WO2008059982A1 - Dispositif de reconfiguration d'image, procédé de reconfiguration d'image, programme de reconfiguration d'image, appareil de tomodensitométrie - Google Patents
Dispositif de reconfiguration d'image, procédé de reconfiguration d'image, programme de reconfiguration d'image, appareil de tomodensitométrie Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
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- G06T11/00—2D [Two Dimensional] image generation
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- G06T11/006—Inverse problem, transformation from projection-space into object-space, e.g. transform methods, back-projection, algebraic methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
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- A61B6/032—Transmission computed tomography [CT]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- G06T2211/448—Computed tomography involving metal artefacts, streaking artefacts, beam hardening or photon starvation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a technique for reconstructing a cross-sectional image from a radiation projection image of an object.
- Computed tomography is a technique that uses X-rays and other rays to capture projected images of objects from various angles, and then obtains cross-sectional images by calculation.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a typical X-ray CT system.
- CT is a method of obtaining a cross-sectional image from the projection image obtained in this way.
- a sectional image is obtained from the projected image by a conversion operation by the filtered back-projection method (FBP).
- FBP filtered back-projection method
- a filter basic a differential filter
- back projection an operation called “back projection” in the original projection direction.
- the differential filter is characterized by amplifying noise and errors and easily generating artifacts (errors and virtual images that do not exist originally).
- the back projection operation has the effect of propagating the artifact to the entire cross-sectional image.
- artifacts in CT are often fatal in that they damage the entire cross-sectional image, not just the problematic part.
- ART Algebraic Reconstruction Technique
- ART is a method that has been so historical that it was used before FBP was devised.
- the calculation of the cross-sectional image is regarded as a fitting problem, and the cross-sectional image is taken as a parameter and the projected image is the fitting target, so that the projected image calculated from the cross-sectional image (is consistent with the projected image (P 0) obtained in the experiment.
- ART does not use FBP at all.
- it can be used only for special purposes (such as seismic wave analysis).
- ART does not produce as extreme artifacts as FBP, but the resulting cross-sectional image is often more natural for FBP.
- artifacts that do not originate from filter operations or reverse operations can include lack of data in projected images.
- FBP is known to produce fatal artifacts even if data loss or deficiency is recognized as a major problem.
- Fitting-based CT (including ART) is said to be stronger than FBP against missing or deficient data.
- lack of data in CT is an extremely “bad condition” problem, and it is difficult to improve even if ART is used.
- (p-po) is considered as an error, but the condition is bad, and sometimes fitting fails easily. The fitting is more stable when the so-called square error (p—Po) 2 is minimized.
- the least square method is the most standard method for minimizing the square error.
- the inverse of a square matrix with one side equal to the number of parameters is found. Since the parameters in CT are the respective pixel values that make up the cross-sectional image, the number of parameters is enormous. In the cross-sectional image of 1000 x 1000 pixels, the number of parameters is 1 million, and the number of elements in the matrix is enormous, 1 trillion. Therefore, in the least-squares method of the direct attack method, the matrix becomes too large and fails. Therefore, the small square method of straight attack method 3 ⁇ 4: avoiding the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (S1R 8 ⁇ »Iterative least squaretechnique (ILST) was devised.
- S1R 8 ⁇ »Iterative least squaretechnique (ILST) was devised.
- the calculation of the cross-sectional image is regarded as a fitting problem.
- FBP is used as the inverse operation of the projection operation in the middle of the calculation because SIRT and ILST must avoid the least squares method of the direct attack, so it is the reverse of the filter operation caused by FBP.
- the problem with projection is not fundamentally solved, probably because of this, and only “reduction” effects of various artifacts have been reported in SIRT and 1LST.
- the first novelty of the present invention is that the simulated annealing method (SA) is adopted as a fitting method.
- SA is a well-known technique, but it is known that fitting takes time, and is essentially incompatible with CT.
- SA simulated annealing method
- CT CT
- SA has the property that it is fairly stable against bad conditions such as missing data, and this is also advantageous for fundamental resolution of artifacts.
