WO2008014900A1 - Method for fitting a connecting conductor to a photovoltaic solar cell - Google Patents

Method for fitting a connecting conductor to a photovoltaic solar cell Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008014900A1
WO2008014900A1 PCT/EP2007/006454 EP2007006454W WO2008014900A1 WO 2008014900 A1 WO2008014900 A1 WO 2008014900A1 EP 2007006454 W EP2007006454 W EP 2007006454W WO 2008014900 A1 WO2008014900 A1 WO 2008014900A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
solar cell
solder
connecting conductor
flux
connection
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2007/006454
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Antje Einenkel
Harry Berek
Original Assignee
FNE Forschungsinstitut für Nichteisen-Metalle GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by FNE Forschungsinstitut für Nichteisen-Metalle GmbH filed Critical FNE Forschungsinstitut für Nichteisen-Metalle GmbH
Priority to EP07786209A priority Critical patent/EP2047523A1/en
Publication of WO2008014900A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008014900A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L31/1876—Particular processes or apparatus for batch treatment of the devices
    • H01L31/188—Apparatus specially adapted for automatic interconnection of solar cells in a module
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K1/0016—Brazing of electronic components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/06—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering making use of vibrations, e.g. supersonic vibrations
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for attaching a connection conductor to a photovoltaic solar cell.
  • connection conductors to solar cells e.g. Silicon solar cells
  • solar cells e.g. Silicon solar cells
  • Attaching connection conductors to solar cells is basically known and used, for example, to electrically connect several solar cells together, in particular to connect in series.
  • both the front side and the back side of the solar cell have silver-plated terminal contacts to which the connection conductors are attached by means of soft soldering. If an aluminum layer improving the efficiency of the solar cell is provided on the rear side of the solar cell, its efficiency-improving effect can be impaired by applying the terminal contact.
  • the soldering process is carried out in a known method by heating the solar cell to soldering temperature by irradiation of light of a suitable wavelength, for example in the short-wave infrared range in silicon solar cells.
  • a suitable wavelength for example in the short-wave infrared range in silicon solar cells.
  • flux is used during soldering.
  • the use of flux has the disadvantage that the flux can not be completely removed after the connection conductors have been attached to the solar cells.
  • the residual flux residues can impair the efficiency not only of the individual solar cells, but also of a solar cell module comprising the solar cells overall, at least in the long term.
  • connection of two electrical conductors by ultrasonic soldering is known.
  • a direct soldering of a connection conductor by means of ultrasound to a connection contact of a solar cell is not only expensive, but the solar cell can also be damaged.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method for attaching a connection conductor to a photovoltaic solar cell, by which the quality of the solar cell or a solar cell module comprising this is at least not significantly impaired.
  • the object is achieved by a method having the features of claim 1 and in particular by applying a solder, in particular soft solder, to the solar cell by means of ultrasound soldering and connecting the connecting conductor to the solar cell while supplying thermal energy through the solder applied to the solar cell becomes.
  • a solder in particular soft solder
  • the idea according to the invention thus generally consists of applying the solder to the solar cell on the one hand and the actual connection of the connecting conductor to the solar cell on the other hand in two separate steps, in other words one after the other.
  • the application of the solder to the solar cell certainly represents that is, a preparatory step for the actual connection of the connection conductor to the solar cell.
  • each solar cell can be soldered on its own, without this having to take into account a future position of the solar cell provided in the module relative to other solar cells.
  • solder by means of ultrasonic soldering makes it possible to produce an optimum electrical contact between the solder and a metallization of the solar cell, even without the use of flux. In this way, it is ultimately possible to connect the connecting conductor completely flux-free with the solar cell. Consequently, no flux residues which could have a negative effect in a solar cell module comprising the solar cell result from the method according to the invention.
  • solder is applied to the solar cell with the formation of strip-shaped solder paths.
  • solder sheets or contact tracks can, in particular on the back of the solar cell, be used as a current collection conductor, so that no additional bus bars need to be provided.
  • the solder is directly, i. without an additional metallic intermediate layer, applied to an aluminum layer provided on the rear side of the solar cell.
  • an additional metallic intermediate layer applied to an aluminum layer provided on the rear side of the solar cell.
  • the connecting conductor is in turn provided with a solder layer before being connected to the solder applied to the solar cell.
  • the connection conductor is so to speakquaintlotet.
  • the solder layer considerably facilitates the connection of the connection conductor to the solder applied to the solar cell and improves the quality of the connection both in electrical and in mechanical terms.
  • the formation of the solder layer on the connecting conductor takes place without the use of flux. This contributes to the achievement of a completely flux-free solder joint between the connection conductor and the solar cell and thus to the maintenance of an optimum efficiency of the solar cell and of a solar cell module formed therefrom.
  • the thermal energy for connecting the connection conductor to the solder applied to the solar cell is provided by a light source.
  • a light source This is a so-called "lamp soldering process", which is characterized by a especially good economy distinguishes.
  • the light source emits in a wavelength range which leads to a particularly rapid heating of the solar cell to soldering temperature. In the case of silicon solar cells, light in the short-wave infrared range is particularly suitable for this purpose.
  • connection of connecting conductor and solar cell takes place in a continuous process.
  • Such a process allows particularly economical electrical connection of a large number of solar cells and thus ultimately enables particularly cost-effective module production.
  • the supply of thermal energy by means of a light source is particularly well suited.
  • a further subject of the invention is also a solar cell with at least one connecting conductor for the electrical connection of the solar cells with e.g. a further solar cell, wherein the connecting conductor is attached by means of a flux-free solder joint to the solar cell.
