Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
  • A61K31/417—Imidazole-alkylamines, e.g. histamine, phentolamine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• IRMs immune response modifiers
• TLRs Toll-like receptors
• IRMs may be useful for treating a wide variety of diseases and conditions.
• certain IRMs may be useful for treating viral diseases (e.g., human papilloma virus, hepatitis, herpes), neoplasias (e.g., basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, melanoma), and T H 2-mediated diseases (e.g., asthma, allergic rhinitis, . atopic dermatitis), auto-immune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis), and are also useful as vaccine adjuvants.
• viral diseases e.g., human papilloma virus, hepatitis, herpes
• neoplasias e.g., basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, melanoma
• T H 2-mediated diseases e.g., asthma, allergic rhinitis, .
• IRM compounds are small organic molecule imidazoquinoline amine derivatives (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,338), but a number of other compound classes are known as well (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,446,153; 6,194,425; and 6,110,929; and International Publication Number WO 2005/079195) and more are still being discovered.
• IRMs have higher molecular weights, such as oligonucleotides, including CpGs (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,388).
• the present invention provides a method of increasing a cell-mediated immune response of a cell population that includes cells affected by cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
• the method generally includes contacting the cell population with an immune response modifier (IRM) compound in an amount effective to increase at least one cell-mediated immune activity of the cell population, wherein the IRM compound is other than l-(2-methylpropyl)-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine.
• IRM immune response modifier
• the method generally includes contacting the cell population with an IRM compound in an amount effective to increase at least one cell-mediated immune activity of the cell population, wherein the IRM compound is a substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amine, an imidazopyridine amine, a 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, an imidazonaphthyridine amine, a tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amine, an oxazoloquinoline amine, a thiazoloquinoline amine, an oxazolopyridine amine, a thiazolopyridine amine, an oxazolonaphthyridine amine, a thiazolonaphthyridine amine, a pyrazolopyridine amine, a pyrazolopyridine amine
• the method includes contacting the cell population with a priming dose of either IFN- ⁇ or IFN- ⁇ , and then contacting the cell population with an IRM compound in an amount effective to increase at least one cell -mediated immune activity of the cell population.
• the present invention also provides a method of treating a patient with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).
• CTCL cutaneous T cell lymphoma
• the method generally includes administering to a CTCL patient an amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an IRM compound effective for ameliorating at least one symptom or clinical sign of cutaneous T cell lymphoma, wherein the IRM compound is other than l-(2- methylpropyl)-l//-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine.
• the method generally includes administering to a CTCL patient an amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an IRM compound effective for ameliorating at least one symptom or clinical sign of cutaneous T cell lymphoma, wherein the IRM compound is a substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amine, an imidazopyridine amine, a 1 ,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, an imidazonaphthyridine amine, a tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amine, an oxazoloquinoline amine, a thiazoloquinoline amine, an oxazolopyridine amine, a thiazolopyridine amine, an oxazolonaphthyridine amine, a thiazolonaphthyridine amine, a thiazolon
• the method includes administering to the patient a priming dose of either IFN- ⁇ or IFN- ⁇ , and then administering to the patient an IRM compound in an amount effective for ameliorating at least one symptom or clinical sign of cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
• Fig. 1 is a bar graph showing cytokine production by PBMCs from CTCL patients in response to IRM compounds.
• Fig. 2 is a bar graph showing activation of NK cells from CTCL patients in response to IRM compounds.
• Fig. 3 is a line graph showing cytolytic activity of NK cells from CTCL patients in response to IRM compounds.
• Fig. 4A is a bar graph showing enhancement of IL- 12 production by PBMCs from a CTCL patient in response to IRM compounds when primed with IFN- ⁇ .
• Fig. AB is a bar graph showing enhancement of IL- 12 production by PBMCs from a second CTCL patient in response to IRM compounds when primed with IFN- ⁇ .
• CTCL cancer-derived tumor necrosis .
• IRM immune response modifier
• Agonist refers to a compound that can combine with a receptor (e.g., a TLR) to induce a cellular activity.
