Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
  • H04W52/04—Transmission power control [TPC]
  • H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
  • H04W52/14—Separate analysis of uplink or downlink
  • H04W52/143—Downlink power control
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
  • H04W52/04—Transmission power control [TPC]
  • H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
  • H04W52/14—Separate analysis of uplink or downlink
  • H04W52/146—Uplink power control
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
  • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
  • H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
  • H04W52/04—Transmission power control [TPC]
  • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
  • H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
  • H04W52/241—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters taking into account channel quality metrics, e.g. SIR, SNR, CIR or Eb/lo
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
  • H04W52/04—Transmission power control [TPC]
  • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
  • H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
  • H04W52/243—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters taking into account interferences
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
  • H04W52/04—Transmission power control [TPC]
  • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
  • H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
  • H04W52/247—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters where the output power of a terminal is based on a path parameter sent by another terminal

Definitions

• Example embodiments of the present invention relate generally to communications systems, and, more particularly, to wireless communication systems.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 100.
• the CDMA system includes a plurality of user equipments (UEs) 105 in communication with one or more serving Node Bs 120/ 125 over an air interface.
• the plurality of Node Bs are connected to a radio network controller (RNC) 130 with a wired interface.
• RNC radio network controller
• the functionality of both the RNC 130 and Node Bs 120/125 may be collapsed into a single entity referred to as a "base station router”.
• the RNC 130 accesses an internet 160 through a gateway support node (GSN) 150 and/or accesses a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 170 through a mobile switching center (MSC) 140.
• GSN gateway support node
• PSTN public switched telephone network
• MSC mobile switching center
• a power control mechanism is typically used to minimize power consumption and interference while maintaining a desired level of performance.
• this power control mechanism is implemented with two power control loops.
• the first power control loop (often referred to as an “inner” power control loop, or “ inner loop”) adjusts the transmit power to each mobile station or UE 105/110 such that the signal quality of the transmission received at the UE receiver (e.g., as measured by a signal-to- noise ratio) is maintained at a target signal-to-interference+noise (SINR) ratio, or target Eb/No.
• SINR target signal-to-interference+noise
• the target SINR or Eb/No where Eb is the energy per information bit, and No is the power spectral density of the interference seen by the receiver, is often referred to as a power control set point, or threshold.
• the second power control loop (often referred to as an "outer" power control loop, or “outer loop") adjusts the threshold such that the desired level of performance, e.g., as measured by a particular target block error rate (BLER), frame error rate (FER), or bit error rate (BER) for example, is maintained.
• BLER target block error rate
• FER frame error rate
• BER bit error rate
• the inner loop compares a measured SINR or Eb/No of the received signal to the target SINR or target threshold.
• the SINR of the received signal is periodically measured, for example, at 1.25 ms interval. If the measured SINR or Eb/No is smaller than the threshold, there may be too many decoding errors when the receiver is decoding frames of a received transmission, such that the FER is outside an acceptable range (Le., too high). Accordingly, the receiver requests an increase in power on the link. If the measured SINR or Eb/No is larger than the threshold, the receiver requests a decrease in power on the link.
• the decoded transmission may contain little or no errors, thus the system may be too efficient (FER is far below the acceptable range) and transmit power is being wasted.
• the outer loop surrounds the inner loop and operates at a much lower rate than the inner loop, such as at 20 ms intervals, for example.
• the outer loop maintains the quality of service (QoS) of the link.
• QoS quality of service
• the outer loop establishes and updates the SINR threshold, which is responsive to changing channel/ environmental conditions.
• the outer loop looks at quality of the link, and if the quality is too poor, the outer loop increases the threshold accordingly.
• the link quality is too good, (e.g., an FER less than a target FER of about 1% voice transmissions, higher for data transmissions)
• the outer loop readjusts the threshold so as not to unduly waste system resources.
• the target SINR is said to be adaptive. And, because this process is performed for each link, each receiver has its own adaptive target SINR such that the target SINRs of different receivers (e.g., UE receivers) differ.
• Figure 2 illustrates a conventional inner loop CDMA reverse link power control process. The process of Figure 2 is described below as performed with respect to the reverse link from the UE 105 to the Node B
• the Node B e.g.. Node B 120
• the measured SINR measurement is either a pre- or post-interference cancellation (IC) measurement.
