WO2007068058A1 - Hyper immune bovine colostrum gastrointestinal vaccine - Google Patents

Hyper immune bovine colostrum gastrointestinal vaccine Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007068058A1
WO2007068058A1 PCT/AU2006/001906 AU2006001906W WO2007068058A1 WO 2007068058 A1 WO2007068058 A1 WO 2007068058A1 AU 2006001906 W AU2006001906 W AU 2006001906W WO 2007068058 A1 WO2007068058 A1 WO 2007068058A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
colostrum
coli
pylori
oral vaccine
bovine colostrum
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PCT/AU2006/001906
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
William Belloc Tien
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Igscience Pty Ltd
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Publication of WO2007068058A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007068058A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/025—Enterobacteriales, e.g. Enterobacter
    • A61K39/0258—Escherichia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/105—Delta proteobacteriales, e.g. Lawsonia; Epsilon proteobacteriales, e.g. campylobacter, helicobacter
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
    • A61K2039/522—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells avirulent or attenuated
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/54—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the route of administration
    • A61K2039/541—Mucosal route
    • A61K2039/542—Mucosal route oral/gastrointestinal
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/55—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the host/recipient, e.g. newborn with maternal antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55566—Emulsions, e.g. Freund's adjuvant, MF59
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/70—Multivalent vaccine
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the prevention and management of gastrointestinal infections and associated diseases, and in particular, to a combinatorial vaccine developed from a combinatorial strain of attenuated micro-organisms derived from Helicobacter pylori (H. pyton) and Escherichia oott (E. coll) within a live bovine media environment to provide antibodies specific for the preventfon and/or treatment of infection by H.pylori and E.coll
  • Helicobacter pylori (H.pyl ⁇ r!) is a spiral-shaped bacterium that resides within the stomach and duodenum.
  • the bacterium has a unique way of adapting in the harsh environment of the stomach and is believed to be the major cause of peptic ulcer in the stomach and duodenum, a condition which can cause excruciating pain, distress and even death.
  • H. pylori infection is common in the United States, where 20 percent of people under the age of 40 years and 50 percent of people over the age of 60 years, are infected. Interestingly, most people who are infected with the bacterium will not actually develop ulcers. The reason why H, pylori does not cause ulcers in every infected person is unknown. However, rt is believed that development of the infection is dependent on factors such as characteristics ⁇ f the infected person, the type of H. pylori, and other factors yet to be discovered. researchers are still discovering how people contract H. pylori, although it is believed to be via food and/or water that enters the stomach and the bacteria attaches to the mucous of the stomach lining.
  • H. pylori act by weakening the protective mucous coating of the stomach and duodenum, which in turn allows the stomach acid to get into the sensitive lining beneath.
  • the stomach acid and bacteria then irritate the lining to cause a sore, or ulcer.
  • H. pylori is able to survive in the stomach by secreting enzymes which neutralize the acid, allowing the bacteria to make its way to the "safe" protective mucous lining.
  • the spiral shape then assists the bacterium to burrow through the lining.
  • Escherichia CoIi ⁇ E. coli has hundreds of different strains which live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals, many of which are harmless. There are however, infectious strains which produce a powerful toxin that can result in severe illness to the host.
  • the most common strain of E. coli which causes illness in humans is E. coli O157.H7. This strain was first recognised as a cause of illness in 1982 during an outbreak of severe bloody diarrhea Which was traced to contaminated hamburgers. Since then, most infections from this strain have arisen as a result of eating undercooked ground beef.
  • the symptoms of E. coli O157:H7 infection include watery or bloody diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting. Young children are most likely to demonstrate severe symptoms including kidney failure and even death.
  • Bovine colostrum is milk which is produced by a cow to provide immunity to a newborn shortly after giving birth. It is found that immunizing a mammal such as a cow with specific antigens thus,, producing Bovine colostrum containing specific nature antibodies can be extracted and used in the treatment of infectious diseases including gastrointestinal diseases.
  • Bovine colostrum powder which can be dissolved or suspended in A liquid for oral administration or granulation and encapsulation of colostral antibodies.
  • Bovine colostrum antibodies have been shown to be an effective means of providing local protection within the gastrointestinal tract against disease caused by pathogenic micro-organisms.
  • Bovine colostrum is also known to be rich in various growth factors and protef ⁇ s including IGF- 1 , IGF-2, TGf- beta-1, TGF-beta-2, IgM, lgG-1. ltjG-2, lgG-3, lgG-4, IgA-I, lgA-2, IgE, lactoferrin, lyspzyme, lactoperoxidase, minerals and vitamins.
  • the present invention provides a multi-organism vaccine that has been developed from combinatorial attenuated strains of live-micro-organisms derived from H.pylori and E-(X)I) antigens to create specific antibodies within a live bovine media environment during the last weeks of gestation.
  • the antibodies produced within the Bovine Colostrum will be developed as an oral vaccine for the protection and/or treatment of infection by H.pylori and E.coli. bacteria.
  • the pharmaceutical composition for oral administration will be preferably composed of. one or more H.pylari and E.coli antigens and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipie ⁇ ts as the drug delivery vehicle.
  • the antigen(s) is/are preferably purified antigen(s) or a whole cell imrnunogen.
  • purified throughout the description is intended to mean that at least one step of purification has been carried out such that the resultant purified antigen is of higher quality than in its original antigen context.
  • the present invention provides a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine including: at least one H. pylori antigen-adjuvant; at least one E. coli antigen-adjuvant; enriched bovine colostrum; and at least one unit dose whereby the combinatorial vaccine provides a means of protection against and/or treatment for infection by H.pylori and E.coli.