• An agonist may be a ligand that directly binds to the receptor.
• an agonist may combine with a receptor indirectly by, for example, (a) forming a complex with another molecule that directly binds to the receptor, or (b) otherwise results in the modification of another compound so that the other compound directly binds to the receptor.
• An agonist may be referred to as an agonist of a particular TLR (e.g., a TLR6 agonist) or a particular combination of TLRs (e.g., a TLR 7/8 agonist — an agonist of both TLR7 and TLR8).
• “Ameliorate” refers to any reduction in the extent, severity, frequency, and/or likelihood of a symptom or clinical sign characteristic of a particular condition.
• Cell-mediated immune activity refers to a biological activity considered part of a cell-mediated immune response such as, for example, an increase in the production of at least one T H I cytokine.
• Immuno cell refers to cell of the immune system, i.e., a cell directly or indirectly involved in the generation or maintenance of an immune response, whether the immune response is innate, acquired, humoral, or cell-mediated.
• “Sign” or “clinical sign” refers to an objective physical finding relating to a particular condition capable of being found by one other than the patient. "Symptom” refers to any subjective evidence of disease or of a patient's condition.
• Treatment or variations thereof refer to reducing, limiting progression, ameliorating, or resolving, to any extent, the symptoms or signs related to a condition.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising "an” IRM compound can be interpreted to mean that the pharmaceutical composition includes at least one IRM compound.
• Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a relatively rare disease, with an annual incidence of about 0.29 cases per 100,000 persons in the United States. It is about half as common in Eastern Europe. However, this discrepancy may be attributed to a differing physician awareness of the disease rather than a true difference in occurrence. In the Unites States, there are about 500-600 new cases a year and about 100-200 deaths. CTCL is usually seen in older adults; the median age at diagnosis is 55-60 years. It strikes twice as many men as women. The average life expectancy at diagnosis is 7-10 years, even without treatment. CTCL is an indolent (low grade) cancer of the white blood cells that primarily affects the skin and only secondarily affects other sites.
• helper T T lymphocytes
• T H helper T
• the proliferation of helper T cells results in the penetration, or infiltration, of these abnormal cells into the epidermal layer of the skin.
• the skin may react with itchy, slightly scaling lesions, although the sites of greatest infiltration do not necessarily correspond to the sites of the lesions.
• the lesions are most often located on the trunk, but can be present on any part of the body.
• mycosis fungoides also known as mycosis fungoides (MF)
• MF mycosis fungoides
• the patchy lesions progress to palpable plaques that are deeper red and have more defined edges.
• skin tumors may develop.
• the cancer may progress to extracutanous involvement, often in the lymph nodes or the viscera.
• Sezary syndrome a leukemic variant of mycosis fungoides.
• the proliferative T lymphocytes of CTCL are characterized by the phenotype CD4 + /CD45RO + /CLA + /CCR4 + .
• Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome differ in the involvement of the peripheral blood: MF typically appears without overt involvement of the peripheral blood by circulating malignant T cells, whereas Sezary syndrome typically includes malignant T cells disseminated into the blood stream.
• Involvement of the peripheral blood is typically associated with a decrease in cell-mediated immunity including a decrease in the production of T H I -type cytokines such as, for example, IFN- ⁇ and IL-2, and increased production of T H 2-type cytokines such as, for example, IL-4 and
• IRMs include compounds that possess potent immunomodulating activity including but not limited to antiviral and antitumor activity. Certain IRMs modulate the production and secretion of cytokines.
• certain IRM compounds induce the production and secretion of cytokines such as, e.g., Type I interferons, TNF- ⁇ , IL- 1 , IL-6, IL-8, IL- 10, IL- 12, MIP- 1 , and/or MCP- 1.
• cytokines such as, e.g., Type I interferons, TNF- ⁇ , IL- 1 , IL-6, IL-8, IL- 10, IL- 12, MIP- 1 , and/or MCP- 1.
• certain IRM compounds can inhibit production and secretion of certain T H 2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-5.
• some IRM compounds are said to suppress IL-I and TNF (U.S. Patent No. 6,518,265).
