WO2008040835A1 - Plaque bipolaire pour la distribution homogène du flux dans des piles à combustible - Google Patents

Plaque bipolaire pour la distribution homogène du flux dans des piles à combustible Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008040835A1
WO2008040835A1 PCT/ES2007/070167 ES2007070167W WO2008040835A1 WO 2008040835 A1 WO2008040835 A1 WO 2008040835A1 ES 2007070167 W ES2007070167 W ES 2007070167W WO 2008040835 A1 WO2008040835 A1 WO 2008040835A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
bipolar plate
flow
plate according
geometry
bipolar
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/ES2007/070167
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English (en)
Spanish (es)
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WO2008040835B1 (fr
Inventor
Felix Barreras Toledo
Antonio Lozano Fantoba
Luís VALIÑO GARCÍA
Carlos MARÍN HERNÁNDEZ
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Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas
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Application filed by Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas filed Critical Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas
Publication of WO2008040835A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008040835A1/fr
Publication of WO2008040835B1 publication Critical patent/WO2008040835B1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0247—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the form
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
    • H01M8/026—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant characterised by grooves, e.g. their pitch or depth
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0267—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/08—Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M8/083—Alkaline fuel cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
    • H01M8/1011—Direct alcohol fuel cells [DAFC], e.g. direct methanol fuel cells [DMFC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • Fuel cells first proposed by Sir William R. Grove in 1839, are devices capable of generating electricity from chemical reactions. Its principle of operation is based on the decomposition of the fuel in the anode, thanks to the presence of a catalyst, in electrons and ions. An electrolytic layer separates the anode from the cathode, and allows only the passage of ions through it, preventing electrons from passing through it. When the electronic current is circulated outside the battery, the device acts as an electricity generator.
  • bipolar plate which distributes the flow of fuel and oxidant over the catalyst, provides rigidity to the whole battery, and can act as an outlet for the generated current and dissipate part of the heat produced.
  • the fluids that circulate through the bipolar plates react in the electrodes with catalyst, after passing through a diffuser layer, generally formed by carbon paper or carbon cloth. It is understood that for the cell to function efficiently, the distribution of gases over the catalytic layer must be as homogeneous as possible. Hopefully if the Speed field (and the same can be said for pressure) is not uniform and stagnations or dead zones occur, the battery will not work properly, and its performance will be significantly reduced. Hence the importance of the design of the flow geometry of bipolar plates.
  • Suitable materials such as plate constituents: metals [Douglas, DL, Cairns, EJ., Fuel battery, US Pattent 3,134,696, May 26, 1964], metal oxides [May, B., Hodgson, DR, Bipolar piate for fuel cells, International Patent WO 00/22689, April 20, 2000], carbon / polymer compounds [Lawrence RJ. , Low cost bipolar current collector-separator for electrochemical cells, US Patent 4,214,969, Juy 29, 1980], graphite [Wilkinson, DP, Lamont, GJ., Voss, HH, Schwab, C, Embossed flow field piate for electrochemical fuel cells, International Patent WO 95/16287, June 15, 1995].
  • the device object of this invention is a bipolar plate for distribution of reagent flow over the diffuser layers of a fuel cell, characterized by a specific design of its geometry in which the fluid is distributed over the active area in a cascade distribution .
  • the flow geometry consists of an input channel that branches into different passages by means of a series of ribs arranged in parallel lines separated from each other with the appropriate distance for each application, and in turn formed by a series of obstacles in a row of variable width in general greater than its thickness ( Figure 2) and a separation between them also dependent on each application.
  • the process is reversed, the number of obstacles in each nerve decreases and the different passages are grouped together to converge in a single exit channel, all encompassed within an area defined by a quadrilateral with diagonals equal or of different dimensions, or by a curved perimeter surface.
  • the inlet and outlet ducts shall be arranged at both ends of a diagonal.
  • the flow direction of the fluid as well as the angle defined by the nerves with the horizontal can be any and will be set according to the specific applications.
  • the device can be manufactured by machining, molding or stamping, using metal plates, polymeric compounds (composites), graphite or any other of the materials that are typically used in the manufacture of bipolar plates .
  • the present invention responds to the need to adequately and homogeneously distribute, under typical operating conditions, reactant fluids on the catalytic layers of a fuel cell, which, according to the inventors, does not it is achieved with the elements currently available in the market.
  • the invention is based on the fact that the inventors have observed that the design of the plate of the invention with a cascade geometry allows an extremely homogeneous distribution of reactant fluids over the diffusion or catalytic layers of a fuel cell (see Figures 1 and 2) .
  • the flow in the plate has a field of speeds and pressures of high uniformity thanks to the novel design, in which the inlet channel is cascaded by parallel ribs, separated from each other by a suitable distance for each application.
  • Each nerve is formed by a row of obstacles of varying width, generally greater than its thickness (see Figure 2), aligned and spaced apart by openings of varying width.
  • the device object of the present invention consists of a bipolar plate to be used in fuel cells preferably type PEM.
  • cascade geometry means the geometry described in the previous paragraph.