• IC post-interference cancellation
• the Node B 120 measures the pilot SINR prior to interference cancellation, and then measures the residual interference-to-total interference ratio after the interference cancellation. The ratio of these two quantities is a measure of the post-interference cancellation SINR.
• the Node B 120 compares the measured pilot SINR with an adaptive target SINR in step Sl 10.
• the adaptive SINR target is previously set by the outer loop at the RNC 130 so as to satisfy a level of Quality of Service (QoS), reflected by an expected packet error rate (PER) or FER, for each served UE (e.g., UE 105, 120, etc.).
• QoS Quality of Service
• PER packet error rate
• FER packet error rate
• the adaptive SINR target is not the only factor affecting the QoS, however, and the adaptive SINR is set with a consideration of such other factors so as to more accurately tune to the desired level of QoS.
• another factor potentially affecting the QoS is a traffic-to-pilot ratio (TPR) at the UE 105.
• TPR traffic-to-pilot ratio
• the TPR at the UE 105 is fixed, and does not "adapt” as described above with respect to the adaptive target SINR.
• "fixed" TPR means that, for a given
• the Node B 120 sends a transmit power control (TPC) bit to the UE 105 in step Sl 15.
• a TPC bit is a single bit binary indicator, which is set to a first logic level (e.g., a higher logic level or "1") to instruct a UE (e.g., UE 105) to increase transmission power by a fixed amount and a second logic level (e.g., a lower logic level or "0") to instruct a UE (e.g., UE 105) to decrease transmission power by the fixed amount.
• step SIlO if the comparison of step SIlO indicates that the measured pilot SINR is less than the adaptive target SINR, the Node B 120 sends a TPC bit having the first logic level (e.g., a higher logic level or "1") to the UE 105. Otherwise, the Node B 120 sends a TPC bit having the second logic level (e.g., a lower logic level or "0") to the UE 105. After the Node B 120 sends the TPC bit to the UE 105 in step Sl 15, the process returns to step S105.
• the first logic level e.g., a higher logic level or "1
• the Node B 120 sends a TPC bit having the second logic level (e.g., a lower logic level or "0") to the UE 105.
• the process returns to step S105.
• the frequency at which the Node B 120 measures (step S 105) the pilot SINR, compares the measured pilot SINR with the adaptive target SINR (step SI lO) and sends TPC bits (step Sl 15) may be based on a desired "tightness" of power control as determined by a system engineer.
• the RNC 130 While the process of Figure 2 is being performed at the Node B 120, at the outer loop, the RNC 130 periodically determines whether to adjust the adaptive target SINR based on an analysis of the inner loop communications. This determination may be based on a number of criteria. For example, the RNC 130 decreases the adaptive target SINR if the PER or FER is relatively low (e.g., very few non-acknowledgments (NACKs) are sent to the UE 105 indicating failed transmissions) so as to satisfy a given level of QoS. In another example, the RNC 130 increases the adaptive target SINR if the PER is relatively high (e.g., too many NACKs are being sent to the UE 105) so as to satisfy a given level of QoS. The RNC 130 then updates the adaptive target SINR used by the Node B 120 in the process of Figure 2 in accordance with the determined adjustment.
• NACKs non-acknowledgments
• An example embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of controlling reverse link transmission power in a wireless communications network, including measuring a signal-to- interference+noise (SINR) for a plurality of mobile stations, determining a power control adjustment for each of the mobile stations based on the measured SINR for the mobile station and a fixed target SINR, the fixed target SINR being used in the determining step for each mobile station and sending the power control adjustments to the mobile stations.
• SINR signal-to- interference+noise
• Another example embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of controlling reverse link transmission power in a wireless communications network, including transmitting one or more signals to a base station and receiving a power control adjustment indicator indicating an adjustment to a transmission power level, the received power control adjustment having been determined based on a measured signal-to- interference+noise ratio (SINR) for the one or more transmitted signals and a fixed target SINR threshold, the fixed target SINR threshold being used for power control adjustment of a plurality of mobile stations.
• SINR signal-to- interference+noise ratio
• FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system.
• CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
• Figure 2 illustrates a conventional inner loop CDMA reverse link power control process.
• Figure 3 illustrates a CDMA reverse link power control process according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
• Figure 4 illustrates a CDMA reverse link power control process according to another example embodiment of the present invention.
