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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G73/00—Recovery or refining of mineral waxes, e.g. montan wax
  • C10G73/02—Recovery of petroleum waxes from hydrocarbon oils; Dewaxing of hydrocarbon oils
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M111/00—Lubrication compositions characterised by the base-material being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M101/00 - C10M109/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M111/02—Lubrication compositions characterised by the base-material being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M101/00 - C10M109/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being a non-macromolecular organic compound
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
  • C10G2300/1022—Fischer-Tropsch products
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  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
  • C10G2300/30—Physical properties of feedstocks or products
  • C10G2300/302—Viscosity
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  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
  • C10G2300/30—Physical properties of feedstocks or products
  • C10G2300/304—Pour point, cloud point, cold flow properties
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/80—Additives
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
  • C10G2400/10—Lubricating oil
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/06—Well-defined aromatic compounds
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
  • C10M2203/102—Aliphatic fractions
  • C10M2203/1025—Aliphatic fractions used as base material
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
  • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/17—Fisher Tropsch reaction products
  • C10M2205/173—Fisher Tropsch reaction products used as base material
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
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  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/2805—Esters used as base material
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/282—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic oolycarboxylic acids
  • C10M2207/2825—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic oolycarboxylic acids used as base material
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
  • C10M2207/2835—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds used as base material
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/285—Esters of aromatic polycarboxylic acids
  • C10M2207/2855—Esters of aromatic polycarboxylic acids used as base material
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  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
  • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
  • C10N2020/02—Viscosity; Viscosity index
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  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
  • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
  • C10N2020/065—Saturated Compounds
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  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
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  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/08—Resistance to extreme temperature
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
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  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/08—Hydraulic fluids, e.g. brake-fluids
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  • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions

Definitions

• This invention relates to base oil blends for functional fluids, especially hydraulic fluids, that have an unexpectedly low dynamic viscosity.
• This invention also relates to lubricant composition or functional fluids comprising these base oil blends.
• Hydraulic equipment owners require their equipment to operate effectively over a wide temperature range.
• cargo handling systems aboard cargo ships must be able to operate regardless of the prevailing climate, which can range from tropical to attic conditions. Consequently, hydraulic oils have been developed which have good low-temperature flow properties for service under severe cold climatic conditions and which provide good performance under hot climatic conditions.
• hydraulic fluids are commonly formulated in two ways.
• the first way involves using mixtures of solvent-refined paraffinic base oils and solvent refined naphthenic base oils with added viscosity modifier and pour point depressant.
• the second way involves using a poly alpha olefin base oil (PAO, Group IV base stock).
• PAO poly alpha olefin base oil
• a base stock (as opposed to a base oil and a functional fluid) is defined as a hydrocarbon stream produced by a single manufacturer to the same specification (independent of feed source) and that is characterized by a unique formula, product identification number, or both.
• Base stocks may be manufactured using a variety of different processes including, but not limited to, distillation, solvent refining, hydrogen processing, oligomerization, esterification and rerefining.
• a base oil is the base stock or blend of base stocks used in formulated lubricant or functional fluid compositions.
• a lubricant composition may be a base stock, a base oil, either alone or mixed with other stocks, oils or functional additives.
• An object of the present invention is to provide functional fluids, and especially hydraulic fluids, that exhibit good low temperature performance in the absence of an added viscosity modifier.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide functional fluids, and especially hydraulic fluids, that employ a base oil other than a PAO.
• the present invention encompasses base stocks, base oils and functional fluid compositions that have the surprising and unexpected combustion of properties of a high viscosity index (VI) and good low temperature performance in the absence of an added viscosity index modifier.
• VI viscosity index
• base stocks and base oils comprising: (a) from about 65 to about 97.5 wt%, based on the base stock or base oil, of an oil having a VI of 130 or greater, a Kv at 100 0 C of 3.8 cSt or greater and a pour point of- 15°C or lower; and
• Figures 1 to 3 are graphs showing the improved dynamic viscosity of lubricant compositions of the invention as compared to compositions based on polyalpha olefins when measured by ASTM D5133.