- the application of SA to CT has found an effect in fundamental resolution of artifacts. When simply considering the application of SA to CT, the calculation for obtaining a projected image from a cross-sectional image is repeated infinitely.
- the entropy term induces the fitting so as to destroy the artifact and make the image quality of the entire section image uniform.
- the smoothing term has the effect of suppressing the roughness of the cross-sectional image induced by the entropy term. By introducing these terms, the artifact disappears and a natural cross-sectional image can be obtained.
- the entropy term and smoothing term are effective in reducing artifacts by themselves, but they are more effective when combined.
- radioradiation includes X-rays, visible light, electromagnetic waves including radio waves, particle beams composed of electrons and charged particles, and sound waves that are vibrations of the medium, as a concept broader than the general definition. I will call it.
- the first effect of the present invention is the effect of reducing artifacts caused by missing data.
- the projection angle is limited, when the projection angle is uneven, or when 3D CT such as cone beam or helical scan is used. There are cases.
- Metal artifact means that if there is an opaque part (in many cases, a metal part) with respect to X-rays in the observation target, the entire cross-sectional image (not only the opaque part) obtained by CT is disrupted destructively. Refers to that.
- Metal artifact The cause of this is that the brightness of the projected image changes discontinuously in the opaque part and the information in the opaque part is missing.
- a differential filter is applied in FBP, the discontinuous change in luminance becomes an abnormal value, and a streak-like artifact ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ centering on the opaque part is generated by the back projection operation.
- the lack of information causes unexpected light and darkness in areas that are not directly related to opaque areas. It is not difficult to imagine that the present invention power using SA which is stable against information loss without using FBP ⁇ effective to remove metal artifacts.
- cone beams and helical scans Both are called three-dimensional CT and are currently rapidly spreading.
- 3D CT three-dimensional CT
- the cause is the lack of data in the case of cone beams.
- the cone beam cannot satisfy the conditions for obtaining a complete cross-sectional image, and artifacts resulting from missing data appear.
- the root cause of the artifact in the helical scan is the back projection operation.
- the geometric anisotropy of the system affects the filtering and backprojection operations, resulting in windmill artifacts.
- the present invention does not require a filter operation or back projection operation, and is resistant to data loss, so it can solve various problems in 3D CT.
- Non-uniform cases include analysis of the Earth's internal CT using seismic waves and atmospheric CT using radio waves from artificial satellites. These are known as typical examples where FBP is not available. By using the present invention, improvement in analysis accuracy can be expected.
- the second effect of the present invention is to speed up projection imaging and reduce the amount of X-ray exposure.
- SA has a feature that it is not only lacking data but also stable, and the present invention is also the same.
- the data shortage corresponds to a case where the number of projection angles is small. That is, when the present invention is used, the number of projection angles can be reduced as compared with conventional CT.
- the number of projection angles is the number of shot images taken with radiation. Since the number of shots is proportional to the shooting time and the amount of exposure, if the number of shots is small, the shooting time will be shortened and the amount of exposure will be reduced.
- Another pattern with insufficient data is when the image quality of the projected image is poor (the S / N ratio is low).
- the present invention has been found to be relatively stable in such cases. If the reduction in the image quality of the projected image can be tolerated, this also leads to a reduction in the shooting time and a reduction in the amount of exposure. Alternatively, the present invention can contribute to the improvement of image quality in SPECT and PET with an extremely low S / N ratio.
- the third effect of the present invention is that the accuracy of determining the luminance value of the cross-sectional image is high.
- a cross-sectional image that reproduces the measured projection image fairly faithfully is obtained.
- the accuracy of reproduction is about two orders of magnitude higher than FBP. This is a benefit of the fitting algorithm that minimizes the square error.
- the high accuracy of determining the brightness value guarantees the quantitativeness of the brightness value and enables density measurement using the brightness value. This leads to improved measurement accuracy in bone density measurement. It will also help improve the accuracy of detecting abnormal parts (such as tumorous organs).