  • the flux freedom of the solder joint contributes to the achievement and maintenance of an optimum efficiency of a solar cell module comprising the solar cell.
  • connection conductor is soldered directly, ie without an additional metallic intermediate layer, to an aluminum layer provided on the rear side of the solar cell.
  • directly soldering the connecting conductor to the aluminum layer can be dispensed with an additional, for example, silver, connection contact, by which the efficiency of the solar cell would be impaired.
  • the direct soldering of the connecting conductor to the aluminum layer thus contributes to maintain optimum efficiency of the solar cell taken by itself and thus ultimately also a solar cell module comprising the solar cell.
  • FIG. 1 shows an arrangement of a plurality of solar cells connected in series in cross section.
  • Fig. 2 is a plan view of a front side of a solar cell of
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of a back side of a solar cell of FIG. 1.
  • Fig. 1 three solar cells 10 are shown, which are electrically connected in series by means of connecting conductors 12.
  • the number of series-connected solar cells 10 is not limited to three, but ultimately depends on the size of the solar cell module, to which the solar cells 10 are to be summarized.
  • the solar cells 10 are silicon solar cells which are formed in a known manner from a crystalline silicon material 14 and have on their front side a front-side metallization 16 and on their rear side a back-side metallization 18.
  • each solar cell 10 comprises two current collection elements arranged parallel to one another. 20 and a plurality of finger portions 22, which extend transversely to the current collecting sections 20 and are each electrically connected to one of the current collecting sections 20.
  • the backside metallization 18 of each solar cell 10 is formed by an aluminum layer 24 which covers the backside of the solar cell 10 substantially over the entire area (FIG. 3).
  • connection conductors 12 for series connection of the solar cells 10.
  • the pillowslei- ter 12 extend both over the entire length of the front and over the entire length of the back of a solar cell 10. In principle, however, it is also possible to make the connecting conductors 12 shorter, so that they the front or Cover the back of a solar cell 10 only partially.
  • connection conductors 12 are aligned with the current collecting sections 20, more precisely they are applied thereto.
  • the connecting conductors 12 are connected directly to the current collecting sections 20 as well as to the aluminum layer 24 by means of a soft solder 26, 28, ie neither an additional current collecting section 20 and connecting conductor 12, nor between aluminum layer 24 and connecting conductor 12 an additional metal layer.
  • the connecting conductors 12 may be formed, for example, from a flat copper strip, which has already been provided with a solder layer prior to attachment to the solar cells 10, ie has been preloaded.
  • connection conductors 12 to the solar cells 10 will be explained in more detail below.
  • a soft solder 26, 28 is applied in the form of a strip-shaped solder path. In this case, both the illumination of the front side of the solar cells 10 and the heating of the rear side of the solar cells 10 are carried out with the exclusion of flux.
  • first the front side and then the rear side of the solar cells 10 are soldered. However, it is also possible to solder first the back and then the front or even both sides at the same time.
  • the front side solder 26 is directly applied to the current collecting sections 20 of the front side metallization 16 by means of an ultrasonic soldering process.
  • an ultrasonic sonotrode is moved over the current collecting sections 20 at soldering temperature and with the supply of solder wire in a movement parallel to the front side of the solar cell 10.
  • solder wire instead of supplying a solder wire, it is also possible to place solder preforms on the current collection sections 20 and to move the ultrasonic sonotrode at soldering temperature accordingly over them.
  • oxide layers are deposited on the current collecting sections 20 and / or on the soldering wire or have formed a solder preform, broken, so that a cohesive connection of solder 26 and current collection section 20 is achieved with optimal electrical properties and in particular with a minimal contact resistance.
  • solder 28 is applied in the form of strips directly onto the aluminum layer 24 of the backside metallization 18, i.
  • metal layer between the aluminum layer 24 and the soft solder 26 is formed.
  • the solar cells 10 are positioned in a predetermined position relative to each other and the connecting conductors 12 are arranged on or below the solar cells 10 that they both with the front side Lot 26 of a solar cell and with the back Lot 28 of an adjacent solar cell 10 in Standing in contact.
  • the solar cells 10 and connecting conductors 12 thus arranged are heated to the soldering temperature in a continuous process for the material-liquid connection of the connecting conductors 12 to the front and back-side solder 26, 28.
  • the connecting conductors 12 are provided to achieve an optimum solder joint with a flux-free solder layer.
  • the thermal energy required for heating to the soldering temperature is provided by a light source, past which the solar cells 10 and connecting conductors 12 pass.
  • minor ge caused by a transport system for the solar cells 10 relative movements to produce a reliable connection between the pre-soldered connection conductors 12 and the pre-soldered solar cells 10 at soldering temperature.
  • the cohesive connection of the connecting conductors 12 to the solar cells 10 is done in other words, ie by a so-called lamp soldering process.
  • the light source is arranged so that it irradiates the front side of the solar cells 10.
  • the light source may be e.g. to act a halogen lamp that emits light in the short-wave infrared range, which leads to a particularly rapid heating of the solar cell 10.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
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  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for fitting a connecting conductor to a photovoltaic solar cell, in which a solder, in particular soft solder, is applied to the solar cell by means of ultrasonic soldering and the connecting conductor is connected to the solar cell by means of the solder applied to the solar cell, with thermal energy being supplied.

Description

Verfahren zum Anbringen eines Verbindungsleiters an einer photovoltaischen Solarzelle Method for attaching a connection conductor to a photovoltaic solar cell
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Anbringen eines Verbindungsleiters an einer photovoltaischen Solarzelle.The present invention relates to a method for attaching a connection conductor to a photovoltaic solar cell.