• the base stocks or base oils of the present invention have both a high viscosity index and exhibit good low temperature performance as evidenced by their dynamic viscosity as measured by ASTM D5133. Indeed, the base stocks and base oils of the invention do not require added viscosity modifiers to achieve their low temperature performance properties.
• base stocks and base oils are a blend of a paraffinic oil having a VI of about 130 or greater a Kv at 100 0 C of about 3.8 cSt or greater and a pour point of about -15°C or lower, and an ester of lubricating viscosity.
• the paraffinic oil will have a VI of from about 130 to about 160 and more preferably from about 140 to 150; a Kv at 100 0 C of from about 3 cSt to about 10 cSt and more preferably about 3.8 cSt to about 6.8 cSt; and a pour point (ASTM D97) of from about 0 0 C to about -30 0 C and more preferably from about -15°C to about -25°C.
• paraffinic oils recited herein are made from waxy feedstocks to meet the requirement of a Group III base stock while at the same time having excellent properties such as high VI and low temperature performance.
• the waxy feedstock used in these processes may derive from natural or mineral or synthetic sources.
• the feed to this process may have a waxy paraffins content of at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight, and more preferably at least 80% by weight.
• Preferred synthetic waxy feedstocks generally have waxy paraffins content by weight of at least 90 wt%, often at least 95 wt%, and in some instances at least 97 wt%.
• the waxy feed stock used in these processes to make the base stocks and base oils recited herein may comprise one or more individual natural, mineral, or synthetic waxy feedstocks, or any mixture thereof.
• feedstocks to these processes may be either taken from conventional mineral oils, or synthetic processes.
• synthetic processes may include GTL (gas-to-liquids) or processes such as the Kolbel- Englehardt process and the FT (Fischer-Tropsch) process in which waxy hydrocarbons are catalytically produced from CO and hydrogen.
• GTL gas-to-liquids
• FT Fischer-Tropsch
• Many of the preferred feedstocks are characterized as having predominantly saturated (paraffinic) compositions.
• the feedstock used in the process of the invention are wax-containing feeds that boil in the lubricating oil range, typically having a
• the wax content of the feedstock is at least about 50 wt%, based on feedstock and can range up to 100 wt% wax.
• the wax content of a feed may be determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ASTM D5292), by correlative ndM methods (ASTM D3238) or by solvent means (ASTM D3235).
• the waxy feeds may be derived from a number of sources such as natural or mineral or synthetic.
• waxy feeds may include, for example, oils derived from solvent refining processes such as raffinates, partially solvent dewaxed oils, deasphalted oils, distillates, vacuum gas oils, coker gas oils, slack waxes, foots oils and the like, and Fischer-Tropsch waxes.
• Preferred feeds are slack waxes and Fischer- Tropsch waxes.
• Slack waxes are typically derived from hydrocarbon feeds by solvent or propane dewaxing. Slack waxes contain some residual oil and are typically deoiled. Foots oils are derived from deoiled slack waxes.
• the Fischer- Tropsch synthetic process prepares Fischer-Tropsch waxes.
• suitable waxy feedstocks include Paraflint 80 (a hydrogenated Fischer-Tropsch wax) and Shell MDS Waxy Raffinate (a hydrogenated and partially isonierized middle distillate synthesis waxy raffinate).
• Feedstocks may have high contents of nitrogen- and sulfur- contaminants. Feeds containing up to 0.2 wt% of nitrogen, based on feed and up to 3.0 wt% of sulfur can be processed in the present process. Feeds having a high wax content typically have high viscosity indexes of up to 200 or more. Sulfur and nitrogen contents may be measured by standard ASTM methods D5453 and D4629, respectively.
• the high boiling petroleum fractions from atmospheric distillation are sent to a vacuum distillation unit, and the distillation fractions from this unit are solvent extracted.
• the residue from vacuum distillation may be deasphalted.
• the solvent extraction process selectively is dissolves the aromatic components in an extract phase while leaving the more paraff ⁇ nic components in a raffinate phase. Naphthenes are distributed between the extract and raffinate phases.
• Typical solvents for solvent extraction include phenol, furfural and N-methyl pyrrolidone.