• Figure 5 illustrates a process of establishing a maximum transmit power per chip threshold for a mobile station's transmissions according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
• a CDMA reverse link power control process will be described below with respect to the conventional CDMA system 100 of Figure 1. More specifically, the embodiment will be described below as performed with respect to the reverse link from the UE 105 to the Node B 120. However, it is understood that the embodiment may also be representative of CDMA reverse link power control between any UE in connection with any Node B. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the processes of the present invention are not limited to the CDMA system of Figure 1.
• the RNC 130 selects a fixed target SINR or Eb/N 0 system.
• the fixed target SINR is fixed for all UEs within the CDMA system 100, and is used in the inner loop for evaluating measured pilot SINRs in order to determine whether transmission power adjustments should be made.
• the fixed target SINR may be set in conjunction with an initial traffic-to-pilot ratio or TPR to maintain expected CDMA control channel error rates below an error rate threshold. Error rates (e.g., a frame error rate (FER), a packet error rate (PER), etc.) reflect a Quality of Service (QoS) provided to the UE 105.
• FER frame error rate
• PER packet error rate
• the target SINR and the TPR are two factors which potentially affect the QoS for the UE 105.
• the RNC 130 sets the fixed target SINR and the TPRs based on offline link level curves for each served UE conservatively such that the UEs, including the UE 105, are very likely to attain a threshold QoS level.
• the setting of "initial" values for the target SINR and the TPRs is well known in the art.
• an example embodiment of the present invention is directed to maintaining the target SINR at a constant level while adapting the TPR for each served UE.
• the inner loop power control performed at, for example, a Node B such as Node B 120, is illustrated in Figure 3.
• the Node B 120 measures an SINR for a pilot signal received from the UE 105 in step S405.
• the measured SINR measurement (step S405) is either a pre- or post- interference cancellation (IC) measurement.
• the Node B 120 measures the pilot SINR prior to interference cancellation, and then measures the residual interference-to-total interference ratio after the Interference cancellation. The ratio of these two quantities is a measure of the post-interference cancellation SINR.
• the Node B 120 compares the measured pilot SINR with the fixed target SINR in step S410.
• the Node B 120 sends a transmit power control (TPC) bit to the UE 105 in. step S415.
• the TPC bit is a single bit binary- indicator which is set to a first logic level (e.g., a higher logic level or "1") to instruct a UE (e.g., UE 105) to increase transmission power by a fixed amount and a second logic level (e.g., a lower logic level or "0") to instruct a UE (e.g., UE 105) to decrease transmission power by the fixed amount.
• step S410 if the comparison of step S410 indicates that the measured pilot SINR is less than the fixed target SINR, the Node B 120 sends a TPC bit having the first logic level (e.g., a higher logic level or "1") to the UE 105. Otherwise, the Node B 120 sends a TPC bit having the second logic level (e.g., a lower logic level or "0") to the UE 105.
• the frequency at which the Node B 120 measures step S405), compares the measured pilot SINR with the fixed target SINR (step S410) and sends the TPC bit (step S415) may be based on a desired "tightness" of power control as determined by a system engineer.
• Figure 4 illustrates a CDMA reverse link power control process according to another example embodiment of the present invention.
• the process of Figure 4 illustrates steps performed at, for example the UE 105.
• the UE 105 may be served by the Node B 120 operating in accordance with the process of Figure 3.
• step S5OO the UE 105 establishes communication with the Node B 120 using well-known methods. While data is being transferred between the UE 105 and the Node B 120, the Node B 120 will periodically send acknowledgments (ACKs) and non-ACKs (NACKs) to the UE 105 to indicate successful or unsuccessful transmissions from the UE 105.
• ACKs acknowledgments
• NACKs non-ACKs
• CDMA transmissions typically include a pilot channel, a plurality of control channels (e.g., for sending channel quality indicators (CQIs), etc.) and a plurality of traffic channels.
• the plurality of control channels and the pilot channel do not typically receive error feedback (e.g., ACKs/NACKs). Rather, error feedback is typically isolated to the CDMA traffic channels.
• a conservative initial trafnc-to-pilot ratio is set in step S505 such that error rates for the plurality of control channels are expected to remain below an error rate threshold.
• the TPR multiplied by the power level of the pilot signal of the UE 105 is the power level for transmissions on traffic channels of the UE 105.
• the initial TPR may be set in conjunction with the target SINR to conservative levels in order to maintain the control channel error rates below the error rate threshold.
• the target SINR and the TPR are two factors which potentially affect the QoS for the UE 105.
