WO2008044249A1 - Utilization of solid urban and industrial waste composed of plastic materials, to form road embankments - Google Patents
Utilization of solid urban and industrial waste composed of plastic materials, to form road embankments Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008044249A1 WO2008044249A1 PCT/IT2006/000711 IT2006000711W WO2008044249A1 WO 2008044249 A1 WO2008044249 A1 WO 2008044249A1 IT 2006000711 W IT2006000711 W IT 2006000711W WO 2008044249 A1 WO2008044249 A1 WO 2008044249A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layers
- blocks
- road embankment
- plastic
- plastic materials
- Prior art date
Links
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005445 natural material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013502 plastic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C3/00—Foundations for pavings
- E01C3/003—Foundations for pavings characterised by material or composition used, e.g. waste or recycled material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/20—Agglomeration, binding or encapsulation of solid waste
- B09B3/21—Agglomeration, binding or encapsulation of solid waste using organic binders or matrix
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C3/00—Foundations for pavings
- E01C3/006—Foundations for pavings made of prefabricated single units
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
- E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
Definitions
- the invention relates to the morphology of a road structure, which allows noteworthy savings in the procurement of materials and solves ecological and environmental problems.
- the invention also relates to a process to treat plastic materials coming from solid urban waste and/or coming from industrial waste, for the use thereof.
- a first subject of the invention provides for the re-use of post consumer plastic materials, i.e. coming from solid urban waste, and the re-use of scrap plastic materials, i.e. of industrial waste (also called "polylaminates"), at least partially replacing and/or in combination with conventional natural materials obtained from natural quarries - such as loamy sand or natural soil stabilized with lime - to produce road embankments and any base courses, or sub- bases for these embankments.
- the road embankment structure in question can comprise "post consumer” plastics in the quantity of approximately 60%, and scrap plastic materials,. i.e. industrial waste, in the quantity of approximately 40%.
- Plastic materials - ground and mixed - can be utilized as plastic grit directly to form, in the road embankment, layers of this material alternated with layers of natural materials, such as stabilized gravel, and/or loamy sand and/or natural soil stabilized with lime r t ⁇ guarantee operation of the- compacting machine.
- the layers of plastic grit can comprise granules of different dimensions, to obtain a high level of compaction of said layers.
- the thickness of the layers of plastic grit can advantageously be greater than the thickness of the layers of natural materials alternated - -
- the quantitative ratio between plastic and natural materials can vary from 65 to 75%.
- the road embankment structure can comprise molded blocks composed of said plastic materials, which can be arranged adjacent to one another to form one or more block layers.
- Said blocks - formed by plasticizing and injection into molds - are advantageously produced with ample hollow spaces and are geometrically shaped to be assembled to form at least part of the road embankment.
- the blocks can be arranged adjacent to one another to form several layers, with the blocks of one layer staggered in relation to the blocks of the contiguous layers; the blocks can be connected with mechanical means, such as bolts, tie-rods or the like, and/or chemical means, such as adhesives, and/or by interlocking.
- Any channels or cavities can be formed by arranging the blocks at a suitable distance from one another.
- a further subject of the invention is a process for treating solid urban waste composed of "post consumer” plastic materials and industrial scrap composed of plastic materials, which comprises grinding, pregelling and mixing of said plastic materials with partial plasticizing - at temperatures in the order of 130° to 15O 0 C - to form layers of plastic grit in road embankments.
- Said process can also comprise further gelling and mixing with plasticizing at temperatures in the order of 200 to 22O 0 C, to form - through injection into molds - blocks with ample hollow spaces and geometrically shaped to be assembled to form at least part of a road embankment in layers, optionally in combination with other structures present in the road embankment.
- Figures 1 to 3 show concise examples of blocks obtainable as defined above and for various uses, in particular to form road embankments; - -
- Fig ⁇ res 4 " , 5 and 6 show sectional views of possible road embankments that can be produced as defined above;
- Figure 7 shows a sectional view of a possible use of the blocks to form a road embankment on an irregular sub-base.
- Figures 1 to 3 show possible embodiments of blocks 1A, 1B 1 1C with ample cavities geometrically distributed and suitably dimensioned to guarantee resistance to the stresses to which said blocks are subjected when installed, depending on their position in a road embankment, with minimum weight.
- These blocks are produced as described above, for various uses and in particular to produce road embankments, in one or more series of different dimensions, for example, even up to horizontal dimensions in the order of approximately 80-150 cm and thicknesses in the order of 20-30 cm.
- Figure 4 shows a cross section of a road embankment R formed on a base course S (mainly natural); said road embankment R is mainly composed of several layers of blocks B - of the type defined above - placed adjacent and superimposed, optionally also connected to one another or even simply placed adjacent and connected by friction; the blocks B of one layer are preferably staggered in relation to those of the contiguous layers.
