WO2007144649A2 - Alimentation pour dispositif d'atomisation - Google Patents

Alimentation pour dispositif d'atomisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007144649A2
WO2007144649A2 PCT/GB2007/002244 GB2007002244W WO2007144649A2 WO 2007144649 A2 WO2007144649 A2 WO 2007144649A2 GB 2007002244 W GB2007002244 W GB 2007002244W WO 2007144649 A2 WO2007144649 A2 WO 2007144649A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
applied voltage
voltage
atomisation device
power supply
output signal
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2007/002244
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English (en)
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WO2007144649A3 (fr
Inventor
Robin Greenwood
Alastair Pirrie
Original Assignee
Aerstream Technology Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Aerstream Technology Limited filed Critical Aerstream Technology Limited
Publication of WO2007144649A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007144649A2/fr
Publication of WO2007144649A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007144649A3/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
    • B05B5/025—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns
    • B05B5/053—Arrangements for supplying power, e.g. charging power
    • B05B5/0533—Electrodes specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
    • B05B5/08—Plant for applying liquids or other fluent materials to objects
    • B05B5/10—Arrangements for supplying power, e.g. charging power

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an atomisation device, and in particular to a power supply for use with an atomisation device.
  • the atomisation device comprises first and second electrodes, one of which will be a spraying electrode and the other of which will be a reference or discharge electrode.
  • the power supply applies a voltage between the two electrodes, which as described below, causes liquid in the spraying electrode to be atomised.
  • Electrostatic spray devices employ an electric field to break up liquid by applying a potential difference between a spray electrode (into which the liquid is fed and ultimately exposed to the electric field), and a reference electrode somewhere in the vicinity. This type of spraying is well known, having been described by Sir Geoffrey Taylor in the Proceedings of the Royal Society - 1964, pages 383-397.
  • Electrospray This technique is often referred to as electrospray.
  • the matter to be sprayed or atomised is usually a liquid which is dispersed as an aerosol of substantially monodisperse particles.
  • Electrospray is exemplified in European patent 1,399,265 which is incorporated here by reference.
  • Atomisation of liquids is achieved through the generation of a high surface charge on a liquid by electronic means.
  • Dispersion of active ingredients carried in a liquid composition is achieved once a potential difference is applied between a spraying electrode (from which the liquid is dispersed) and a discharge or reference electrode, each of which is housed in a dielectric medium.
  • An efficient spray may be produced consisting of droplets of suitable dimension to be carried in the air and which do not rapidly sink to the ground under the influence of gravity.
  • the diameter of the droplets can (at least to some extent) be controlled by varying the applied voltage and liquid flow rate experimentally.
  • Droplets are initially carried away from the spraying electrode according to the local electric field. Their subsequent discharge by the discharge electrode in the proximity of the dielectric medium prevents attraction of the droplets back to the device. The emission of the liquid composition ceases immediately if the voltages on the electrodes are equalised.
  • spray conditions may be less than optimum, increasing the chance that droplets will deposit on the discharge electrode, the dielectric medium and, if present, any casing.
  • This deposition of spray droplets on the sprayhead may also occur as a result of relaxed formulation tolerances during the liquid composition such that its physical properties are not appropriate for the pre-selected output voltage across the sprayhead, or may occur due to degradation of the liquid composition for example because of chronic oxidation, or may occur as a result of degradation of the spray electrode or imprecise assembly of the sprayhead.
  • the result of these variations is that the electric field and/or ionic breeze on which the sprayed droplets are carried do not in fact carry them away from the sprayhead.
  • Operation of the sprayhead in high humidity, particularly condensing humidity such as in a domestic bathroom, may result in an electrical connection being made between the electrodes by liquid on the sprayhead, causing the surface resistance of the sprayhead to be reduced. This can result in a decrease in the voltage at the spray site to the point at which the air is no longer ionised and droplets can no longer be carried away from the spray electrode according to the local electric field. If the applied voltage required for the liquid composition to be atomised is lower than the voltage required to ionise the air, matter continues to be atomised from the electrospray site without being discharged and blown away on the ionic breeze.
  • United States patent 6,880,554 B1 discloses an inhaler whereby the path of the spray resulting from the spray means is, in part, defined by the air stream of a user's inhaled breath, which is caused to pass across the electrospray site and away from the discharge electrode.
  • United States patent 6,656,253 B2 teaches an apparatus whereby a charged spray is introduced into mechanically-derived airflow which forces the spray away from the issuing electrode to a collection reservoir.
  • Droplet deposition on or near the electrodes in the electrospray apparatus disclosed in United States patent 6,397,838 is said to be controlled by nozzle placement and geometry, but the device does exhibit variation in performance due to changes in local electrical field at the spray site.
  • the effects of liquid which has condensed onto the counter electrode of the device disclosed in United States patent 6,729,552 B1 are controlled by the optional application of heat and/or wicking material directly to the counter electrode.
  • the electrode itself may be heated in order to promote evaporation of matter which has landed on or condensed on the electrode.
  • a high surface area wicking material can be placed in contact with the electrode or elsewhere in the housing in order to prevent leaking of inefficiently-sprayed liquid composition from out of the device.
  • wicking material may serve as a reservoir for the liquid composition, potentially exposing the user to unknown amounts of active components of the liquid composition, some of which may be harmful or hazardous to human health.
  • US 6,274,202 discloses a method for controlling operation of powder spraying coating apparatus comprising automatically reducing both the discharge current and discharge voltage of the electrostatic charging means as the spray apparatus approaches a workpiece for the purpose of overcoming overcharging of the spray and an orange peel effect in the powder coating.
  • the device disclosed in US 6,274,202 comprises an oscillator used to drive a transformer, the secondary of which is connected to an EHT multiplier.