• IRMs are small organic molecules (e.g., molecular weight under about 1000 Daltons, preferably under about 500 Daltons, as opposed to large biological molecules such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and the like) such as those disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos.
• IRMs include certain purine derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,376,501, and 6,028,076), certain imidazoquinoline amide derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 6,069,149), certain imidazopyridine derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Patent
• IRMs include large biological molecules such as oligonucleotide sequences.
• Some IRM oligonucleotide sequences contain cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpG) and are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,194,388; 6,207,646; 6,239,116; 6,339,068; and 6,406,705.
• CpG-containing oligonucleotides can include synthetic immunomodulatory structural motifs such as those described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,426,334 and 6,476,000.
• Other IRM nucleotide sequences lack CpG sequences and are described, for example, in International Patent Publication No. WO 00/75304.
• IRM nucleotide sequences include guanosine- and uridine-rich single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) such as those described, for example, in Heil et ah, Science, vol. 303, pp. 1526-
• IRMs include biological molecules such as aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphates (AGPs) and are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,113,918; 6,303,347; 6,525,028; and 6,649,172.
• reference to a compound can include the compound in any pharmaceutically acceptable form, including any isomer (e.g., diastereomer or enantiomer), salt, solvate, polymorph, and the like.
• reference to the compound can include each of the compound's enantiomers as well as racemic mixtures of the enantiomers.
• the IRM compound may be an agonist of at least one TLR such as, for example, TLR7 or TLR8.
• the IRM may also in some cases be an agonist of TLR 9.
• the IRM compound may be an agonist of at least one of TLR7 and TLR8 such as, for example, a TLR7/8 agonist, a TLR8-selective agonist, or a TLR7-selective agonist.
• TLR8- selective agonist refers to any compound that acts as an agonist of TLR8, but does not act as an agonist of TLR7.
• TLR7-selective agonist refers to a compound that acts as an agonist of TLR7, but does not act as an agonist of TLR8.
• TLR7/8 agonist refers to a compound that acts as an agonist of both TLR7 and TLR8.
• TLR8-selective agonist or a TLR7-selective agonist may act as an agonist for the indicated TLR and one or more of TLRl, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR9, or TLRlO. Accordingly, while “TLR8-selective agonist” may refer to a compound that acts as an agonist for TLR8 and for no other TLR, it may alternatively refer to a compound that acts as an agonist of TLR8 and, for example, TLR6.
• TLR7-selective agonist may refer to a compound that acts as an agonist for TLR7 and for no other TLR, but it may alternatively refer to a compound that acts as an agonist of TLR7 and, for example, TLR6.
• the TLR agonism for a particular compound may be assessed in any suitable manner.
• assays and recombinant cell lines suitable for detecting TLR agonism of test compounds are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. US2004/0014779, US2004/0132079, US2004/0162309, US2004/0171086, US2004/0191833, and US2004/0197865.
• a compound can be identified as an agonist of a particular TLR if performing the assay with a compound results in at least a threshold increase of some biological activity mediated by the particular TLR.
• a compound may be identified as not acting as an agonist of a specified TLR if, when used to perform an assay designed to detect biological activity mediated by the specified TLR, the compound fails to elicit a threshold increase in the biological activity.
• an increase in biological activity refers to an increase in the same biological activity over that observed in an appropriate control. An assay may or may not be performed in conjunction with the appropriate control.
• the precise threshold increase of TLR-mediated biological activity for determining whether a particular compound is or is not an agonist of a particular TLR in a given assay may vary according to factors known in the art including but not limited to the biological activity observed as the endpoint of the assay, the method used to measure or detect the endpoint of the assay, the signal-to-noise ratio of the assay, the precision of the assay, and whether the same assay is being used to determine the agonism of a compound for more than one TLR. Accordingly it is not practical to set forth generally the threshold increase of TLR-mediated biological activity required to identify a compound as being an agonist or a non-agonist of a particular TLR for all possible assays. Those of ordinary skill in the art, however, can readily determine the appropriate threshold with due consideration of such factors.