- the fourth effect of the present invention is that the contrast of the cross-sectional image obtained by the present invention is higher than that of FBP.
- the present invention has a high accuracy in determining the luminance value, but as a secondary effect, the contrast of the cross-sectional image is increased.
- the contrast is high, the apparent spatial resolution tends to be high.
- the cross-sectional image obtained by the present invention has higher image quality than the conventional one.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an X-ray CT apparatus.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the cross-sectional image f ( X , y) and the projected image p (r, ⁇ ).
- Figure 3 shows a typical p.
- An example of (r, ⁇ ) (image with the horizontal axis representing the detector channel position and the vertical axis representing the projection angle).
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the basic procedure of the present invention.
- Fig. 5 (a) is a schematic diagram of the fitting process of the procedure (I ⁇ ( ⁇ ).
- Fig. 5 (b) is a schematic diagram of the fitting process of procedures (1) to (9).
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the results of the method described in [Non-Patent Document 1].
- Figure 7 is a sinogram obtained by simulation from Fig. 6 (a) (the white part is the invisible region).
- FIG. 8 (a) is an enlarged view of FIG. 6 (c).
- FIG. 8 (b) is a diagram showing the results of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the effect of each term of virtual energy E.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an artifact when there is an angle limit and an artifact reduction effect according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration of an X-ray CT apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- This X-ray CT apparatus includes an imaging unit and a computer.
- the imaging unit is equipped with a light source for irradiating the measurement target with X-rays and a detector for detecting the X-rays that have passed through the measurement target, and the surroundings of the measurement target are projected with X-rays from many directions. To obtain a projected image.
- the computer includes a control unit that controls the entire X-ray CT apparatus and an image reconstruction processing unit that generates a cross-sectional image of the region of interest to be measured based on the X-ray projection image obtained by the imaging unit. .
- the configuration shown in FIG. 1 is common to the following embodiments, and the processing performed in the image reconstruction processing unit is different in each embodiment.
- the image reconstruction processing unit of this embodiment employs a simulated annealing method (SA) as a fitting method for obtaining a cross-sectional image from a projection image.
- SA is a fitting algorithm derived from the Monte Carlo method, characterized by the fact that fitting is based on random numbers and that virtual energy and virtual temperature are handled by imitating thermodynamics.
- SA itself is a known technique and is performed by the following steps (i) to (vi).
- the fitting parameter is a cross-sectional image (f0, y)).
- the data to be fitted is the measured projection image (p. (R, ⁇ )).
- r is the channel position of the one-dimensional detector that captured the projected image
- ⁇ is the projection angle.
- Figure 3 shows the definition of coordinates.
- p 0 (r, ⁇ ) is a data set obtained by measuring the projected image while changing the angle ⁇ .If r is plotted on the horizontal axis and ⁇ is plotted on the vertical axis, it can be regarded as a two-dimensional image. it can.
- Such data is called a sinogram.
- Typical sinogram 3 ⁇ 4 as shown in Figure 3.
- CT is a technique for obtaining cross-sectional images from sinograms.
- a temporary sectional image f, y) and a measured projection image P Considering the square error with (r, ⁇ ), to calculate the square error, we calculate the projected image (p (r, ⁇ )) from f ( X , y) using the number 1101.
- Equation 101 is calculated by calculating the projection image of f (x, y) in the s direction with the sum in the s direction. Using p (r, 0) obtained in this way, the square error H can be calculated as follows.
- Number 102 In normal fitting, the number 102 is used as virtual energy E as it is.
- the present embodiment is characterized in that a smoothing term and an entropy term other than H are introduced.
- the definition of E is as follows.
- T is a virtual temperature (temperature parameter)
- S is entropy
- ⁇ is the standard deviation of the pixel value
- c is a coefficient representing the strength of the smoothing term.
- TS is the entropy term and c is the smoothing term.