  • An indirect measure of the output power from the EHT multiplier is obtained by measuring the current flowing through the oscillator, and the output voltage of the oscillator is adjusted accordingly using a positive feedback technique to set an appropriate discharge current and discharge voltage as the spray apparatus approaches the workpiece.
  • the device cannot distinguish between power dissipated in the desired load (i.e. the actual output power) and the power dissipated as losses in the transformer and EHT multiplier. Furthermore, the device has no way of monitoring the actual output voltage and electrode current and so cannot employ feedback control of these to overcome any variation that may occur during use or due to manufacturing tolerances.
  • an eiectrospray device which can automatically respond to inefficient spray conditions which may be caused by relaxed manufacturing tolerances, extreme environmental conditions, condensation of vapour (such as water vapour) on the sprayhead, deposition of sprayed droplets or other liquid on the sprayhead or on the spraying or discharge electrode.
  • vapour such as water vapour
  • an atomisation device comprising a power supply for applying a voltage between first and second electrodes, the power supply comprising a control circuit adapted to control the applied voltage such that it has a desired value, and a monitoring circuit adapted to monitor the current flowing through the first and second electrodes and to vary the desired value depending on the monitored current in accordance with a predetermined characteristic.
  • the power supply is able to compensate for problems caused by inaccuracies in assembly and relaxed manufacturing tolerances along with any change in impedance between the electrodes which may be caused by condensation or deposition of sprayed droplets on the sprayhead.
  • the present invention therefore provides an atomisation device with a power supply which can accommodate variations in sprayhead manufacturing and compensate for problems caused by the environment within which the device is used and deposition of liquid on the sprayhead. It also broadens the range of formulations which may be used with such a device.
  • the word "monitor” is used in the sense that this current is monitored by direct measurement of the current flowing through the first and second electrode rather than by inference or calculation using a measurement taken of another voltage or current elsewhere in the circuit.
  • the atomisation device makes use of electrostatic propulsion of a substance, typically a liquid, to be atomised.
  • the first electrode is a spraying electrode and the second electrode is a reference electrode.
  • the first electrode is a reference electrode and the second electrode is a spraying electrode.
  • control circuit comprises an oscillator for producing an alternating current
  • power supply further comprises a converter circuit connected to the oscillator for generating the applied voltage from the alternating current
  • the converter circuit may comprise a charge pump and rectifier circuit, which typically will be a Cockcroft-Walton generator.
  • the control circuit may control the applied voltage by controlling the magnitude, frequency or duty cycle of oscillation of the oscillator.
  • the control circuit may receive an output signal indicating the monitored current from the monitoring circuit and adjust the magnitude, frequency or duty cycle of oscillation of the oscillator to vary the desired value of the voltage between the first and second electrodes depending on the monitored current in accordance with the predetermined characteristic.
  • the control circuit controls the applied voltage by causing the oscillator to produce bursts of alternating current at a predetermined frequency, the duration and/or duty cycle of the bursts determining the value of the applied voltage.
  • control circuit may receive an output signal indicating the monitored current from the monitoring circuit and adjust the duration and/or duty cycle of the bursts to vary the desired value of the voltage between the first and second electrodes depending on the monitored current in accordance with the predetermined characteristic.
  • the monitoring circuit may use any conventional current measurement technique to measure the current flowing in the first and second electrodes.
  • a current transformer may be used.
  • the monitoring circuit monitors the current by measuring the voltage across a resistor in series with either of the first or second electrodes.
  • the monitoring circuit is further adapted to monitor the applied voltage and to supply an output signal indicating the monitored voltage to the control circuit so that it can control the applied voltage to have the desired value.
  • This provides a closed-loop control of the applied voltage. Whilst it would be possible to make use of an open-loop control technique, it will be appreciated that this is less desirable because it is far harder to stabilise the applied voltage at the desired value.
  • the monitoring circuit monitors the applied voltage by measuring the voltage at the junction of two resistors forming a potential divider connected between the first and second electrodes.
  • the monitoring circuit monitors the applied voltage by measuring the voltage across a diode connected in series with a biassing resistor between the first and second electrodes.
  • the voltage measured across the diode may be the forward or reverse voltage depending on whether the diode is forward or reverse biassed, which in turn will depend on the relative potentials of the two electrodes.
  • the atomisation device comprises a converter circuit comprising a charge pump and rectifier circuit, such as a Cockcroft-Walton generator
  • the monitoring circuit may monitor the applied voltage by measuring the voltage developed at a node within the charge pump and rectifier circuit.
  • the monitoring circuit may comprise an analogue to digital converter adapted to generate digital representations of signals representing the applied voltage and the monitored current, a processor for receiving the digital representations and generating a corresponding digital signal in accordance with a predetermined algorithm, and a digital to analogue converter adapted to generate an analogue output signal from the digital signal, the analogue output signal being supplied to the control circuit.
  • the device may further comprise a temperature sensor for monitoring the ambient temperature and generating a corresponding output signal representing the monitored ambient temperature, the control circuit being responsive to the output signal from the temperature sensor to adjust the predetermined characteristic in accordance with a monitored ambient temperature.
  • the atomisation device may further comprise a humidity sensor for monitoring the ambient humidity and generating a corresponding output signal representing the monitored ambient humidity, the control circuit being responsive to the output signal from the humidity sensor to adjust the predetermined characteristic in accordance with the monitored ambient humidity.
  • the atomisation device may further comprise a pressure sensor for monitoring the ambient pressure and generating a corresponding output signal representing the monitored ambient pressure, the control signal being responsive to the output signal from the pressure sensor to adjust the predetermined characteristic in accordance with the monitored ambient pressure.
  • the atomisation device may advantageously further comprise an interrogator circuit for reading an identifier from an identification element associated with a reservoir containing liquid to be sprayed in use and generating an output signal representing the identifier, the control circuit being responsive to the output signal from the interrogator circuit to adjust the predetermined characteristic in accordance with the identifier read from the identification element.