  • the adjuvant is preferably a polysaccharide which is capable of binding to the cell surface of an antigen presenting cell.
  • the H. pylori antigen is preferably derived from at least one strain of H. pylori namely, H. pylori NCTC 1163.
  • the B. coli antigen is derived from at least one strain of E. coli including, but not limited to, two strains of E. c ⁇ //0157:H7, ' tw ⁇ strains of E. coli serotype 06 and two strains of E. coli 0153.
  • the bovine colostrum is preferaDly collected from the mammary secretions of a cow.
  • the bovine colostrum is adapted to be enriched in functional antibodies and immune modulators including, but not limited to, immunoglobulin G.
  • the combinatorial colostrum oral vaccine is adapted to be provided as a unit' dose comprising 1 part E. coli colostrum and 2 parts H. pylori colostrum.
  • the second capsule is preferably designed to enable the specific targeted delivery of the vaccine to the intestine.
  • the u ⁇ ft dose is preferably encapsulated to provide specific targeted delivery for the oral vaccination,
  • the invention provides a method for producing a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine comprising the following steps: creating at least one H. pylon and E. coli antigen-adjuvant; injecting the H. pylori and E. coli antigen-adjuva ⁇ t(s) into at least one cow during the late stages of pregnancy; collecting a colostrum produced as a mammary secretion by the cow(s); enriching the colostrum; and blending and providing at least one unit dose of colostrum whereby a method of protection against and/or treatment for infection by H, pylori and E. coli is provided comprising an oral administration of sin effective amount of H. pylori and E. coli antigens.
  • the H. pylori and/or £. coli antigen-adjuvants are created using bacterial cell culture methodology.
  • the H. pylori and/or E. coli antigen-adjuvants are created using gene cloning and protein purification techniques.
  • the cows are preferably immunised periodically, via intramuscular injection, commencing approximately 8 weeks prior to the predicted calving date.
  • the colostrum is preferably colleted from the first three milking following calving.
  • the colostrum is preferabty treated to enrich the immunoglobulin G component.
  • the colostrum is preferably heat treated to separate the colostrum into curd and whey, and the whey containing the desired proteins is collected and freeze-dried.
  • the freeze-dried E. coli colostrum is preferably blended and microencapsulated.
  • the freeze-dried H. Pylori colostrum and microencapsulated E. o ⁇ fi are preferably blended and encapsulated using 1 part microencapsulated E. coli colostrum to 2 parts un-micr ⁇ encapsulated colostrum.
  • Figure 1 shows the laboratory method for inactivating cells produced via molecular cloning techniques according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • figure 2 shows the composition for the micro-encapsulation coating of the E. coli colostrum according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 3 shows the methodology for producing the hyper immune bovine colostrum gastrointestinal vaccine according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the invention provides a combinatorial vaccine developed from a combinatorial strain of attenuated micro-organisms derived from Helicobacter pylori ⁇ H. pylori) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) wfthin a live bovine media environment to provide antibodies specific for the prevention and/or treatment of infection by H.pylori and E.coli, It is envisaged that the ingredients, quantities and processes for producing a vaccine according to the following methodology may be varied as required to achieve the most effective/efficient result.
  • the oral vaccine is preferably prepared utilising the methodology shown in Figure 3.
  • Example 1 Raising M pylori and E. coli f ⁇ culture & creating an adjuvant containing whole cells
  • the H. pylori/ E. coli antigen-adjuvants are preferably prepared using bacterial cell culture techniques. a. Preparation of the adjuvant containing B. coli
  • At least one E. coli antigen is preferably made using at least one strain of E. coli containing the desired proteins which are required to stimulate the production of an antibody for combating common gastrointestinal infections.
  • the E coli antigen is preferably made from six strains including, but not limited to, two strains of E coli O157:H7, two strains of E coli serotype 06, two strains of E coli 0153.
  • the cells are preferably inactivated, using the procedure detailed in Figure 1, for storage and/or preparatio ⁇ of the E coli vaccine antigen.
  • ThQ E coli cells are grown overnight at 37°C in Lu ⁇ a-Berta ⁇ i (LB) broth and washed in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), The cells are inactivated by incubating cells at 60°C for 3 hours. . The cells are concentrated by ce ⁇ trifugation to obtain the required concentration and quantity of cells from each culture. Prior to storage, or use of the cells for preparation of the vaccine, the viability of inactivated cells is determined using standard laboratory methods, as mentioned in Figure 1 , to ensure there are no viable cells.
  • At least one H.pylo ⁇ antigen is preferably made using at least one strain of H. pylori containing the desired proteins which are required to stimulate the production of an antibody for combating common gastrointestinal infections.
  • Helicobacter pylori NCTC 1163 is used to provide the antigen for the invention.
  • the H. pylon bacteria are preferably grown In culture on Horse Blood Agar at 37°C under microaerophilic conditions. The bacteria harvested and washed in sterile PBS. The cells are concentrated by ce ⁇ trifugation to obtain the required concentration and quantity of cells from each culture. The bacterial suspension is then pulse sonicated, to lys ⁇ the cells and release the desired proteins, for 10 minutes at 50% capacity while being kept in an ice bath. The whole cell lysate is then stored at -70°C until it is ready for use for preparation of the vaccine. In an alternate embodiment, it is envisaged that whole cells could be used.
  • the invention preferably involves the creation and use of at least one adjuvant in order to enhance the immune response stimulated by the antigen.
  • the adjuvant is created by mixing the bacterial suspension of E.coli cells and/or W. pylori cell lysate with Fr ⁇ und's Incomplete Adjuvant and is adapted to be delivered in volumes of 2-4 mL/dose.