• the catalysts are those effective for hydrotreating such as catalysts containing Group 6 metals (based on the IUPAC Periodic Table format having Groups from 1 to 18), Groups 8-10 metals, and mixtures thereof.
• Preferred metals include nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and mixtures thereof. These metals or mixtures of metals are typically present as oxides or sulfides on refractory metal oxide supports. The mixture of metals may also be present as bulk metal catalysts wherein the amount of metal is 30 wt% or greater, based on catalyst.
• Suitable metal oxide supports include oxides such as silica, alumina, silica-aluminas or titania, preferably alumina.
• Preferred aluminas are porous aluminas such as gamma or beta.
• the amount of metals ranges from about 0.5 to 35 wt%, based on the catalyst. In the case of preferred mixtures of groups 9-10 metals with group 6 metals, the groups 9-10 metals are present in amounts of from 0.5 to 5 wt%, based on catalyst and the group 6 metals are present in amounts of from 5 to 30 wt%.
• the amounts of metals may be measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry or other methods specified by ASTM for individual metals.
• the acidity of metal oxide supports can be controlled by adding promoters and/or dopants, or by controlling the nature of the metal oxide support, e.g., by controlling the amount of silica incorporated into a silica- alumina support.
• promoters and/or dopants include halogen, especially fluorine, phosphorus, boron, yttria, rare-earth oxides and magnesia. Promoters such as halogens generally increase the acidity of metal oxide supports while mildly basic dopants such as yttria or magnesia tend to decrease the acidity of such supports.
• Hydrotreating conditions include temperatures of from 150 to
• 400 O C preferably 200 to 350 ⁇ >C, a hydrogen partial pressure of from 1480 to 20786 kPa (200 to 3000 psig), preferably 2859 to 13891 kPa (400 to 2000 psig), a space velocity of from 0.1 to 10 liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), preferably 0.1 to 5 LHSV, and a hydrogen to feed ratio of from 89 to 1780 m.sup.3/m.sup.3 (500 to 10000 scf/B), preferably 178 to 890 m.sup.3/m.sup.3.
• LHSV liquid hourly space velocity
• a hydrogen to feed ratio of from 89 to 1780 m.sup.3/m.sup.3 (500 to 10000 scf/B), preferably 178 to 890 m.sup.3/m.sup.3.
• Hydrotreating reduces the amount of nitrogen- and sulfur- containing contaminants to levels which will not unacceptably affect the dewaxing catalyst in the subsequent dewaxing step. Also, there may be certain polynuclear aromatic species which will pass through the present mild hydrotreating step. These contaminants, if present, will be removed in a subsequent hydrofinishing step.
• the hydrotreated feedstock may be passed directly to the dewaxing step or preferably, stripped to remove gaseous contaminants such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia prior to dewaxing. Stripping can be by conventional means such as flash drums or fractionators.
• the dewaxing catalyst may be either crystalline or amorphous.
• Crystalline materials are molecular sieves that contain at least one 10 or 12 ring channel and may be based on aluminosilicates (zeolites) or on silicoalumino- phosphates (SAPOs). Zeolites used for oxygenate treatment may contain at least one 10 or 12 channel. Examples of such zeolites include ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, ferrierite, ITQ-13, MCM-68 and MCM-71. Examples of aluminophosphates containing at least one 10 ring channel include ECR-42. Examples of molecular sieves containing 12 ring channels include zeolite beta, and MCM-68.
• zeolites aluminosilicates
• SAPOs silicoalumino- phosphates
• the molecular sieves are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,246,566, 5,282,958, 4,975,177, 4,397,827, 4,585,747, 5,075,269 and 4,440,871.
• MCM-68 is described in USP 6,310,265.
• MCM-71 and ITQ-13 are described in PCT published applications WO 0242207 and WO 0078677.
• ECR- 42 is disclosed in USP 6,303,534.
• Preferred catalysts include ZSM-48, ZSM-22 and ZSM-23. Especially preferred is ZSM-48.
• the molecular sieves are preferably in the hydrogen form. Reduction can occur in situ during the dewaxing step itself or can occur ex situ in another vessel.