  • an atomisation device comprising a power supply for applying a voltage between first and second electrodes and a sensor for monitoring at least one ambient condition and generating at least one corresponding output signal representing the at least one monitored ambient condition, the power supply being adapted to receive the at least one output signal and to control the applied voltage depending on the at least one monitored ambient condition in accordance with a predetermined characteristic.
  • the at least one ambient condition may include one or more of the ambient temperature, the ambient humidity and the ambient pressure.
  • the power supply comprises an oscillator for producing an alternating current, and a converter circuit connected to the oscillator for generating the applied voltage from the alternating current.
  • the converter circuit may comprise a charge pump and rectifier circuit, such as a Cockcroft-Walton generator.
  • the power supply controls the applied voltage by controlling the magnitude, frequency or duty cycle of oscillation to the oscillator.
  • the power supply controls the applied voltage by causing the oscillator to produce bursts of alternating current at a predetermined, frequency, the duration and/or duty cycle of the bursts determining the value of the applied voltage.
  • the power supply is further adapted to monitor the applied voltage so that it can control the applied voltage in accordance with the predetermined characteristic.
  • the power supply may monitor the applied voltage by measuring the voltage at the junction of two resistors forming a potential divider connected between the first and second electrode.
  • the power supply may monitor the applied voltage by measuring the voltage across a diode connected in series with a biassing resistor between the first and second electrodes.
  • the voltage measured across the diode may be the forward or reverse voltage depending on whether the diode is forward or reverse biassed, which in turn will depend on the relative potentials of the two electrodes.
  • the power supply monitors the applied voltage by measuring the voltage developed at a node within the charge pump and rectifier circuit.
  • the power supply comprises an analogue to digital converter adapted to generate a digital representation of a signal representing the applied voltage, a processor for receiving the digital representation of the signal representing the applied voltage along with a digital representation of the at least one monitored ambient condition and generating a corresponding digital signal in accordance with a predetermined algorithm, and a digital to analogue converter adapted to generate an analogue output signal from the digital signal, the analogue output signal being used to control the applied voltage.
  • the atomisation device may further comprise an interrogator circuit for reading an identifier from an identification element associated with a reservoir containing liquid to be sprayed from the first or second electrode in use and generating an output signal representing the identifier, the power supply being responsive to the output signal from the interrogator circuit to adjust the predetermined characteristic in accordance with the identifier read from the identification element.
  • an atomisation device comprising a power supply for applying a voltage between first and second electrodes and an interrogator circuit for reading an identifier from an identification element associated with a reservoir containing liquid to be sprayed in use and generating an output signal representing the identifier, the power supply being adapted to receive the output signal and to control the applied voltage such that it has a desired value depending on the identifier read from the identification element.
  • the power supply can adjust the voltage between the two electrodes accordingly in order to optimise the voltage for the particular liquid to be sprayed.
  • the interrogator circuit may be adapted to measure the resistance of the identification element, the resistance of the identification element representing the identifier.
  • the identification element will usually be a resistor.
  • the interrogator circuit may be a radiofrequency identification (RFID) reader adapted to receive an identifier stored in the identification element.
  • RFID radiofrequency identification
  • the identification element will usually be an RFID tag.
  • the power supply comprises an oscillator for producing an alternating current, and a converter circuit connected to the oscillator for generating the applied voltage from the alternating current.
  • the converter circuit comprises a charge pump and rectifier circuit, such as a Cockcroft-Walton generator.
  • the power supply controls the applied voltage by controlling the magnitude, frequency or duty cycle of oscillation of the oscillator. In another embodiment, the power supply controls the applied voltage by causing the oscillator to produce bursts of alternating current at a predetermined frequency, the duration and/or duty cycle of the bursts determining the value of the applied voltage.
  • the power supply is preferably further adapted to monitor the applied voltage so that it can control the applied voltage to have the desired value.
  • the power supply may do this by monitoring the applied voltage by measuring the voltage at the junction of two resistors forming a potential divider connected between the first and second electrodes.
  • the power supply may monitor the applied voltage by measuring the voltage across a diode connected in series with a biassing resistor between the first and second electrodes.
  • the voltage measured across the diode may be the forward or reverse voltage depending on whether the diode is forward or reverse biassed, which in turn will depend on the relative potentials of the two electrodes.
  • Another alternative involves monitoring the applied voltage by measuring the voltage developed at a node within the charge pump and rectifier circuit.
  • the power supply comprises an analogue to digital converter adapted to generate a digital representation of a signal representing the applied voltage, a processor for receiving the digital representation of the signal representing the applied voltage along with a digital representation of the identifier read from the identification element and generating a corresponding digital signal in accordance with a predetermined algorithm, and a digital to analogue converter adapted to generate an analogue output signal from the digital signal, the analogue output signal being used to control the applied voltage.
  • the atomisation device may further comprise a temperature sensor for monitoring the ambient temperature and generating a corresponding output signal representing the monitored ambient temperature, the power supply being responsive to the output signal from the temperature sensor to adjust the desired value of the applied voltage in accordance with the monitored ambient temperature.
  • the atomisation device may further comprise a humidity sensor for monitoring the ambient humidity and generating a corresponding output signal representing the monitored ambient humidity, the power supply being responsive to the output signal from the humidity sensor to adjust the desired value of the applied voltage in accordance with the monitored ambient humidity.
  • the atomisation device may further comprise a pressure sensor for monitoring the ambient pressure and generating a corresponding output signal representing the monitored ambient pressure, the power supply being responsive to the output signal from the pressure sensor to adjust the desired value of the applied voltage in accordance with the monitored ambient pressure.