• Assays employing HEK293 cells transfected with an expressible TLR structural gene may use a threshold of, for example, at least a three-fold increase in a TLR-mediated biological activity (e.g., NFKB activation) when the compound is provided at a concentration of, for example, from about 1 ⁇ M to about 10 ⁇ M for identifying a compound as an agonist of the TLR transfected into the cell.
• a threshold may be a small molecule immune response modifier (e.g., molecular weight of less than about 1000 Daltons).
• the IRM compound may include a 2-aminopyridine fused to a five membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, or a 4- aminopyrimidine fused to a five membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring.
• Compounds having a 2-aminopyridine fused to a five membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring suitable for practicing the invention include, for example, imidazoquinoline amines including but not limited to substituted imidazoquinoline amines such as, for example, amide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline ethers, thioether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, hydroxylamine substituted imidazoquinoline amines, oxime substituted imidazoquinoline amines, 6-, 7-, 8-, or 9-aryl, heteroary
• the IRM compound may be an imidazonaphthyridine amine, a tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amine, an oxazoloquinoline amine, a thiazoloquinoline amine, an oxazolopyridine amine, a thiazolopyridine amine, an oxazolonaphthyridine amine, a thiazolonaphthyridine amine, a pyrazolopyridine amine, a pyrazoloquinoline amine, a tetrahydropyrazoloquinoline amine, a pyrazolonaphthyridine amine, or a tetrahydropyrazolonaphthyridine amine.
• the IRM compound may be a substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amine, an imidazopyridine amine, a 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, an imidazonaphthyridine amine, a tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amine, an
• a substituted imidazoquinoline amine refers to an amide substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a urea substituted imidazoquinoline amine, an aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a heterocyclic ether substituted imidazoquinoline amine, an amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a urea substituted imidazoquinoline ether, athioether substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a hydroxylamine substituted imidazoquinoline amine, an oxime substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a 6-, 7-, 8-, or 9-aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy or arylalkyleneoxy substituted imidazoquinoline amine, or an imidazoquinoline diamine.
• substituted imidazoquinoline amines specifically and expressly exclude l-(2- methylpropyl)- 1 H-imidazo [4,5-c] quinolin-4-amine and 4-amino- ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl-2- ethoxymethyl- lH-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin- 1 -ethanol.
• the IRM compound may be a sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amine such as, for example, N-[4-(4-amino-2-ethyl-lH-imidazo[4,5- c]quinolin- 1 -y l)buty l]methanesulfonamide.
• the IRM compound may be a thiazoloquinoline amine such as, for example, 2-propylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine.
• Suitable IRM compounds also may include the purine derivatives, imidazoquinoline amide derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, adenine derivatives, aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphates, and oligonucleotide sequences described above.
• Figure 1 illustrates that IRM compounds, particularly TLR8 agonists, were able to induce cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from CTCL patients, despite these patients having reduced numbers of dendritic cells among their PBMCs.
• PBMCs of CTCL patients and volunteers were stimulated to produce IFN- ⁇ by IRM2, an unexpected result.
• stimulation with IRM compounds cause upregulation of CD69 expression on NK cells of CTCL patients ( Figure 2).
• cytolytic activity of NK cells was also increased by all IRM compounds tested ( Figure 3). Cytolytic activity in the
• the methods of the invention can include a contacting a cell population a priming dose of a Type I interferon (e.g., IFN- ⁇ or IFN- ⁇ ) or administering to a patient a priming dose of a Type I interferon.
• a Type I interferon e.g., IFN- ⁇ or IFN- ⁇
• the Type I interferon may be recombinantly-derived or naturally-occurring.
• the IRM compound may be provided in any formulation suitable for contacting cells in vitro or administering to a subject. Suitable types of formulations are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,944; U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,090; U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,776;
• the compound may be provided in any suitable form including but not limited to a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, or any form of mixture.
• the compound may be delivered in formulation with any pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or vehicle.
• the formulation may be delivered in a conventional topical dosage form such as, for example, a cream, an ointment, an aerosol formulation, a non-aerosol spray, a gel, a lotion, and the like.