Das Anbringen von Verbindungsleitern an Solarzellen, z.B. Siliziumsolarzellen, ist grundsätzlich bekannt und dient beispielsweise dazu, mehrere Solarzellen elektrisch miteinander zu verbinden, insbesondere in Reihe zu schalten.Attaching connection conductors to solar cells, e.g. Silicon solar cells, is basically known and used, for example, to electrically connect several solar cells together, in particular to connect in series.
Herkömmlicherweise werden sowohl an der Vorderseite als auch an der Rückseite der Solarzelle Silber aufweisende Anschlusskontakte ausgebildet, an welchen die Verbindungsleiter mittels Weichlöten angebracht werden. Ist an der Rückseite der Solarzelle eine den Wirkungsgrad der Solarzelle verbessernde Aluminiumschicht vorgesehen, so kann durch das Auf- bringen des Anschlusskontaktes deren Wirkungsgrad verbessernde Wirkung beeinträchtigt werden.Conventionally, both the front side and the back side of the solar cell have silver-plated terminal contacts to which the connection conductors are attached by means of soft soldering. If an aluminum layer improving the efficiency of the solar cell is provided on the rear side of the solar cell, its efficiency-improving effect can be impaired by applying the terminal contact.
Der Lötprozess erfolgt bei einem bekannten Verfahren unter Erwärmung der Solarzelle auf Löttemperatur durch Einstrahlung von Licht einer ge- eigneten Wellenlänge, z.B. im kurzwelligen Infrarotbereich bei Siliziumsolarzellen. Um einen optimalen elektrischen Kontakt zwischen den Verbindungsleitern und den Anschlusskontakten zu erreichen, wird beim Löten Flussmittel eingesetzt. Die Verwendung von Flussmittel hat den Nachteil, dass sich das Flussmittel nach erfolgter Anbringung der Verbindungsleiter an den Solarzellen zumindest nicht vollständig entfernen lässt. Die zurückbleibenden Fluss- mittelrückstände können den Wirkungsgrad nicht nur der einzelnen Solarzellen, sondern auch eines die Solarzellen umfassenden Solarzellenmoduls insgesamt zumindest langfristig beeinträchtigen.The soldering process is carried out in a known method by heating the solar cell to soldering temperature by irradiation of light of a suitable wavelength, for example in the short-wave infrared range in silicon solar cells. In order to achieve an optimal electrical contact between the connecting conductors and the connection contacts, flux is used during soldering. The use of flux has the disadvantage that the flux can not be completely removed after the connection conductors have been attached to the solar cells. The residual flux residues can impair the efficiency not only of the individual solar cells, but also of a solar cell module comprising the solar cells overall, at least in the long term.
Grundsätzlich bekannt ist auch eine Verbindung zweier elektrischer Leiter mittels Ultraschalllöten. Ein direktes Anlöten eines Verbindungsleiters mittels Ultraschall an einen Anschlusskontakt einer Solarzelle ist jedoch nicht nur aufwendig, sondern die Solarzelle kann dabei auch beschädigt werden.In principle, a connection of two electrical conductors by ultrasonic soldering is known. However, a direct soldering of a connection conductor by means of ultrasound to a connection contact of a solar cell is not only expensive, but the solar cell can also be damaged.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zum Anbringen eines Verbindungsleiters an einer photovoltaischen Solarzelle zu schaffen, durch welches die Qualität der Solarzelle bzw. eines diese umfassenden Solarzellenmoduls zumindest nicht wesentlich beeinträchtigt wird.The invention has for its object to provide a method for attaching a connection conductor to a photovoltaic solar cell, by which the quality of the solar cell or a solar cell module comprising this is at least not significantly impaired.
Die Aufgabe wird durch ein Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 und insbesondere dadurch gelöst, dass ein Lot, insbesondere Weichlot, mittels Ultraschalllöten auf die Solarzelle aufgebracht wird und der Verbindungsleiter unter Zuführung von thermischer Energie durch das auf die Solarzelle aufgebrachte Lot mit der Solarzelle verbunden wird.The object is achieved by a method having the features of claim 1 and in particular by applying a solder, in particular soft solder, to the solar cell by means of ultrasound soldering and connecting the connecting conductor to the solar cell while supplying thermal energy through the solder applied to the solar cell becomes.
Der erfindungsgemäße Gedanke besteht allgemein also darin, das Aufbringen des Lots auf die Solarzelle einerseits und das eigentliche Verbinden des Verbindungsleiters mit der Solarzelle andererseits in zwei voneinander getrennten Schritten, mit anderen Worten also nacheinander, vor- zunehmen. Das Aufbringen des Lots auf die Solarzelle stellt dabei gewis- sermaßen einen Vorbereitungsschritt für das eigentliche Verbinden des Verbindungsleiters mit der Solarzelle dar.The idea according to the invention thus generally consists of applying the solder to the solar cell on the one hand and the actual connection of the connecting conductor to the solar cell on the other hand in two separate steps, in other words one after the other. The application of the solder to the solar cell certainly represents that is, a preparatory step for the actual connection of the connection conductor to the solar cell.