  • Figure 1 shows an electrospray device suitable for dispensing compositions
  • Figure 2 shows an alternative electrospray electrode and reservoir together with cut-away views of the interior components
  • Figure 3 shows a dispenser spray surface configuration
  • Figure 4 shows a prior art power supply suitable for driving an electrospray device
  • Figure 5 shows load response curves for three different control configurations with the same reference conditions
  • Figure 6a shows a first embodiment of a power supply suitable for driving an electrospray device and
  • Figure 6b shows the corresponding range of load response curves
  • Figure 7a shows a second embodiment of a power supply suitable for driving an electrospray device and Figure 7b shows the corresponding load response curves;
  • Figure 8 shows a third embodiment of a power supply suitable for driving an electrospray device
  • Figure 9 shows a fourth embodiment of a power supply suitable for driving an electrospray device
  • Figure 10 shows the load curves for three different formulations in the same sprayhead superimposed on the load response curves of Figure 7b;
  • FIG 11 shows the load curves for two different sprayheads spraying the same formulation superimposed on the load response curves of Figure 7b;
  • Figure 12 shows the circuit diagram for part of the power supply.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of an electrospray device as described in European patent 1 ,399,265 suitable for use with this invention. It comprises a spray electrode 1 located near the outlet surface 5 of the device, with another reference and discharging electrode 3 in close proximity, also located near the device outlet surface 5. When configured in an open geometry, both electrodes are generally protected from user interference by sheltering inside separate recesses 2, 4 in the outlet surface 5.
  • the outlet surface 5 is formed from a dielectric material, which is selected such that it leaks charge at a slow rate so that any charge deposited by way of ions or charged particles does not migrate or leak away immediately. This ensures that these dielectric recesses 2, 4 retain a slight charge of the same polarity as the electrodes they house.
  • the device is polarity independent.
  • the spray electrode 1 can be at any voltage (positive or negative) and the discharging electrode 3 at any other voltage - provided only that the potential difference is sufficient to create the spray in the first instance.
  • the range of workable potential differences depends on the distance between the two electrodes, their relative position with respect to the outlet surface, the shape or contour of the spray surface, and the size of the recesses themselves. Potential differences can range from 1-2 kV, up to 30 kV or more, and can be both positive or negative in relative polarity.
  • the spray electrode 1 in this example comprises a 30-gauge metal capillary and the discharging electrode 3 comprises a sharp, stainless steel pin, 0.6 mm in diameter.
  • the two longitudinal axes of the cylindrical recesses 2 and 4 are perpendicular to the spray outlet surface 5, which is manufactured from a dielectric material.
  • the material is nylon and the spray outlet surface 5 is flat.
  • other materials and curved surfaces can be used provided that there is sufficient charge retention at the spray outlet surface 5 to deflect the spray and charge carriers away from the device and electrodes.
  • RFID radio frequency identification
  • FIG. 1 shows an alternative reservoir and capillary unit for use with the present invention where the discharge electrode 3 is optionally not a component of the capillary unit.
  • the reservoir 8 is provided by way of a flexible container having two flexible walls sealed by seal 21 , a spray electrode 1 is in fluid communication with reservoir 8. The spray electrode 1 lies in the seal 21.
  • the conduit 1 in this example comprises a 27-gauge capillary, such as a stainless steel capillary, but could just as easily be made of any semi-conductive material including for example modified plastics.
  • the flexible reservoir in this example comprises walls made from a film of Polypropylene/Aluminium/PET laminates, although there are many other possible materials that can be used on their own or laminated with others in many combinations.
  • the flexible reservoir and conduit system is physically protected by a housing 22, which can either be a separate entity that accepts and locates the flexible reservoir and conduit system or be included integrally during manufacture.
  • one or more RFID tags may be embedded in or mounted on the housing 22.
  • An RFID tag which is in communication with or embedded in the reservoir 8 or the protective structure 22 may be active, preferably semi-passive, or more preferably passive.
  • the RFID tag may contain a globally unique identifier (GUID) or non-volatile electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) or a combination of these.
  • GUID globally unique identifier
  • EEPROM electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory
  • a lid 24 provides a means to support the sealing member 23 and maintain its sealing position when it is applied to the end of the capillary 1.
  • the housing 22 can further provide location and support for connections to the conduit 1 or reservoir 8, for example to apply motion (such as vibration) or a high voltage connection 25, which makes an electrical contact with the spray electrode 1.
  • liquid composition exposed at the tip of the spray electrode 1 is subject to a strong electric field, which acts against the surface tension of the liquid, causing it to break up into charged droplets.
  • the electric field also creates ions of opposite polarity to the spray at the discharge electrode 3 and through a combination of these two oppositely charged entities in the space in front of the spray outlet surface 5 the viscous drag of the droplets in the air becomes the dominant force on them, and they are propelled away from the device under the gentle breeze generated by the initially rapid movement of the original charged entities.
  • the spray surface illustrated in Figure 3 shows one possible spray surface.
  • the power source 11 is coupled to the spray electrode 1 and reference electrode 3 via a driving circuit such that the voltage generated by the power supply 10 is sufficient to produce a spray of liquid composition having desirable characteristics of droplet size, residual droplet charge and flow rate.
  • the potential difference applied between the spray electrode and the discharge electrode depends on the geometry (and dimensions) of the sprayhead, and could be anything from 1 to 40 kV.
  • the magnitude of this voltage is for instance in the range 3-6 kV, preferably 4.5-5.5 kV, ideally 4.9 kV, when the sprayhead load is equivalent to 6 G ⁇ .
  • the polarity on each electrode is not important, provided the aforementioned potential difference is maintained.