• the formulation may further include one or more additives including but not limited to adjuvants, skin penetration enhancers, colorants, fragrances, flavorings, moisturizers, thickeners, and the like.
• a formulation containing an IRM compound may be administered in any suitable manner such as, for example, non-parenterally or parenterally. As used herein, non-
• parenterally refers to administration through the digestive tract, including by oral ingestion. Parenterally refers to administration other than through the digestive tract such as, for example, intravenously, intramuscularly, transdermally, subcutaneously, transmucosally (e.g., by inhalation), or topically.
• the composition of a formulation suitable for practicing the invention will vary according to factors known in the art including but not limited to the physical and chemical nature of the IRM compound, the nature of the carrier, the intended dosing regimen, the state of the subject's immune system (e.g., suppressed, compromised, stimulated), the method of administering the IRM compound, and the species to which the formulation is being administered. Accordingly, it is not practical to set forth generally the .composition of a formulation effective for treating cutaneous T cell lymphoma for all possible applications. Those of ordinary skill in the art, however, can readily determine an appropriate formulation with due consideration of such factors.
• the methods of the present invention include administering IRM compound to a subject in a formulation of, for example, from about 0.0001% to about 20% (unless otherwise indicated, all percentages provided herein are weight/weight with respect to the total formulation) to the subject, although in some embodiments the IRM compound may be administered using a formulation that provides IRM compound in a concentration outside of this range.
• the method includes administering to a subject a formulation that includes from about 0.01% to about 1% IRM compound, for example, a formulation that includes about from about 0.1 % to about 0.5% IRM compound.
• An amount of an IRM compound effective for treating cutaneous T cell lymphoma is an amount sufficient to limit, reduce, ameliorate, or slow the progression or severity of at least one symptom or clinical sign of CTCL.
• the precise amount of IRM compound for treating cutaneous T cell lymphoma will vary according to factors known in the art including but not limited to the physical and chemical nature of the IRM compound, the nature of the carrier, the intended dosing regimen, the state of the subject's immune system (e.g., suppressed, compromised, stimulated), the method of administering the IRM compound, and the species to which the IRM compound is being administered.
• the methods of the present invention include administering sufficient IRM compound to provide a dose of, for example, from about 100 ng/kg to about 50 mg/kg to the subject, although in some embodiments the methods may be performed by administering IRM compound in a dose outside this range.
• the method includes administering sufficient IRM compound to provide a dose of from about 10 ⁇ g/kg to about 5 mg/kg to the subject, for example, a dose of from about 100 ⁇ g/kg to about 1 mg/kg.
• methods of the present invention include administering sufficient IRM compound to provide a dose of, for example, from about 0.01 mg/m 2 to about 5.0 mg/m 2 to the patient, although in some embodiments the methods may be performed by administering IRM compound in a dose outside this range.
• the method includes administering sufficient TLR agonist to provide a dose of from about 0.1 mg/m 2 to about 2.0 mg/ m 2 to the patient.
• the dosing regimen and duration of therapy may depend at least in part on many factors known in the art including but not limited to the physical and chemical nature of the IRM compound, the nature of the carrier, the amount of IRM being administered, the state of the subject's immune system (e.g., suppressed, compromised, stimulated), the method of administering the IRM compound, and the species to which the IRM compound is being administered. Accordingly it is not practical to set forth generally the dosing regimen and duration of therapy effective for treating cutaneous T cell lymphoma for all possible applications. Those of ordinary skill in the art, however, can readily determine an appropriate dosing regimen and therapy duration with due consideration of such factors.
• the IRM compound may be administered, for example, from a single administration to about once per day, although in some embodiments the methods of the present invention may be performed by administering the IRM compound at a frequency outside this range.
• the IRM compound may be administered, for example, from a single administration to about once per day, although in some embodiments the methods of the present invention may be performed by administering the IRM compound at a frequency outside this range.
• the IRM compound may be administered, for example, from a single administration to about once per day, although in some embodiments the methods of the present invention may be performed by administering the IRM compound at a frequency outside this range.