• Amorphous dewaxing catalysts include alumina, fluorided alumina, silica-alumina, fluorided silica-alumina and silica-alumina doped with Group 3 metals. Such catalysts are described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,900,707 and 6,383,366.
• the dewaxing catalysts are bifunctional, i.e., they are loaded with a metal hydrogenation component, which is at least one Group 6 metal, at least one Group 8-10 metal, or mixtures thereof.
• Preferred metals are Groups 9-10 metals.
• Groups 9-10 noble metals such as Pt, Pd or mixtures thereof (based on the IUPAC Periodic Table format having Groups from 1 to 18). These metals are loaded at the rate of 0.1 to 30 wt%, based on catalyst.
• Catalyst preparation and metal loading methods are described for example in USP 6,294,077, and include for example ion exchange and impregnation using decomposable metal salts.
• the molecular sieves are typically composited with binder materials which are resistant to high temperatures which may be employed under dewaxing conditions to form a finished dewaxing catalyst or may be binderless (self bound).
• the binder materials are usually inorganic oxides such as silica, alumina, silica-aluminas, binary combinations of silicas with other metal oxides such as titania, magnesia, thoria, zirconia and the like and tertiary combinations of these oxides such as silica-alumina-thoria and silica-alumina magnesia.
• the amount of molecular sieve in the finished dewaxing catalyst is from 10 to 100, preferably 35 to 100 wt%, based on catalyst. Such catalysts are formed by methods such spray drying, extrusion and the like.
• the dewaxing catalyst may be used in the sulfided or unsulfided form, and is preferably in the sulfided form.
• Dewaxing conditions include temperatures of from 250-400 0 C, preferably 275-350 0 C, pressures of from 791 to 20786 kPa (100 to 3000 psig), preferably 1480 to 17339 kPa (200 to 2500 psig), liquid hourly space velocities of from 0.1 to 10 hr.sup.-l, preferably 0.1 to 5 hr.sup.-l and hydrogen treat gas rates from 45 to 1780 m.sup.3/m.sup.3 (250 to 10000 scf/B), preferably 89 to 890 m.su ⁇ .3/m.sup.3 (500 to 5000 scf/B).
• At least a portion of the product from dewaxing is passed directly to a hydrofinishing step without disengagement. It is preferred to hydrofinish the product resulting from dewaxing in order to adjust product qualities to desired specifications. Hydrofinishing is a form of mild hydrotreating directed to saturating any lube range olefins and residual aromatics as well as to removing any remaining heteroatoms and color bodies.
• the post dewaxing hydrofinishing is usually carried out in cascade with the dewaxing step. Generally the hydro- finishing will be carried out at temperatures from about 150 0 C to 350 0 C, preferably 180°C to 250°C. Total pressures are typically from 2859 to 20786 kPa (about 400 to 3000 psig).
• Liquid hourly space velocity is typically from 0.1 to 5 LHSV (hr.sup.-l) 5 preferably 0.5 to 3 hr.sup.-l and hydrogen treat gas rates of from 44.5 to 1780 m.sup.3/m.sup.3 (250 to 10,000 scf/B).
• Hydrofinishing catalysts are those containing Group 6 metals (based on the IUPAC Periodic Table format having Groups from 1 to 18), Groups 8-10 metals, and mixtures thereof.
• Preferred metals include at least one noble metal having a strong hydrogenation function, especially platinum, palladium and mixtures thereof.
• the mixture of metals may also be present as bulk metal catalysts wherein the amount of metal is 30 wt% or greater based on catalyst.
• Suitable metal oxide supports include low acidic oxides such as silica, alumina, silica-aluminas or titania, preferably alumina.
• the preferred hydrofinishing catalysts for aromatics saturation will comprise at least one metal having relatively strong hydrogenation function on a porous support.
• Typical support materials include amorphous or crystalline oxide materials such as alumina, silica, and silica-alumina.
• the metal content of the catalyst is often as high as about 20 wt% for non-noble metals.
• Noble metals are usually present in amounts no greater than about 1 wt%.
• the hydrofinishing catalyst is preferably a mesoporous material belonging to the M41 S class or family of catalysts.
