Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D05—SEWING; EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
  • D05C—EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
  • D05C17/00—Embroidered or tufted products; Base fabrics specially adapted for embroidered work; Inserts for producing surface irregularities in embroidered products
  • D05C17/02—Tufted products
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
  • A47G—HOUSEHOLD OR TABLE EQUIPMENT
  • A47G27/00—Floor fabrics; Fastenings therefor
  • A47G27/02—Carpets; Stair runners; Bedside rugs; Foot mats
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
  • D06M11/32—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
  • D06M11/36—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond with oxides, hydroxides or mixed oxides; with salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
  • D06M11/45—Oxides or hydroxides of elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table; Aluminates
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
  • D06M11/32—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
  • D06M11/36—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond with oxides, hydroxides or mixed oxides; with salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
  • D06M11/46—Oxides or hydroxides of elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table; Titanates; Zirconates; Stannates; Plumbates
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
  • D06M11/58—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides
  • D06M11/59—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides with ammonia; with complexes of organic amines with inorganic substances
  • D06M11/62—Complexes of metal oxides or complexes of metal salts with ammonia or with organic amines
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
  • D06N7/0063—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf
  • D06N7/0065—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by the pile
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
  • D06N7/0063—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf
  • D06N7/0071—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by their backing, e.g. pre-coat, back coating, secondary backing, cushion backing
  • D06N7/0073—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by their backing, e.g. pre-coat, back coating, secondary backing, cushion backing the back coating or pre-coat being applied as an aqueous dispersion or latex
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
  • D06N2201/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N2209/00—Properties of the materials
  • D06N2209/04—Properties of the materials having electrical or magnetic properties
  • D06N2209/046—Anti-static
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N2209/00—Properties of the materials
  • D06N2209/06—Properties of the materials having thermal properties
  • D06N2209/067—Flame resistant, fire resistant
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S8/00—Bleaching and dyeing; fluid treatment and chemical modification of textiles and fibers
  • Y10S8/929—Carpet dyeing
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S8/00—Bleaching and dyeing; fluid treatment and chemical modification of textiles and fibers
  • Y10S8/93—Pretreatment before dyeing
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/23907—Pile or nap type surface or component
  • Y10T428/23979—Particular backing structure or composition
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/23907—Pile or nap type surface or component
  • Y10T428/23993—Composition of pile or adhesive

Definitions

• the invention relates to substantially flame retard ant-free carpets made of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) fibers comprising minimal carrier and, preferably, minimal antistatic agent.
• Carpets comprising bulked continuous filament (BCF) and/or staple yarns are made in a variety of manners known to those skilled in the art.
• a number of yarns are cable twisted together (about 3.5 to 6.5 turns per inch (about 1.38 to 2.56 turns/cm) and heat-set in a device (such as an autoclave) and then tufted into a primary backing. Latex adhesive and a secondary backing are then applied.
• Cut pile style carpets having a pile height between about 0.25 to 1 inches (about 0.64 to 2.54 cm), or loop pile style carpets having a pile height between about 0.125 to 0.375 inches (about 0.318 to 0.953 cm) can be made with BCF yams.
• Typical carpet weights are between about 25 to 90 ounces per square yard (about 847.8 to 3051.9 g/m 2 ).
• carpets made from poly(trimethy!ene terephthalate) (“3GT” or “PTT”) yams have built-in stain resistance comparable to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (“2GT”) yarns and satisfactory texture retention and resistance to crushing. Further, carpets comprising 3GT yarns have superior softness and dye capability compared to. carpets made from 2GT yarns, and superior softness compared to carpets made from nylon.
• Polyester carpets are generally dyed with disperse dyes with the aid of a carrier, which is a compound that functions to open the structure of a polyester to enhance dyeability with disperse dyes.
• Carrier is particularly useful to enhance 3GT dyeability in dark shades during continuous dyeing.
• Antistatic agents are in general well-Known to those of ordinary skill in the art and, in the context of carpets, are generally a topically applied chemical typically of a hygroscopic nature to reduce static levels. Antistatic agents are useful to reduce 3GT static levels for more demanding applications, such as computer rooms and commercial carpets, under American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test Method 134 (GSA).
• AATCC American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
• GSA Test Method 134
• Carrier (and dye) and/or antistatic agent are generally applied to the carpet post-tufting.
• Ideal, laboratory scale carpets produced from 3GT yarns are known to have a Class I flammability rating without the need for flame retardants. These ideal, laboratory scale carpets also do not contain carrier and antistatic agents.