  • the E.coli/H, pylon antigen is preferably added drop wise to an equal volume of Freund's adjuvant.
  • the adjuvant mixture is preferably homogenized using a syringe and needle until a stable water-i ⁇ -oil emulsion is obtained. The stability of the emulsion is tested by gently placing a. drop of the adjuvant mixture onto cold water and checking that the emulsion does not separate and/or coagulate.
  • Example 2 Creating E. coli and H. pylori antigen-adjuvants using gene cloning and protein purification techniques.
  • the H. coli/ H. pylori antigen , adjuvant is created using gene cloning and protein purification techniques.
  • the H. pylori and E.coli genes of interest are cloned into H, pylori and E. c ⁇ li expression vectors. It is envisaged that any suitable genes which present themselves as an effective antigen may be chosan and adopted. However, the genes should ideally be associated with adherence and/or virulence. The relevant genes will be Identified and doned using the molecular cloning and PCR techniques described by Sambrook & Rusell (2001) to generate recombinant H. pylori and E.
  • the PGR process for the invention will involve 35 cycles and an MgGt 2 concentration between 2-4mlVl
  • the resultant specific H. pylori and E. coli strains will be used to create competent H. pylori and E, coli cells using standard protocols.
  • the competent cells are preferably generated using a mild strain of E coli.
  • the competent cells will be used to produce a biomass via a fermentation process as described by Bauer and Siloach (1974).
  • the fermentation process may preferably Include, but not be limited to, LB broth, yeast extract 1.0% (weight/volume) NaCI 0.5% (w/v) and trypta ⁇ e 1.0% (w/v),
  • the seed medium (SM) will preferably consist of LB medium, at least one trace element 0.3% (Wv) and chloramphenicol 30 ⁇ g/ml -
  • the trace element may preferably contain FeCl2 • 6H2O 2.7% (w/v), 2nCI2 • 4H2O 0.2% (W/v), CoCI2 • 6H2O 0.2% (w/v), Na2MoO4 • 2H2O 0.2% (w/v), CaCI2 • 2M2O 0.1% (w/v), CuCI2 0.1% (w/v), H3BO30.05% (w/v), and concentrated HC1 10% (v/v).
  • the biomass material is harvested and purffied using at least one standard protein purification process including, but not limited to, centrifugation, precipitation with salt, binding to ion exchange columns or affinity columns, separation by sizing columns, gel filtration chromatography and fractionation by isoelectric focusing, to obtain the desired proteins.
  • the purified material is preferabty'validated using standard SDS-PAG ⁇ and coomassie stain procedures as outlined by SambrooK and Russell (2001 ) to ensure thai the correct proteins and/or antigens are present in the purified material to be used as immunisation for the cows.
  • the H. pylon and/or E. coli antigen adjuvant is preferably used as a vaccine to immunise cows during the late stages of pregnancy when their antibody production is increased.
  • the cows are immunised, via an intramuscular injection, with the H. pylon and/or E. coli antigen vaccine periodically (preferably at two-week intervals), commencing approximately 8 weeks prior to the predicted calving date.
  • immunisatio ⁇ s are preferably adapted to consist of 1x1 10 CFU delivered in 3 mL volume /dose (mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant).
  • the fourth booster immunisation is preferably adapted to consist of 1x10 9 colony forming un ' rts (CFU) (3mL/dose) and the fifth of 1X 8 CFU (2 mL/d ⁇ se). Receipt of ihe fifth immunisation will be dependent on the actual calving date for each cow. It should be noted that these CFU measurements are only in relation to Example 1 using the molecular cloning approach, In a preferred embodiment, the immunisation of cows with the H. pylori antigen is independent to the immunisation of cows with the E. coti antigen.
  • the colostrum is collected from the first three milking following calving and stored at -20° C until it is ready to be processed.
  • the bovine colostrum collected during this timeframe will ensure the highest concentration of antibodies developed in response to the H. pylori and/or £ co// antigen and/or the other antibodies and immunoglobulins that are commonly present in bovine colostrum.
  • the colostrum from cows immunised with the E. coli antigen is adapted to be treated independently to the colostrum from cows immunised with the H. pylon antigen.
  • the collected bovine colostrum is preferably treated in order to enrich the immunoglobulin G component which is known to provide increased local protection to the gastrointestinal tract,
  • the bovine colostrum is preferably received at a temperature of ⁇ "C.
  • the treatment, quantities and/or calculations shall be described bgsed upon an amount of 18.Skg of received colostrum.
  • Added to the bovine colostrum is preferably 2kg of deionised water at room temperature in order to reduce the viscosity of the colostrum assist in the separation ⁇ f fat molecules from the colostrum.
  • the partially separated fat molecules are collected using centrifugation at a temperature of 6°C, An example of 18.6 kg of raw bovine colostrum resulted in 16 kg of colostrum remaining after the initial fat separation process.
  • the separated colostrum is preferably heated to a temperature of 32°C using indirect heat in a water bath and is thereafter placed in a double jacketed cheese vat in order to produce curd from the bovine colostrum.
  • To set the curd 8 ml of single strength calf rennet, diluted with 30ml of deionised water, is added to the colostrum, mixed for 3 minutes and left undisturbed for a prescribed time, preferably 20 minutes, to set as firm as possible.
  • the set curd is preferably cut with horizontal and vertical knives using a cutting process similar to that adopted in the manufacture of cheddar cheese.