  • reactant fluids are meant the oxidant (oxygen or air), and the fuel that can be gaseous (for example, hydrogen) or liquid (for example, methanol in aqueous solution).
  • Operating conditions means the pressures and flow rates of both the fuel fluid and the oxidizing fluid, as well as the way the battery operates.
  • the bipolar plates used in the cathodes usually work in an open or intermittent regime.
  • the gas outlet duct In the case of an "open” regime, the gas outlet duct is always open, allowing fresh oxygen to enter the plate at all times.
  • the outlet duct In the case of the "intermittent" regime, by means of a control system, the outlet duct is closed for a given time, causing the cathode to be slightly overpressured, thus allowing the gas to be dragged by the drainage valve The chemical reaction more efficiently.
  • the fuel used is hydrogen
  • anode pressures ranging between 2-3 bar.
  • the entry of fuel to the anode is regulated by a control system that checks the value of the pressure, which decreases when hydrogen is consumed by the electrochemical reaction.
  • a control system that checks the value of the pressure, which decreases when hydrogen is consumed by the electrochemical reaction.
  • an object of the present invention is a bipolar plate with cascade flow geometry ( Figures 1 and 2) that allows the distribution of reactant fluid flow over the diffuser layers or electrodes (anode and cathode) of a cell of fuel, preferably PEM type, hereinafter bipolar plate of the invention, and comprising: a) a flow area of the plate, which coincides with the active area of the electrode, which includes a series of ribs (1), in turn formed by a row of aligned obstacles (2), of varying width (b) generally greater than their thickness ( ⁇ ), separated from each other by a suitable distance that may be such that all obstacles are equally equally spaced, such that adding the section of total passage in each nerve the result is constant, or any other separation that is considered convenient, depending on the geometry and the specific application, which are arranged within a defined area to by a geometry with diagonals of equal or different dimensions and straight or curved sides, b) an input channel (3) that initially branches into different flow channels or passages (4) by means of the described ribs arranged
  • the relationship between the input and output channels is designed in one way or another depending on the geometry of the plate so that the active area is divided symmetrically.
  • the direction of circulation of the reactant fluids will be set according to the specific applications, as well as the angle defined by the direction of the nerves with the horizontal, which in principle can be any, and where the inlet and outlet ducts are arranged perpendicularly to the nerves of the plaque.
  • a particular object is the bipolar plate of the invention with a geometry of its square or rectangular transverse active area, where the inlet (3) and outlet (5) ducts will be arranged at the two opposite ends of the same diagonal (see Figure X).
  • Another particular object is a bipolar plate of the invention with a geometry of its curved perimeter active area, preferably an elliptical or round bipolar plate (see Figure 3), where the inlet and outlet ducts will be located in the line perpendicular to the nerves, so that it divides the active area symmetrically.
  • Another particular object is a bipolar plate of the invention in which the outlet ducts comprise a control valve to be able to work in an intermittent opening and closing mode.
  • an alternative is a PEM type fuel cell where the fuel is a liquid, for example, methanol in aqueous solution.
  • the fuel is a liquid, for example, methanol in aqueous solution.
  • the bipolar plate of the invention used in these electrodes should be designed in such a way as to allow optimum extraction of these bubbles.
  • This new variant would include a channel that acts as a collector where CO 2 bubbles will migrate due to the difference in densities. Therefore, the width of this channel will be sized by the flow rate to be handled and the battery power, which defines the amount of gas produced.
  • a particular object of the invention is a bipolar plate in which there is an upper channel (6) that surrounds the horizontally located flow area with respect to the inlet conduit and small gas evacuation holes (9) that communicate the upper channel (6) with an additional manifold (10) that will have a gas vent valve (11) with pressure control, as shown in Figure 4 a).
  • a particular embodiment is a bipolar plate in which the entire flow area of the bipolar plate is rotated at any angle ( ⁇ ), preferably between 5-25 °, with respect to the outer edges of the plate, as shown in the Figure 4 b).
  • the ribs that define the passage channels will form an angle (45- ⁇ ) ° with respect to the horizontal edge and the upper channel an angle ⁇ with respect to the same edge.
  • methanol will enter the plate through the lower hole (3) and out through the upper one so that if CO 2 bubbles are formed, these will float to the highest point, which is the exit hole (5), facilitating the extraction of biphasic flow through it.
  • a particular object of the invention is a bipolar plate in which there is a lower channel (7) with a series of channels (12) that surrounds the horizontally located flow area with respect to the outlet duct and acts as a collector where they will migrate, due to the difference in densities, the drops of water generated by chemical reaction and will be extracted when dragged by the flow of air or oxygen (see Figure 5 a).
  • Another particular embodiment is a bipolar plate in which the entire flow area of the bipolar plate is inclined at any angle ( ⁇ ), preferably between 5-25 °, with respect to the outer edges of the plate, as can be seen in Figure 5 b), and where a flow of oxygen or descending air will be imposed on the plate.
  • ⁇ any angle
  • the water drainage flow facilitated by gravity, is It will produce through the outlet duct itself (5) which, obviously, will be conveniently sized to allow water and oxygen / air to escape.
  • a particular object of the present invention is a bipolar plate that presents the design of cascading channels on one of its faces, while the opposite face has the same design in which the rows of obstacles are aligned perpendicularly to those arranged on the first face so that the input and output channels corresponding to the first face and those corresponding to the second face are located at the ends of the opposite diagonals of the plate ( Figure 6 a).