  • Figure 4 shows a prior art power supply capable of generating the high voltages required between the electrodes. It comprises four stages: a low voltage, direct current (DC) power source 40 (often one or more voltaic cells, which may combine to make a battery); a high-frequency Oscillator 41 creating bursts of alternating current (AC); an electromagnetic or piezoelectric Transformer 42 turning low-voltage AC into high-voltage AC; and a Charge Pump and rectifier 43 or Cockcroft-Walton generator, ramping up the high voltage AC even further and rectifying it back into DC.
  • DC direct current
  • AC alternating current
  • AC alternating current
  • an electromagnetic or piezoelectric Transformer 42 turning low-voltage AC into high-voltage AC
  • a Charge Pump and rectifier 43 or Cockcroft-Walton generator ramping up the high voltage AC even further and rectifying it back into DC.
  • a feedback network 44 which monitors the output and causes the Oscillator to activate as appropriate to maintain the voltage across the load 45 at the desired
  • a 'bleed' resistor 46 across the output which allows the charge to drain or 'bleed' from the Cockcroft-Walton generator, since the external load (the sprayhead) does not do so fast enough naturally, because the electrical resistance of the sprayhead is not proportional to the applied voltage.
  • Constant Current system where a reference voltage is defined at a typical sprayhead resistance, and then the current is maintained at this level.
  • the behaviour is slightly different: if the sprayhead resistance falls (say due to condensing humidity) the voltage drops away, which could be advantageous if it falls below the operating voltage of the sprayhead. Similarly, if the resistance of the sprayhead rises, (say due to droplet impaction on the discharge electrode), the voltage rises, helping to rid the discharge electrode of the impacted material.
  • a Constant Current circuit often causes problems due to the non-linearity of the sprayhead resistance. If the voltage falls, it often switches off the discharge current before it switches off the electrospray. This leads to some droplet impaction on the discharge electrode, and although this might cause the voltage to rise, in practice it never maintains its original level, and so this process amplifies until the reservoir is empty.
  • Figure 6a shows a first embodiment of power supply for use with an atomisation device according to this invention. As can be seen, this is similar in many respects to the prior art power supply shown in Figure 4. However, instead of the simple feedback arrangement shown in Figure 4, there is a more complex feedback network 60.
  • V f(R)
  • the bleed resistor 46 is no longer connected directly across the load 45 , but instead it is connected in series with a link resistor 62 across the load 45 (i.e. between the spraying and discharge electrodes).
  • the voltage at the junction of the bleed resistor 46 and link resistor 62 therefore represents the voltage across the load 45.
  • a choke resistor 61 is provided in series with the load 45 such that all the current passing through the spraying and discharge electrodes (and hence, load 45) will also pass through the choke resistor 61.
  • the choke resistor preferably has a value within the range 1 ⁇ to 1T ⁇ , and more preferably in the range 500 ⁇ to 100M ⁇ .
  • one end of the choke resistor 61 is connected to the ground reference point of the power supply, and therefore the voltage at the junction of the choke resistor and link resistor 62 represents the current flowing through the two electrodes and the load 45.
  • the signal across feedback resistor 63 is therefore the sum of a signal representing the voltage between the spraying and reference electrodes and a signal representing the current flowing through these electrodes.
  • Oscillator 41 generates bursts of alternating current at a predetermined frequency and duty cycle.
  • the oscillator is activated when the voltage across the feedback resistor 63 decreases below a threshold value (typically 1 volt) and is deactivated when the voltage rises above this value.
  • a threshold value typically 1 volt
  • Oscillator 41 therefore responds to the voltage on the feedback resistor 63 such that if the feedback voltage falls below the threshold, the bursts of AC from the Oscillator 41 occur more frequently, whereas if the voltage on the feedback resistor 63 rises, the bursts of AC from the Oscillator are less frequent.
  • the voltage dropped across choke resistor 61 When the current flowing through the electrodes is extremely low (i.e. the load impedance is very high) the voltage dropped across choke resistor 61 will be extremely small and may be neglected.
  • the signal across feedback resistor 63 therefore represents the voltage across the load only and this voltage will be controlled by activation and deactivation of the oscillator as appropriate to maintain the signal across feedback resistor at 1 volt.
  • the current increases, for example due to condensation on the sprayhead, then the voltage dropped across choke resistor 61 will increase.
  • the oscillator 41 will generate bursts as appropriate in order to maintain the signal across feedback resistor 63 as close to 1 volt as possible.
  • this signal now comprises a component representing the current through the electrodes as well as the voltage across the electrodes, this will have the effect of decreasing the voltage across the load 45 and hence the current through it to compensate. In other words, fewer bursts of oscillation are required to maintain the signal across feedback resistor 63 at 1 volt and the voltage across the electrodes is reduced. In this way, the efficiency of operation is improved and the battery life is preserved by adopting a new operating point at a lower current and voltage. This leads to lower running costs for users.
  • Figure 6b shows characteristic curves (voltage across the electrodes versus sprayhead load) with various values of bleed resistor 46, link resistor 62, choke resistor 61 and feedback resistor 63. It should be noted that the curve shown where the link resistor 62 has a value of O ⁇ is provided as a comparative example only and would be impractical for general use since if the link resistor 62 has a value of O ⁇ it is not possible to measure the voltage across the load 45 with the feedback network 60 shown.
  • the output resembles that of the tapped feedback of the Solo device mentioned before.
  • Choke and linking resistors 61 and 62 are chosen depending on, amongst other factors, circuit board layout, the quality and lossiness of components, electrode geometry and materials, the material to be sprayed, and the housing.
  • the values of resistance are selected to minimise restraints on manufacturing tolerances.
  • the feedback resistor 63 will be a potentiometer adjusted to obtain adequate circuit performance.
  • Figure 7a shows a second embodiment of power supply for use with this invention.
  • This embodiment is structurally very similar to the first embodiment, the only difference being the replacement of the link resistor 62 with a semiconductor diode 71 to produce a different feedback network 70.