- 'Step (g) The value of the virtual temperature (T) is changed every time the steps (a) to (a) are repeated a predetermined number of times (ST1 30).
- Step (h) It is determined whether or not the determination result in the step (e) satisfies a predetermined stop condition.
- a predetermined stop condition the case where ST80.ST1 00 is executed is ⁇ successful ''
- the case where ST1 10 is executed is ⁇ failure ''
- the probability of success falls below 10%
- the value can be adjusted as appropriate.
- the estimated cross-sectional image adopted at the end time is set as a cross-sectional image to be measured, and this is displayed on a computer display or recorded on a recording medium.
- step (b) includes (i)
- step (aXcXd) includes ( ⁇ )
- step (e) includes (iii) and (iv).
- Step (g) corresponds to (v)
- step (f) corresponds to (vi). From this fact, it can be seen that the present embodiment faithfully applies SA to CT.
- step (h) above The determination of the end of processing in step (h) above is performed by sequentially displaying estimated cross-sectional images on a computer display that is not performed by the image reconstruction processing unit in FIG. May be instructed to the computer.
- Equation 103 In order to calculate E shown in Equation 103, a series sum is performed on s, r, and ⁇ , which goes through Equation 101 and Equation 102. It takes a long time to calculate triple integrals (series sums). This means that the computation time required for one Monte Carlo step is long. Furthermore, the number of parameters in CT is enormous, and as a result, the total calculation time required for SA implementation is “yearly” even with current computers.
- a f, y) be the change related to the provisional cross-sectional image f, y).
- a fO, y) is a cross-sectional image that has a value of ⁇ / only at coordinates (x 0 , y 0 ), and 0 otherwise.
- the projection image ⁇ p (r, ⁇ ) of ⁇ , ⁇ ) can be calculated by the same method as in Equation 101. Using this ⁇ p (r, ⁇ ), ⁇ H can be calculated as follows.
- ⁇ / X ⁇ , ⁇ ) + Ap (r, ⁇ )-p 0 (r, me ⁇ 2 -- ⁇ ⁇ p (r, ⁇ )-p 0 (r, ⁇ ) ⁇
- ⁇ is the standard deviation of the luminance value near the coordinates ( Xo , y 0 ).
- d x d pixels around (x 0 , y 0 ) as the vicinity of (x 0 , y.) (d 5 is used in the embodiment).
- the standard deviation of these pixels can be calculated by the following equation.
- entropy S is defined.
- the image handled by a computer is a digital image, and the pixel value consisting of only the pixel coordinates (x, y) is also a digital value. Therefore, we consider one pixel as one quantum and consider the pixel value as a quantum state. Then, an image can be considered as a system consisting of a plurality of quanta. According to statistical mechanics, the entropy for such a system is defined as follows.
- N is the total number of pixels in the image, and is the total number of pixels whose pixel value is a digital value i.
- k is a Boltzmann constant in ordinary physics, but the present invention is arbitrary because it is not directly related to physics. In the present invention, was similar to the sigma S is also defined around d X d pixels (x 0, y 0).
- (W) It is determined whether or not a predetermined stop condition is satisfied, and if it is satisfied, the process is terminated.
- ⁇ is added to ( ⁇ ) and ( ⁇ )
- the estimated cross-sectional image adopted at the end point is used as a cross-sectional image to be measured, and this is displayed on a computer display or recorded on a recording medium.
- the present embodiment further reduces the amount of calculation in this part.
- equation 1 6 g (x, y) is a cross-sectional image f ( Similar to x, y), but with a blurry image.
- the number 108 becomes:
- Equation 1 1 6 ⁇ + ⁇ ⁇ g (x 0 ,.) 1 g 0 , 0 , 0) ⁇
- g. (x, y) is a back-projected image of p 0 (r, ⁇ ) and is calculated in the same manner as in Equation 1 1 6.