• Carpets comprising 3GT yarns used in real world applications typi- caily contain both carrier and antistatic agent, and have not been found to meet this flammability requirement without the use of significant amounts of flame retardants. Flame retardants, while improving the flammability rating of a carpet, are economically disadvantageous, and it would be desirable to minimize the amount of flame retardant necessary while still retaining suitable flammability ratings.
• substantially flame-retardant free carpets can be produced from 3GT fibers by minimizing the amount of carrier in, and antistatic agent applied to, the 3GT fibers.
• a carpet comprising a poly(trimethylene terephthalate) yarn, a backing system and an adhesive system, wherein the poly(trimethylene terephthalate) yarn comprises a carrier in a range of from about 25 to about 3000 ppm by weight of the yarn, and/or an antistatic agent in an amount up to about 2500 ppm, and wherein the carpet is substantially flame retardant free.
• the carrier when a carrier is used, the carrier is present in a range of from about 25 to about 2000 ppm, even more preferably in range of from about 25 to about 1000 ppm, and most preferably in a range of from about 25 to about 500 ppm, by weight of the yarn.
• antistatic agent when antistatic agent is used, it is present in an amount up to about 2000 ppm, more preferably up to about 1000 ppm, and even more preferably up to about 760 ppm, by weight of the yarn.
• antistatic agent there must be at least some antistatic agent (even though no lower limit may be explicitly stated) in an amount to be effective in at least partially reducing static in conjunction with the intended effect of this component, as will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the relevant art.
• These carpets preferably have a Class I flarnmability rating, as determined by an ASTM-E648-type test.
• Another aspect is to provide a first process of producing a substantially flame retardant-free carpet, as set forth above, comprising the steps of:
• the first process comprises a further step of applying antistatic agent to the poly(trimethylene terephthalate) yarn.
• Another aspect is to provide a second process of producing a substantially flame retardant-free carpet, as set forth above, comprising the steps of:
• the second process comprises a further step of applying a carrier to the poly(trimethylene terephthalate) yarn prior to dyeing.
• the step (a) in the above methods preferably comprises the steps of:
• Carpet as used herein includes, but is not limited to, cut pile and loop pile car- pets used in residential and commercial applications, automotive carpets, carpet tiles, and bath and area rugs made from staple and/or bulked continuous filament yarn.
• Flame retardant as used herein means any additive on and/or in the fiber and/or the backing system and/or latex adhesive as is known in the art to reduce the tendency of a carpet to bum, continue to burn, or flow after a source of ignition has been removed.
• Non-limiting examples of flame retardants used in the production of carpets include inorganic compounds, including, but not limited to, aluminum trihydrate (ATH), antimony oxide, zinc borate, and zinc stannate; halogenated organic compounds, including, but not limited to, pentabromodiphenyl ether, octabromodiphenyl ether, and hexabromobenzene; and phosphate compounds including, but not limited to, tribromopropyl phosphate.
• Flammability rating refers to the National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA) rating system for the flammability of materials, NFPA 253, also known as Federal Test Method 372 and American Society for Testing Materials ASTM- E648.
• flame retardants are present on and/or in the fiber and/or backing system and/or adhesive system of a 3GT carpet in a range of from about 2% to about 6% by weight of the fiber and/or backing system (about 20000 ppm to about 60000 ppm).
• 3GT carpets containing ATH typically measure about 2 to about 4 wt% aluminum, by weight of the carpet.
• Carpets containing no detectable amount of ATH generally contain about 1755 ppm (0.1755 wt%) aluminum or less.
• Carpets containing no detectable amount of phosphorus-containing flame retardants typically con- tain about 1100 ppm (0.11 wt%) or less phosphorous, and generally in the range of from about 600 ppm (0.06 wt%) to about 1100 ppm (0.11 wt%) phosphorus.
• Carpets containing no detectable amount of zinc-containing flame retardants typically contain about 1100 ppm (0.11 wt%) zinc or less, and generally in the range of from about 120 ppm (0.012 wt%) to about 1100 ppm (0.11 wt%) zinc.
• the term "detectable amount of a substance.” as used herein, may include an amount of substance detectable using standard techniques known in the related art for the purposes of detecting the substance.
• substantially flame retardant-free as used herein means less than a useful amount, i.e., an amount capable of reducing the tendency of a carpet to burn, continue to burn, or flow after a source of ignition has been removed, of flame retardant on and/or in the fiber and/or backing system and/or adhesive system.
• a useful amount of flame retardant on and/or in the fiber and/or backing system and/or adhesive system of a 3GT carpet is more than about 20000 ppm flame retardant (about 2 wt%), by weight of the carpet.