• the RNC 130 sets the fixed target SINR and the initial TPRs for each served UE conservatively such that the UEs, including the UE 105, are very likely to attain a threshold QoS level, as reflected by FER, PER, etc.
• the initial TPR may be a system designer's "best guess" for a good starting point for an adaptive TPR.
• the value of the initial TPR is not critical for the operation of the process of Figure 4 because, as will be discussed below, the initial TPR is updated or adjusted to reflect and respond to actual operating conditions.
• the UE 105 receives ACKs/NACKs from the Node B 120 in response to data packets transmitted to the Node B 120 in step S510. Based on the received ACKs/NACKs, the UE 105 determines whether the actual, current error rate is below the error rate threshold in step S515. As discussed above, the initial TPR is set (step S505) based on an expected error rate. Thereafter, the TPR is adjusted by the UE 105 in step S515 based on actual operating conditions. If the actual operating conditions indicate that the error rate is above the error rate threshold (e.g., worse than expected), the TPR is increased (e.g., by a first fixed amount) in step 515.
• the initial TPR is set (step S505) based on an expected error rate.
• the TPR is adjusted by the UE 105 in step S515 based on actual operating conditions. If the actual operating conditions indicate that the error rate is above the error rate threshold (e.g., worse than expected), the TPR is increased (e.g
• the TPR is increased by the first fixed amount.
• the TPR is decreased (e.g., by a second fixed amount) in step S515.
• the TPR is decreased by the second fixed amount.
• we set the TPR_downstep/TPR_upstep x/(l-x) . In this case, whenever a packet succeeds in less than 4 attempts, the TPR is decreased by TPR_downstep, and if it fails after 4 attempts, the TPR is increased by TPR_upstep.
• TPR may have both physical constraints and software constraints.
• a physical constraint of the transmit power level set by the TPR is an actual physical transmission threshold (i.e., a maxtmu ⁇ i transmission power level for the UE 105 at its highest power settings).
• a software constraint is an artificial maximum transmit power level (e.g., hereinafter referred to as a "maximum transmit power per chip threshold") typically set by the outer loop so as to reduce overall system interference by not allowing all users to transmit at their highest possible levels. An example of establishing the maximum transmit power per chip threshold is described later with respect to Figure 5.
• the continual adjustment of the TPR in step S515 for Hybrid-ARQ (HARQ) channels may allow a target PER or QoS to achieve a given threshold after a given number of transmissions based on the ACKs/NACKs received in step S510.
• HARQ Hybrid-ARQ
• the UE 105 if the UE 105 is engaged in soft handoff (e.g., with Node Bs 120 and 125), the UE 105 receives ACKs/NACKs on multiple legs (e.g., from multiple Node Bs) and the determination of the actual error rate in step S515 is thereby based on ACKs/NACKs in a plurality of sectors.
• the TPR adjustment performed in step S515 is based on the ACKs/NACKs received from the Node Bs 120/125 involved in the soft handoff.
• a SINR target update procedure conventionally performed at the outer loop (e.g., at RNC 130), need not be performed. Thereby, numerous frames conventionally devoted to the SINR target update procedures may be used for other purposes.
• the processing conventionally performed by the outer loop or RNC 130 is offloaded onto the UE 105 in example embodiments of the present invention because the UE 105, when engaged in soft handoff, uses the ACKs/NACKs from all Node Bs 120/125 in its active set (e.g., a set of Node Bs with which the UE 105 communicates with during soft handoff) to determine whether to adjust the TPR, in contrast to the outer loop or RNC 130 determining whether to adjust the target SINR.
• the example CDMA reverse link power control process "was described as implemented within the conventional CDMA system 100 of Figure 1
• the CDMA reverse link power control process may alternatively be applied in any system capable of operating in accordance with CDMA protocols, such as a hybrid Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
• maintaining the fixed target SINR may simplify OFDMA reverse link power control because the CDMA measured pilot SINR (e.g., which may be used in an OFDMA reverse link power control process) may be predicted with greater accuracy at the UE 105.
• the CDMA measured pilot SINR e.g., which may be used in an OFDMA reverse link power control process
• the above-described CDMA reverse link power control process may be employed at an interference cancellation receiver because the TPRs at the UEs (e.g., UE 105) may be adjusted in step S520 to account for interference at a plurality of traffic channels.