  • the curd and whey are preferably left undisturbed for 5 minutes to allow the curd to 'heal' and become firm for mechanical handling, tn order to facilitate release of the whey from the curd, the whey and curd are gently heated using hot water (n the outside jacket of the cheese vat. During the heating process, the curd and whey are constantly agitated to facilitate heat transfer and the release of whey during shrinking of the curd. Heating is preferably performed very sfowly, 1 °C/5 mi ⁇ initially from 32 to 34"C and then 1°C/3 min to a final temp of 38 0 C. Once the whey has been released, it is preferably drained off from the curd and collected in a container.
  • the curd is then washed at least once, preferably using 5 litres of wash water at 38°C, which is adapted to be added to the curd and mixed thoroughly for 5 minutes.
  • the whey/wash water is then drained again and collected in bucket.
  • the process is repeated in order to collect as much whey, containing the desired proteins, as possible, In this example, a total of 23 kg whey (13kg whey + 10 kg wash water) was collected.
  • the whey is preferably heated, indirectly in a water bath to 55°C/5min in order to inactivate any residual rennet In the wney without heat damaging the IgG or other bioactive components.
  • the whey was cooled indirectly using ice and chilled water to 1O 0 C.
  • the whey is fed to the centrifugal separator at 15 0 C. This process is repeated at least ⁇ nce to maximize the fat removal.
  • the whey is subjected to ultrafittration/dFafiltratio ⁇ (UF/DF) to flush out any soluble components such as lactose and free minerals
  • UF/DF ultrafittration/dFafiltratio ⁇
  • fifteen litres of separated whey was collected from the centrifugal separator at 20'C.
  • det ⁇ nised water was added and placed in the balance tank of the UF unit.
  • Temperature of whey during UF is preferably initially 20 11 C and this increased to 25°C over 20 minutes of processing.
  • Inlet pressure was 240kpa and outlet pressure was I8 ⁇ kpa. Being a batch process, the retentat ⁇ is returned to the balance tank enabling air incorporation and foaming.
  • the temperature of operation preferably should be 5-1O 0 C.
  • the DF step should be modified to add only the required amount of DF water.
  • the colostrum product is then freeze-dried. lt is envisaged that the whey may preferably be pasteurised after the ultrafiltration/diafiltration process in order to make the whey suitable for human consumption. The may be achieved via microfiltratio ⁇ and/or mild heat treatment (ie. at 71 °C/15 seconds.
  • the freeze-dr ⁇ ed colostrum is blended in a 200 litre stainless steel drum for 30 minutes.
  • the colostrum derived from H. pylori immunized cows. is blended separately to the colostrum derived from £ GQI ⁇ immunized cows.
  • the blended colostrum is preferably coated in a commercial microencapsulated for a prescribed period, preferably 60 minutes.
  • Co// bacteria was microencapsulated using the ingredients and compositions shown depicted in Figure 2 at a temperature of 37°C with humidity conditions being uncontrolled.
  • Microencapsulated granules derived from the E. call immunized cows, were blended for 10 minutes in a drum tumbler with un-microencapsuiated colostrum from cows immunized with H, pylori so that there was 1 part microencapsulated colostrum to 2 parts u ⁇ -microencapsulated colostrum.
  • the hyper- immunised colostrums may be enterically coated and encapsulated.
  • the colostrum powder was encapsulated into "0" size capsules using a commercial encapsulator so that the colostrum could be administered to a human as an oral vaccine.
  • the capsules can then be packaged for distribution as desired.
  • the colostrum is adapted to be measured a ⁇ dfor provided in a unit dose.
  • the unit dose may preferably be in the form of a tablet, powder, capsule (as described herein) and/or other suitable dosage means.

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Abstract

The present invention provides a multi-organism vaccine that has been developed from combinatorial attenuated strains of live-micro-organisms derived from H.pylon and E.coli antigens to create specific antibodies within a live bovine media environment during the last weeks of gestation. The antibodies produced within the Bovine Colostrum will be developed as an oral vaccine for the protection and/or treatment of infection by H.pylori and E.coli bacteria.

Description

- -
HYPER IMMUNE BOVINE COLOSTRUM GASTROINTESTINAL VACCINE
Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the prevention and management of gastrointestinal infections and associated diseases, and in particular, to a combinatorial vaccine developed from a combinatorial strain of attenuated micro-organisms derived from Helicobacter pylori (H. pyton) and Escherichia oott (E. coll) within a live bovine media environment to provide antibodies specific for the preventfon and/or treatment of infection by H.pylori and E.coll
Whilst the invention may be applied to other suitable organisms and/or antibodies, for convenience sake it shall be described herein in terms of a vaccine which is derived from H. pylon and E.co//fαrthe combinatorial treatment of gastrointestinal infection.
Background to the invention
Helicobacter pylori (H.pylαr!) is a spiral-shaped bacterium that resides within the stomach and duodenum. The bacterium has a unique way of adapting in the harsh environment of the stomach and is believed to be the major cause of peptic ulcer in the stomach and duodenum, a condition which can cause excruciating pain, distress and even death.
H. pylori infection is common in the United States, where 20 percent of people under the age of 40 years and 50 percent of people over the age of 60 years, are infected. Interestingly, most people who are infected with the bacterium will not actually develop ulcers. The reason why H, pylori does not cause ulcers in every infected person is unknown. However, rt is believed that development of the infection is dependent on factors such as characteristics αf the infected person, the type of H. pylori, and other factors yet to be discovered. Researchers are still discovering how people contract H. pylori, although it is believed to be via food and/or water that enters the stomach and the bacteria attaches to the mucous of the stomach lining.