• the IRM may be administered, for example, from a single administration to about once per day, although in some embodiments the methods of the present invention may be performed by administering the IRM compound at a frequency outside this range.
• the IRM may be administered, for example, from a single administration to about once per day, although in some embodiments the methods of the present invention may be performed by administering the IRM compound at
• 44 compound may be administered from about once per month to about twice per week.
• the IRM compound is administered twice per week.
• the IRM compound may be administered on an "as needed" basis, i.e., only when symptoms or clinical signs of cutaneous T cell lymphoma appear.
• the IRM compound may be administered over a prescribed duration of time. Administration of the IRM compound may be continuous throughout a prescribed period of time or, alternatively, rest periods may be incorporated into the therapy period.
• the duration of therapy may be, for example, at least two weeks, at least four weeks, at least eight weeks, or at least twelve weeks. In one particular embodiment, the IRM compound may be administered twice per week for twelve weeks.
• the IRM compounds used in the examples are shown in Table 1.
• Peripheral blood samples were obtained from mycosis fungoides (MF) patients and Sezary syndrome (SS) patients.
• Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood samples with assessment of the numbers of CD4 + /CD267CD7 " cells was routinely used to quantify the numbers of circulating malignant T cells. Absence of circulating malignant T cells was verified by examination of one-micron sections of formalin-fixed peripheral blood buffy coats for lymphocytes with atypical ceribriform appearing nuclei. Patients were divided into three groups based on tumor load in their circulation as described in Wysocka et al.y Blood (2002), 100:3287-3294.
• Those with between 5% and 19% circulating Sezary cells were defined as low tumor burden patients; those with between 20% and 50% circulating Sezary cells were defined as medium tumor burden patients; and those with greater than 50% circulating Sezary cells were defined as high tumor burden patients. All patients were receiving identical treatment consisting of extracorporeal photopheresis on approximately an every four-week schedule, as described in Rook et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. (1999), 4:85-90. Blood samples from age-matched healthy volunteers were used as controls.
• PBMCs Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• PBMCs were cultured in 24-well plates at a density of 2xlO 6 /mL/well for 18-24 hours with IRMl, IRM2, or IRM3 at a final concentration of 10 ⁇ g/mL.
• Cells were harvested for flow cytometric analysis and the remaining supematants were collected for cytokine analysis.
• the supematants were tested for the presence of IFN- ⁇ , IL-12p70, IL- 12p40, and IFN- ⁇ by standard ELISA, using antibody pairs from Endogen (IFN- ⁇ , Woburn, MA, sensitivity 10 pg/mL) or R&D Systems, Inc. (IFN- ⁇ , IL-12p70, IL-12p40, Minneapolis, MN, sensitivity 10 pg/mL for IFN- ⁇ and IL-12p70, 20 pg/mL for IL-12p40). Results are shown in Figure 1.
• NK cells were harvested for flow cytometric analysis to determine intracellular expression of cellular markers by NK cells. Unless otherwise indicated, all antibodies were obtained from BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA. To determine expression of CD69 by BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA.
• Example 3 PBMCs were stimulated for 24 hours with either IRM 1 , IRM2, or IRM3 as described above. After incubation with IRM compound, the cells were harvested, washed with PBS (Gibco-BRL, Grand Island, NY) and replated. Human lymphoblastoma K562 cells (ATCC 3 Rockville, MD, CCL# 243) were used as targets. A standard 4-hour Cr 51 - release assay was performed as described in Rook et al., J. Immunol. (1995), 154:1491- 1498. Results are shown in Figure 3.
• PBMCs from Sezary syndrome (SS) patients and healthy volunteers (control) were obtained as described in Example 1.
• Cells were stimulated with either medium or IFN- ⁇ (10 ng/mL) for 24 hours. Cells were then washed twice with PBS and restimulated with
• IRM2 (10 ⁇ g/mL) for an additional 24 hours.
• IL- 12 levels were measured in cell-free supernatants as described in Example 1. Results are shown in Figure 4.

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• 2006
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• 2017
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