- cavities or channels C can be created for various utilities, when this is required along the stretch of road.
- the blocks B themselves create sloping banks such as the one S1 or more or less vertical such as the one S2, against which retaining soil, such as 102 and 103, can be placed; said banks and said retaining soils can as a whole be more limited than those required in conventional embankments, thereby reducing the width of the spaces required for the stretch of road.
- Figure- 5 illustrates- a road embankment which is partly formed with blocks B along the sides of the stretch of road, analogous to the illustration in
- Figure 4 while in the central area between the blocks B the road embankment is formed by layers MN of ground plastic grit as defined hereinbefore, alternated with layers GM of natural material mostly coming from quarries.
- the layers ' M N have a thickness greater than the layers GM; these layers GM are mainly formed of stabilized gravel, loamy sand or natural soil stabilized with lime, to guarantee regular operation of the compacting machines, which must operate repeatedly during formation of road embankments.
- Figure 6 shows • an embodiment of road embankment which is composed solely of a structure of layers such as the ones MN and GM described with reference to Figure 5.
- the embankment is completed laterally with vegetable retaining soil 108 of substantially conventional type.
- Figure 7 shows a further possible use of the blocks B to form a regular road embankment RX (with relative roadbed M) in the presence of a base course SI - indicated by way of example and markedly irregular - with a dash- dot line.
- a base course SI - indicated by way of example and markedly irregular - with a dash- dot line.
- surfaces to support the blocks B are formed, by means of which it is possible to rapidly form the upper surface of the embankment RX for the roadbed M.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
Abstract
A road embankment structure, which comprises 'post consumer' plastic materials and scrap plastic materials, i.e. industrial waste (polylaminate), at least partially replacing and in combination with conventional natural materials, and process for treating said waste with pregelling and mixing of said solid urban waste and of said industrial waste with partial plasticizing - at temperatures in the order of 130° to 1500C and with fragmentation, to form layers of plastic grit in road embankments, and with subsequent gelling and plasticizing at temperatures in the order of 200 to 22O0C, to form - through injection into molds - blocks with ample hollow spaces and geometrically shaped to be assembled to form at least part of a road embankment.
Description
. . - -
"UTILIZATION OF SOLID URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE COMPOSED '; OF PLASTIC MATERIALS, TO FORM ROAD EMBANKMENTS"
DESCRIPTION
The invention relates to the morphology of a road structure, which allows noteworthy savings in the procurement of materials and solves ecological and environmental problems.
The invention also relates to a process to treat plastic materials coming from solid urban waste and/or coming from industrial waste, for the use thereof. A first subject of the invention provides for the re-use of post consumer plastic materials, i.e. coming from solid urban waste, and the re-use of scrap plastic materials, i.e. of industrial waste (also called "polylaminates"), at least partially replacing and/or in combination with conventional natural materials obtained from natural quarries - such as loamy sand or natural soil stabilized with lime - to produce road embankments and any base courses, or sub- bases for these embankments.
In this way the negative effects for the natural environment are attenuated, with a noteworthy reduction in the costs for disposal of the enormous quantities of plastic waste coming from solid urban waste and from industrial scrap and waste, also turning these costs into economic profits, as this waste is disposed of - in very substantial quantities - in the preparation or reprocessing of road structures.
The road embankment structure in question can comprise "post consumer" plastics in the quantity of approximately 60%, and scrap plastic materials,. i.e. industrial waste, in the quantity of approximately 40%.
Plastic materials - ground and mixed - can be utilized as plastic grit directly to form, in the road embankment, layers of this material alternated with layers of natural materials, such as stabilized gravel, and/or loamy sand and/or natural soil stabilized with limer tα guarantee operation of the- compacting machine. The layers of plastic grit can comprise granules of different dimensions, to obtain a high level of compaction of said layers.
The thickness of the layers of plastic grit can advantageously be greater than the thickness of the layers of natural materials alternated
- -
therewith". ' ' ' ' " •- • - ■'■ " ■
The quantitative ratio between plastic and natural materials can vary from 65 to 75%.
According to a possible development of the invention, the road embankment structure can comprise molded blocks composed of said plastic materials, which can be arranged adjacent to one another to form one or more block layers.
Said blocks - formed by plasticizing and injection into molds - are advantageously produced with ample hollow spaces and are geometrically shaped to be assembled to form at least part of the road embankment.
In a structure comprising blocks as defined above, the blocks can be arranged adjacent to one another to form several layers, with the blocks of one layer staggered in relation to the blocks of the contiguous layers; the blocks can be connected with mechanical means, such as bolts, tie-rods or the like, and/or chemical means, such as adhesives, and/or by interlocking.
Any channels or cavities can be formed by arranging the blocks at a suitable distance from one another.