- the number 1 1 7 is superior to the number 1 08 in that there are no repeated operations. Since g 0 (x, y) does not change at all in the calculation process, it can be calculated in advance. On the other hand, g (x, y) changes slightly each time one point of f (x, y) is changed. Therefore, strictly speaking, recalculation is performed each time steps (I) to (IV) are performed once. is necessary.
- Equations 1 1 2 and 1 1 5 apply Equations 1 1 2 and 1 1 5 to each pixel value, and calculate the image ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ), A S (x, y).
- the virtual energy E is expressed in shades with (the pixel value in this case) as the axis, and is expressed as darker (E is smaller).
- the number of parameters (number of pixels) is 2 cases.
- steps (I) to (VE) shown in Fig. 5 (a) the minimum value of E is finally searched while bending in a zigzag and sometimes moving in a random direction.
- the procedures (1) to (10) shown in FIG. 5 (b) the minimum value of E is searched while considering the gradient of E. You can intuitively understand that Figure 5 (b) is more efficient.
- This embodiment is advantageous in terms of calculation speed due to the reduction in the amount of calculation by Equation 1 1 7 and the improvement in search efficiency shown in FIG. 5 (b).
- Procedures (1) to (10) do not faithfully follow the basic algorithms (i) to (vi) of SA, but are natural developments of procedures (I) to (VII).
- the image reconstruction processing unit that executes the processes described in the above embodiments is a program for causing a computer to execute these processes, a computer in which the program is installed, and a dedicated program for executing these processes. It can be realized using LSI.
- Non-Patent Document 1 the result of the method published in [Non-Patent Document 1] is shown in Fig. 6 (non-patent document fig.5).
- Fig. 6 the left columns (a) (d) (g) are original phantom images without Metal Artifact. It is a statue. Centers (b), (e), and (h) are images reconstructed by a normal FBP method with an invisible region set at a predetermined position of the original phantom.
- the right (cXfXi) is an image reconstructed by the method of [Non-Patent Document 1] with the invisible region set as described above, and is one of the examples where Metal Artifact has been most successfully removed by the conventional technology. .
- FIG. 6 (a) shows p in this example. corresponds to (r, 0).
- FIG. 8 shows the result of reconfiguration of FIG. 7 according to the present invention and an enlarged view of FIG. 6 (c) for comparison. The effect is obvious. In the present embodiment (b), it is difficult to find the feature of the metal artifact.
- FIG. 9 shows the results when the algorithm of this embodiment is executed without setting the smoothing term and entropy term TS.
- Figure 9 (a) shows the result without smoothing term C CT (entropy term TS only), and
- Fig. 9 (b) shows the result without entropy term TS (only smoothing term C CT). ) Shows the result when neither entropy term TS nor smoothing term is present. Comparing Fig. 9 and Fig. 8 (b), in this embodiment, when both smoothing term c ⁇ and entropy term TS are set as factors of energy ⁇ , It can be seen that Metal Artifact removal is more effective than not setting.
- the smoothing term alone is characterized by the fact that the striped pattern that is radially wide, centered on opacity, remains as an artifact.
- the entropy term has a feature that the cross-sectional image is rough and the S / N is low.
- the final image quality (the ratio of the smoothing term coefficient c to the fictive temperature T during the slow cooling process seems to be important.
- FIG. Figure 10 (a) shows the results of reconstruction using only FBP (normal CT).
- Figure 10 (b) shows the result of applying ILST (image restoration method based on least squares method).
- FIG. 10 (c) shows the reconstruction result according to this embodiment.
- the artifact due to angle limitation has a feature that the circular area becomes an almond-shaped area with sharp edges, and the brightness around the trunk without the almond-shaped area is reversed. According to this embodiment, both features are reduced.
- the present invention has a remarkable effect on metal artifacts, it is particularly useful in fields where metal artifacts are serious, such as dental CT and metal implants.
- the present invention is generally effective for a set of projection images with missing information.
- One of the cases where the lack of information is remarkable is the case where there is a projection angle limitation.
- Fields where the limitation on the projection angle is a problem include three-dimensional electron microscopy, CT version of mammography, and parallel translation CT (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-71472).