H. pylori act by weakening the protective mucous coating of the stomach and duodenum, which in turn allows the stomach acid to get into the sensitive lining beneath. The stomach acid and bacteria then irritate the lining to cause a sore, or ulcer. H. pylori is able to survive in the stomach by secreting enzymes which neutralize the acid, allowing the bacteria to make its way to the "safe" protective mucous lining. The spiral shape then assists the bacterium to burrow through the lining.
Escherichia CoIi {E. coli) has hundreds of different strains which live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals, many of which are harmless. There are however, infectious strains which produce a powerful toxin that can result in severe illness to the host. The most common strain of E. coli which causes illness in humans is E. coli O157.H7. This strain was first recognised as a cause of illness in 1982 during an outbreak of severe bloody diarrhea Which was traced to contaminated hamburgers. Since then, most infections from this strain have arisen as a result of eating undercooked ground beef. The symptoms of E. coli O157:H7 infection include watery or bloody diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting. Young children are most likely to demonstrate severe symptoms including kidney failure and even death.
Bovine colostrum is milk which is produced by a cow to provide immunity to a newborn shortly after giving birth. It is found that immunizing a mammal such as a cow with specific antigens thus,, producing Bovine colostrum containing specific nature antibodies can be extracted and used in the treatment of infectious diseases including gastrointestinal diseases.
The prior art has developed products for utilising bovine colostrum powder which can be dissolved or suspended in A liquid for oral administration or granulation and encapsulation of colostral antibodies. Bovine colostrum antibodies have been shown to be an effective means of providing local protection within the gastrointestinal tract against disease caused by pathogenic micro-organisms. Bovine colostrum is also known to be rich in various growth factors and protefπs including IGF- 1 , IGF-2, TGf- beta-1, TGF-beta-2, IgM, lgG-1. ltjG-2, lgG-3, lgG-4, IgA-I, lgA-2, IgE, lactoferrin, lyspzyme, lactoperoxidase, minerals and vitamins.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to overcome or substantially ameliorate the disadvantages of the prior art by providing a gastrointestinal vaccine that is highly concentrated in biologically functional antibodies and immune modulators for the prevention and/or treatment of infection by H. pylori and £ coli. Summary Qf the Invention
The present invention provides a multi-organism vaccine that has been developed from combinatorial attenuated strains of live-micro-organisms derived from H.pylori and E-(X)I) antigens to create specific antibodies within a live bovine media environment during the last weeks of gestation. The antibodies produced within the Bovine Colostrum will be developed as an oral vaccine for the protection and/or treatment of infection by H.pylori and E.coli. bacteria. The pharmaceutical composition for oral administration will be preferably composed of. one or more H.pylari and E.coli antigens and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipieπts as the drug delivery vehicle.
The antigen(s) is/are preferably purified antigen(s) or a whole cell imrnunogen. The term "purified" throughout the description is intended to mean that at least one step of purification has been carried out such that the resultant purified antigen is of higher quality than in its original antigen context.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine including: at least one H. pylori antigen-adjuvant; at least one E. coli antigen-adjuvant; enriched bovine colostrum; and at least one unit dose whereby the combinatorial vaccine provides a means of protection against and/or treatment for infection by H.pylori and E.coli.
The adjuvant is preferably a polysaccharide which is capable of binding to the cell surface of an antigen presenting cell. However, it is envisaged that any other suitable adjuvant may also be employed. The H. pylori antigen is preferably derived from at least one strain of H. pylori namely, H. pylori NCTC 1163. The B. coli antigen is derived from at least one strain of E. coli including, but not limited to, two strains of E. cσ//0157:H7,'twθ strains of E. coli serotype 06 and two strains of E. coli 0153.
The bovine colostrum is preferaDly collected from the mammary secretions of a cow. The bovine colostrum is adapted to be enriched in functional antibodies and immune modulators including, but not limited to, immunoglobulin G. The combinatorial colostrum oral vaccine is adapted to be provided as a unit' dose comprising 1 part E. coli colostrum and 2 parts H. pylori colostrum. The second capsule is preferably designed to enable the specific targeted delivery of the vaccine to the intestine. The uπft dose is preferably encapsulated to provide specific targeted delivery for the oral vaccination,
In a second aspect, the invention provides a method for producing a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine comprising the following steps: creating at least one H. pylon and E. coli antigen-adjuvant; injecting the H. pylori and E. coli antigen-adjuvaπt(s) into at least one cow during the late stages of pregnancy; collecting a colostrum produced as a mammary secretion by the cow(s); enriching the colostrum; and blending and providing at least one unit dose of colostrum whereby a method of protection against and/or treatment for infection by H, pylori and E. coli is provided comprising an oral administration of sin effective amount of H. pylori and E. coli antigens.
In a first preferred embodiment, the H. pylori and/or £. coli antigen-adjuvants are created using bacterial cell culture methodology. In a second preferred embodiment, the H. pylori and/or E. coli antigen-adjuvants are created using gene cloning and protein purification techniques.
The cows are preferably immunised periodically, via intramuscular injection, commencing approximately 8 weeks prior to the predicted calving date. The colostrum is preferably colleted from the first three milking following calving. The colostrum is preferabty treated to enrich the immunoglobulin G component.
The colostrum is preferably heat treated to separate the colostrum into curd and whey, and the whey containing the desired proteins is collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried E. coli colostrum is preferably blended and microencapsulated. The freeze-dried H. Pylori colostrum and microencapsulated E. oύfi are preferably blended and encapsulated using 1 part microencapsulated E. coli colostrum to 2 parts un-micrσencapsulated colostrum.