A further subject of the invention is a process for treating solid urban waste composed of "post consumer" plastic materials and industrial scrap composed of plastic materials, which comprises grinding, pregelling and mixing of said plastic materials with partial plasticizing - at temperatures in the order of 130° to 15O0C - to form layers of plastic grit in road embankments.
Said process can also comprise further gelling and mixing with plasticizing at temperatures in the order of 200 to 22O0C, to form - through injection into molds - blocks with ample hollow spaces and geometrically shaped to be assembled to form at least part of a road embankment in layers, optionally in combination with other structures present in the road embankment.
The- accompanying drawing shows- possible- examples of blocks and structures of road embankments according to the definition above. In the drawing:
Figures 1 to 3 show concise examples of blocks obtainable as defined above and for various uses, in particular to form road embankments;
- -
Figϋres 4", 5 and 6 show sectional views of possible road embankments that can be produced as defined above; and
Figure 7 shows a sectional view of a possible use of the blocks to form a road embankment on an irregular sub-base. Figures 1 to 3 show possible embodiments of blocks 1A, 1B1 1C with ample cavities geometrically distributed and suitably dimensioned to guarantee resistance to the stresses to which said blocks are subjected when installed, depending on their position in a road embankment, with minimum weight. These blocks are produced as described above, for various uses and in particular to produce road embankments, in one or more series of different dimensions, for example, even up to horizontal dimensions in the order of approximately 80-150 cm and thicknesses in the order of 20-30 cm.
Figure 4 shows a cross section of a road embankment R formed on a base course S (mainly natural); said road embankment R is mainly composed of several layers of blocks B - of the type defined above - placed adjacent and superimposed, optionally also connected to one another or even simply placed adjacent and connected by friction; the blocks B of one layer are preferably staggered in relation to those of the contiguous layers.
Making use of blocks B1 and B2 of different sizes, if required, cavities or channels C can be created for various utilities, when this is required along the stretch of road.
Above the embankment R the conventional roadbed M is formed.
At the sides of the structure formed by the blocks B the blocks themselves create sloping banks such as the one S1 or more or less vertical such as the one S2, against which retaining soil, such as 102 and 103, can be placed; said banks and said retaining soils can as a whole be more limited than those required in conventional embankments, thereby reducing the width of the spaces required for the stretch of road.
Figure- 5 illustrates- a road embankment which is partly formed with blocks B along the sides of the stretch of road, analogous to the illustration in
Figure 4, while in the central area between the blocks B the road embankment is formed by layers MN of ground plastic grit as defined hereinbefore, alternated with layers GM of natural material mostly coming from quarries.
" The layers' M N have a thickness greater than the layers GM; these layers GM are mainly formed of stabilized gravel, loamy sand or natural soil stabilized with lime, to guarantee regular operation of the compacting machines, which must operate repeatedly during formation of road embankments. Figure 6 shows • an embodiment of road embankment which is composed solely of a structure of layers such as the ones MN and GM described with reference to Figure 5. The embankment is completed laterally with vegetable retaining soil 108 of substantially conventional type.
Figure 7 shows a further possible use of the blocks B to form a regular road embankment RX (with relative roadbed M) in the presence of a base course SI - indicated by way of example and markedly irregular - with a dash- dot line. By means of limited stepped processing LS of this base course Sl, surfaces to support the blocks B are formed, by means of which it is possible to rapidly form the upper surface of the embankment RX for the roadbed M. It is understood that the drawing only shows an example provided by way of a practical arrangement of the invention, which can vary in forms and arrangement without however departing from the scope of the concept on which the invention is based.
Claims
1. A road embankment structure, which comprises "post consumer" plastic materials and scrap plastic materials, i.e. industrial waste ("polylaminate"), to form a plastic mixture, at least partially replacing and in combination with conventional natural materials.
2. Road embankment structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the "post consumer" plastics are included in the quantity of approximately 60%, and the scrap plastic materials, or industrial waste ("polylaminate"), are included in the quantity of approximately 40%.
3. Road embankment structure as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said plastic materials - ground and mixed - are used as plastic grit directly to form in the road embankment one or more layers of said materials alternated with layers of natural materials, such as stabilized gravel materials and/or loamy sand and/or natural soil stabilized with lime.
4. Road embankment structure as claimed in at least one of the previous claims, wherein the plastic grit comprises granules of different dimensions to one another, to obtain a high level of compaction of said layers.
5. Road embankment structure as claimed in at least one of the previous claims, wherein the thickness of said layers of plastic grit is greater than the thickness of the layers of natural material alternated therewith.
6. Road embankment structure as claimed in claim 5, wherein the quantitative ratio between plastic and natural materials varies from 65 to 75%.
7. Road embankment structure as claimed in at least claim 1, comprising molded blocks composed of said plastic materials.
8. Road embankment structure as claimed in claim 7, wherein said blocks are arranged adjacent to one another to form several layers of blocks.