- Another case where lack of information is a problem is three-dimensional CT such as cone beam CT and helical scan CT.
- the present invention is also effective for the purpose of removing artifacts appearing in the 3D C-choice.
- the luminance value (corresponding to the linear absorption coefficient in X-ray) in the cross-sectional image with higher accuracy than in the conventional method. This effect can be applied to improve accuracy in bone density measurement.
- the present invention By using the present invention, it is possible to obtain a reconstructed image having a higher contrast than the conventional method. Therefore, the utility value of the present invention is high even in normal X-ray CT in which artifacts and the like are not a problem. In addition, since the present invention is stable even when data is insufficient, it is effective for shortening the time required for projection image measurement and thus for reducing the amount of X-ray exposure. Taken together, the present invention has the potential to replace all existing X-ray CT technologies.
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2008544217A JP5190825B2 (ja) | 2006-11-13 | 2007-11-13 | 画像再構成装置、画像再構成方法、画像再構成プログラム、ct装置 |
EP07832069.4A EP2092891B1 (en) | 2006-11-13 | 2007-11-13 | Image reconfiguration device, image reconfiguration method, image reconfiguration program, ct device |
CN2007800384917A CN101553171B (zh) | 2006-11-13 | 2007-11-13 | 图像重构装置、图像重构方法、图像重构程序、ct装置 |
US12/514,579 US8090182B2 (en) | 2006-11-13 | 2007-11-13 | Image reconstruction device, image reconstruction method, image reconstruction program, and CT apparatus |
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JP5543448B2 (ja) * | 2008-06-27 | 2014-07-09 | アール.ヤーリッシュ ウォルフラム | 高効率コンピュータ断層撮影 |
US8660330B2 (en) * | 2008-06-27 | 2014-02-25 | Wolfram Jarisch | High efficiency computed tomography with optimized recursions |
DE102010034918A1 (de) * | 2010-08-20 | 2012-02-23 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bereitstellen von Güteeinformation für eine Röntgenbildgebung |
FR2969793B1 (fr) | 2010-12-23 | 2013-01-11 | Gen Electric | Reconstruction tomographique d'un objet en mouvement |
DE102012206714A1 (de) * | 2011-08-10 | 2013-02-14 | Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg | Verfahren, Recheneinheit, CT-System und C-Bogen-System zur Reduktion von Metallartefakten in CT-Bilddatensätzen |
KR101245536B1 (ko) * | 2011-10-25 | 2013-03-21 | 한국전기연구원 | 저밀도 촬영상 ct 영상 재구성에서 줄 인공물 억제 방법 |
JP6122269B2 (ja) * | 2011-12-16 | 2017-04-26 | キヤノン株式会社 | 画像処理装置、画像処理方法、及びプログラム |
US9741127B1 (en) * | 2013-05-10 | 2017-08-22 | Shimadzu Corporation | Image processing device |
US9495770B2 (en) * | 2013-08-14 | 2016-11-15 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Practical model based CT construction |
WO2016002084A1 (ja) * | 2014-07-04 | 2016-01-07 | 株式会社島津製作所 | 画像再構成処理方法 |
CN105243678B (zh) * | 2015-09-23 | 2018-01-09 | 倪昕晔 | 放疗中基于mvcbct和kvct的金属伪影去除方法 |
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JPS5917334A (ja) * | 1982-07-21 | 1984-01-28 | 株式会社東芝 | 心拍連動画像診断装置 |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2092891A1 (en) | 2009-08-26 |
EP2092891B1 (en) | 2014-09-17 |
EP2092891A4 (en) | 2011-08-31 |
KR20090079994A (ko) | 2009-07-22 |
CN101553171A (zh) | 2009-10-07 |
US8090182B2 (en) | 2012-01-03 |
US20090279768A1 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
JPWO2008059982A1 (ja) | 2010-03-04 |
CN101553171B (zh) | 2011-11-16 |
JP5190825B2 (ja) | 2013-04-24 |
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