In order that the invention may be more readily understood we will describe by way of non-limiting example of specific embodiments thereof. Brlef Description of the Drawing Figures
Figure 1 shows the laboratory method for inactivating cells produced via molecular cloning techniques according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
figure 2 shows the composition for the micro-encapsulation coating of the E. coli colostrum according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
Figure 3 shows the methodology for producing the hyper immune bovine colostrum gastrointestinal vaccine according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
Description of a Preferred Embodiment of the Invention
In this preferred embodiment, the invention provides a combinatorial vaccine developed from a combinatorial strain of attenuated micro-organisms derived from Helicobacter pylori {H. pylori) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) wfthin a live bovine media environment to provide antibodies specific for the prevention and/or treatment of infection by H.pylori and E.coli, It is envisaged that the ingredients, quantities and processes for producing a vaccine according to the following methodology may be varied as required to achieve the most effective/efficient result.
The oral vaccine is preferably prepared utilising the methodology shown in Figure 3.
Example 1 - Raising M pylori and E. coli fπ culture & creating an adjuvant containing whole cells
In a first preferred embodiment, the H. pylori/ E. coli antigen-adjuvants are preferably prepared using bacterial cell culture techniques. a. Preparation of the adjuvant containing B. coli
At least one E. coli antigen is preferably made using at least one strain of E. coli containing the desired proteins which are required to stimulate the production of an antibody for combating common gastrointestinal infections. The E coli antigen is preferably made from six strains including, but not limited to, two strains of E coli O157:H7, two strains of E coli serotype 06, two strains of E coli 0153. The cells are preferably inactivated, using the procedure detailed in Figure 1, for storage and/or preparatioπ of the E coli vaccine antigen. ThQ E coli cells are grown overnight at 37°C in Luπa-Bertaπi (LB) broth and washed in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), The cells are inactivated by incubating cells at 60°C for 3 hours.. The cells are concentrated by ceπtrifugation to obtain the required concentration and quantity of cells from each culture. Prior to storage, or use of the cells for preparation of the vaccine, the viability of inactivated cells is determined using standard laboratory methods, as mentioned in Figure 1 , to ensure there are no viable cells.
b. Preparation of the adjuvant containing H pylori
At least one H.pyloπ antigen is preferably made using at least one strain of H. pylori containing the desired proteins which are required to stimulate the production of an antibody for combating common gastrointestinal infections. In a preferred embodiment, Helicobacter pylori NCTC 1163 is used to provide the antigen for the invention. The H. pylon bacteria are preferably grown In culture on Horse Blood Agar at 37°C under microaerophilic conditions. The bacteria harvested and washed in sterile PBS. The cells are concentrated by ceπtrifugation to obtain the required concentration and quantity of cells from each culture. The bacterial suspension is then pulse sonicated, to lysβ the cells and release the desired proteins, for 10 minutes at 50% capacity while being kept in an ice bath. The whole cell lysate is then stored at -70°C until it is ready for use for preparation of the vaccine. In an alternate embodiment, it is envisaged that whole cells could be used.
The invention preferably involves the creation and use of at least one adjuvant in order to enhance the immune response stimulated by the antigen. The adjuvant is created by mixing the bacterial suspension of E.coli cells and/or W. pylori cell lysate with Frβund's Incomplete Adjuvant and is adapted to be delivered in volumes of 2-4 mL/dose. The E.coli/H, pylon antigen is preferably added drop wise to an equal volume of Freund's adjuvant. The adjuvant mixture is preferably homogenized using a syringe and needle until a stable water-iπ-oil emulsion is obtained. The stability of the emulsion is tested by gently placing a. drop of the adjuvant mixture onto cold water and checking that the emulsion does not separate and/or coagulate.
Example 2 - Creating E. coli and H. pylori antigen-adjuvants using gene cloning and protein purification techniques.
In a second preferred embodiment of the invention, the H. coli/ H. pylori antigen, adjuvant is created using gene cloning and protein purification techniques. In this second embodiment, . the H. pylori and E.coli genes of interest are cloned into H, pylori and E. cσli expression vectors. It is envisaged that any suitable genes which present themselves as an effective antigen may be chosan and adopted. However, the genes should ideally be associated with adherence and/or virulence. The relevant genes will be Identified and doned using the molecular cloning and PCR techniques described by Sambrook & Rusell (2001) to generate recombinant H. pylori and E. coli strains. It is envisaged that the PGR process for the invention will involve 35 cycles and an MgGt2 concentration between 2-4mlVl The resultant specific H. pylori and E. coli strains will be used to create competent H. pylori and E, coli cells using standard protocols. The competent cells are preferably generated using a mild strain of E coli.
The competent cells will be used to produce a biomass via a fermentation process as described by Bauer and Siloach (1974). The fermentation process may preferably Include, but not be limited to, LB broth, yeast extract 1.0% (weight/volume) NaCI 0.5% (w/v) and tryptaπe 1.0% (w/v), The seed medium (SM) will preferably consist of LB medium, at least one trace element 0.3% (Wv) and chloramphenicol 30μg/ml - The trace element may preferably contain FeCl2 • 6H2O 2.7% (w/v), 2nCI2 • 4H2O 0.2% (W/v), CoCI2 • 6H2O 0.2% (w/v), Na2MoO4 • 2H2O 0.2% (w/v), CaCI2 • 2M2O 0.1% (w/v), CuCI2 0.1% (w/v), H3BO30.05% (w/v), and concentrated HC1 10% (v/v).