Da das Lot unabhängig von der Handhabung des Verbindungsleiters auf die Solarzelle aufgebracht wird, ist es möglich, den Ultraschall-Lötvorgang so zu steuern, insbesondere eine Ultraschall-Sonotrode so exakt zu führen, dass eine Beschädigung der Solarzelle vermieden wird. So kann bei der Modulherstellung zunächst jede Solarzelle für sich genommen belotet werden, und zwar ohne dass hierbei eine zukünftige, in dem Modul vorge- sehene Lage der Solarzelle relativ zu weiteren Solarzellen berücksichtigt zu werden braucht.Since the solder is applied to the solar cell independently of the handling of the connecting conductor, it is possible to control the ultrasonic soldering process, in particular to guide an ultrasonic sonotrode so accurately that damage to the solar cell is avoided. Thus, during module production, firstly each solar cell can be soldered on its own, without this having to take into account a future position of the solar cell provided in the module relative to other solar cells.
Das Aufbringen des Lots mittels Ultraschall- Löten ermöglicht die Herstellung eines optimalen elektrischen Kontakts zwischen dem Lot und einer Metallisierung der Solarzelle auch ohne Verwendung von Flussmittel. Auf diese Weise ist es letztlich möglich, den Verbindungsleiter vollständig flussmittelfrei mit der Solarzelle zu verbinden. Aus dem erfindungsgemä- ßen Verfahren resultieren folglich keine Flussmittelrückstände, welche sich in einem die Solarzelle umfassenden Solarzellenmodul negativ aus- wirken könnten.The application of the solder by means of ultrasonic soldering makes it possible to produce an optimum electrical contact between the solder and a metallization of the solar cell, even without the use of flux. In this way, it is ultimately possible to connect the connecting conductor completely flux-free with the solar cell. Consequently, no flux residues which could have a negative effect in a solar cell module comprising the solar cell result from the method according to the invention.
Im Ergebnis wird durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren also weder der Wirkungsgrad der Solarzelle für sich genommen, noch der Wirkungsgrad eines die Solarzelle umfassenden Moduls wesentlich beeinträchtigt.As a result, neither the efficiency of the solar cell per se nor the efficiency of a solar cell comprehensive module significantly affected by the inventive method.
Vorteilhafte Ausbildungen der Erfindung sind den Unteransprüchen, der Beschreibung und der Zeichnung zu entnehmen.Advantageous embodiments of the invention are described in the dependent claims, the description and the drawings.
Gemäß einer Ausführungsform wird das Lot unter Ausbildung von strei- fenförmigen Lotbahnen auf die Solarzelle aufgebracht. Diese Lotbahnen bzw. Kontaktbahnen können, insbesondere auf der Rückseite der Solarzelle, als Stromsammeileiter verwendet werden, so dass keine zusätzlichen Sammelleiter vorgesehen zu werden brauchen.According to one embodiment, the solder is applied to the solar cell with the formation of strip-shaped solder paths. These solder sheets or contact tracks can, in particular on the back of the solar cell, be used as a current collection conductor, so that no additional bus bars need to be provided.
Vorzugsweise wird das Lot direkt, d.h. ohne eine zusätzliche metallische Zwischenschicht, auf eine an der Rückseite der Solarzelle vorgesehene Aluminiumschicht aufgebracht. Auf die Ausbildung eines Silber aufweisenden Anschlusskontakts auf der Rückseite, durch welchen die sich positiv auf den Wirkungsgrad der Solarzelle auswirkende Eigenschaft der Aluminiumschicht beeinträchtigt würde, kann folglich verzichtet werden. Dies trägt zum Erhalt eines optimalen Wirkungsgrades der Solarzelle bei.Preferably, the solder is directly, i. without an additional metallic intermediate layer, applied to an aluminum layer provided on the rear side of the solar cell. On the formation of a silver-containing terminal contact on the back, which would affect the positive effect on the efficiency of the solar cell effecting property of the aluminum layer, can therefore be omitted. This contributes to maintaining optimum solar cell efficiency.
Gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform wird der Verbindungsleiter vor dem Verbinden mit dem auf die Solarzelle aufgebrachten Lot seinerseits mit einer Lotschicht versehen. Der Verbindungsleiter wird gewissermaßen also vorbelotet. Durch die Lotschicht wird das Verbinden des Verbindungsleiters mit dem auf die Solarzelle aufgebrachten Lot erheblich erleichtert und die Qualität der Verbindung sowohl in elektrischer als auch in mechanischer Hinsicht verbessert.According to a further embodiment, the connecting conductor is in turn provided with a solder layer before being connected to the solder applied to the solar cell. The connection conductor is so to speak vorbelotet. The solder layer considerably facilitates the connection of the connection conductor to the solder applied to the solar cell and improves the quality of the connection both in electrical and in mechanical terms.
Vorteilhafterweise erfolgt die Ausbildung der Lotschicht auf dem Verbindungsleiter ohne Verwendung von Flussmittel. Dies trägt zur Erreichung einer vollständig flussmittelfreien Lötverbindung zwischen Verbindungsleiter und Solarzelle und somit zur Erhaltung eines optimalen Wirkungs- grads der Solarzelle und eines daraus gebildeten Solarzellenmoduls bei.Advantageously, the formation of the solder layer on the connecting conductor takes place without the use of flux. This contributes to the achievement of a completely flux-free solder joint between the connection conductor and the solar cell and thus to the maintenance of an optimum efficiency of the solar cell and of a solar cell module formed therefrom.
Gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform wird die thermische Energie zum Verbinden des Verbindungsleiters mit dem auf die Solarzelle aufgebrachten Lot durch eine Lichtquelle bereitgestellt. Es handelt sich hierbei also um einen so genannten "Lampenlötprozess", welcher sich durch eine be- sonders gute Wirtschaftlichkeit auszeichnet. Bevorzugt emittiert die Lichtquelle in einem Wellenlängenbereich, welcher zu einer besonders schnellen Erwärmung der Solarzelle auf Löttemperatur führt. Im Fall von Siliziumsolarzellen eignet sich hierfür insbesondere Licht im kurzwelligen In- frarotbereich.According to a further embodiment, the thermal energy for connecting the connection conductor to the solder applied to the solar cell is provided by a light source. This is a so-called "lamp soldering process", which is characterized by a especially good economy distinguishes. Preferably, the light source emits in a wavelength range which leads to a particularly rapid heating of the solar cell to soldering temperature. In the case of silicon solar cells, light in the short-wave infrared range is particularly suitable for this purpose.