• UEs located near edges or boundaries of cells e.g., between Node B 120 and
• Node B 125 have more affect on neighboring cell's interference as compared to UEs located in close proximity to a serving Node B (e.g., near a centered position of the cell). If no control is maintained on the peak power with which a given UE may transmit, overall system interference may increase.
• the following example of establishing a peak power per chip or maximum transmit power level for a UE within the conventional CDMA system 100 is given as a function of the UE's location with respect to a plurality of cells. Further, while the below example embodiments are described with respect to the UE 105 having the Node B 120 as a serving Node B and the Node B 125 as a neighboring Node B, this particular arrangement is given for example purposes only and it will be readily apparent that the below maximum transmit power per chip control process may alternatively be applied at any UE within the CDMA system 100.
• Each of the Node Bs (e.g., Node Bs 120, 125, etc.) within the CDMA system 100 periodically measures an amount of received outer-cell interference (e.g., interference from cells other than a Node B's own cell).
• Each of the Node Bs compares the measured outer-cell interference with an outer-cell interference threshold Iothresh.
• the RNC 130 may set the outer-cell interference threshold Iothresh for the Node Bs 120/125
• Each of the k Node Bs transmits (e.g., to all UEs within range, such as the UE 105) an Interference Activity Bit (IAB) based on the comparison.
• IAB Interference Activity Bit
• Figure 5 illustrates a process of establishing a maximum transmit power per chip threshold for a UE's transmissions according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
• the example embodiment of Figure 5 is described below with respect to a representative UE (e.g., UE 105) and k Node Bs (e.g., Node B 120, 125, etc.) within the conventional CDMA system 100, wherein k is an integer greater than or equal to 1.
• the steps illustrated in Figure 5 and described below are performed at, for example, the UE 105 of Figure 1.
• the representative UE 105 is not necessarily in active communication with more than one of the k Node Bs (e.g., although it may be, such as in soft handoff mode), but the representative UE 105 is capable of "listening" to or receiving signals from all of the k Node Bs. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the number k may vary based on the UE 105's position within the CDMA system 100. For example, if the UE 105 is in very close proximity to a serving Node B such as Node B 120, k typically equals 1. As the UE 105 becomes closer to an edge of a cell, k is typically greater than 1. In the example embodiment of Figure 5, in step S600, the maximum transmit power per chip threshold of the UE 105 being served by the Node B 120 is initialized, by the UE 105, to
• Pmax(l) denotes a maximum power for an initial time period
• Iothresh denotes an outer-cell interference threshold (e.g., an amount of outer-cell interference that can be tolerated)
• G(d) denotes an average channel gain from the UE 105 to a dth Node B among the k Node Bs, wherein d is an integer from 1 to k.
• the G(d) measurements are based on SINR measurements on the common pilot and preamble, and the outer-cell interference threshold Iothresh is determined by a design engineer.
• ⁇ P do wn w * max(G ⁇ y))
• y denotes y Node Bs among the k Node Bs which are sending the IAB equal to "1" at time t
• w is a fixed weight factor determined by a design engineer.
• x is equal to the probability that the outer-cell interference measured by a given Node Bis greater than the outer-cell interference threshold Iothresh.
• the probability "x" is based on a coverage requirement for the given Node B (e.g.,. Node B 120).
• the probability "x" is determined during deployment or Installation of the CDMA system 100.
• Pbucket(t) is an averaged version of Pcbucketr ⁇ , and is expressed as
• Pbucketr ⁇ Pbucket(t-1) + Pcbucket(t) - Pmax(t-l) Equation 6 Pmax(t) ev ⁇ iluates to
• Pmargm is an offset value which is greater than or equal to 0 to ensure the bucket does not become empty during the transmission of the encoder packet.
• a data rate for the new encoder packet is selected such that Pmax(t) is set to a sufficient power level so as to achieve a threshold level of spectral efficiency.
• step S615 Once the maximum transmit power per chip threshold Pmax(t) is set in accordance with one of Equations 7 and 8 in step S615, the process returns to step S605.
• UEs closer to a greater number of Node Bs adjust the maximum transmit power per chip threshold with larger steps, whereas UEs closer in proximity to the serving Node B react more slowly to the IAB bits.
• the combination of the pilot reference power (Po(t)) and the maximum allowed data/pilot power per chip may be used in the computation of the spectral efficiency as requested by the UE.
• a Node B and a UE may alternatively be referred to as a base station (BS) and a mobile station (MS) or mobile unit (MU), respectively.
• BS base station
• MS mobile station
• MU mobile unit

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