer then takes in the viewer window 4 in its eye pupil 51 true a single reconstruction 6 as superimposition of the incoherent reconstructions with reduced speckle pattern.
• the superimposition can be seen in the representation of the 3D scene from the combination of the different line types of the imaging beam paths.
• the coding can be variably specified in the light modulator 1 so that the reconstruction 6 of the 3D scene can be seen in front of and / or behind the screen.
• the screen is designed, for example, as an imaging lens with a reflective rear lens surface. Both also apply to Fig. 2.
• the lateral overall extent of the one-dimensional side-by-side viewer windows 41; 42 corresponds to the predetermined horizontal width b (shown only in FIG. 2) of the observer window 4.
• the diameter of the eye pupil 51 of the respective viewer's eye serves as the standard for the horizontal or vertical width or height of the observer window 4 to be specified.
• the individual partial viewer windows 41 are advantageous here; 42 smaller than the eye pupil 51.
• a second embodiment of a reflective holographic projection display is shown schematically and simplified in plan view. In the direction of light, one after the other are arranged:
• a laser L which illuminates a light modulator 1 coherent
• a reconstruction means comprising a reconstruction optics 20 and an imaging optical element 3 which simultaneously serves as a screen.
• a virtual viewer window 4 with a predetermined horizontal width b the two independent part-viewer window 41; 42 contains.
• a reconstruction 6 of a 3D scene can be seen in a reconstruction room.
• the calculated, mutually incoherent wavefronts are shown in FIG. 2 from the sub-viewer windows 41; 42 is transformed into the light modulator 1 as a common hologram and coded there as a common hologram.
• the coded complex-valued wavefront of the common hologram via the reconstruction optics 20 and the imaging optical element 3 in the two independent, incoherent partial observer window 41; 42 of the viewer window 4 transformed back.
• the distance of the reconstruction optics 20 to the imaging optical element 3 is chosen so that an enlargement of the inverse transform takes place on the screen and the reconstruction 6 is also shown enlarged.
• the inverse transform is reduced in accordance with the principle of viewer window presentation in the viewer window 4 near the eye pupil 51.
• two superimposed reconstructions are then again generated, as described in FIG. 1, which are visible to the viewer as a single reconstruction 6 with a reduced speckle pattern.
• the Fourier transformation is preferably used, since it can be easily implemented in terms of programming technology and can be realized very precisely by optical systems. It can be used in the process, a light modulator with conventional refresh rate and advantageously, the hologram should be calculated only with this frequency.
• the method according to the invention for reducing speckle patterns which is based on the averaging of speckle-prone, mutually incoherent partial observer windows in a common observer window, can also be used.
• the 3D scene is to be broken down into individual object points and each object point to be coded as a sub-hologram in a light modulator area of the light modulator.
• the light of a matrix-like arrangement of illumination means passes via a reconstruction means 20 to a light modulator 1 which contains the coded sub-hologram SOP of a selected object point OP in a light modulator area.
• Each illuminant L10 to L13 is sufficiently coherent in nature, but incoherent to each other.
• the reconstruction means 20 is formed as a matrix-shaped arrangement of lenses 21 to 2n, which have a focusing function here.
• the lenses may be, for example, a two-dimensional arrangement of spherical lenses or a one-dimensional array of cylindrical lenses of a lenticular.
• a lenticular with a selected lens pitch is used. Due to the lens pitch and the size and position of the sub-hologram SOP in the light modulator 1, the sub-hologram SOP here extends over a range of four adjacent lenses of the reconstruction means 20. Respectively one light source means L10 to L13 illuminates a sub-hologram area SOP10 to SOP13 of the sub-hologram via a lens SOP. The projections of the illuminated sub-hologram regions SOP10 to SOP13 through the object point OP generate in Viewer window 4 each have a partial viewer window, of which the partial viewer windows 412 and 410 are shown.
• the entire observer window 4 is larger than the eye pupil 51.
• Each generated partial observer window is always smaller than the eye pupil 51, but which must cover at least two partial observer windows for averaging the speckle patterns.
• the eye averages the superimposition of at least two incoherent reconstructions of the 3D scene with speckle patterns.
• a control means 7 controls the modulation and reconstruction of the 3D scene.
• this embodiment can also be realized as a projection structure.
• the relative position of the sub-holograms to the individual lenses of the reconstruction means is important. If a sub-hologram is e.g. extends over two lenses, arise for the reconstruction of the individual object point two mutually offset incoherent partial viewer window in the common viewer window. Due to diffraction, these two sub-observer windows are not completely separated, but overlap. The overlap is not a disadvantage, but has a positive effect on the speckle reduction.
• the ratio of lens size to the size of the sub-viewer windows is determined by various parameters, such as e.g. the pixel pitch of the light modulator, the distance of the viewer to the screen, the wavelength of the light and the depth coordinate of the object point itself depends. From these parameters, the lens size can be selected so that the condition - incoherent partial viewer window smaller than the eye pupil - is satisfied for a given depth range of the 3D scene.
• the coding of the individual object points of the 3D scene in the light modulator takes place in each case in the light modulator regions, regardless of whether an analytical calculation or a calculation with Fourier and Fresnel transformations is carried out.
• the eye position data of the observer eye 5 are usually determined at least two-dimensionally in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 by a position detection system (not shown) and taken over by the control means 7, which need not be discussed in greater detail here.
• the control center! 7 coordinates the illumination and the operation of the light modulator 1 and the reconstruction means for realizing the method according to the invention on the basis of these data.
• correction means can be provided in the illumination beam path, which can be controlled by the control means according to their function.
• Reconstructions of the 3D scene arbitrarily increased without additional components can be used to further reduce the speckle patterns that occur.
• the described method according to the invention for reducing speckle in the reconstruction of a 3D scene can be used both in a holographic projection display and in a holographic direct-view display with a corresponding modification of the components.

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