Vorteilhafterweise erfolgt die Verbindung von Verbindungsleiter und Solarzelle in einem Durchlaufprozess. Ein derartiger Prozess erlaubt auf besonders wirtschaftliche Weise eine elektrische Verschaltung einer Viel- zahl von Solarzellen und ermöglicht somit letztlich eine besonders kostengünstige Modulherstellung. Für einen Durchlaufprozess ist die Zuführung der thermischen Energie mittels einer Lichtquelle besonders gut geeignet.Advantageously, the connection of connecting conductor and solar cell takes place in a continuous process. Such a process allows particularly economical electrical connection of a large number of solar cells and thus ultimately enables particularly cost-effective module production. For a continuous process, the supply of thermal energy by means of a light source is particularly well suited.
Weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist außerdem eine Solarzelle mit we- nigstens einem Verbindungsleiter zur elektrischen Verbindung der Solarzellen mit z.B. einer weiteren Solarzelle, wobei der Verbindungsleiter mittels einer flussmittelfreien Lötverbindung an der Solarzelle angebracht ist. Die Flussmittelfreiheit der Lötverbindung trägt, wie bereits mehrfach erwähnt wurde, zur Erreichung und Erhaltung eines optimalen Wirkungs- grades eines die Solarzelle umfassenden Solarzellenmoduls bei.A further subject of the invention is also a solar cell with at least one connecting conductor for the electrical connection of the solar cells with e.g. a further solar cell, wherein the connecting conductor is attached by means of a flux-free solder joint to the solar cell. The flux freedom of the solder joint, as has already been mentioned several times, contributes to the achievement and maintenance of an optimum efficiency of a solar cell module comprising the solar cell.
Vorzugsweise ist der Verbindungsleiter direkt, d.h. ohne eine zusätzliche metallische Zwischenschicht, an eine an der Rückseite der Solarzelle vorgesehene Aluminiumschicht angelötet. Durch das direkte Anlöten des Verbindungsleiters an die Aluminium Schicht kann auf einen zusätzlichen, z.B. Silber aufweisenden, Anschlusskontakt verzichtet werden, durch welchen der Wirkungsgrad der Solarzelle beeinträchtigt würde. Das direkte Anlöten des Verbindungsleiters an die Aluminiumschicht trägt also zum Erhalt eines optimalen Wirkungsgrades der Solarzelle für sich genommen und somit letztlich auch eines die Solarzelle umfassenden Solarzellenmoduls bei.Preferably, the connection conductor is soldered directly, ie without an additional metallic intermediate layer, to an aluminum layer provided on the rear side of the solar cell. By directly soldering the connecting conductor to the aluminum layer can be dispensed with an additional, for example, silver, connection contact, by which the efficiency of the solar cell would be impaired. The direct soldering of the connecting conductor to the aluminum layer thus contributes to maintain optimum efficiency of the solar cell taken by itself and thus ultimately also a solar cell module comprising the solar cell.
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung rein beispielhaft anhand einer vorteilhaf- ten Ausführungsform unter Bezugnahme auf die beigefügte Zeichnung beschrieben. Es zeigen:The invention will be described below purely by way of example with reference to an advantageous embodiment with reference to the accompanying drawings. Show it:
Fig. 1 eine Anordnung von mehreren in Reihe geschalteten Solarzellen im Querschnitt;1 shows an arrangement of a plurality of solar cells connected in series in cross section.
Fig. 2 eine Draufsicht auf eine Vorderseite einer Solarzelle vonFig. 2 is a plan view of a front side of a solar cell of
Fig. 1; undFig. 1; and
Fig. 3 eine Draufsicht auf eine Rückseite einer Solarzelle von Fig. 1.FIG. 3 is a plan view of a back side of a solar cell of FIG. 1. FIG.
In Fig. 1 sind drei Solarzellen 10 dargestellt, die mit Hilfe von Verbindungsleitern 12 elektrisch in Reihe geschaltet sind. Die Anzahl der in Reihe geschalteten Solarzellen 10 ist nicht auf drei beschränkt, sondern hängt letztlich von der Größe des Solarzellenmoduls ab, zu dem die Solarzellen 10 zusammengefasst werden sollen.In Fig. 1, three solar cells 10 are shown, which are electrically connected in series by means of connecting conductors 12. The number of series-connected solar cells 10 is not limited to three, but ultimately depends on the size of the solar cell module, to which the solar cells 10 are to be summarized.
Im vorliegenden Ausführungsbeispiel handelt es sich bei den Solarzellen 10 um Siliziumsolarzellen, die in bekannter Weise aus einem kristallinen Siliziummaterial 14 gebildet sind und an ihrer Vorderseite eine Vorderseitenmetallisierung 16 sowie an ihrer Rückseite eine Rückseitenmetallisierung 18 aufweisen.In the present exemplary embodiment, the solar cells 10 are silicon solar cells which are formed in a known manner from a crystalline silicon material 14 and have on their front side a front-side metallization 16 and on their rear side a back-side metallization 18.