  • the signal on feedback resistor 63 is now the sum of the voltage across choke resistor 61 which depends on the current flowing through the spraying and reference electrodes and the load 45, and the forward voltage of diode 71 , which is forward biassed by resistor 46.
  • the signal across the feedback resistor 63 will therefore vary in a non-linear fashion with variations in the voltage across the spraying and reference electrodes and with variations in the current flowing through the electrodes and load. We have found this non-linear characteristic to be particularly appropriate for use with electrospray atomisation devices.
  • the voltage across the electrodes is maintained at a constant value when the resistance of the load 45 is below some nominal reference load resistance, the choice of which would depend on the geometry of the sprayhead and the desired optimal voltage so that if for instance the sprayhead becomes more conductive, (such as in condensing humidity), the voltage does not drop, thus maintaining proper discharging of the spray.
  • a suitable value of the reference load resistance might be 5 to 20G ⁇ , i.e., 15G ⁇ . If the load resistance 45 increases above this nominal reference load value, however, the voltage rises with increasing load resistance.
  • the circuit responds by increasing the voltage, thus increasing the chance that the discharge electrode will electrostatically throw off the material deposited on it.
  • the solid line in figure 7b shows the characteristic curve of output voltage (i.e. across load 45) versus sprayhead load (in G ⁇ ) that is produced by this feedback network 70.
  • it shows the voltage-load curve from an example circuit where the bleed resistor 46 has a value of 4 G ⁇ , the choke resistor 61 of 44 M ⁇ , the link diode 71 is a BAV23S, and the feedback resistor 63 has a value of 5 M ⁇ .
  • the reference voltage was 4.8 kV at a reference load of 6 G ⁇ .
  • the proportion of feedback attributable to the reference electrode is determined by the value of the choke resistor 61 pathway. It is clear that if this has a low value this circuit maintains a more constant voltage, whilst at higher values the voltage rises faster.
  • the dashed line shows the equivalent characteristic of the tapped feedback already mentioned with respect to the Solo device. As can be seen, these characteristics are very similar around a load impedance of 6G ⁇ .
  • a third embodiment is shown in Figure 8. Again, this embodiment is very similar to the first and second embodiments. However, in this case the feedback signal used to control oscillator 41 is generated in the digital domain.
  • an analogue to digital converter 81 is used to monitor the output voltage from charge pump and rectifier 43 via bleed resistor 46 and the load current flowing through the spraying and reference electrodes and load 45. Each of these is converted into digital signals which are fed to a digital computer 82.
  • the digital computer 82 then processes these signals in accordance with a predetermined algorithm to generate a digital feedback signal which is supplied to digital to analogue converter 83. This generates an analogue signal from the digital feedback signal and supplies the analogue signal to oscillator 41 to control the activation and deactivation of this in order to control the output voltage in a desired manner.
  • the digital computer 82 can be used to generate any feedback response desired provided the frequency response of the computer 82 is sufficiently fast, such as above 1 kHz, which is usually the case.
  • one or more digital chips may be used instead of the digital computer. Schemes such as this have the advantage that different sprayheads can be detected by the feedback system and the feedback response can be adjusted accordingly, thereby providing a more flexible device.
  • the reservoir 8 may have an radiofrequency identification (RFID) tag mounted on it or embedded within it.
  • RFID tag transmits a signal identifying the liquid composition contained in the reservoir 8.
  • This signal can be detected by an RFID interrogator (not shown) and an output signal from the interrogator can be provided to the digital computer 82 which can then establish what liquid is being sprayed by the atomisation device.
  • the digital computer 82 can then adjust the digital feedback signal accordingly such that the voltage across the electrodes is set to the optimum value for the liquid being sprayed and the current flowing through the electrodes.
  • a second improvement involves responding to the ambient conditions in which the atomisation device is operating.
  • sensors may be connected to the digital computer 82 which detect one or more ambient conditions including the ambient temperature, pressure and humidity.
  • the digital computer can respond to the output signals from the sensors connected to it to adjust the digital feedback signal according to the ambient pressure, temperature and humidity (depending on what type of sensors are connected) such that the voltage across the electrodes is set to the optimum value for the ambient conditions and the current flowing through the electrodes.
  • the digital computer can receive inputs from both ambient condition sensors and a RFID interrogator and adjust the digital feedback signal according to a predetermined matrix of data or according to a suitable algorithm such that the appropriate voltage is applied across the electrodes for the ambient conditions and particular liquid being sprayed.
  • the digital computer may also control the duty cycle of electrospray dispersion of the liquid composition depending on the ambient conditions and/or liquid composition as identified by the RFID interrogator.
  • a fourth embodiment is shown in Figure 9. This is similar to the first and second embodiments.
  • the feedback network 91 monitors the voltage at a node within the charge pump and rectifier 43 via a trickle resistor 92.
  • the trickle resistor 92 is connected within the charge pump and rectifier 43 to one of the stages of the charge pump and hence the voltage it monitors is a fraction of the voltage between the spraying and reference electrodes. It therefore provides an alternative location from where the voltage across the electrodes can be monitored, albeit by indirect measurement.
  • the trickle resistor 92 can be provided as well as the bleed resistor 46, the feedback network 91 monitoring the voltage both directly across the electrodes and within the charge pump. Although the addition of the trickle resistor 92 adds components and requires a more complex feedback network 91 , it can be useful in the event that the current drawn by the load 45 exceeds the capacity of the charge pump. In this case, the voltage at any stage within the charge pump does not have a simple scalar relationship with the voltage across the electrodes. Therefore, useful information can be obtained by measuring the deviation from the desired scalar relationship.