The biomass material is harvested and purffied using at least one standard protein purification process including, but not limited to, centrifugation, precipitation with salt, binding to ion exchange columns or affinity columns, separation by sizing columns, gel filtration chromatography and fractionation by isoelectric focusing, to obtain the desired proteins. The purified material is preferabty'validated using standard SDS-PAG^ and coomassie stain procedures as outlined by SambrooK and Russell (2001 ) to ensure thai the correct proteins and/or antigens are present in the purified material to be used as immunisation for the cows.
Injection into cattle in the late stages of pregnancy as part of a defined dosing regime
The H. pylon and/or E. coli antigen adjuvant is preferably used as a vaccine to immunise cows during the late stages of pregnancy when their antibody production is increased. The cows are immunised, via an intramuscular injection, with the H. pylon and/or E. coli antigen vaccine periodically (preferably at two-week intervals), commencing approximately 8 weeks prior to the predicted calving date. The fi rst three - S -
immunisatioπs are preferably adapted to consist of 1x110 CFU delivered in 3 mL volume /dose (mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant). The fourth booster immunisation is preferably adapted to consist of 1x109 colony forming un'rts (CFU) (3mL/dose) and the fifth of 1X8 CFU (2 mL/dόse). Receipt of ihe fifth immunisation will be dependent on the actual calving date for each cow. It should be noted that these CFU measurements are only in relation to Example 1 using the molecular cloning approach, In a preferred embodiment, the immunisation of cows with the H. pylori antigen is independent to the immunisation of cows with the E. coti antigen.
Collection of the Bovine Colostrum
Following the actual calving date, the colostrum is collected from the first three milking following calving and stored at -20° C until it is ready to be processed. The bovine colostrum collected during this timeframe will ensure the highest concentration of antibodies developed in response to the H. pylori and/or £ co// antigen and/or the other antibodies and immunoglobulins that are commonly present in bovine colostrum. In a preferred embodiment, the colostrum from cows immunised with the E. coli antigen is adapted to be treated independently to the colostrum from cows immunised with the H. pylon antigen.
Enrichment of the IgG component
The collected bovine colostrum is preferably treated in order to enrich the immunoglobulin G component which is known to provide increased local protection to the gastrointestinal tract, The bovine colostrum is preferably received at a temperature of δ"C. In this embodiment the treatment, quantities and/or calculations shall be described bgsed upon an amount of 18.Skg of received colostrum. Added to the bovine colostrum is preferably 2kg of deionised water at room temperature in order to reduce the viscosity of the colostrum assist in the separation αf fat molecules from the colostrum. The partially separated fat molecules are collected using centrifugation at a temperature of 6°C, An example of 18.6 kg of raw bovine colostrum resulted in 16 kg of colostrum remaining after the initial fat separation process.
The separated colostrum is preferably heated to a temperature of 32°C using indirect heat in a water bath and is thereafter placed in a double jacketed cheese vat in order to produce curd from the bovine colostrum. To set the curd, 8 ml of single strength calf rennet, diluted with 30ml of deionised water, is added to the colostrum, mixed for 3 minutes and left undisturbed for a prescribed time, preferably 20 minutes, to set as firm as possible. The set curd is preferably cut with horizontal and vertical knives using a cutting process similar to that adopted in the manufacture of cheddar cheese.
The curd and whey are preferably left undisturbed for 5 minutes to allow the curd to 'heal' and become firm for mechanical handling, tn order to facilitate release of the whey from the curd, the whey and curd are gently heated using hot water (n the outside jacket of the cheese vat. During the heating process, the curd and whey are constantly agitated to facilitate heat transfer and the release of whey during shrinking of the curd. Heating is preferably performed very sfowly, 1 °C/5 miπ initially from 32 to 34"C and then 1°C/3 min to a final temp of 380C. Once the whey has been released, it is preferably drained off from the curd and collected in a container. The curd is then washed at least once, preferably using 5 litres of wash water at 38°C, which is adapted to be added to the curd and mixed thoroughly for 5 minutes. The whey/wash water is then drained again and collected in bucket. The process is repeated in order to collect as much whey, containing the desired proteins, as possible, In this example, a total of 23 kg whey (13kg whey + 10 kg wash water) was collected. The whey is preferably heated, indirectly in a water bath to 55°C/5min in order to inactivate any residual rennet In the wney without heat damaging the IgG or other bioactive components. Immediately following heat treatment, the whey was cooled indirectly using ice and chilled water to 1O0C. In order to further reduce the fat content of the whey, the whey is fed to the centrifugal separator at 150C. This process is repeated at least αnce to maximize the fat removal.
In order to increase the relative proportion of whey proteins and IgG, the whey is subjected to ultrafittration/dFafiltratioπ (UF/DF) to flush out any soluble components such as lactose and free minerals, In this example, fifteen litres of separated whey was collected from the centrifugal separator at 20'C. To this 15 litres of detαnised water was added and placed in the balance tank of the UF unit. Temperature of whey during UF is preferably initially 2011C and this increased to 25°C over 20 minutes of processing. Inlet pressure was 240kpa and outlet pressure was I8θkpa. Being a batch process, the retentatβ is returned to the balance tank enabling air incorporation and foaming. Commercial operations operate on feed and bleed system which may minimize this problem. The temperature of operation preferably should be 5-1O0C. Depending on the level of FgG required in the final product, the DF step should be modified to add only the required amount of DF water. The colostrum product is then freeze-dried. lt is envisaged that the whey may preferably be pasteurised after the ultrafiltration/diafiltration process in order to make the whey suitable for human consumption. The may be achieved via microfiltratioπ and/or mild heat treatment (ie. at 71 °C/15 seconds.