  • another particular embodiment of the present invention is a bipolar plate with flow geometries on both sides where the arrangement of the inlet and outlet ducts have any angle ( ⁇ ), preferably between 5-40 ° with respect to the plane It contains the active surface of the plate, as shown in Figures 6 a) and 6 b).
  • ⁇ any angle
  • the definition of the value of this angle will also depend on the depth of the nerves, so that the diameter of the inlet (3) and outlet (5) ducts within the active area is less than or equal to the depth of the channels.
  • bipolar plate of the invention if used as end plates ("end-plates", according to English literature). These plates will have flow geometries on only one of the faces, serving as an anode or cathode, respectively, similar to those used in monocells.
  • these plates are characterized in that they can have an opening in the central plane, parallel to the faces of the flow geometries by which they can (or not) circulate a fluid (air, water, etc.) that will be used as a method of cooling the system, helping to extract heat.
  • a fluid air, water, etc.
  • bipolar plate of the invention can be manufactured, by way of illustration and without limiting the scope of the invention. , by machining, molding or stamping; using different starting materials such as metals, metal oxides, polymeric compounds (composites), graphite or any other of the materials.
  • Another object of the invention is the use of the bipolar plate of the invention for the manufacture of a fuel cell, preferably a PEM type battery, which can also be used in flat oxide-solid batteries and alkaline batteries.
  • the active area is 49 cm 2 , with the plate counting 32 nerves 1 mm thick and 2 mm deep.
  • Figure 2. Diagram of a front view of a bipolar plate with cascade flow geometry and with a square cross section.
  • Figure 3. Front view of a bipolar plate with cascade flow geometry and circular cross section. In this configuration, the inlet and outlet ducts will be placed perpendicular to the nerves that make up the fluid passageways.
  • Figure 4. Two configurations of bipolar plates with cascade flow geometry to be used in anodes of PEM type batteries that use direct methanol as fuel: a) without rotating, b) rotated an angle ⁇ with respect to the horizontal outer edge. The numbers 3) to 8) represent the same elements of Figure 2; 9) gas evacuation holes, 10) additional manifold, 11) vent valve with pressure regulation.
  • Figure 5. Two configurations of bipolar plates with cascade flow geometry to be used in the cathodes of PEM type batteries: a) without rotating, b) rotated an angle ⁇ with respect to the horizontal outer edge.
  • the numbers 3) to 7) represent the same elements of Figure 2; 12) water drain holes.
  • Figure 6 Bipolar plate to be used in case of stacked monocells in a stack, which shows the flow geometry (nerves) on both sides, as well as the angle ( ⁇ ) of the input and output channels: a) isometric; b) lateral views corresponding to the cuts in the planes of the two main diagonals in a): A-A anode face, B-B cathode face.
  • Figure 7. Results of the numerical simulation of the flow distribution in the bipolar plate with cascade geometry: a) velocity field and b) pressure field.
  • Figure 8. Temporal evolution of the diffusion of gases behind the Toray TM paper (diffuser layer): a) 0.5 seconds after starting the experiment, b) 2 seconds, c) 4 seconds, and d) stationary condition (t »5 s after the experiment started).
  • the bipolar plate of the present invention described in this example has external dimensions of 70 x 70 mm.
  • the active area is 49 cm and has 32 nerves 1 mm thick and 2 mm deep. It has been carried out in methacrylate by machining, and polishing with abrasive polishing liquid to facilitate its study.
  • the input and output channels, located at opposite vertices as seen in Figure 1, have an internal diameter of 2 mm.
  • the four lateral channels parallel to the sides of the rhombus that delimits the surface on which the nerves are located have a width of 2 mm, the same as the separation between the parallel rows of nerves. Within each nerve the obstacles have been separated so that the total fluid passage section is constant and equal to that of the inlet channel, thus preventing local fluid acceleration. All channels have a depth of 1 mm.
  • the bipolar plate has been covered with a sheet of carbon paper (Toray TM), which is one of the diffusion layers most used in commercial PEM batteries.
  • Toray TM sheet of carbon paper
  • the laser-induced planar fluorescence technique has been used.
  • a stream of air seeded with acetone vapor has been circulated through the plate. Sowing has been done by previously passing the air through a bubbler containing liquid acetone.
  • Nd: YAG Nd
  • Fluorescent emission has been recorded with a CCD camera with a 1024x1024 pixel matrix. Sequences of 10 images separated from each other 0.5 seconds have been acquired.
  • the plane of light 8 cm high and 0.5 mm thick in the image area was formed using three cylindrical lenses of amorphous quartz.
  • the results of Figure 8 show a sequence of images of the diffusion through the diffuser layer during the process of filling the bipolar plate with the mixture of air and 20% acetone vapor, with a flow rate of 1 , 5 1 / min.
  • the images shown correspond to time intervals of 0.5, 2, 4 and much greater than 5 seconds (stationary condition) after the fluid circulation has begun, respectively.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une plaque bipolaire pour la distribution du flux de réactifs sur des couches de diffusion d'une pile à combustible, présentant une géométrie en cascade (voir figure 1) spécifiquement conçue pour que la distribution soit extrêmement homogène sur la couche catalytique. Le dispositif permet que le flux dans la couche présente un champ de vitesses et de pressions d'uniformité élevée, par l'intermédiaire de la nouvelle conception dans laquelle le canal d'entrée se ramifie en cascade au moyen de nervures constituées par des obstacles dont la largeur est en général supérieure à leur épaisseur (figure 2), qui sont séparés les uns des autres par une distance adéquate. Le procédé de ramification est inversé à partir de la plus grande section de la plaque lorsque les différentes sections se rejoignent pour former un seul conduit de sortie.
PCT/ES2007/070167 2006-10-06 2007-10-03 Plaque bipolaire pour la distribution homogène du flux dans des piles à combustible WO2008040835A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES200602547A ES2315126B1 (es) 2006-10-06 2006-10-06 Placa bipolar para distribucion homogenea del flujo en pilas de combustible.
ESP200602547 2006-10-06