  • the trickle resistor 92 can be provided instead of the bleed resistor 46, provided the value of the trickle resistor is such that it can discharge the charge pump sufficiently quickly when the circuit is switched off. In this case resistors with a lower voltage rating may be used, which are normally cheaper and may have a more accurate manufacturing tolerance.
  • the bleed resistor 46 alone is used where accurate detection of the output voltage is required.
  • the trickle resistor 92 is used where high-tolerance, low- cost components are desired to be used.
  • a multiplicity of trickle resistors is provided, each connected to a different stage of the charge pump.
  • This arrangement might be employed when the use of low-value resistors and the ability to interpolate or extrapolate losses in the charge pump and so infer an accurate value of the output voltage is desired.
  • This arrangement can also be used with the bleed resistor 46 present.
  • the present invention is able to accommodate a broadened range of formulations which create different levels of space charge and therefore provide different load characteristics. By detecting a rise in load current (which may be independent of output voltage), the feedback voltage rises and the output voltage is lowered to compensate.
  • Figure 10 shows a graph with the load response of Figure 7b superimposed on the load curves for three different liquid formulations spraying through the same sprayhead. It can be seen that these three liquids behave in different ways, exerting different loads on the driving circuit of the sprayhead.
  • Formulation 1 which follows the upper line on the graph, represents a liquid that sprays only at higher voltages. It can be seen that the 'tapped feedback' load response curve fails to intersect with the load curve for Formulation 1 , and only meets the curve for Formulation 2 tangentially. The practical consequence of this is that the combination of Formulation 1 and this sprayhead, driven by a 'tapped feedback' circuit set to 4.8 kV at 6 G ⁇ , will not form a stable output. In order to get this formulation to spray the circuit would have to be driven at a higher voltage, for instance at 5.2 kV at 6 G ⁇ .
  • Figure 11 shows the same load response curves for both a 'tapped feedback' circuit and the circuit illustrated in Figure 7a, which has a diode in the feedback network.
  • these two sprayheads were nominally identical, in other words they both met the same manufacturing specifications, they produce a slightly different load curve. This will be due to minor differences in the position of the electrodes and their surface finish. This variation in load curves is typical even with high standards of manufacturing tolerances. With more relaxed tolerances the differences in load curves would be more extreme.
  • the graphs in Figure 10 and Figure 11 demonstrate clearly the advantages of controlling the load response curve of a power supply 10 intended for use with an electrospray system.
  • the circuit of Figure 7a is able to create a stable spray voltage for a wider range of formulations and sprayheads, and therefore has wider commercial application.
  • Figure 12 shows part of a suitable circuit for use with the previously described embodiments.
  • Figure 12 shows the transformer 42 and suitable circuits for the Oscillator 41 and a Cockcroft-Walton generator (one stage only shown) for use as the charge pump and rectifier circuit 42.
  • the circuit is powered by a 6V dc source, such as a 6V battery pack, connected between J1 and electrical ground.
  • a 6V dc source such as a 6V battery pack
  • the Oscillator is a tuned primary push-pull Royer transistor type comprising a matched pair of transistors, Q1 and Q2.
  • Suitable transistors for Q1 and Q2 are the ZDT1048A, manufactured by Zetex PLC, Zetex Technology Park, Chadderton, Oldham, OL9 9LL, UK.
  • the operation of the oscillator is controlled by a MAX761 , manufactured by Maxim Integrated Products Inc., 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 USA which receives the output from the feedback network at the Feedback pin shown.
  • the MAX761 is a DC-DC converter control device, although generally any pulse width modulator or pulse frequency modulator may be used.
  • the transformer, TFR' has three primary windings and a secondary with a much higher number of turns than the primary windings.
  • a suitable transformer is the CTX01-15604X3 manufactured by Cooper Bussmann, Cooper Electronic Technologies, 1225 Broken Sound Pkwy NW, Suite F, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA.
  • the voltage at the feedback pin is zero and the oscillator is therefore turned on by the MAX761 control chip.
  • the voltage at the feedback pin is zero and the oscillator is therefore turned on by the MAX761 control chip.
  • the voltage at the feedback pin reaches a preset voltage the MAX761 turns the Oscillator off.
  • the MAX761 turns the Oscillator on and the cycle is repeated with the MAX761 allowing brief bursts of oscillation to maintain the desired output voltage.
  • An electrospray device often draws very little current, for example under 5 ⁇ A at 4.9kV, and under such circumstances the Oscillator need only be turned on for a short pulse length (typically less than 1 ms, preferably less than 500 ⁇ s, more preferably 250 ⁇ s when the pulse delay is approximately 15 ms), resulting in a very low mean current demand by the power supply 10 from the power source 11.
  • a power supply according to the present invention may draw as little as 2.5 mA mean current from a 6 V power source when producing approximately 4.9 kV output voltage at the electrospray site.
  • the power supply 10 described in this example produces a stable spray with efficient dispersion of the active component without observable deposition when used with an electrostatic spray device as exemplified by the dispensing device disclosed in European patent 1 ,399,265 for a continuous period of 1 day spraying continuously at a flow rate of approximately 5 g of formulation/day.
  • This power supply 10 may be used in combination with an electrospray, for example, to provide fragrance dispersal, or the delivery of odour eliminators, pest control agents, fungicides, air sanitizers, bactericides, anti-viral agents, healthcare agents, medicaments, therapeutic agents, pharmaceuticals, stimulants, relaxants, analgesics, anaesthetics, anti-depressants, biological entities, such as vitamins, hormones, semio-chemicals, neurotransmitters, blood parts, amino acids, peptides, poly-peptides, proteins, DNA, RNA, or other forms of nucleic acid.