• the M41 S family of catalysts are mesoporous materials having high silica contents whose preparation is further described in J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 1992, 114, 10834. Examples included MCM-41, MCM-48 and MCM-50.
• Mesoporous refers to catalysts having pore sizes from 15 to 100 .ANG.
• a preferred member of this class is MCM-41 whose preparation is described in USP 5,098,684.
• MCM-41 is an inorganic, porous, non-layered phase having a hexagonal arrangement of uniformly-sized pores.
• MCM-41 The physical structure of MCM-41 is like a bundle of straws wherein the opening of the straws (the cell diameter of the pores) ranges from 15 to 100 Angstroms.
• MCM-48 has a cubic symmetry and is described for example is USP 5,198,203 whereas MCM-50 has a lamellar structure.
• MCM-41 can be made with different size pore openings in the mesoporous range.
• the mesoporous materials may bear a metal hydrogenation component which is at least one of Group 8, Group 9 or Group 10 metals. Preferred are noble metals, especially Group 10 noble metals, most preferably Pt, Pd or mixtures thereof.
• the ester of lubricating viscosity will typically have a Kv at 100 0 C in the range of about 2.5 cSt to about 8.5 cSt. Typically the Kv at 40 0 C will be from about 8 to about 92 cSt.
• paraffinic oils and the esters will be blended in the weight ratio of about 97.5:2.5 to about 65:35 and preferably about 95:5 to about 70:30.
• Esters suitable for use in the present invention include those esters of dibasic acids with monoalkanols and the polyol esters of monocarboxcylic acids.
• Esters of the former type include, for example, the esters of dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid and the like with a variety of alcohols such as butyl, hexyl and dodecyl alcohol to mention a few.
• Particularly useful synthetic esters are those which are obtained by reacting one or more polyhydric alcohols, preferably the hindered polyols (such as the neopentyl polyols, e.g., neopentyl glycol, trimethylol ethane, 2-methyl-2- propyl-l,3-propanediol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol and dipenta- erythritol) with alkanoic acids containing at least about 4 carbon atoms such as C5 to C30 acids (such as saturated straight chain fatty acids including caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid, and behenic acid, or the corresponding branched chain fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, or mixtures thereof).
• the hindered polyols such as the neopentyl polyols,
• Suitable synthetic ester components include esters of trimethylol propane, trimethylol butane, trimethylol ethane, pentaerythritol and/or dipenta- rythritol with one or more monocarboxylic acids containing from about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms.
• esters are widely available commercially, for example, the EsterexTM esters sold by ExxonMobil Chemical Company.
• esters may included natural esters and their derivatives, fully esterified or partially esterif ⁇ ed, optionally with free hydroxyl or carboxyl groups.
• ester may included glycerides, natural and/or modified vegetable oils, derivatives of fatty acids or fatty alcohols.
• the instant invention can be used with additional lubricant components in effective amounts in lubricant compositions, such as for example polar and/or non-polar lubricant base oils, and performance additives such as for example, but not limited to, metallic and ashless oxidation inhibitors, metallic and ashless dispersants, metallic and ashless detergents, corrosion and rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, anti-wear agents (metallic and non-metallic, low-ash, phosphorus- containing and non-phosphorus, sulfiir-containing and non-sulfur types), extreme pressure additives (metallic and non-metallic, phosphorus-containing and non-phosphorus, sulfur-containing and non-sulfur types), anti-seizure agents, pour point depressants, wax modifiers, seal compatibility agents, friction modifiers, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, defoamants, demulsifiers, and others.
• performance additives such as for example, but not
• lubricating oil compositions contain one or more of the additives discussed above, the additive(s) are blended into the composition in an amount sufficient for it to perform its intended function. Typical amounts of such additives useful in the present invention are shown in the Table 1 below.
• each of the oils were blended with an ester, the amounts of which are shown in Table 3. Also, each of the blends included the same lubricant additive in the same amounts. The properties of the fully formulated oils of the invention and the comparative oils are also shown in Table 3. TABLE 3
• Example 1 of the invention with Comparative Oil 1 while Figure 2 compares the oil of Examples 2 and 3 of the invention with Comparative Oil 2 using the ASTM D5133 test method.

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