• a "substantially flame retardant-free carpet” preferably contains less than about 2000 ppm (0.2 wt%), more preferably less than about 1000 ppm (0.1 wt%), still more preferably less than about 500 ppm (0.05 wt%), even more preferably less than about 50 ppm (0.005 wt%), and most preferably 0 ppm flame retardant(s) ("flame retardant free”), by weight of the carpet.
• poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (“3GT” or “PTT”) is meant to encompass homopolymers and copolymers containing at least about 70 mole % trimethylene terephthalate repeat units and polymer compositions comprising at least about 70 mole % of the homopolymers and copolymers.
• the preferred poly(trimethylene terephthalate)s contain at least about 85 mole %, more preferably at least about 90 mole %, still more preferably at least about 95 mole %, even more preferably at least about 98 mole %, and even still more preferably about 100 mole % trimethylene terephthalate repeat units.
• Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) bulked continuous filament yarn” or “3GT bulked continuous filament yarn” or “PTT bulked continuous filament yarn” can be made, for example, by the processes disclosed in US5662980, US5645782, US6242091, US6684618 and US2005/0147784A1. However, any method of making such yarn as is known to one of ordinary skill in the art is acceptable.
• Poly(trimethylene terephthalate staple yarn” or “3GT staple yarn” or “PTT sta- pie yarn” can be made, for example, by the processes disclosed in US6752945,
• Carrier as used herein means an aromatic organic compound whose function is to open the structure of 3GT, an aromatic polyester, to enhance dyeability with dis- perse dyes.
• carriers include, but are not limited to, benzyl benzoate; bi- phenyl butyl benzoate; butyl benzoate; butyl phthalimide; N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET); dimethyl phthalate; diphenyl ether; 2-ethyl hexylbenzoate; hexyl benzoate; isopropyl benzoate; octyl benzoate; o-phenyl phenol; propyl phthalimide; and trichloro- benzene.
• DEET N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide
• the carrier is present in the car- pet in a range of from about 25 to about 3000 ppm by weight of the poly(trimethylene terephthalate) yarn, more preferably in a range of from about 25 to about 2000 ppm, even more preferably in range of from about 25 to about 1000 ppm, and most preferably in a range of from about 25 to about 500 ppm.
• Antistatic agent as used herein is a topically applied chemical of a hygro- scopic nature.
• antistatic agents include, but are not limited to, dibutyl phosphates, diethanolamides, ethoxylated tertiary fatty acid amines, long chain polyethylene oxide compounds, and quaternary ammonium compounds.
• the amount of antistatic agent in a carpet sample is determined by means well know to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.
• residual dibutyl phosphate values in ppm reflect dibutyl phosphate comprising about 75% of the antistatic agent.
• 500 ppm residual dibutyl phosphate reflects antistatic agent being present in the carpet at about 666.7 ppm by weight of the poly(trimethylene terephtha- late) yam.
• the antista- tic agent is present up to about 1875 ppm residual dibutyl phosphate (2500 ppm antistatic agent) by weight of the poly(trimethylene terephthalate) yarn, preferably up to about 1500 ppm residual dibutyl phosphate (2000 ppm antistatic agent), more preferably up to about 750 ppm dibutyl phosphate (1000 ppm antistatic agent), and even more preferably up to about 570 ppm residual dibutyl phosphate (760 ppm antistatic agent).
• a method of producing flame retardant-free carpets comprises:
• Carrier and/or antistatic agent typically (but not always) are applied to the carpet post-tufting.
• Application of a carrier and, optionally, an antistatic agent to the tufted carpet can be performed by any method as is known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• a carrier is applied by addition to the dye bath or liquor in beck (batch) and continuous (range) dyeing, as well as by way of a residual carrier in the rinse tanks of a continuous dye range.
• Antistatic agent is preferably applied by spray application on dyed carpet after extraction and before drying.
• Carpets of the invention comprising a carrier can be dyed by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Particularly preferred methods are those used to dye carpets comprising poly(ethylene terephthalate) yarns. In one embodiment, car- rier application and carpet dyeing can be performed substantially simultaneously, preferably simultaneously.
• a 1400-1500 denier, 18-20 dpf, bulked continuous filament (BCF) yarn was spun from 3GT polymer at a spinning temperature of about 250 0 C and at a spinning speed of about 2500-3500 mpm. Fiber cross section was trilobal with a 1.7-3.0 Modification Ratio.
• the BCF yarns were cable-twisted at a twist level of about 3.5-6 turns per inch (8.9-15.2 turns/cm) and a speed of about 4500-7000 rpm on a cable twister.