Blending of the f reeze-dried colostrum
The freeze-drϊed colostrum is blended in a 200 litre stainless steel drum for 30 minutes. The colostrum derived from H. pylori immunized cows. is blended separately to the colostrum derived from £ GQIΪ immunized cows.
Micro-encapsulation of the colostrum
The blended colostrum is preferably coated in a commercial microencapsulated for a prescribed period, preferably 60 minutes. The colostrum from cows immunized with the £:. Co// bacteria was microencapsulated using the ingredients and compositions shown depicted in Figure 2 at a temperature of 37°C with humidity conditions being uncontrolled.
Blending of microencapsulated and ^microencapsulated colostrum
Microencapsulated granules, derived from the E. call immunized cows, were blended for 10 minutes in a drum tumbler with un-microencapsuiated colostrum from cows immunized with H, pylori so that there was 1 part microencapsulated colostrum to 2 parts uπ-microencapsulated colostrum. In an alternate embodiment, the hyper- immunised colostrums may be enterically coated and encapsulated.
Encapsulation of the colostrum
Following microencapsulation, the colostrum powder was encapsulated into "0" size capsules using a commercial encapsulator so that the colostrum could be administered to a human as an oral vaccine. The capsules can then be packaged for distribution as desired. The colostrum is adapted to be measured aπdfor provided in a unit dose. The unit dose may preferably be in the form of a tablet, powder, capsule (as described herein) and/or other suitable dosage means.
While we have described herein a particular embodiment of a, hyper immune bovine Golostrum gastrointestinal vaccine, it is further envisaged that other embodiments of the invention could exhibit any number and combination of any one of the features - U -
prevϊously described. However, it is to be understood that any variations and rnodfficatiorts can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
References
1. Bauer, S and Shiloach, J. Maximal exponential growth rate and yield of E. coli obtainable in a bench-scale fermentor. Biotechnol. Bioeng.14:933-941 (1974),
2. Sambrook, J and Russell, D (2001) Molecular Cloning, A Laboraory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

Claims

We claim:
1. A hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine including: at least one H. pylori antigen adjuvant; at least one E. ooli antigen adjuvant; enriched bovine colostrum; and at least one unit dose whereby the combinatorial vaccine provides a means of protection against or treatment for infection by W.py/or/and E.calj.
2. A hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 1 wherein the adjuvant is a polysaccharide which is capable of binding to the cell surface of an antigen presenting cell.
3. A hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the H.pylori antigen is derived from at least one strain of H. pylori.
4. A hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 3 wherein the strain of H. pylon is H. pylori NCTC 1163.
6. A hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine aβ claim in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the E. coli antigen is derived from at least one strain of E. coli.
6. A hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 5 wherein strains of E. coli include, but are not limited to, two strains of E. coll O157.Η7, two strains of E coli serotype O6 and two strains of B. coli O1S3.
7. A hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in any one of the above claims wherein the bovine colostrum is collected from the mammary secretions of a cow,
8. A hyper immune bovine colostrum orai vaccine as claimed in claim 6 wherein the bovine colostrum is enriched in functional antibodies and immune modulators including, but not limited to, immunoglobulin G.
9. A hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in any one of the above claims wherein the unit dose is preferably adapted to contain the cσmbinatorial colostrum oral vaccine comprising 1 part £, coli colostrum and 2 parts H. pylori colostrum.
10. A hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in any preceding claimed wherein unit dose is encapsulated to enable the specific targeted delivery of the vaccine to the intestine.
11. A method for producing a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine comprising the following steps: creating at least one H. pylori and E. coli antigen-adjuvants; injecting the H. pylori and E. coli antigen-adjuvants into at least one cow during the late stages of pregnancy; collecting a colostrum produced as a mammary secretion by the cow(s); enriching the colostrum; and blending and providing at least one unit dose the colostrum whereby a method of protection against and/or treatment for infection by H.pyhri and E.cali Is provided comprising an oral administration of an effective amount of one or more H.pylori and E.coll antigens.
12. A method for producing a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 12 wherein the H. pylori and/or E coli antigen-adjuvants are created using bacterial cell culture methodology.
13. A method for producing a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 12 wherein the H. pylon and/or E, coli antigen-adjuvants are created using gene cloning and protein purification techniques.
14. A method for producing a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 12 to claim 14 wherein the cows are immunised periodically, via intramuscular injection, commencing approximately 8 weeks prior to the predicted calving date.
15. A method for producing a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 12 to claim 15 wherein the colostrum is colleted from the first three milking following calving.
16. A method for producing a hyper Immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 16 wherein the colostrum is treated to enrich the immunoglobulin G component.
17. A method for producing a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 17 wherein the colostrum is heat treated to separate the colostrum into curd and whey, and the whey containing the desired proteins is collected and freeze-drfed.
13. A method for producing a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine. as claimed in claim 17 wherein the freeze-dried colostrum is blended and provided as an unit dose using 1 part B. call colostrum to 2 parts H. pylori colostrum.
19. A method for producing a hyper Immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 17 wherein the freeze-dried E. coli colostrum is blended and microencapsulated.
20. A method for producing a hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine as claimed in claim 19 wherein the freeze-dried H. pylori colostrum and microencapsulated E. coli is blended and encapsulated using 1 part E. coli colostrum to 2 parts H. pylon colostrum.
21. A hyper immune bovine colostrum oral vaccine and method for producing same and described herein with reference to the above examples and drawing figures.
PCT/AU2006/001906 2005-12-16 2006-12-18 Hyper immune bovine colostrum gastrointestinal vaccine WO2007068058A1 (en)

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