9. Road embankment structure as claimed in at least claim 7, wherein said blocks, formed by plasticizing and injection into molds, have ample hollow spaces and are geometrically shaped to be assembled to form at least part of the road embankment.
10. Structure as claimed in claim 9, combined with parts composed of layers of natural material alternated with layers formed of grit composed of said plastic materials.
11. Structure as claimed in at least claim 7, wherein said blocks are arranged adjacent with one another to form several layers with the blocks of one layer optionally staggered in relation to those of the contiguous layers; wherein the blocks can be connected with mechanical means, such as bolts, tie rods or the like, and/or chemical means, such as adhesives, and or by interlocking.
12. Road embankment structure as claimed in claim 7 and/or 8, wherein any channels or cavities are formed by arranging the blocks at a suitable distance from one another.
13. Process for treating solid urban waste composed of "post consumer" plastic materials and of industrial scrap plastic materials, characterized in that it comprises grinding, pregelling and mixing of said plastic materials with partial plasticizing - at temperatures in the order of 130° to 1500C - to form layers of plastic grit in road embankments.
14. Process as claimed in claim 13, characterized in that it comprises further gelling and mixing with plasticizing at temperatures in the order of 200 to 220°C, to form - through injection into molds - blocks with ample hollow spaces and geometrically shaped to be assembled to form at least part of a road embankment in layers, optionally in combination with other structures present in the road embankment.
15. A road embankment structure as described and illustrated.
16. A process for treating and utilizing solid urban waste composed of synthetic resin and scrap, i.e. industrial waste composed of plastic materials, as defined.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IT2006/000711 WO2008044249A1 (en) | 2006-10-09 | 2006-10-09 | Utilization of solid urban and industrial waste composed of plastic materials, to form road embankments |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IT2006/000711 WO2008044249A1 (en) | 2006-10-09 | 2006-10-09 | Utilization of solid urban and industrial waste composed of plastic materials, to form road embankments |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2008044249A1 true WO2008044249A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
Family
ID=38068641
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IT2006/000711 WO2008044249A1 (en) | 2006-10-09 | 2006-10-09 | Utilization of solid urban and industrial waste composed of plastic materials, to form road embankments |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| WO (1) | WO2008044249A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111424480A (en) * | 2020-02-28 | 2020-07-17 | 中交第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Construction waste improved expansive soil roadbed structure and construction method thereof |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2174441A (en) * | 1985-04-24 | 1986-11-05 | Henri Vidal | Earth structures |
| EP0359250A2 (en) * | 1988-09-15 | 1990-03-21 | VEZZANI S.p.A. | Process for recycling and reutilizing waste, in particular solid urban waste |
| EP0371898A1 (en) * | 1988-11-30 | 1990-06-06 | Perrin, Jacques Elie Henri | Building method for a light and supple massive structure by using elementary blocks made of fragments of compressed materials |
| FR2684027A1 (en) * | 1991-11-27 | 1993-05-28 | Screg Routes & Travaux | Method for producing a lightweight embankment comprising worn tyres and tyre assembly usable for the method |
| EP0683273A1 (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 1995-11-22 | Screg | Light-weight embankment made of recycled materials |
| WO1996002373A1 (en) * | 1994-07-18 | 1996-02-01 | Europ Environmental Recycling | A method for recycling and disposing of waste materials |
| WO1997043498A1 (en) * | 1996-05-10 | 1997-11-20 | Gudmund Larsen | Insulation element, method for preparing same, and use of the insulation element |
-
2006
- 2006-10-09 WO PCT/IT2006/000711 patent/WO2008044249A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2174441A (en) * | 1985-04-24 | 1986-11-05 | Henri Vidal | Earth structures |
| EP0359250A2 (en) * | 1988-09-15 | 1990-03-21 | VEZZANI S.p.A. | Process for recycling and reutilizing waste, in particular solid urban waste |
| EP0371898A1 (en) * | 1988-11-30 | 1990-06-06 | Perrin, Jacques Elie Henri | Building method for a light and supple massive structure by using elementary blocks made of fragments of compressed materials |
| FR2684027A1 (en) * | 1991-11-27 | 1993-05-28 | Screg Routes & Travaux | Method for producing a lightweight embankment comprising worn tyres and tyre assembly usable for the method |
| EP0683273A1 (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 1995-11-22 | Screg | Light-weight embankment made of recycled materials |
| WO1996002373A1 (en) * | 1994-07-18 | 1996-02-01 | Europ Environmental Recycling | A method for recycling and disposing of waste materials |
| WO1997043498A1 (en) * | 1996-05-10 | 1997-11-20 | Gudmund Larsen | Insulation element, method for preparing same, and use of the insulation element |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111424480A (en) * | 2020-02-28 | 2020-07-17 | 中交第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Construction waste improved expansive soil roadbed structure and construction method thereof |
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