• the twisted BCF yarns were continuously heat set using a Superba tunnel equipped with a circulating steam system. Either a straight set coiler or a conventional stuffer box was used, with a prebulker temperature of about 190-208 ⁇ F (87.8-97.8°C) and a tunnel temperature of about 270-300 0 F (132.2-148.9°C).
• Belt speed was about 10-20 mprn, and tunnel length was 6-12 m.
• the continuous dyeing process was:
• Optional topicals dryer e.g., antistatic agent, fluorochemical
• the latexing process was:
• Carrier Gas Helium
• Air Flow 400 mL/min .
• Extraction Solution Methanol, EMD Science, for GC, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Spectrometry, and gradient analysis
• the methamine pill test is described in FF 1-70 as found in 16 CFR ⁇ 1630 and also ASTM D-2859, Surface Flammability of Carpets and Rugs.
• Burn performance describes the average burn distance of the pill test totals indicated in the Tables below. After the flame on a sample was extinguished, one burn measurement was taken, which was the minimum distance from the burn edge to an eight inch circular metal template (the burn distance). Typically a carpet sample was divided into eight subsamples, each the size of the circular metal template, and an average burn distance was calculated based on the averaged burn measurements (the burn distance). Burn distance was thus an inverse measure of the amount a carpet sample burns; e.g., a carpet that did not burn had a burn distance of 4.0 in., while a carpet that burned completely from the center of the circular metal template to the edge of the circular metal template had a burn distance of 0.0 in.
• an average burn distance of greater than 3.0 in. indicates excellent burn performance.
• An average bum distance of greater than 1.0 in. to 3.0 in. indicates marginal burn performance.
• An average burn distance of less than or equal to 1.0 in. indicates poor burn performance.
• Average burn distance for carpet samples 1-4 is presented in Table 2.
• Table 2 were typical pill test results for residual carrier levels in the 3500-4000 ppm range for four different residential cut pile carpets. As-tufted carpets had no detectable carrier, while carpets dyed with a small amount of carrier contain 4000-5000 ppm carrier. After finishing (backing/latexing), carrier dropped noticeably to the 3500-4000 ppm range. In all cases, burn distances for carpets dyed with 4000-5000 ppm carrier were relatively low, i.e. ⁇ 3.0 in., indicating a marginal burn performance despite technically passing the pill test. Commercial production of car- pets with these marginal pill test results would require a flame retardant to ensure consistent results.
• the carpet samples in Table 3 were typical pill test results for different residential cut pile carpets containing residual carrier levels in the 25-400 ppm range. Bum distances were typically greater than 3.5 in., an excellent result. Carpet samples containing between 25 to 3000 ppm of carrier passed the pill test and had burn distances typically greater than 3.5 in., an excellent result, requiring no use of flame retardants. Control carpet samples containing no carrier passed the pill test and have burn distances greater than 3.5 in.
• samples were tested using a HPLC with negative ion electrospray mass spectrometric detection system (SIM mode).
• Mobile phase was water (containing 200 mg/L ammonium carbonate) with an isopropanol gradient. Samples were extracted with deionized water in an ultrasonic bath and filtered prior to injection (samples warm to touch when removed from bath after ⁇ 1 h.).
• Column used was a Hypercarb (Thermo Electron Corp., San Jose, CaI.) 3 x 150 mm, 5
• a 3GT control carpet sample 7 was topically treated with 3M Protective Chemical PM-1451 (available from 3M Protective Materials Division, 3M Center, St. Paul, Minn.) and antistatic agent. From a carpet manufacturing perspective, it would be practical to dye a 3GT carpet in the same mill at about the same time as a 2GT carpet. A 3GT carpet dyed in such a mill could absorb residual carrier present after a 2GT dyeing process. Thus, the carpet sample contains a small amount of residual carrier, 542 ppm, absorbed from the rinse bath after a 2GT carpet dyeing. The presence of a rela- tively high amount, 4200 ppm, of antistatic agent, as measured by dibutyl phosphate, was responsible for the poor pill test performance and poor bum performance.
• 3M Protective Chemical PM-1451 available from 3M Protective Materials Division, 3M Center, St. Paul, Minn.
• the carpet samples in Table 5 were typical pill test results for different residential cut pile carpets containing residual carrier in the 25-300 ppm range and residua! antistatic agent levels less than 150 ppm (limit of detection) as measured by residual dibutyl phosphate. Burn distances were typically greater than 3.5 in., an excellent result.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Textile Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Carpets (AREA)
• Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
• Artificial Filaments (AREA)
• Synthetic Leather, Interior Materials Or Flexible Sheet Materials (AREA)

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