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008040835A1 true WO2008040835A1 (fr) 2008-04-10
WO2008040835B1 WO2008040835B1 (fr) 2008-05-22

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PCT/ES2007/070167 WO2008040835A1 (fr) 2006-10-06 2007-10-03 Plaque bipolaire pour la distribution homogène du flux dans des piles à combustible

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ES (1) ES2315126B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008040835A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008151591A1 (fr) * 2007-06-11 2008-12-18 Staxera Gmbh Unité récurrente pour empilement de piles à combustible

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4910100A (en) * 1989-07-21 1990-03-20 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Solid electrolyte fuel cell
EP0924785A2 (fr) * 1997-12-18 1999-06-23 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Pile à combustible et séparateur bipolaire pour celle-ci
US20040038114A1 (en) * 2002-08-21 2004-02-26 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel cell and method of operating the same
WO2006097658A2 (fr) * 2005-03-18 2006-09-21 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Plaque bipolaire pour pile a combustible a tole de distribution metallique deformee

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4910100A (en) * 1989-07-21 1990-03-20 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Solid electrolyte fuel cell
EP0924785A2 (fr) * 1997-12-18 1999-06-23 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Pile à combustible et séparateur bipolaire pour celle-ci
US20040038114A1 (en) * 2002-08-21 2004-02-26 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel cell and method of operating the same
WO2006097658A2 (fr) * 2005-03-18 2006-09-21 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Plaque bipolaire pour pile a combustible a tole de distribution metallique deformee

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008151591A1 (fr) * 2007-06-11 2008-12-18 Staxera Gmbh Unité récurrente pour empilement de piles à combustible
US8293424B2 (en) 2007-06-11 2012-10-23 Staxera Gmbh Flow field unit for a fuel cell stack

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2008040835B1 (fr) 2008-05-22
ES2315126A1 (es) 2009-03-16
ES2315126B1 (es) 2010-01-08

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