  • an electrospray for example, to provide fragrance dispersal, or the delivery of odour eliminators, pest control agents, fungicides, air sanitizers, bactericides, anti-viral agents, healthcare agents, medicaments, therapeutic agents, pharmaceuticals, stimulants, relaxants, analgesics, anaesthetics, anti-depressants, biological entities, such as
  • the power supply 10 can be also be used in products that clear the air of smoke, bacteria, viruses, fungal spores, pollen, dust, house-dust-mite faeces, particulate-bound allergens and other airborne entities, amongst many other possible applications.
  • This power supply 10 is ideal for products that will be used in extreme circumstances, examples of which include but are not limited to: air cleaners, air sanitizers, air fresheners and/or chemical dispersal systems in public places, washrooms, ventilation systems, on transportation, as well as portable personal devices like perfume sprays, inhalers, and similar devices and the circuit may be used in one-shot, multiple-shot, timed-interval, burst or continuous systems, depending on the requirements of the application.
  • Activation of the atomisation device is achieved by coupling the power source 11 to the power supply 10.
  • the coupling may be made by physical means such as by a user-activated switch. Alternatively, the coupling may be made merely by insertion of the power source 11 into the atomisation device 10.
  • initiation of atomisation by provision of high voltage across the spraying and reference electrodes may conveniently be subject to certain further activation or deactivation switches which may optionally be programmed into an integrated circuit such as a programmable logic device (PLD).
  • PLD programmable logic device
  • the PLD controls all functions of the device, which may include control of the power supply, timers defining the duty cycle of activation and/or purging, activation of status indicators such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or loud speakers, and input from other activation means, including but not limited to light sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, remote control means (such as detection by an infra-red detection diode or radio-frequency receiver or transceiver).
  • control of the power supply timers defining the duty cycle of activation and/or purging
  • activation of status indicators such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or loud speakers
  • input from other activation means including but not limited to light sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, remote control means (such as detection by an infra-red detection diode or radio-frequency receiver or transceiver).
  • the PLD may be programmed to control the voltage output at the sprayhead, the duty cycle, the response to other further activation means or a combination of these according to a signal received by an RFID interrogator, being an antenna packaged with a transceiver and decoder.
  • a power supply as embodied in the present invention is the advantage of permitting an electrospray atomisation device to tolerate variation in the physical properties of the liquid compositions to be atomised at the spray site of an electrospray device and variation in the physical and geometric properties of the sprayhead, where such variation may arise due to inconsistencies in assembly and relative disposition of the spray electrode 1 and discharge electrode 3.

Landscapes

  • Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
  • Generation Of Surge Voltage And Current (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif d'atomisation qui comprend une alimentation permettant d'appliquer une tension entre des première et seconde électrodes. L'alimentation comprend un circuit de commande conçu pour réguler la tension appliquée de telle sorte qu'elle présente la valeur souhaitée, ainsi qu'un circuit de surveillance conçu pour surveiller le courant circulant au travers des première et seconde électrodes et pour modifier la valeur souhaitée en fonction du courant surveillé conformément à une caractéristique prédéterminée.
PCT/GB2007/002244 2006-06-16 2007-06-15 Alimentation pour dispositif d'atomisation WO2007144649A2 (fr)

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GB0612019A GB0612019D0 (en) 2006-06-16 2006-06-16 Load response circuit
GB0612019.0 2006-06-16

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WO2007144649A3 WO2007144649A3 (fr) 2008-03-27

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JP2014168739A (ja) * 2013-03-01 2014-09-18 Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd 静電噴霧装置、および静電噴霧装置における電流制御方法

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Cited By (14)

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EP2472545A4 (fr) * 2009-08-26 2013-01-02 Panasonic Corp Dispositif de décharge et dispositif d'atomisation électrostatique le comprenant
EP2472545A1 (fr) * 2009-08-26 2012-07-04 Panasonic Corporation Dispositif de décharge et dispositif d'atomisation électrostatique le comprenant
US10179338B2 (en) 2011-07-29 2019-01-15 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Electrostatic atomizer, and method for electrostatically atomizing by use of the same
WO2013018477A1 (fr) 2011-07-29 2013-02-07 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Atomiseur électrostatique et procédé d'atomisation électrostatique mettant en œuvre ledit atomiseur
CN103717312A (zh) * 2011-07-29 2014-04-09 住友化学株式会社 静电雾化器，和通过使用其进行静电雾化的方法
KR20140046020A (ko) 2011-07-29 2014-04-17 스미또모 가가꾸 가부시끼가이샤 정전 분무 장치 및 그 정전 분무 장치를 이용하여 정전 분무를 하는 방법
US20140151471A1 (en) * 2011-07-29 2014-06-05 Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited Electrostatic atomizer, and method for electrostatically atomizing by use of the same
CN103717312B (zh) * 2011-07-29 2016-04-20 住友化学株式会社 静电雾化器，和通过使用其进行静电雾化的方法
RU2596255C2 (ru) * 2011-07-29 2016-09-10 Сумитомо Кемикал Компани, Лимитед Электростатический распылитель и способ электростатического распыления посредством его использования
KR101942124B1 (ko) * 2011-07-29 2019-01-24 스미또모 가가꾸 가부시끼가이샤 정전 분무 장치 및 그 정전 분무 장치를 이용하여 정전 분무를 하는 방법
AU2012291395B2 (en) * 2011-07-29 2017-05-25 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Electrostatic atomizer, and method for electrostatically atomizing by use of the same
JP2014168739A (ja) * 2013-03-01 2014-09-18 Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd 静電噴霧装置、および静電噴霧装置における電流制御方法
US9937507B2 (en) 2013-03-01 2018-04-10 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Electrostatic spraying apparatus, and current control method for electrostatic spraying apparatus
EP2962764A4 (fr) * 2013-03-01 2016-11-02 Sumitomo Chemical Co Appareil de pulvérisation électrostatique et procédé de commande de courant pour appareil de pulvérisation électrostatique

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GB0612019D0 (en) 2006-07-26
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