Wie Fig. 2 zu entnehmen ist, umfasst die Vorderseitenmetallisierung 16 jeder Solarzelle 10 zwei parallel zueinander angeordnete Stromsammelab- schnitte 20 sowie eine Vielzahl von Fingerabschnitten 22, die sich quer zu den Stromsammeiabschnitten 20 erstrecken und jeweils mit einem der Stromsammeiabschnitte 20 elektrisch leitend verbunden sind.As can be seen from FIG. 2, the front-side metallization 16 of each solar cell 10 comprises two current collection elements arranged parallel to one another. 20 and a plurality of finger portions 22, which extend transversely to the current collecting sections 20 and are each electrically connected to one of the current collecting sections 20.
Die Rückseitenmetallisierung 18 jeder Solarzelle 10 ist durch eine Aluminiumschicht 24 gebildet, welche die Rückseite der Solarzelle 10 im Wesentlichen ganzflächig bedeckt (Fig. 3).The backside metallization 18 of each solar cell 10 is formed by an aluminum layer 24 which covers the backside of the solar cell 10 substantially over the entire area (FIG. 3).
Wie Fig. 1 zeigt, sind zur Reihenverschaltung der Solarzellen 10 jeweils die Rückseitenmetallisierung 18 einer Solarzelle 10 und die Vorderseitenmetallisierung 16 einer benachbarten Solarzelle 10 durch zwei Verbindungsleiter 12 miteinander verbunden.As shown in FIG. 1, the back side metallization 18 of a solar cell 10 and the front side metallization 16 of an adjacent solar cell 10 are interconnected by two connection conductors 12 for series connection of the solar cells 10.
Im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel erstrecken sich die Verbindungslei- ter 12 jeweils sowohl über die gesamte Länge der Vorderseite als auch über die gesamte Länge der Rückseite einer Solarzelle 10. Grundsätzlich ist es jedoch auch möglich, die Verbindungsleiter 12 kürzer auszubilden, so dass sie die Vorder- bzw. Rückseite einer Solarzelle 10 nur zum Teil überdecken.In the illustrated embodiment, the Verbindungslei- ter 12 extend both over the entire length of the front and over the entire length of the back of a solar cell 10. In principle, however, it is also possible to make the connecting conductors 12 shorter, so that they the front or Cover the back of a solar cell 10 only partially.
Wie Fig. 2 zeigt, sind die Verbindungsleiter 12 mit den Stromsammeiabschnitten 20 ausgerichtet, genauer gesagt liegen sie auf diesen auf.As shown in Fig. 2, the connection conductors 12 are aligned with the current collecting sections 20, more precisely they are applied thereto.
Die Verbindungsleiter 12 sind mittels eines Weichlots 26, 28 sowohl mit den Stromsammeiabschnitten 20 als auch mit der Aluminiumschicht 24 direkt verbunden, d.h. weder zwischen Stromsammeiabschnitt 20 und Verbindungsleiter 12, noch zwischen Aluminiumschicht 24 und Verbindungsleiter 12 ist eine zusätzliche Metallschicht angeordnet. Die Verbindungsleiter 12 können beispielsweise aus einem flachen Kupferband gebildet sein, welches bereits vor der Anbringung an den Solarzellen 10 mit einer Lotschicht versehen, d.h. also vorbelotet wurde.The connecting conductors 12 are connected directly to the current collecting sections 20 as well as to the aluminum layer 24 by means of a soft solder 26, 28, ie neither an additional current collecting section 20 and connecting conductor 12, nor between aluminum layer 24 and connecting conductor 12 an additional metal layer. The connecting conductors 12 may be formed, for example, from a flat copper strip, which has already been provided with a solder layer prior to attachment to the solar cells 10, ie has been preloaded.
Die Anbringung der Verbindungsleiter 12 an den Solarzellen 10 wird nachfolgend näher erläutert.The attachment of the connection conductors 12 to the solar cells 10 will be explained in more detail below.
Zunächst wird in den Bereichen der Solarzellen 10, in welchen ein Verbindungsleiter 12 angebracht werden soll, ein Weichlot 26, 28 in Form einer streifenförmigen Lotbahn aufgebracht. Dabei erfolgt sowohl das Be- loten der Vorderseite der Solarzellen 10 als auch das BeIo ten der Rückseite der Solarzellen 10 unter Ausschluss von Flussmittel.First, in the regions of the solar cells 10, in which a connecting conductor 12 is to be attached, a soft solder 26, 28 is applied in the form of a strip-shaped solder path. In this case, both the illumination of the front side of the solar cells 10 and the heating of the rear side of the solar cells 10 are carried out with the exclusion of flux.
Im vorliegenden Ausführungsbeispiel wird zunächst die Vorderseite und anschließend die Rückseite der Solarzellen 10 belotet. Es ist jedoch auch möglich, erst die Rückseite und dann die Vorderseite oder sogar beide Seiten gleichzeitig zu beloten.In the present exemplary embodiment, first the front side and then the rear side of the solar cells 10 are soldered. However, it is also possible to solder first the back and then the front or even both sides at the same time.
Das Lot 26 der Vorderseite wird direkt auf die Stromsammeiabschnitte 20 der Vorderseitenmetallisierung 16 aufgebracht, und zwar mittels eines Ultraschall-Lötprozesses. Zu diesem Zweck wird eine Ultraschall-Sono- trode bei Löttemperatur und unter Zuführung von Lotdraht in einer zur Vorderseite der Solarzelle 10 parallelen Bewegung über die Stromsammeiabschnitte 20 hinweg bewegt. Anstelle der Zuführung eines Lotdrahts ist es auch möglich, Lotformteile auf die Stromsammeiabschnitte 20 aufzulegen und die Ultraschall- Sonotrode bei Löttemperatur entsprechend über diese hinweg zu bewegen.The front side solder 26 is directly applied to the current collecting sections 20 of the front side metallization 16 by means of an ultrasonic soldering process. For this purpose, an ultrasonic sonotrode is moved over the current collecting sections 20 at soldering temperature and with the supply of solder wire in a movement parallel to the front side of the solar cell 10. Instead of supplying a solder wire, it is also possible to place solder preforms on the current collection sections 20 and to move the ultrasonic sonotrode at soldering temperature accordingly over them.
Durch den Einsatz der Ultraschall- Sonotrode werden Oxidschichten, die sich auf den Stromsammeiabschnitten 20 und/ oder auf dem Lotdraht bzw. einem Lotformteil ausgebildet haben, aufgebrochen, so dass eine stoffschlüssige Verbindung von Lot 26 und Stromsammeiabschnitt 20 mit optimalen elektrischen Eigenschaften und insbesondere mit einem minimalem Kontaktwiderstand erreicht wird.By using the ultrasonic sonotrode, oxide layers are deposited on the current collecting sections 20 and / or on the soldering wire or have formed a solder preform, broken, so that a cohesive connection of solder 26 and current collection section 20 is achieved with optimal electrical properties and in particular with a minimal contact resistance.
In entsprechender Weise erfolgt die Belotung der Rückseite der Solarzellen 10. Hierbei wird das Lot 28 in Form von Streifen direkt auf die Aluminiumschicht 24 der Rückseitenmetallisierung 18 aufgebracht, d.h. also ohne dass eine zusätzliche, beispielsweise Silber aufweisende, Metall- schicht zwischen der Aluminiumschicht 24 und dem Weichlot 26 ausgebildet wird.Correspondingly, the soldering of the back side of the solar cells 10 takes place. Here, the solder 28 is applied in the form of strips directly onto the aluminum layer 24 of the backside metallization 18, i. Thus, without an additional, for example, silver, metal layer between the aluminum layer 24 and the soft solder 26 is formed.
Nach der vorder- und rückseitigen Belotung der Solarzellen 10 werden diese durch die Verbindungsleiter 12 miteinander verbunden. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Solarzellen 10 in einer bestimmungsgemäßen Lage relativ zueinander positioniert und die Verbindungsleiter 12 so auf bzw. unter den Solarzellen 10 angeordnet, dass sie sowohl mit dem vorderseitigen Lot 26 einer Solarzelle als auch mit dem rückseitigen Lot 28 einer benachbarten Solarzelle 10 in Kontakt stehen.After the front and back Belotung the solar cell 10, these are connected by the connecting conductor 12 with each other. For this purpose, the solar cells 10 are positioned in a predetermined position relative to each other and the connecting conductors 12 are arranged on or below the solar cells 10 that they both with the front side Lot 26 of a solar cell and with the back Lot 28 of an adjacent solar cell 10 in Standing in contact.
Anschließend werden die so angeordneten Solarzellen 10 und Verbindungsleiter 12 zur stoffflüssigen Verbindung der Verbindungsleiter 12 mit dem vorderseitigen bzw. rückseitigen Lot 26, 28 in einem Durchlaufpro- zess auf Löttemperatur erwärmt. Dabei sind die Verbindungsleiter 12 zur Erreichung einer optimalen Lötverbindung mit einer flussmittelfreien Lotschicht versehen.Subsequently, the solar cells 10 and connecting conductors 12 thus arranged are heated to the soldering temperature in a continuous process for the material-liquid connection of the connecting conductors 12 to the front and back-side solder 26, 28. In this case, the connecting conductors 12 are provided to achieve an optimum solder joint with a flux-free solder layer.
Die zur Erwärmung auf Löttemperatur erforderliche thermische Energie wird durch eine Lichtquelle bereitgestellt, an welcher die Solarzellen 10 und Verbindungsleiter 12 vorbeibewegt werden. Dabei reichen geringfügi- ge, durch ein Transportsystem für die Solarzellen 10 hervorgerufene Relativbewegungen aus, um bei Löttemperatur eine zuverlässige Verbindung zwischen den vorbeloteten Verbindungsleitern 12 und den vorbeloteten Solarzellen 10 herzustellen.The thermal energy required for heating to the soldering temperature is provided by a light source, past which the solar cells 10 and connecting conductors 12 pass. Here, minor ge, caused by a transport system for the solar cells 10 relative movements to produce a reliable connection between the pre-soldered connection conductors 12 and the pre-soldered solar cells 10 at soldering temperature.
Das stoffschlüssige Verbinden der Verbindungsleiter 12 mit den Solarzellen 10 geschieht mit anderen Worten also durch einen so genannten Lam- penlötprozess. Die Lichtquelle ist dabei so angeordnet, dass sie die Vorderseite der Solarzellen 10 bestrahlt. Bei der Lichtquelle kann es sich z.B. um eine Halogenlampe handeln, die Licht im kurzwelligen Infrarotbereich emittiert, welches zu einer besonders schnellen Erwärmung der Solarzellen 10 führt.The cohesive connection of the connecting conductors 12 to the solar cells 10 is done in other words, ie by a so-called lamp soldering process. The light source is arranged so that it irradiates the front side of the solar cells 10. The light source may be e.g. to act a halogen lamp that emits light in the short-wave infrared range, which leads to a particularly rapid heating of the solar cell 10.
Im Ergebnis wird auf diese Weise eine zuverlässige und vollständig fluss- mittelfreie Lötverbindung zwischen den Verbindungsleitern 12 und den Solarzellen 10 erreicht. As a result, a reliable and completely flux-free solder joint between the connecting conductors 12 and the solar cells 10 is achieved in this way.
BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
10 Solarzelle10 solar cell
12 Verbindungsleiter 14 Siliziummaterial12 connecting conductor 14 silicon material
16 Vorderseitenmetallisierung16 front side metallization
18 Rückseitenmetallisierung18 backside metallization
20 Stromsammeiabschnitt20 power collection section
22 Metallfinger 24 Aluminiumschicht22 metal fingers 24 aluminum layer
26 Weichlot26 soft solder
28 Weichlot 28 soft solder

Claims

Pate ntansprüche Sponsor claims
1. Verfahren zum Anbringen eines Verbindungsleiters (12) an einer photovoltaischen Solarzelle (10), bei dem ein Lot (26, 28), insbesondere Weichlot, mittels Ultraschall- Löten auf die Solarzelle (10) aufgebracht wird und der Verbindungsleiter (12) unter Zuführung von thermischer1. A method for attaching a connecting conductor (12) to a photovoltaic solar cell (10), in which a solder (26, 28), in particular soft solder, by means of ultrasonic soldering to the solar cell (10) is applied and the connecting conductor (12) below Supply of thermal
Energie durch das auf die Solarzelle (10) aufgebrachte Lot (26, 28) mit der Solarzelle (10) verbunden wird.Energy by the applied to the solar cell (10) solder (26, 28) is connected to the solar cell (10).
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Lot (26, 28) ohne Verwendung von Flussmittel auf die Solarzelle (10) aufgebracht wird.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the solder (26, 28) is applied to the solar cell (10) without the use of flux.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Lot (26, 28) bei Löttemperatur und unter Bewegung einer Ultraschall- Sonotrode parallel zur Oberfläche der Solarzelle (10), insbesondere parallel zur Oberfläche einer Metallisierung (16, 18) der Solarzelle (10), auf die Solarzelle (10) aufgebracht wird.3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the solder (26, 28) at soldering temperature and with movement of an ultrasonic sonotrode parallel to the surface of the solar cell (10), in particular parallel to the surface of a metallization (16, 18) of Solar cell (10), is applied to the solar cell (10).
4. Verfahren nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Lot (26, 28) in Form eines Lotdrahts oder eines auf die Solarzelle (10) aufgelegten Lotformteils aufgebracht wird. 4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the solder (26, 28) in the form of a solder wire or on the solar cell (10) applied Lotformteils is applied.
5. Verfahren nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Lot (26, 28) unter Ausbildung von streifenförmigen Lotbahnen auf die Solarzelle (10) aufgebracht wird.5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the solder (26, 28) is applied to the solar cell (10) to form strip-shaped solder webs.
6. Verfahren nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Lot (26, 28) direkt, d.h. ohne eine zusätzliche metallische Zwischenschicht, auf eine an der Rückseite der Solarzelle (10) vorgese- hene Aluminiumschicht (24) aufgebracht wird.6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the solder (26, 28) is directly, i. without an additional metallic intermediate layer, is applied to an aluminum layer (24) provided on the rear side of the solar cell (10).
7. Verfahren nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Lot (26) auf einen Stromsammeiabschnitt (20) einer an der Vor- derseite der Solarzelle (10) vorgesehenen Metallisierung (16) aufgebracht wird.7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the solder (26) on a current collection portion (20) of a front of the solar cell (10) provided metallization (16) is applied.
8. Verfahren nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Verbindungsleiter (12) vor dem Verbinden mit dem auf die Solarzelle (10) aufgebrachten Lot (26, 28) mit einer Lotschicht versehen wird.8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connecting conductor (12) is provided with a solder layer before joining with the solder (26, 28) applied to the solar cell (10).
9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dass die Ausbildung der Lotschicht auf dem Verbindungsleiter (12) ohne Verwendung von Flussmittel erfolgt. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the formation of the solder layer on the connecting conductor (12) takes place without the use of flux.
10. Verfahren nach zumindest einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die thermische Energie durch eine Lichtquelle bereitgestellt wird.10. The method according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the thermal energy is provided by a light source.
11. Verfahren nach zumindest einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Verbindung von Verbindungsleiter (12) und Solarzelle (10) in einem Durchlaufprozess erfolgt.11. The method according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connection of connecting conductor (12) and solar cell (10) takes place in a continuous process.
12. Solarzelle (10) mit wenigstens einem Verbindungsleiter (12) zur elektrischen Verbindung der Solarzelle (10) mit z.B. einer weiteren Solarzelle (10), wobei der Verbindungsleiter (12) mittels einer fluss- mittelfreien Lötverbindung an der Solarzelle (10) angebracht ist.12. Solar cell (10) with at least one connecting conductor (12) for the electrical connection of the solar cell (10) with e.g. a further solar cell (10), wherein the connecting conductor (12) by means of a flux-free solder joint on the solar cell (10) is mounted.
13. Solarzelle (10) nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Verbindungsleiter (12) direkt, d.h. ohne eine zusätzliche metallische Zwischenschicht, an eine an der Rückseite der Solarzelle (10) vorgesehene Aluminiumschicht (24) angelötet ist. Solar cell (10) according to claim 12, characterized in that the connecting conductor (12) is directly, i. without an additional metallic intermediate layer, is soldered to an aluminum layer (24) provided on the rear side of the solar cell (10).
PCT/EP2007/006454 2006-07-31 2007-07-19 Method for fitting a connecting conductor to a photovoltaic solar cell WO2008014900A1 (en)

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